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Bansal A, Singh A, Nag TC, Sharma D, Garg B, Bhatla N, Choudhury SD, Ramakrishnan L. Augmenting the Angiogenic Profile and Functionality of Cord Blood Endothelial Colony-Forming Cells by Indirect Priming with Bone-Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11051372. [PMID: 37239042 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11051372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular therapy has shown promise as a strategy for the functional restoration of ischemic tissues through promoting vasculogenesis. Therapy with endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) has shown encouraging results in preclinical studies, but the limited engraftment, inefficient migration, and poor survival of patrolling endothelial progenitor cells at the injured site hinder its clinical utilization. These limitations can, to some extent, be overcome by co-culturing EPCs with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Studies on the improvement in functional capacity of late EPCs, also referred to as endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs), when cultured with MSCs have mostly focused on the angiogenic potential, although migration, adhesion, and proliferation potential also determine effective physiological vasculogenesis. Alteration in angiogenic proteins with co-culturing has also not been studied. We co-cultured ECFCs with MSCs via both direct and indirect means, and studied the impact of the resultant contact-mediated and paracrine-mediated impact of MSCs over ECFCs, respectively, on the functional aspects and the angiogenic protein signature of ECFCs. Both directly and indirectly primed ECFCs significantly restored the adhesion and vasculogenic potential of impaired ECFCs, whereas indirectly primed ECFCs showed better proliferation and migratory potential than directly primed ECFCs. Additionally, indirectly primed ECFCs, in their angiogenesis proteomic signature, showed alleviated inflammation, along with the balanced expression of various growth factors and regulators of angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Bansal
- Department of Cardiac Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Archna Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Tapas Chandra Nag
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Devyani Sharma
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Bhavuk Garg
- Department of Orthopaedics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Neerja Bhatla
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Saumitra Dey Choudhury
- Centralized Core Research Facility, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Lakshmy Ramakrishnan
- Department of Cardiac Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
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2
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Tripathi H, Domingues A, Donahue R, Cras A, Guerin CL, Gao E, Levitan B, Ratajczak MZ, Smadja DM, Abdel-Latif A, Tarhuni WM. Combined Transplantation of Human MSCs and ECFCs Improves Cardiac Function and Decrease Cardiomyocyte Apoptosis After Acute Myocardial Infarction. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2023; 19:573-577. [PMID: 36271311 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-022-10468-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemic heart disease, often caused by an acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite significant advances in medical and procedural therapies, millions of AMI patients progress to develop heart failure every year. METHODS Here, we examine the combination therapy of human mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) and endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs) to reduce the early ischemic damage (MSCs) and enhance angiogenesis (ECFCs) in a pre-clinical model of acute myocardial infarction. NOD/SCID mice were subjected to AMI followed by transplantation of MSCs and ECFCs either alone or in combination. Cardiomyocyte apoptosis and cardiac functional recovery were assessed in short- and long-term follow-up studies. RESULTS At 1 day after AMI, MSC- and ECFC-treated animals demonstrated significantly lower cardiomyocyte apoptosis compared to vehicle-treated animals. This phenomenon was associated with a significant reduction in infarct size, cardiac fibrosis, and improvement in functional cardiac recovery 4 weeks after AMI. CONCLUSIONS The use of ECFCs, MSCs, and the combination of both cell types reduce cardiomyocyte apoptosis, scar size, and adverse cardiac remodeling, compared to vehicle, in a pre-clinical model of AMI. These results support the use of this combined cell therapy approach in future human studies during the acute phase of ischemic cardiac injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himi Tripathi
- Gill Heart and Vascular Institute and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Alison Domingues
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.,Université de Paris, INSERM, Innovative Therapies in Haemostasis, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Renee Donahue
- Gill Heart and Vascular Institute and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Audrey Cras
- Université de Paris, INSERM, Innovative Therapies in Haemostasis, 75006, Paris, France.,Cell Therapy Department, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint Louis, 75010, Paris, France
| | - Coralie L Guerin
- Université de Paris, INSERM, Innovative Therapies in Haemostasis, 75006, Paris, France.,Curie Institute, Paris, France
| | - Erhe Gao
- The Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Bryana Levitan
- Gill Heart and Vascular Institute and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Mariusz Z Ratajczak
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - David M Smadja
- Université de Paris, INSERM, Innovative Therapies in Haemostasis, 75006, Paris, France.,Hematology Department and Biosurgical Research Lab (Carpentier Foundation), AP-HP, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Ahmed Abdel-Latif
- Gill Heart and Vascular Institute and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA. .,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. .,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan and the Ann Arbor VA Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Wadea M Tarhuni
- Canadian Cardiac Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Marei I, Ahmetaj-Shala B, Triggle CR. Biofunctionalization of cardiovascular stents to induce endothelialization: Implications for in- stent thrombosis in diabetes. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:982185. [PMID: 36299902 PMCID: PMC9589287 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.982185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stent thrombosis remains one of the main causes that lead to vascular stent failure in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Type 2 diabetes mellitus is accompanied by endothelial dysfunction and platelet hyperactivity and is associated with suboptimal outcomes following PCI, and an increase in the incidence of late stent thrombosis. Evidence suggests that late stent thrombosis is caused by the delayed and impaired endothelialization of the lumen of the stent. The endothelium has a key role in modulating inflammation and thrombosis and maintaining homeostasis, thus restoring a functional endothelial cell layer is an important target for the prevention of stent thrombosis. Modifications using specific molecules to induce endothelial cell adhesion, proliferation and function can improve stents endothelialization and prevent thrombosis. Blood endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) represent a potential cell source for the in situ-endothelialization of vascular conduits and stents. We aim in this review to summarize the main biofunctionalization strategies to induce the in-situ endothelialization of coronary artery stents using circulating endothelial stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isra Marei
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine- Qatar, Doha, Qatar
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Isra Marei, ; Chris R. Triggle,
| | | | - Chris R. Triggle
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine- Qatar, Doha, Qatar
- *Correspondence: Isra Marei, ; Chris R. Triggle,
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4
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Wang X, Wang R, Jiang L, Xu Q, Guo X. Endothelial repair by stem and progenitor cells. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2021; 163:133-146. [PMID: 34743936 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2021.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The integrity of the endothelial barrier is required to maintain vascular homeostasis and fluid balance between the circulatory system and surrounding tissues and to prevent the development of vascular disease. However, the origin of the newly developed endothelial cells is still controversial. Stem and progenitor cells have the potential to differentiate into endothelial cell lines and stimulate vascular regeneration in a paracrine/autocrine fashion. The one source of new endothelial cells was believed to come from the bone marrow, which was challenged by the recent findings. By administration of new techniques, including genetic cell lineage tracing and single cell RNA sequencing, more solid data were obtained that support the concept of stem/progenitor cells for regenerating damaged endothelium. Specifically, it was found that tissue resident endothelial progenitors located in the vessel wall were crucial for endothelial repair. In this review, we summarized the latest advances in stem and progenitor cell research in endothelial regeneration through findings from animal models and discussed clinical data to indicate the future direction of stem cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyang Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ruilin Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liujun Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qingbo Xu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Xiaogang Guo
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
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Xiao ST, Kuang CY. Endothelial progenitor cells and coronary artery disease: Current concepts and future research directions. World J Clin Cases 2021; 9:8953-8966. [PMID: 34786379 PMCID: PMC8567528 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v9.i30.8953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular injury is a frequent pathology in coronary artery disease. To repair the vasculature, scientists have found that endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) have excellent properties associated with angiogenesis. Over time, research on EPCs has made encouraging progress regardless of pathology or clinical technology. This review focuses on the origins and cell markers of EPCs, and the connection between EPCs and coronary artery disease. In addition, we summarized various studies of EPC-capturing stents and EPC infusion therapy, and aim to learn from past technology to predict the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen-Tong Xiao
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, People’s Hospital Affiliated to Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550003, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Chun-Yan Kuang
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang 550003, Guizhou Province, China
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Valproic Acid Decreases Endothelial Colony Forming Cells Differentiation and Induces Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition-like Process. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2021; 16:357-368. [PMID: 31898801 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-019-09950-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Valproic acid (VPA), a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor is a widely used anticonvulsant drug. VPA is also under clinical evaluation to be employed in anticancer therapy, as an antithrombotic agent or a molecule to be used in the stem cells expansion protocols. Since endothelial colony forming cells (ECFC) has been identified as the human postnatal vasculogenic cells involved in thrombotic disorders and serve as a promising source of immature cell for vascular repair, objectives of the present study were to determine how VPA contributes to ECFC commitment and their angiogenic properties. We examined the effect of VPA on ECFC obtained from cord blood by evaluating colony number, proliferation, migration and their sprouting ability in vitro, as well as their in vivo vasculogenic properties. VPA inhibited endothelial differentiation potential from of cord blood derived stem cells associated with decreased proliferation and sprouting activity of cultured ECFC. VPA treatment significantly decreased the vessel-forming ability of ECFC transplanted together with mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) in Matrigel implants in nude mice model. Surprisingly, a microscopic evaluation revealed that VPA induces marked morphological changes from a cobblestone-like EC morphology to enlarged spindle shaped morphology of ECFC. RT-qPCR and a CD31/CD90 flow cytometry analysis confirmed a phenotypic switch of VPA-treated ECFC to mesenchymal-like phenotype. In conclusion, the pan-HDAC inhibitor VPA described for expansion of hematopoietic stem cells and very small embryonic like stem cells cannot be successfully employed for differentiation of endothelial lineage committed ECFC into functional endothelial cells. Our data also suggest that VPA based therapeutics may induce endothelial dysfunction associated with fibrosis that might induce thrombosis recurrence or venous insufficiency.
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7
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Abdelgawad ME, Desterke C, Uzan G, Naserian S. Single-cell transcriptomic profiling and characterization of endothelial progenitor cells: new approach for finding novel markers. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:145. [PMID: 33627177 PMCID: PMC7905656 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02185-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are promising candidates for the cellular therapy of peripheral arterial and cardiovascular diseases. However, hitherto there is no specific marker(s) defining precisely EPCs. Herein, we are proposing a new in silico approach for finding novel EPC markers. Methods We assembled five groups of chosen EPC-related genes/factors using PubMed literature and Gene Ontology databases. This shortened database of EPC factors was fed into publically published transcriptome matrix to compare their expression between endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs), HUVECs, and two adult endothelial cell types (ECs) from the skin and adipose tissue. Further, the database was used for functional enrichment on Mouse Phenotype database and protein-protein interaction network analyses. Moreover, we built a digital matrix of healthy donors’ PBMCs (33 thousand single-cell transcriptomes) and analyzed the expression of these EPC factors. Results Transcriptome analyses showed that BMP2, 4, and ephrinB2 were exclusively highly expressed in EPCs; the expression of neuropilin-1 and VEGF-C were significantly higher in EPCs and HUVECs compared with other ECs; Notch 1 was highly expressed in EPCs and skin-ECs; MIR21 was highly expressed in skin-ECs; PECAM-1 was significantly higher in EPCs and adipose ECs. Moreover, functional enrichment of EPC-related genes on Mouse Phenotype and STRING protein database has revealed significant relations between chosen EPC factors and endothelial and vascular functions, development, and morphogenesis, where ephrinB2, BMP2, and BMP4 were highly expressed in EPCs and were connected to abnormal vascular functions. Single-cell RNA-sequencing analyses have revealed that among the EPC-regulated markers in transcriptome analyses, (i) ICAM1 and Endoglin were weekly expressed in the monocyte compartment of the peripheral blood; (ii) CD163 and CD36 were highly expressed in the CD14+ monocyte compartment whereas CSF1R was highly expressed in the CD16+ monocyte compartment, (iii) L-selectin and IL6R were globally expressed in the lymphoid/myeloid compartments, and (iv) interestingly, PLAUR/UPAR and NOTCH2 were highly expressed in both CD14+ and CD16+ monocytic compartments. Conclusions The current study has identified novel EPC markers that could be used for better characterization of EPC subpopulation in adult peripheral blood and subsequent usage of EPCs for various cell therapy and regenerative medicine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Essameldin Abdelgawad
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biotechnology Division, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science; Innovative Cellular Microenvironment Optimization Platform (ICMOP), Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt. .,Inserm UMR-S-MD 1197, Hôpital Paul Brousse - Bâtiment Lavoisier, 12-14 avenue Paul Vaillant Couturier, 94800, Villejuif, France. .,Paris-Saclay University, Villejuif, France.
| | - Christophe Desterke
- Paris-Saclay University, Villejuif, France.,Inserm UMR-S-MD A9, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France
| | - Georges Uzan
- Inserm UMR-S-MD 1197, Hôpital Paul Brousse - Bâtiment Lavoisier, 12-14 avenue Paul Vaillant Couturier, 94800, Villejuif, France.,Paris-Saclay University, Villejuif, France
| | - Sina Naserian
- Inserm UMR-S-MD 1197, Hôpital Paul Brousse - Bâtiment Lavoisier, 12-14 avenue Paul Vaillant Couturier, 94800, Villejuif, France. .,Paris-Saclay University, Villejuif, France. .,CellMedEx, Saint Maur des Fossés, France.
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8
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Gendron N, Rosa M, Blandinieres A, Sottejeau Y, Rossi E, Van Belle E, Idelcadi S, Lecourt S, Vincentelli A, Cras A, Jashari R, Chocron R, Baudouin Y, Pamart T, Bièche I, Nevo N, Cholley B, Rancic J, Staels B, Gaussem P, Dupont A, Carpentier A, Susen S, Smadja DM. Human Aortic Valve Interstitial Cells Display Proangiogenic Properties During Calcific Aortic Valve Disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2021; 41:415-429. [PMID: 33147990 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.314287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study's aim was to analyze the capacity of human valve interstitial cells (VICs) to participate in aortic valve angiogenesis. Approach and Results: VICs were isolated from human aortic valves obtained after surgery for calcific aortic valve disease and from normal aortic valves unsuitable for grafting (control VICs). We examined VIC in vitro and in vivo potential to differentiate in endothelial and perivascular lineages. VIC paracrine effect was also examined on human endothelial colony-forming cells. A pathological VIC (VICp) mesenchymal-like phenotype was confirmed by CD90+/CD73+/CD44+ expression and multipotent-like differentiation ability. When VICp were cocultured with endothelial colony-forming cells, they formed microvessels by differentiating into perivascular cells both in vivo and in vitro. VICp and control VIC conditioned media were compared using serial ELISA regarding quantification of endothelial and angiogenic factors. Higher expression of VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor)-A was observed at the protein level in VICp-conditioned media and confirmed at the mRNA level in VICp compared with control VIC. Conditioned media from VICp induced in vitro a significant increase in endothelial colony-forming cell proliferation, migration, and sprouting compared with conditioned media from control VIC. These effects were inhibited by blocking VEGF-A with blocking antibody or siRNA approach, confirming VICp involvement in angiogenesis by a VEGF-A dependent mechanism. CONCLUSIONS We provide here the first proof of an angiogenic potential of human VICs isolated from patients with calcific aortic valve disease. These results point to a novel function of VICp in valve vascularization during calcific aortic valve disease, with a perivascular differentiation ability and a VEGF-A paracrine effect. Targeting perivascular differentiation and VEGF-A to slow calcific aortic valve disease progression warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Gendron
- Université de Paris, Innovative Therapies in Haemostasis, INSERM, France (N.G., A.B., E.R., S.I., S.L., A. Cras, N.N., J.R., P.G., D.M.S.)
- Hematology Department and Biosurgical Research Lab (Carpentier Foundation) (N.G., A.B., E.R., S.L., N.N., J.R., P.G., D.M.S.), AH-HP, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, France
| | - Mickael Rosa
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, France (M.R., Y.S., E.V.B., A.V., T.P., B.S., A.D., S.S.)
| | - Adeline Blandinieres
- Université de Paris, Innovative Therapies in Haemostasis, INSERM, France (N.G., A.B., E.R., S.I., S.L., A. Cras, N.N., J.R., P.G., D.M.S.)
- Hematology Department and Biosurgical Research Lab (Carpentier Foundation) (N.G., A.B., E.R., S.L., N.N., J.R., P.G., D.M.S.), AH-HP, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, France
| | - Yoann Sottejeau
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, France (M.R., Y.S., E.V.B., A.V., T.P., B.S., A.D., S.S.)
| | - Elisa Rossi
- Université de Paris, Innovative Therapies in Haemostasis, INSERM, France (N.G., A.B., E.R., S.I., S.L., A. Cras, N.N., J.R., P.G., D.M.S.)
- Hematology Department and Biosurgical Research Lab (Carpentier Foundation) (N.G., A.B., E.R., S.L., N.N., J.R., P.G., D.M.S.), AH-HP, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, France
| | - Eric Van Belle
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, France (M.R., Y.S., E.V.B., A.V., T.P., B.S., A.D., S.S.)
| | - Salim Idelcadi
- Université de Paris, Innovative Therapies in Haemostasis, INSERM, France (N.G., A.B., E.R., S.I., S.L., A. Cras, N.N., J.R., P.G., D.M.S.)
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care and Biosurgical Research Lab (Carpentier Foundation) (S.I., B.C.), AH-HP, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, France
| | - Séverine Lecourt
- Université de Paris, Innovative Therapies in Haemostasis, INSERM, France (N.G., A.B., E.R., S.I., S.L., A. Cras, N.N., J.R., P.G., D.M.S.)
- Hematology Department and Biosurgical Research Lab (Carpentier Foundation) (N.G., A.B., E.R., S.L., N.N., J.R., P.G., D.M.S.), AH-HP, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, France
| | - André Vincentelli
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, France (M.R., Y.S., E.V.B., A.V., T.P., B.S., A.D., S.S.)
| | - Audrey Cras
- Université de Paris, Innovative Therapies in Haemostasis, INSERM, France (N.G., A.B., E.R., S.I., S.L., A. Cras, N.N., J.R., P.G., D.M.S.)
- Cell therapy Department, AH-HP, Saint Louis Hospital, Paris, France (A. Cras)
| | - Ramadan Jashari
- European Homograft Bank, Clinic Saint Jean, Brussels, Belgium (R.J.)
| | - Richard Chocron
- Emergency Medicine Department (R.C.), AH-HP, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, France
- Université de Paris, PARCC, INSERM, France (R.C.)
| | - Yaël Baudouin
- Hematology Department, AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Paris, France (Y.B.)
| | - Thibault Pamart
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, France (M.R., Y.S., E.V.B., A.V., T.P., B.S., A.D., S.S.)
| | - Ivan Bièche
- Department of Genetics, Pharmacogenomics Unit, Institut Curie, Paris, France (I.B.)
| | - Nathalie Nevo
- Université de Paris, Innovative Therapies in Haemostasis, INSERM, France (N.G., A.B., E.R., S.I., S.L., A. Cras, N.N., J.R., P.G., D.M.S.)
- Hematology Department and Biosurgical Research Lab (Carpentier Foundation) (N.G., A.B., E.R., S.L., N.N., J.R., P.G., D.M.S.), AH-HP, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, France
| | - Bernard Cholley
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care and Biosurgical Research Lab (Carpentier Foundation) (S.I., B.C.), AH-HP, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, France
| | - Jeanne Rancic
- Université de Paris, Innovative Therapies in Haemostasis, INSERM, France (N.G., A.B., E.R., S.I., S.L., A. Cras, N.N., J.R., P.G., D.M.S.)
- Hematology Department and Biosurgical Research Lab (Carpentier Foundation) (N.G., A.B., E.R., S.L., N.N., J.R., P.G., D.M.S.), AH-HP, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, France
| | - Bart Staels
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, France (M.R., Y.S., E.V.B., A.V., T.P., B.S., A.D., S.S.)
| | - Pascale Gaussem
- Université de Paris, Innovative Therapies in Haemostasis, INSERM, France (N.G., A.B., E.R., S.I., S.L., A. Cras, N.N., J.R., P.G., D.M.S.)
- Hematology Department and Biosurgical Research Lab (Carpentier Foundation) (N.G., A.B., E.R., S.L., N.N., J.R., P.G., D.M.S.), AH-HP, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, France
| | - Annabelle Dupont
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, France (M.R., Y.S., E.V.B., A.V., T.P., B.S., A.D., S.S.)
| | - Alain Carpentier
- Université de Paris, Biosurgical Research Lab (Carpentier Foundation) (A. Carpentier), AH-HP, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, France
| | - Sophie Susen
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, France (M.R., Y.S., E.V.B., A.V., T.P., B.S., A.D., S.S.)
| | - David M Smadja
- Université de Paris, Innovative Therapies in Haemostasis, INSERM, France (N.G., A.B., E.R., S.I., S.L., A. Cras, N.N., J.R., P.G., D.M.S.)
- Hematology Department and Biosurgical Research Lab (Carpentier Foundation) (N.G., A.B., E.R., S.L., N.N., J.R., P.G., D.M.S.), AH-HP, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, France
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9
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Combined Transplantation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Endothelial Colony-Forming Cells Accelerates Refractory Diabetic Foot Ulcer Healing. Stem Cells Int 2020; 2020:8863649. [PMID: 33061991 PMCID: PMC7545465 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8863649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study is aimed at investigating the effect of combined transplantation of umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (UCMSCs) and umbilical cord blood-derived endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs) on diabetic foot ulcer healing and at providing a novel therapy for chronic diabetic foot ulcer. Methods We reported the treatment of refractory diabetic foot ulcers in twelve patients. Among them, five patients had two or more wounds; thus, one wound in the same patient was treated with cell injection, and other wounds were regarded as self-controls. The remaining seven patients had only one wound; therefore, the difference between the area of wound before and after treatment was estimated. The UCMSCs and ECFCs were injected into the wound along with topically applied hyaluronic acid (HA). Results In this report, we compared the healing rate of multiple separate wounds in the same foot of the same patient: one treated with cell injection combined with topically applied HA-based hydrogel and was later covered by the hydrocolloid dressings, while the self-control wounds were only treated with conventional therapy and covered by the hydrocolloid dressings. The wound underwent cell injection showed accelerated healing in comparison to control wound within the first week after treatment. In other diabetic patients with only one refractory wound, the healing rate after cell transplantation was significantly faster than that before injection. Two large wounds healed without needing skin grafts after combination therapy of cell injection and HA. After four weeks of combination treatment, wound closure was reached in six patients, and the wounds of the other six patients were significantly reduced in size. Conclusions Our study suggests that the combination of UCMSCs, ECFCs, and HA can safely synergize the accelerated healing of refractory diabetic foot ulcers.
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10
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Therapeutic Potential of Endothelial Colony-Forming Cells in Ischemic Disease: Strategies to Improve their Regenerative Efficacy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197406. [PMID: 33036489 PMCID: PMC7582994 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) comprises a range of major clinical cardiac and circulatory diseases, which produce immense health and economic burdens worldwide. Currently, vascular regenerative surgery represents the most employed therapeutic option to treat ischemic disorders, even though not all the patients are amenable to surgical revascularization. Therefore, more efficient therapeutic approaches are urgently required to promote neovascularization. Therapeutic angiogenesis represents an emerging strategy that aims at reconstructing the damaged vascular network by stimulating local angiogenesis and/or promoting de novo blood vessel formation according to a process known as vasculogenesis. In turn, circulating endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs) represent truly endothelial precursors, which display high clonogenic potential and have the documented ability to originate de novo blood vessels in vivo. Therefore, ECFCs are regarded as the most promising cellular candidate to promote therapeutic angiogenesis in patients suffering from CVD. The current briefly summarizes the available information about the origin and characterization of ECFCs and then widely illustrates the preclinical studies that assessed their regenerative efficacy in a variety of ischemic disorders, including acute myocardial infarction, peripheral artery disease, ischemic brain disease, and retinopathy. Then, we describe the most common pharmacological, genetic, and epigenetic strategies employed to enhance the vasoreparative potential of autologous ECFCs by manipulating crucial pro-angiogenic signaling pathways, e.g., extracellular-signal regulated kinase/Akt, phosphoinositide 3-kinase, and Ca2+ signaling. We conclude by discussing the possibility of targeting circulating ECFCs to rescue their dysfunctional phenotype and promote neovascularization in the presence of CVD.
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11
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Papadaki S, Sidiropoulou S, Moschonas IC, Tselepis AD. Factor Xa and thrombin induce endothelial progenitor cell activation. The effect of direct oral anticoagulants. Platelets 2020; 32:807-814. [PMID: 32762584 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2020.1802413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Factor Xa (FXa) and thrombin exert non-hemostatic cellular actions primarily mediated through protease-activated receptors (PARs). We investigated the effect of FXa and thrombin on human late-outgrowth endothelial cells (OECs), a type of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), and on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). The effect of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs), rivaroxaban and dabigatran, was also studied. The membrane expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and the secretion of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) were used as cell activation markers. FXa and thrombin increase the ICAM-1 expression and the MCP-1 secretion on both cells, being higher on OECs. Vorapaxar, a specific PAR-1 antagonist, completely inhibits FXa-induced activation of both cells and thrombin-induced HUVEC activation, but only partially thrombin-induced OEC activation. Furthermore, thrombin-receptor activating peptide; TRAP-6, only partially activates OECs. OECs do not membrane-express PAR-4, therefore it may not be involved on thrombin-induced OEC activation. Rivaroxaban and dabigatran inhibit OEC and HUVEC activation by FXa and thrombin, respectively. Rivaroxaban enhances thrombin-induced OEC and HUVEC activation, which is completely inhibited by vorapaxar. The inhibition of OEC and HUVEC activation by vorapaxar and DOACs may represent a new pleiotropic effect of these drugs. The pathophysiological and clinical significance of our findings need to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Styliani Papadaki
- Atherothrombosis Research Centre/Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Sofia Sidiropoulou
- Atherothrombosis Research Centre/Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Iraklis C Moschonas
- Atherothrombosis Research Centre/Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Alexandros D Tselepis
- Atherothrombosis Research Centre/Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
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12
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Rossi E, Poirault-Chassac S, Bieche I, Chocron R, Schnitzler A, Lokajczyk A, Bourdoncle P, Dizier B, Bacha NC, Gendron N, Blandinieres A, Guerin CL, Gaussem P, Smadja DM. Human Endothelial Colony Forming Cells Express Intracellular CD133 that Modulates their Vasculogenic Properties. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2020; 15:590-600. [PMID: 30879244 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-019-09881-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells at the origin of endothelial progenitor cells and in particular endothelial colony forming cells (ECFCs) subtype have been largely supposed to be positive for the CD133 antigen, even though no clear correlation has been established between its expression and function in ECFCs. We postulated that CD133 in ECFCs might be expressed intracellularly, and could participate to vasculogenic properties. ECFCs extracted from cord blood were used either fresh (n = 4) or frozen (n = 4), at culture days <30, to investigate the intracellular presence of CD133 by flow cytometry and confocal analysis. Comparison with HUVEC and HAEC mature endothelial cells was carried out. Then, CD133 was silenced in ECFCs using specific siRNA (siCD133-ECFCs) or scramble siRNA (siCtrl-ECFCs). siCD133-ECFCs (n = 12), siCtrl-ECFCs (n = 12) or PBS (n = 12) were injected in a hind-limb ischemia nude mouse model and vascularization was quantified at day 14 with H&E staining and immunohistochemistry for CD31. Results of flow cytometry and confocal microscopy evidenced the positivity of CD133 in ECFCs after permeabilization compared with not permeabilized ECFCs (p < 0.001) and mature endothelial cells (p < 0.03). In the model of mouse hind-limb ischemia, silencing of CD133 in ECFCs significantly abolished post-ischemic revascularization induced by siCtrl-ECFCs; indeed, a significant reduction in cutaneous blood flows (p = 0.03), capillary density (CD31) (p = 0.01) and myofiber regeneration (p = 0.04) was observed. Also, a significant necrosis (p = 0.02) was observed in mice receiving siCD133-ECFCs compared to those treated with siCtrl-ECFCs. In conclusion, our work describes for the first time the intracellular expression of the stemness marker CD133 in ECFCs. This feature could resume the discrepancies found in the literature concerning CD133 positivity and ontogeny in endothelial progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Rossi
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,Inserm UMR-S1140, Paris, France
| | - Sonia Poirault-Chassac
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,Inserm UMR-S1140, Paris, France
| | - Ivan Bieche
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,Department of genetics, Pharmacogenomics Unit, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Richard Chocron
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,Inserm UMR-S970, Paris, France.,AP-HP, Emergency Medicine Department, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - Anne Schnitzler
- Department of genetics, Pharmacogenomics Unit, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Anna Lokajczyk
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,Inserm UMR-S1140, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Bourdoncle
- Plate-forme IMAG'IC Institut Cochin Inserm U1016-CNRS UMR8104, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Blandine Dizier
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,Inserm UMR-S1140, Paris, France
| | - Nour C Bacha
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,Inserm UMR-S1140, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Gendron
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,Inserm UMR-S1140, Paris, France.,AP-HP, Hematology Department, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - Adeline Blandinieres
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,Inserm UMR-S1140, Paris, France.,AP-HP, Hematology Department, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - Coralie L Guerin
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,Inserm UMR-S1140, Paris, France.,Cytometry Unit, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Pascale Gaussem
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,Inserm UMR-S1140, Paris, France.,AP-HP, Hematology Department, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - David M Smadja
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France. .,Inserm UMR-S1140, Paris, France. .,AP-HP, Hematology Department, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France. .,Laboratory of Biosurgical Research, Carpentier Foundation, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France.
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13
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Menger MM, Laschke MW, Orth M, Pohlemann T, Menger MD, Histing T. Vascularization Strategies in the Prevention of Nonunion Formation. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2020; 27:107-132. [PMID: 32635857 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2020.0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Delayed healing and nonunion formation are major challenges in orthopedic surgery, which require the development of novel treatment strategies. Vascularization is considered one of the major prerequisites for successful bone healing, providing an adequate nutrient supply and allowing the infiltration of progenitor cells to the fracture site. Hence, during the last decade, a considerable number of studies have focused on the evaluation of vascularization strategies to prevent or to treat nonunion formation. These involve (1) biophysical applications, (2) systemic pharmacological interventions, and (3) tissue engineering, including sophisticated scaffold materials, local growth factor delivery systems, cell-based techniques, and surgical vascularization approaches. Accumulating evidence indicates that in nonunions, these strategies are indeed capable of improving the process of bone healing. The major challenge for the future will now be the translation of these strategies into clinical practice to make them accessible for the majority of patients. If this succeeds, these vascularization strategies may markedly reduce the incidence of nonunion formation. Impact statement Delayed healing and nonunion formation are a major clinical problem in orthopedic surgery. This review provides an overview of vascularization strategies for the prevention and treatment of nonunions. The successful translation of these strategies in clinical practice is of major importance to achieve adequate bone healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian M Menger
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Matthias W Laschke
- Institute for Clinical & Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Marcel Orth
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Tim Pohlemann
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Michael D Menger
- Institute for Clinical & Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Tina Histing
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
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14
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Scalia Carneiro AP, Algranti E, Chérot‐Kornobis N, Silva Bezerra F, Tibiriça Bon AM, Felicidade Tomaz Braz N, Soares Souza DM, Paula Costa G, Bussacos MA, Paula Alves Bezerra OM, Talvani A. Inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers induced by silica exposure in crystal craftsmen. Am J Ind Med 2020; 63:337-347. [PMID: 31953962 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.23088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identification of biomarkers associated with the diagnosis and prognosis of silicosis would be highly advantageous in the clinical setting. The aim of this study is to evaluate inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers in subjects exposed to silica. METHODS A cross-sectional study of crystal craftsmen currently (n = 34) or formerly (n = 35) exposed and a group of nonexposed subjects (n = 12) was performed. Personal respirable dust samples were collected. Plasma inflammatory mediators (bone morphogenetic protein- BMP2 and chemokines CXCL16, and CCL5), oxidative stress enzymes (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances [TBARs] and superoxide dismutase [SOD]), and nitrite (NO2 - ) were analyzed in parallel with nitric oxide in exhaled breath (FeNO). RESULTS Being currently or formerly exposed to silica was related to increased levels of CXCL16 and TBARs. Currently, exposed subjects showed decreased levels of SOD. Thirty-seven craftsmen with silicosis (26 formerly and 11 currently exposed) showed higher levels of CXCL16, which was positively associated with the radiological severity of silicosis. Compared with the nonexposed, subjects with silicosis had higher levels of TBARs and those with complicated silicosis had lower levels of SOD. In multivariate analysis, higher levels of CXCL16 were associated with exposure status and radiological severity of silicosis. Smoking was not a confounder. FeNO did not distinguish between the exposure status and the presence of silicosis. CONCLUSION CXCL16 emerged as a potential biomarker that could distinguish both silica exposure and silicosis. TBARs were elevated in exposed individuals. However, their clinical applications demand further investigation in follow-up studies of representative samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Scalia Carneiro
- Workers' Health Division of the Clinics Hospital of Federal University of Minas GeraisBelo Horizonte Brazil
| | | | | | - Frank Silva Bezerra
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology/DECBIFederal University of Ouro PretoOuro Preto Minas Gerais Brazil
| | | | - Nayara Felicidade Tomaz Braz
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Medical Research, Department of Neuroscience, School of MedicineFederal University of Minas GeraisBelo Horizonte Brazil
| | | | - Guilherme Paula Costa
- Laboratory of Immunobiology of Inflammation/DECBIFederal University of Ouro PretoOuro Preto Brazil
| | | | - Olívia Maria Paula Alves Bezerra
- School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine, Mental and Collective HealthFederal University of Ouro PretoOuro Preto Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - André Talvani
- Laboratory of Immunobiology of Inflammation/DECBIFederal University of Ouro PretoOuro Preto Brazil
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15
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Shah NJ, Mao AS, Shih TY, Kerr MD, Sharda A, Raimondo TM, Weaver JC, Vrbanac VD, Deruaz M, Tager AM, Mooney DJ, Scadden DT. An injectable bone marrow-like scaffold enhances T cell immunity after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Nat Biotechnol 2019; 37:293-302. [PMID: 30742125 PMCID: PMC6636841 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-019-0017-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The use of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) to
cure multiple disorders is limited by deficiency and dysregulation of T-cells.
Here we report a biomaterial-based scaffold that mimics features of T-cell
lymphopoiesis in the bone marrow. The bone marrow cryogel (BMC) releases bone
morphogenetic protein-2 to recruit stromal cells, and presents the Notch ligand
Delta-like ligand-4 to facilitate T-cell lineage specification of mouse and
human hematopoietic progenitor cells. BMCs subcutaneously injected in mice at
the time of HSCT enhanced T-cell progenitor seeding of the thymus, T-cell
neogenesis and diversification of the T-cell receptor repertoire. Peripheral
T-cell reconstitution increased ~6-fold in mouse HSCT and ~2-fold
in human xenogeneic HSCT. Furthermore, BMCs promoted donor CD4+
regulatory T-cell generation and improved survival after allogeneic HSCT.
Compared with adoptive transfer of T-cell progenitors, BMCs increased donor
chimerism, T-cell generation and antigen-specific T-cell responses to
vaccination. BMCs may provide an off-the-shelf approach for enhancing T-cell
regeneration and mitigating graft-versus-host disease in HSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisarg J Shah
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Angelo S Mao
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ting-Yu Shih
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Matthew D Kerr
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Azeem Sharda
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Theresa M Raimondo
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - James C Weaver
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Vladimir D Vrbanac
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Maud Deruaz
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Andrew M Tager
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David J Mooney
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - David T Scadden
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. .,Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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16
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Rossi E, Bernabeu C, Smadja DM. Endoglin as an Adhesion Molecule in Mature and Progenitor Endothelial Cells: A Function Beyond TGF-β. Front Med (Lausanne) 2019; 6:10. [PMID: 30761306 PMCID: PMC6363663 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2019.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoglin (ENG) is a transmembrane glycoprotein expressed on endothelial cells that functions as a co-receptor for several ligands of the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) family. ENG is also a recognized marker of angiogenesis and mutations in the endoglin gene are responsible for Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia (HHT) type 1, a vascular disease characterized by defective angiogenesis, arteriovenous malformations, telangiectasia, and epistaxis. In addition to its involvement in the TGF-β family signaling pathways, several lines of evidence suggest that the extracellular domain of ENG has a role in integrin-mediated cell adhesion via its RGD motif. Indeed, we have described a role for endothelial ENG in leukocyte trafficking and extravasation via its binding to leukocyte integrins. We have also found that ENG is involved in vasculogenic properties of endothelial progenitor cells known as endothelial colony forming cells (ECFCs). Moreover, the binding of endothelial ENG to platelet integrins regulate the resistance to shear during platelet-endothelium interactions under inflammatory conditions. Because of the need for more effective treatments in HHT and the involvement of ENG in angiogenesis, current studies are aimed at identifying novel biological functions of ENG which could serve as a therapeutic target. This review focuses on the interaction between ENG and integrins with the aim to better understand the role of this protein in blood vessel formation driven by progenitor and mature endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Rossi
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Inserm UMR-S1140, Paris, France
| | - Carmelo Bernabeu
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Madrid, Spain
| | - David M Smadja
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Inserm UMR-S1140, Paris, France.,Department of Hematology, AP-HP, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Biosurgical Research, Carpentier Foundation, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
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17
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Vasculogenic Stem and Progenitor Cells in Human: Future Cell Therapy Product or Liquid Biopsy for Vascular Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1201:215-237. [PMID: 31898789 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-31206-0_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
New blood vessel formation in adults was considered to result exclusively from sprouting of preexisting endothelial cells, a process referred to angiogenesis. Vasculogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels from endothelial progenitor cells, was thought to occur only during embryonic life. Discovery of adult endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) in 1997 opened the door for cell therapy in vascular disease. Endothelial progenitor cells contribute to vascular repair and are now well established as postnatal vasculogenic cells in humans. It is now admitted that endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs) are the vasculogenic subtype. ECFCs could be used as a cell therapy product and also as a liquid biopsy in several vascular diseases or as vector for gene therapy. However, despite a huge interest in these cells, their tissue and molecular origin is still unclear. We recently proposed that endothelial progenitor could come from very small embryonic-like stem cells (VSELs) isolated in human from CD133 positive cells. VSELs are small dormant stem cells related to migratory primordial germ cells. They have been described in bone marrow and other organs. This chapter discusses the reported findings from in vitro data and also preclinical studies that aimed to explore stem cells at the origin of vasculogenesis in human and then explore the potential use of ECFCs to promote newly formed vessels or serve as liquid biopsy to understand vascular pathophysiology and in particular pulmonary disease and haemostasis disorders.
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18
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Sadowska JM, Guillem-Marti J, Ginebra MP. The Influence of Physicochemical Properties of Biomimetic Hydroxyapatite on the In Vitro Behavior of Endothelial Progenitor Cells and Their Interaction with Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Adv Healthc Mater 2019; 8:e1801138. [PMID: 30516356 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201801138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Calcium phosphate (CaP) substrates are successfully used as bone grafts due to their osteogenic properties. However, the influence of the physicochemical features of CaPs in angiogenesis is frequently neglected despite it being a crucial process for bone regeneration. The present work focuses on analyzing the effects of textural parameters of biomimetic calcium deficient hydroxyapatite (CDHA) and sintered beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP), such as specific surface area, surface roughness, and microstructure, on the behavior of rat endothelial progenitor cells (rEPCs) and their crosstalk with rat mesenchymal stem cells (rMSCs). The higher reactivity of CDHA results in low proliferation rates in monocultured and cocultured systems. This effect is especially pronounced for rMSCs alone, and for CDHA with a fine microstructure. In terms of angiogenic and osteogenic gene expressions, the upregulation of particular genes is especially enhanced for needle-like CDHA compared to plate-like CDHA and β-TCP, suggesting the importance not only of the chemistry of the substrate, but also of its textural features. Moreover, the coculture of rEPCs and rMSCs on needle-like CDHA results in early upregulation of osteogenic modulator, i.e., protein deglycase 1 might be a possible cause of overexpression of osteogenic-related genes on the same substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Maria Sadowska
- Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group; Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering; Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC); EEBE; Av. Eduard Maristany 10-14 08019 Barcelona Spain
- Barcelona Research Centre in Multiscale Science and Engineering; Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC); EEBE; Av. Eduard Maristany 10-14 08019 Barcelona Spain
| | - Jordi Guillem-Marti
- Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group; Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering; Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC); EEBE; Av. Eduard Maristany 10-14 08019 Barcelona Spain
- Barcelona Research Centre in Multiscale Science and Engineering; Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC); EEBE; Av. Eduard Maristany 10-14 08019 Barcelona Spain
| | - Maria-Pau Ginebra
- Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group; Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering; Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC); EEBE; Av. Eduard Maristany 10-14 08019 Barcelona Spain
- Barcelona Research Centre in Multiscale Science and Engineering; Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC); EEBE; Av. Eduard Maristany 10-14 08019 Barcelona Spain
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC); The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology; Baldiri Reixac 10-12 08028 Barcelona Spain
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19
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Keighron C, Lyons CJ, Creane M, O'Brien T, Liew A. Recent Advances in Endothelial Progenitor Cells Toward Their Use in Clinical Translation. Front Med (Lausanne) 2018; 5:354. [PMID: 30619864 PMCID: PMC6305310 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2018.00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of Endothelial Progenitor Cells (EPC) by Asahara and colleagues in 1997, an increasing number of preclinical studies have shown that EPC based therapy is feasible, safe, and efficacious in multiple disease states. Subsequently, this has led to several, mainly early phase, clinical trials demonstrating the feasibility and safety profile of EPC therapy, with the suggestion of efficacy in several conditions including ischemic heart disease, pulmonary arterial hypertension and decompensated liver cirrhosis. Despite the use of the common term “EPC,” the characteristics, manufacturing methods and subset of the cell type used in these studies often vary significantly, rendering clinical translation challenging. It has recently been acknowledged that the true EPC is the endothelial colony forming cells (ECFC). The objective of this review was to summarize and critically appraise the registered and published clinical studies using the term “EPC,” which encompasses a heterogeneous cell population, as a therapeutic agent. Furthermore, the preclinical data using ECFC from the PubMed and Web of Science databases were searched and analyzed. We noted that despite the promising effect of ECFC on vascular regeneration, no clinical study has stemmed from these preclinical studies. We showed that there is a lack of information registered on www.clinicaltrials.gov for EPC clinical trials, specifically on cell culture methods. We also highlighted the importance of a detailed definition of the cell type used in EPC clinical trials to facilitate comparisons between trials and better understanding of the potential clinical benefit of EPC based therapy. We concluded our review by discussing the potential and limitations of EPC based therapy in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron Keighron
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Science and Centre for Research in Medical Devices, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Caomhán J Lyons
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Science and Centre for Research in Medical Devices, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Michael Creane
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Science and Centre for Research in Medical Devices, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Timothy O'Brien
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Science and Centre for Research in Medical Devices, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Aaron Liew
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Science and Centre for Research in Medical Devices, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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20
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Bacha NC, Blandinieres A, Rossi E, Gendron N, Nevo N, Lecourt S, Guerin CL, Renard JM, Gaussem P, Angles-Cano E, Boulanger CM, Israel-Biet D, Smadja DM. Endothelial Microparticles are Associated to Pathogenesis of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2018; 14:223-235. [PMID: 29101610 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-017-9778-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a devastating disease characterized by obliteration of alveolar architecture, resulting in declining lung function and ultimately death. Pathogenic mechanisms remain unclear but involve a concomitant accumulation of scar tissue together with myofibroblasts activation. Microparticles (MPs) have been investigated in several human lung diseases as possible pathogenic elements, prognosis markers and therapeutic targets. We postulated that levels and cellular origins of circulating MPs might serve as biomarkers in IPF patients and/or as active players of fibrogenesis. Flow cytometry analysis showed a higher level of Annexin-V positive endothelial and platelet MPs in 41 IPF patients compared to 22 healthy volunteers. Moreover, in IPF patients with a low diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO<40%), endothelial MPs (EMPs) were found significantly higher compared to those with DLCO>40% (p = 0.02). We then used EMPs isolated from endothelial progenitor cells (ECFCs) extracted from IPF patients or controls to modulate normal human lung fibroblast (NHLF) properties. We showed that EMPs did not modify proliferation, collagen deposition and myofibroblast transdifferentiation. However, EMPs from IPF patients stimulated migration capacity of NHLF. We hypothesized that this effect could result from EMPs fibrinolytic properties and found indeed higher plasminogen activation potential in total circulating MPs and ECFCs derived MPs issued from IPF patients compared to those isolated from healthy controls MPs. Our study showed that IPF is associated with an increased level of EMPs in the most severe patients, highlighting an active process of endothelial activation in the latter. Endothelial microparticles might contribute to the lung fibroblast invasion mediated, at least in part, by a fibrinolytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour C Bacha
- Inserm UMR-S1140, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cite, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Adeline Blandinieres
- Inserm UMR-S1140, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cite, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,Hematology Department and UMR-S1140, AP-HP, European Hospital Georges Pompidou, 20 rue Leblanc, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Elisa Rossi
- Inserm UMR-S1140, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cite, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Gendron
- Inserm UMR-S1140, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cite, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,Hematology Department and UMR-S1140, AP-HP, European Hospital Georges Pompidou, 20 rue Leblanc, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Nevo
- Inserm UMR-S1140, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cite, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | | | - Coralie L Guerin
- National Cytometry Platform, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, France
| | - Jean Marie Renard
- Sorbonne Paris Cite, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,Inserm UMR-S970, PARCC, Paris, France
| | - Pascale Gaussem
- Inserm UMR-S1140, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cite, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,Hematology Department and UMR-S1140, AP-HP, European Hospital Georges Pompidou, 20 rue Leblanc, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Eduardo Angles-Cano
- Inserm UMR-S1140, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cite, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Chantal M Boulanger
- Sorbonne Paris Cite, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,Inserm UMR-S970, PARCC, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Israel-Biet
- Inserm UMR-S1140, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cite, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,Pneumology Department, AP-HP, European Hospital Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - David M Smadja
- Inserm UMR-S1140, Paris, France. .,Sorbonne Paris Cite, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France. .,Hematology Department and UMR-S1140, AP-HP, European Hospital Georges Pompidou, 20 rue Leblanc, 75015, Paris, France.
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21
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d'Audigier C, Susen S, Blandinieres A, Mattot V, Saubamea B, Rossi E, Nevo N, Lecourt S, Guerin CL, Dizier B, Gendron N, Caetano B, Gaussem P, Soncin F, Smadja DM. Egfl7 Represses the Vasculogenic Potential of Human Endothelial Progenitor Cells. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2018; 14:82-91. [PMID: 28980146 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-017-9775-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Egfl7 (VE-statin) is a secreted protein mostly specific to the endothelial lineage during development and in the adult and which expression is enhanced during angiogenesis. Egfl7 involvement in human postnatal vasculogenesis remains unresolved yet. Our aim was to assess Egfl7 expression in several angiogenic cell types originating from human bone marrow, peripheral blood, or cord blood. We found that only endothelial colony forming cells (ECFC), which are currently considered as the genuine endothelial precursor cells, expressed large amounts of Egfl7. In order to assess its potential roles in ECFC, Egfl7 was repressed in ECFC by RNA interference and ECFC angiogenic capacities were tested in vitro and in vivo. Cell proliferation, differentiation, and migration were significantly improved when Egfl7 was repressed in ECFC in vitro, whereas miR-126-3p levels remained unchanged. In vivo, repression of Egfl7 in ECFC significantly improved post-ischemic revascularization in a model of mouse hind-limb ischemia. In conclusion, ECFC are the sole postnatal angiogenic cells which express large amounts of Egfl7 and whose angiogenic properties are repressed by this factor. Thus, Egfl7 inhibition may be considered as a therapeutic option to improve ECFC-mediated postnatal vasculogenesis and to optimize in vitro ECFC expansion in order to develop an optimized cell therapy approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément d'Audigier
- Laboratoire de Biologie Médicale et de Greffe, Laboratoire d'Hémostase, Etablissement Français du Sang Bourgogne Franche Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Sophie Susen
- CHRU de Lille and INSERM UMR-S 1011, Université de Lille 2, Faculté de Médecine, EGID, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Adeline Blandinieres
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR-S 1140, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Paris, France.,AP-HP, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Hematology Department, INSERM UMR-S 1140, 20 rue Leblanc, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Virginie Mattot
- CNRS UMR 8161, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Bruno Saubamea
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,Cellular and Molecular Imaging Facility, INSERM US25/CNRS UMS 3612/Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Elisa Rossi
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR-S 1140, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Nevo
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR-S 1140, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Séverine Lecourt
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR-S 1140, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Coralie L Guerin
- National Cytometry Platform, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Blandine Dizier
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR-S 1140, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Gendron
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR-S 1140, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Paris, France.,AP-HP, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Hematology Department, INSERM UMR-S 1140, 20 rue Leblanc, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Bertrand Caetano
- CNRS UMR 8161, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Pascale Gaussem
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR-S 1140, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Paris, France.,AP-HP, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Hematology Department, INSERM UMR-S 1140, 20 rue Leblanc, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Fabrice Soncin
- CNRS UMR 8161, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - David M Smadja
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France. .,INSERM UMR-S 1140, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Paris, France. .,AP-HP, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Hematology Department, INSERM UMR-S 1140, 20 rue Leblanc, 75015, Paris, France.
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22
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Paschalaki KE, Randi AM. Recent Advances in Endothelial Colony Forming Cells Toward Their Use in Clinical Translation. Front Med (Lausanne) 2018; 5:295. [PMID: 30406106 PMCID: PMC6205967 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2018.00295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The term “Endothelial progenitor cell” (EPC) has been used to describe multiple cell populations that express endothelial surface makers and promote vascularisation. However, the only population that has all the characteristics of a real “EPC” is the Endothelial Colony Forming Cells (ECFC). ECFC possess clonal proliferative potential, display endothelial and not myeloid cell surface markers, and exhibit pronounced postnatal vascularisation ability in vivo. ECFC have been used to investigate endothelial molecular dysfunction in several diseases, as they give access to endothelial cells from patients in a non-invasive way. ECFC also represent a promising tool for revascularization of damaged tissue. Here we review the translational applications of ECFC research. We discuss studies which have used ECFC to investigate molecular endothelial abnormalities in several diseases and review the evidence supporting the use of ECFC for autologous cell therapy, gene therapy and tissue regeneration. Finally, we discuss ways to improve the therapeutic efficacy of ECFC in clinical applications, as well as the challenges that must be overcome to use ECFC in clinical trials for regenerative approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koralia E Paschalaki
- Vascular Sciences, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anna M Randi
- Vascular Sciences, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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23
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Human very Small Embryonic-like Cells Support Vascular Maturation and Therapeutic Revascularization Induced by Endothelial Progenitor Cells. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2018; 13:552-560. [PMID: 28303468 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-017-9731-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Very small embryonic-like stem cells (VSELs) are major pluripotent stem cells defined as cells of small size being Lineage- negative, CD133-positive, and CD45-negative. We previously described that human bone marrow VSELs were able to differentiate into endothelial cells and promoted post-ischemic revascularization in mice with surgically induced critical limb ischemia. In the present work, we isolated bone marrow VSELs from patients with critical limb ischemia and studied their ability to support endothelial progenitor cells therapeutic capacity and revascularization potential. Sorted bone marrow VSELs cultured in angiogenic media were co-injected with endothelial progenitor cells and have been show to trigger post-ischemic revascularization in immunodeficient mice, and support vessel formation in vivo in Matrigel implants better than human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. In conclusion, VSELs are a potential new source of therapeutic cells that may give rise to cells of the endothelial and perivascular lineage in humans. VSELs are the first real vasculogenic stem cells able to differentiate in endothelial and perivascular lineage in human adult described from now. Thus, because VSELs presence have been proposed in adult tissues, we think that VSELs are CD45 negative stem cells able to give rise to vascular regeneration in human tissues and vessels.
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24
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Lu W, Li X. Vascular stem/progenitor cells: functions and signaling pathways. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:859-869. [PMID: 28956069 PMCID: PMC11105279 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2662-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Vascular stem/progenitor cells (VSCs) are an important source of all types of vascular cells needed to build, maintain, repair, and remodel blood vessels. VSCs, therefore, play critical roles in the development, normal physiology, and pathophysiology of numerous diseases. There are four major types of VSCs, including endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), smooth muscle progenitor cells (SMPCs), pericytes, and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). VSCs can be found in bone marrow, circulating blood, vessel walls, and other extravascular tissues. During the past two decades, considerable progress has been achieved in the understanding of the derivation, surface markers, and differentiation of VSCs. Yet, the mechanisms regulating their functions and maintenance under normal and pathological conditions, such as in eye diseases, remain to be further elucidated. Owing to the essential roles of blood vessels in human tissues and organs, understanding the functional properties and the underlying molecular basis of VSCs is of critical importance for both basic and translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weisi Lu
- The State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuri Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China.
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25
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Zhang X, Li J, Ye P, Gao G, Hubbell K, Cui X. Coculture of mesenchymal stem cells and endothelial cells enhances host tissue integration and epidermis maturation through AKT activation in gelatin methacryloyl hydrogel-based skin model. Acta Biomater 2017; 59:317-326. [PMID: 28684336 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A major challenge for clinical use of skin substitutes is insufficient host tissue integration leading to loosening and partial necrosis of the implant. In this present study, a three-dimensional (3D) coculture system constructed using human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (uc-MSCs) and umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) encapsulated in gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogels was evaluated to determine the outcomes of cell-cell interactions in vitro and in vivo. The results revealed that GelMA hydrogels displayed minor cytotoxicity on both cell types. An uc-MSC:HUVEC ratio of 50:50 demonstrated the highest cell proliferation and expression of angiogenic markers. The supplement of basic fibroblast growth factors (bFGF) in coculture system further induced cell proliferation and gene expression in vitro. In vivo transplantation of this cocultured constructs efficiently enhanced the implant and host tissue integration. Additionally, the proliferation of keratinocytes was well maintained on GelMA hydrogels and the gene expression related to cell proliferation and differentiation was significantly increased in coculture system comparing to monoculture. Mechanistically, AKT signaling pathways were activated in cocultures. Our findings suggest that coculturing MSC and EC in GelMA hydrogels could be a promising approach to substantially improve the integration of exogenous skin substitutes and host tissues. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE In this study, the co-culture of uc-MSCs and HUVECs in photocrosslinkable GelMA hydrogels significantly enhanced host tissue integration. Cell proliferation, ECM deposition and angiogenic genes expression were all substantially improved in vitro and the excellent host tissue integration into the implanted tissue was observed in vivo. When served as a dermal layer, the scaffold with co-cultured cells enhanced the proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes. AKT signaling was proved to be involved in the regulation of cell survival and fate determination. This work demonstrated the importance of 3D cell co-culture to facilitate host tissue integration that can be a promising approach for long-term survival of skin substitutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jun Li
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Pengxiang Ye
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Guifang Gao
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; Stemorgan Incorporated, Allen, TX, USA.
| | | | - Xiaofeng Cui
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; Stemorgan Incorporated, Allen, TX, USA.
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26
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Rossi E, Smadja D, Goyard C, Cras A, Dizier B, Bacha N, Lokajczyk A, Guerin CL, Gendron N, Planquette B, Mignon V, Bernabéu C, Sanchez O, Smadja DM. Co-injection of mesenchymal stem cells with endothelial progenitor cells accelerates muscle recovery in hind limb ischemia through an endoglin-dependent mechanism. Thromb Haemost 2017; 117:1908-1918. [PMID: 28771278 DOI: 10.1160/th17-01-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs) are progenitor cells committed to endothelial lineages and have robust vasculogenic properties. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been described to support ECFC-mediated angiogenic processes in various matrices. However, MSC-ECFC interactions in hind limb ischemia (HLI) are largely unknown. Here we examined whether co-administration of ECFCs and MSCs bolsters vasculogenic activity in nude mice with HLI. In addition, as we have previously shown that endoglin is a key adhesion molecule, we evaluated its involvement in ECFC/MSC interaction. Foot perfusion increased on day 7 after ECFC injection and was even better at 14 days. Co-administration of MSCs significantly increased vessel density and foot perfusion on day 7 but the differences were no longer significant at day 14. Analysis of mouse and human CD31, and in situ hybridization of the human ALU sequence, showed enhanced capillary density in ECFC+MSC mice. When ECFCs were silenced for endoglin, coinjection with MSCs led to lower vessel density and foot perfusion at both 7 and 14 days (p<0.001). Endoglin silencing in ECFCs did not affect MSC differentiation into perivascular cells or other mesenchymal lineages. Endoglin silencing markedly inhibited ECFC adhesion to MSCs. Thus, MSCs, when combined with ECFCs, accelerate muscle recovery in a mouse model of hind limb ischemia, through an endoglin-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Smadja
- Prof. David Smadja, European Hospital Georges Pompidou, Hematology Department and UMR-S1140, 20 rue Leblanc, 75015 Paris, France, Tel.: +31 56093933, Fax: +31 56093393, E-mail:
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27
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Cell Sheets of Co-cultured Endothelial Progenitor Cells and Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Promote Osseointegration in Irradiated Rat Bone. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3038. [PMID: 28596582 PMCID: PMC5465198 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03366-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Irradiated bone has a greater risk of implant failure than nonirradiated bone. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of cell sheets composed of co-cultured bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (BMSCs) and endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) on implant osseointegration in irradiated bone. Cell sheets (EPCs, BMSCs or co-cultured EPCs and BMSCs) were wrapped around titanium implants to make cell sheet-implant complexes. The co-cultured group showed the highest osteogenic differentiation potential in vitro, as indicated by the extracellular matrix mineralization and the expression of osteogenesis related genes at both mRNA and protein levels. The co-cultured cells promoted ectopic bone formation as indicated by micro-computed tomography (Micro-CT) and histological analysis. In the irradiated tibias of rats, implants of the co-cultured group showed enhanced osseointegration by Micro-CT evaluation and histological observation. Co-cultured EPCs and BMSCs also up-regulated the expression of osteogenesis related genes in bone fragments in close contact with implants. In conclusion, cell sheets of co-cultured EPCs and BMSCs could promote osseous healing around implants and are potentially useful to improve osseointegration process for patients after radiotherapy.
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28
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Human Cord Blood-Derived CD133 +/C-Kit +/Lin - Cells Have Bipotential Ability to Differentiate into Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Outgrowth Endothelial Cells. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:7162160. [PMID: 28074098 PMCID: PMC5203918 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7162160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that mononuclear cells (MNCs) derived from bone marrow and cord blood can differentiate into mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) or outgrowth endothelial cells (OECs). However, controversy exists as to whether MNCs have the pluripotent capacity to differentiate into MSCs or OECs or are a mixture of cell lineage-determined progenitors of MSCs or OECs. Here, using CD133+/C-kit+/Lin− mononuclear cells (CKL− cells) isolated from human umbilical cord blood using magnetic cell sorting, we characterized the potency of MNC differentiation. We first found that CKL− cells cultured with conditioned medium of OECs or MSCs differentiated into OECs or MSCs and this differentiation was also induced by cell-to-cell contact. When we cultured single CKL− cells on OEC- or MSC-conditioned medium, the cells differentiated morphologically and genetically into OEC- or MSC-like cells, respectively. Moreover, we confirmed that OECs or MSCs differentiated from CKL− cells had the ability to form capillary-like structures in Matrigel and differentiate into osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and adipocytes. Finally, using microarray analysis, we identified specific factors of OECs or MSCs that could potentially be involved in the differentiation fate of CKL− cells. Together, these results suggest that cord blood-derived CKL− cells possess at least bipotential differentiation capacity toward MSCs or OECs.
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29
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BMP4/Id2 signaling pathway is a novel therapeutic target for late outgrowth endothelial progenitor cell-mediated endothelial injury repair. Int J Cardiol 2016; 228:796-804. [PMID: 27888757 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) play a pivotal role in endothelial repair following artery injury, however, the molecular mechanism of late outgrowth EPCs (LEPCs) in endothelial repair remained to be studied. Bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) is involved in vascular injury-mediated mobilization and homing of LEPCs. Here, we investigated the influence of BMP4-modified signaling pathway in LEPC-related endothelial repair of human and underlying molecular mechanism. METHODS AND RESULTS In vitro, after a 28day culture, human LEPCs were pretreated with different concentrations of recombinant BMP4 (0, 10, 50, or 100ng/mL), which markedly augmented the migration and adhesion in vitro and demonstrated a significantly accelerated in vivo endothelial repair capacity of human LEPCs after transplantation into nude mice with carotid artery denudation injury. Moreover, the main Id gene (Id2), a well-characterized down-streaming target of BMP4, upregulated in LEPCs incubated with recombinant BMP4. The BMP4-induced enhancement in in vitro functional activities and in vivo endothelial repair capacity of human LEPCs were abolished by pretreatment with BMP antagonist Noggin or shRNA-mediated knockdown of BMP4 expression. Furthermore, BMP4 gene transfer remarkably activated BMP4-mediated signaling pathway and facilitated therapeutic endothelial repair capacity of LEPCs, and the improved functional activities of human LEPCs could be inhibited by Noggin. CONCLUSION Thus, the present study demonstrates for the first time that BMP4-related signaling pathway is essential with endothelial repair capacity of LEPCs in human. The upregulation of BMP4-modified signaling pathway in human LEPCs may be a novel therapeutic strategy for endothelial repair after injury.
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30
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Genetic Variants in the Bone Morphogenic Protein Gene Family Modify the Association between Residential Exposure to Traffic and Peripheral Arterial Disease. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152670. [PMID: 27082954 PMCID: PMC4833382 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a growing literature indicating that genetic variants modify many of the associations between environmental exposures and clinical outcomes, potentially by increasing susceptibility to these exposures. However, genome-scale investigations of these interactions have been rarely performed particularly in the case of air pollution exposures. We performed race-stratified genome-wide gene-environment interaction association studies on European-American (EA, N = 1623) and African-American (AA, N = 554) cohorts to investigate the joint influence of common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and residential exposure to traffic (“traffic exposure”)—a recognized vascular disease risk factor—on peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Traffic exposure was estimated via the distance from the primary residence to the nearest major roadway, defined as the nearest limited access highways or major arterial. The rs755249-traffic exposure interaction was associated with PAD at a genome-wide significant level (P = 2.29x10-8) in European-Americans. Rs755249 is located in the 3’ untranslated region of BMP8A, a member of the bone morphogenic protein (BMP) gene family. Further investigation revealed several variants in BMP genes associated with PAD via an interaction with traffic exposure in both the EA and AA cohorts; this included interactions with non-synonymous variants in BMP2, which is regulated by air pollution exposure. The BMP family of genes is linked to vascular growth and calcification and is a novel gene family for the study of PAD pathophysiology. Further investigation of BMP8A using the Genotype Tissue Expression Database revealed multiple variants with nominally significant (P < 0.05) interaction P-values in our EA cohort were significant BMP8A eQTLs in tissue types highlight relevant for PAD such as rs755249 (tibial nerve, eQTL P = 3.6x10-6) and rs1180341 (tibial artery, eQTL P = 5.3x10-6). Together these results reveal a novel gene, and possibly gene family, associated with PAD via an interaction with traffic air pollution exposure. These results also highlight the potential for interactions studies, particularly at the genome scale, to reveal novel biology linking environmental exposures to clinical outcomes.
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Amini AR, Xu TO, Chidambaram RM, Nukavarapu SP. Oxygen Tension-Controlled Matrices with Osteogenic and Vasculogenic Cells for Vascularized Bone Regeneration In Vivo. Tissue Eng Part A 2016; 22:610-20. [PMID: 26914219 PMCID: PMC4841084 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2015.0310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite recent progress, segmental bone defect repair is still a significant challenge in orthopedic surgery. While bone tissue engineering approaches using biodegradable matrices along with bone/blood vessel forming cells offered improved possibilities, current regenerative strategies lack the ability to achieve vascularized bone regeneration in critical-sized/segmental bone defects. In this study, we introduced and evaluated a two-pronged approach for vascularized bone regeneration in vivo. The goal was to demonstrate vascularized bone formation using oxygen tension-controlled (OTC) matrices seeded with bone and blood vessel forming cells. OTC matrices were coimplanted with rabbit mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and peripheral blood-derived endothelial progenitor cells (PB-EPCs) to demonstrate the osteogenic and vasculogenic differentiation of these cells, postseeding on a matrix, especially deep inside the matrix pore structure. Matrices coimplanted with varied rabbit MSC and PB-EPC ratios (1:4, 1:1, and 4:1) were assessed in a nude mouse subcutaneous implantation model to determine a coimplantation ratio with superior osteogenic as well as vasculogenic properties. The implants were analyzed, at week 8, for endothelial (CD31 and Von Willebrand factor [vWF]) and osteogenic marker (RunX2 and Col I) staining qualitatively and collagen deposition and number of vessel formation quantitatively. Results from these experiments established MSC-to-PB-EPC ratio 1:1 as the best coimplantation ratio. OTC matrix with 1:1 coimplantation ratio was assessed for segmental bone defect repair in a rabbit critical-sized bone defect model. The group under investigation was OTC matrix, and the matrix was seeded with MSCs, EPCs, or MSCs:EPCs in a 1:1 ratio. Explants at week 12 were evaluated for bone defect repair via micro-CT and histology. Results from rabbit in vivo experiments show enhanced mineralization and vascularization for the 1:1 coimplantation group. Overall, the study establishes a two-pronged approach involving OTC matrix and effective progenitors for large-area and vascularized bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ami R. Amini
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Institute for Regenerative Engineering, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Thomas O. Xu
- Institute for Regenerative Engineering, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Ramaswamy M. Chidambaram
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Syam P. Nukavarapu
- Institute for Regenerative Engineering, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
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32
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Rossi E, Smadja DM, Boscolo E, Langa C, Arevalo MA, Pericacho M, Gamella-Pozuelo L, Kauskot A, Botella LM, Gaussem P, Bischoff J, Lopez-Novoa JM, Bernabeu C. Endoglin regulates mural cell adhesion in the circulatory system. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:1715-39. [PMID: 26646071 PMCID: PMC4805714 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2099-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The circulatory system is walled off by different cell types, including vascular mural cells and podocytes. The interaction and interplay between endothelial cells (ECs) and mural cells, such as vascular smooth muscle cells or pericytes, play a pivotal role in vascular biology. Endoglin is an RGD-containing counter-receptor for β1 integrins and is highly expressed by ECs during angiogenesis. We find that the adhesion between vascular ECs and mural cells is enhanced by integrin activators and inhibited upon suppression of membrane endoglin or β1-integrin, as well as by addition of soluble endoglin (SolEng), anti-integrin α5β1 antibody or an RGD peptide. Analysis of different endoglin mutants, allowed the mapping of the endoglin RGD motif as involved in the adhesion process. In Eng (+/-) mice, a model for hereditary hemorrhagic telangectasia type 1, endoglin haploinsufficiency induces a pericyte-dependent increase in vascular permeability. Also, transgenic mice overexpressing SolEng, an animal model for preeclampsia, show podocyturia, suggesting that SolEng is responsible for podocytes detachment from glomerular capillaries. These results suggest a critical role for endoglin in integrin-mediated adhesion of mural cells and provide a better understanding on the mechanisms of vessel maturation in normal physiology as well as in pathologies such as preeclampsia or hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Cell Adhesion/physiology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Disease Models, Animal
- Endoglin
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Female
- Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Humans
- Integrin beta1/genetics
- Jurkat Cells
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Nude
- Mice, Transgenic
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/cytology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/metabolism
- Pericytes/metabolism
- Podocytes/metabolism
- Pre-Eclampsia/genetics
- Pre-Eclampsia/pathology
- Pregnancy
- Protein Binding
- RNA Interference
- RNA, Small Interfering
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Retina/metabolism
- Telangiectasia, Hereditary Hemorrhagic/genetics
- Telangiectasia, Hereditary Hemorrhagic/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Rossi
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), c/Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Paris, France
- Hematology Department, AP-HP, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - David M Smadja
- Hematology Department, AP-HP, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Inserm UMR-S1140, Paris, France
| | - Elisa Boscolo
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Carmen Langa
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), c/Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A Arevalo
- Departamento de Anatomía e Histología Humanas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Miguel Pericacho
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007, Salamanca, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Unidad de Fisiopatología Renal y Cardiovascular, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Luis Gamella-Pozuelo
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), c/Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Unidad de Fisiopatología Renal y Cardiovascular, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Alexandre Kauskot
- Inserm UMR-S1176, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, Paris, France
- Université Paris Sud, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, Paris, France
| | - Luisa M Botella
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), c/Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pascale Gaussem
- Hematology Department, AP-HP, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Inserm UMR-S1140, Paris, France
| | - Joyce Bischoff
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - José M Lopez-Novoa
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007, Salamanca, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Unidad de Fisiopatología Renal y Cardiovascular, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Carmelo Bernabeu
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), c/Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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Murphy KC, Stilhano RS, Mitra D, Zhou D, Batarni S, Silva EA, Leach JK. Hydrogel biophysical properties instruct coculture-mediated osteogenic potential. FASEB J 2015; 30:477-86. [PMID: 26443826 DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-279984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cell-based approaches for bone formation require instructional cues from the surrounding environment. As an alternative to pharmacological strategies or transplanting single cell populations, one approach is to coimplant populations that can establish a new vasculature and differentiate to bone-forming osteoblasts. Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) possess osteogenic potential and produce numerous angiogenic growth factors. Endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs) are a subpopulation of endothelial progenitor cells capable of vasculogenesis in vivo and may provide endogenous cues to support MSC function. We investigated the contribution of the carrier biophysical properties to instruct entrapped human MSCs and ECFCs to simultaneously promote their osteogenic and proangiogenic potential. Compared with gels containing MSCs alone, fibrin gels engineered with increased compressive stiffness simultaneously increased the osteogenic and proangiogenic potential of entrapped cocultured cells. ECFCs produced bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), a potent osteoinductive molecule, and increases in BMP-2 secretion correlated with gel stiffness. Coculture of MSCs with ECFCs transduced to knockdown BMP-2 production abrogated the osteogenic response to levels observed with MSCs alone. These results demonstrate that physical properties of engineered hydrogels modulate the function of cocultured cells in the absence of inductive cues, thus increasing the translational potential of coimplantation to speed bone formation and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin C Murphy
- *Department of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA; and Department of Biophysics, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roberta S Stilhano
- *Department of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA; and Department of Biophysics, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Debika Mitra
- *Department of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA; and Department of Biophysics, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dejie Zhou
- *Department of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA; and Department of Biophysics, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Samir Batarni
- *Department of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA; and Department of Biophysics, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo A Silva
- *Department of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA; and Department of Biophysics, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - J Kent Leach
- *Department of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA; and Department of Biophysics, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Joo HJ, Song S, Seo HR, Shin JH, Choi SC, Park JH, Yu CW, Hong SJ, Lim DS. Human endothelial colony forming cells from adult peripheral blood have enhanced sprouting angiogenic potential through up-regulating VEGFR2 signaling. Int J Cardiol 2015; 197:33-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Revised: 05/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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35
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Beckouche N, Bignon M, Lelarge V, Mathivet T, Pichol-Thievend C, Berndt S, Hardouin J, Garand M, Ardidie-Robouant C, Barret A, Melino G, Lortat-Jacob H, Muller L, Monnot C, Germain S. The interaction of heparan sulfate proteoglycans with endothelial transglutaminase-2 limits VEGF165-induced angiogenesis. Sci Signal 2015; 8:ra70. [PMID: 26175493 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaa0963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Sprouting angiogenesis is stimulated by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF165) that is localized in the extracellular matrix (ECM) and binds to heparan sulfate (HS)-bearing proteins known as heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs). VEGF165 presentation by HSPGs enhances VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR2) signaling. We investigated the effect of TG2, which binds to HSPGs, on the interaction between VEGF165 and HS and angiogenesis. Mice with tg2 deficiency showed transiently enhanced retina vessel formation and increased vascularization of VEGF165-containing Matrigel implants. In addition, endothelial cells in which TG2 was knocked down exhibited enhanced VEGF165-induced sprouting and migration, which was associated with increased phosphorylation of VEGFR2 at Tyr(951) and its targets Src and Akt. TG2 knockdown did not affect the phosphorylation of VEGFR2 at Tyr(1175) or cell proliferation in response to VEGF165 and sprouting or signaling in response to VEGF121. Decreased phosphorylation of VEGFR2 at Tyr(951) was due to ECM-localized TG2, which reduced the binding of VEGF165 to endothelial ECM in a manner that required its ability to bind to HS but not its catalytic activity. Surface plasmon resonance assays demonstrated that TG2 impeded the interaction between VEGF165 and HS. These results show that TG2 controls the formation of VEGF165-HSPG complexes and suggest that this regulation could be pharmacologically targeted to modulate developmental and therapeutic angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Beckouche
- Collège de France, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Paris F-75005, France. CNRS, UMR 7241, Paris F-75005, France. INSERM U1050, Paris F-75005, France. Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer. Universite Pierre et Marie Curie (ED 394), Paris F-75005, France
| | - Marine Bignon
- Collège de France, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Paris F-75005, France. CNRS, UMR 7241, Paris F-75005, France. INSERM U1050, Paris F-75005, France. Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer
| | - Virginie Lelarge
- Collège de France, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Paris F-75005, France. CNRS, UMR 7241, Paris F-75005, France. INSERM U1050, Paris F-75005, France. Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer. Universite Pierre et Marie Curie (ED 394), Paris F-75005, France
| | - Thomas Mathivet
- Collège de France, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Paris F-75005, France. CNRS, UMR 7241, Paris F-75005, France. INSERM U1050, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Cathy Pichol-Thievend
- Collège de France, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Paris F-75005, France. CNRS, UMR 7241, Paris F-75005, France. INSERM U1050, Paris F-75005, France. Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer. Universite Pierre et Marie Curie (ED 394), Paris F-75005, France
| | - Sarah Berndt
- Collège de France, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Paris F-75005, France. CNRS, UMR 7241, Paris F-75005, France. INSERM U1050, Paris F-75005, France. Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer
| | - Julie Hardouin
- Universite de Rouen Laboratoire Polymères Biopolymeres Surfaces, UMR CNRS 6270, Mont-Saint-Aignan F-76821, France
| | - Marion Garand
- Collège de France, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Paris F-75005, France. CNRS, UMR 7241, Paris F-75005, France. INSERM U1050, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Corinne Ardidie-Robouant
- Collège de France, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Paris F-75005, France. CNRS, UMR 7241, Paris F-75005, France. INSERM U1050, Paris F-75005, France. Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer
| | - Alain Barret
- Collège de France, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Paris F-75005, France. CNRS, UMR 7241, Paris F-75005, France. INSERM U1050, Paris F-75005, France. Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer
| | - Gerry Melino
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Hugues Lortat-Jacob
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), Grenoble F-38000, France. CNRS, IBS, Grenoble F-38000, France. Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Direction des Sciences du Vivant, IBS, Grenoble F-38000, France
| | - Laurent Muller
- Collège de France, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Paris F-75005, France. CNRS, UMR 7241, Paris F-75005, France. INSERM U1050, Paris F-75005, France. Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer
| | - Catherine Monnot
- Collège de France, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Paris F-75005, France. CNRS, UMR 7241, Paris F-75005, France. INSERM U1050, Paris F-75005, France. Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer.
| | - Stephane Germain
- Collège de France, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Paris F-75005, France. CNRS, UMR 7241, Paris F-75005, France. INSERM U1050, Paris F-75005, France. Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer. Department of Pathology, Saint-Louis Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris F-75010, France
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d'Audigier C, Cochain C, Rossi E, Guérin CL, Bièche I, Blandinières A, Marsac B, Silvestre JS, Gaussem P, Smadja DM. Thrombin receptor PAR-1 activation on endothelial progenitor cells enhances chemotaxis-associated genes expression and leukocyte recruitment by a COX-2-dependent mechanism. Angiogenesis 2015; 18:347-59. [PMID: 26026674 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-015-9471-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelial colony forming cells (ECFC) represent a subpopulation of endothelial progenitor cells involved in endothelial repair. The activation of procoagulant mechanisms associated with the vascular wall's inflammatory responses to injury plays a crucial role in the induction and progression of atherosclerosis. However, little is known about ECFC proinflammatory potential. AIMS To explore the role of the thrombin receptor PAR-1 proinflammatory effects on ECFC chemotaxis/recruitment capacity. METHODS AND RESULTS The expression of 30 genes known to be associated with inflammation and chemotaxis was quantified in ECFC by real-time qPCR. PAR-1 activation with the SFLLRN peptide (PAR-1-ap) resulted in a significant increase in nine chemotaxis-associated genes expression, including CCL2 and CCL3 whose receptors are present on ECFC. Furthermore, COX-2 expression was found to be dramatically up-regulated consequently to PAR-1 activation. COX-2 silencing with the specific COX-2-siRNA also triggered down-regulation of the nine target genes. Conditioned media (c.m.) from control-siRNA- and COX-2-siRNA-transfected ECFC, stimulated or not with PAR-1-ap, were produced and tested on ECFC capacity to recruit leukocytes in vitro as well in the muscle of ischemic hindlimb in a preclinical model. The capacity of the c.m. from ECFC stimulated with PAR-1-ap to recruit leukocytes was abrogated when COX-2 gene expression was silenced in vitro (in terms of U937 cells migration and adhesion to endothelial cells) as well as in vivo. Finally, the postnatal vasculogenic stem cell derived from infantile hemangioma tumor (HemSC) incubated with PAR-1-ap increased leukocyte recruitment in Matrigel(®) implant. CONCLUSIONS PAR-1 activation in ECFC increases chemotactic gene expression and leukocyte recruitment at ischemic sites through a COX-2-dependent mechanism.
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Dalton JE, Glover AC, Hoodless L, Lim EK, Beattie L, Kirby A, Kaye PM. The neurotrophic receptor Ntrk2 directs lymphoid tissue neovascularization during Leishmania donovani infection. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004681. [PMID: 25710496 PMCID: PMC4339582 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor type 2 (Ntrk2, also known as TrkB) and its ligands brain derived neurotrophic factor (Bdnf), neurotrophin-4 (NT-4/5), and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) are known primarily for their multiple effects on neuronal differentiation and survival. Here, we provide evidence that Ntrk2 plays a role in the pathologic remodeling of the spleen that accompanies chronic infection. We show that in Leishmania donovani-infected mice, Ntrk2 is aberrantly expressed on splenic endothelial cells and that new maturing blood vessels within the white pulp are intimately associated with F4/80(hi)CD11b(lo)CD11c(+) macrophages that express Bdnf and NT-4/5 and have pro-angiogenic potential in vitro. Furthermore, administration of the small molecule Ntrk2 antagonist ANA-12 to infected mice significantly inhibited white pulp neovascularization but had no effect on red pulp vascular remodeling. We believe this to be the first evidence of the Ntrk2/neurotrophin pathway driving pathogen-induced vascular remodeling in lymphoid tissue. These studies highlight the therapeutic potential of modulating this pathway to inhibit pathological angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane E. Dalton
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology and Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Amy C. Glover
- Jack Birch Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Hoodless
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology and Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Eng-Kiat Lim
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology and Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Lynette Beattie
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology and Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Alun Kirby
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology and Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Paul M. Kaye
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology and Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Guerin CL, Loyer X, Vilar J, Cras A, Mirault T, Gaussem P, Silvestre JS, Smadja DM. Bone-marrow-derived very small embryonic-like stem cells in patients with critical leg ischaemia: evidence of vasculogenic potential. Thromb Haemost 2015; 113:1084-94. [PMID: 25608764 DOI: 10.1160/th14-09-0748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Very small embryonic-like stem cells (VSELs) are multipotent stem cells localised in adult bone marrow (BM) that may be mobilised into peripheral blood (PB) in response to tissue injury. We aimed to quantify VSELs in BM and PB of patients with critical limb ischaemia (CLI) and to test their angiogenic potential in vitro as well as their therapeutic capacity in mouse model of CLI. We isolated BM VSELs from patients with CLI and studied their potential to differentiate into vascular lineages. Flow and imaging cytometry showed that VSEL counts were lower in BM (p< 0.001) and higher (p< 0.001) in PB from CLI patients compared to healthy controls, suggesting that ischaemia may trigger VSELs mobilisation in this patient population. Sorted BM-VSELs cultured in angiogenic media acquired a mesenchymal phenotype (CD90+, Thy-1 gene positive expression). VSEL-derived cells had a pattern of secretion similar to that of endothelial progenitor cells, as they released low levels of VEGF-A and inflammatory cytokines. Noteworthy, VSELs triggered post-ischaemic revascularisation in immunodeficient mice (p< 0.05 vs PBS treatment), and acquired an endothelial phenotype either in vitro when cultured in the presence of VEGF-B (Cdh-5 gene positive expression), or in vivo in Matrigel implants (human CD31+ staining in neo-vessels from plug sections). In conclusion, VSELs are a potential new source of therapeutic cells that may give rise to cells of the endothelial lineage in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - David M Smadja
- Prof. David Smadja, European Georges Pompidou Hospital, Hematology Department, 20 rue Leblanc, 75015 Paris, France, Tel.: +31 56093933, Fax: +31 56093393, E-mail:
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Wellbrock J, Sheikhzadeh S, Oliveira-Ferrer L, Stamm H, Hillebrand M, Keyser B, Klokow M, Vohwinkel G, Bonk V, Otto B, Streichert T, Balabanov S, Hagel C, Rybczynski M, Bentzien F, Bokemeyer C, von Kodolitsch Y, Fiedler W. Overexpression of Gremlin-1 in patients with Loeys-Dietz syndrome: implications on pathophysiology and early disease detection. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104742. [PMID: 25116393 PMCID: PMC4130545 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Backgrounds The Loeys-Dietz syndrome (LDS) is an inherited connective tissue disorder caused by mutations in the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) receptors TGFBR1 or TGFBR2. Most patients with LDS develop severe aortic aneurysms resulting in early need of surgical intervention. In order to gain further insight into the pathophysiology of the disorder, we investigated circulating outgrowth endothelial cells (OEC) from the peripheral blood of LDS patients from a cohort of 23 patients including 6 patients with novel TGF-β receptor mutations. Methods and Results We performed gene expression profiling of OECs using microarray analysis followed by quantitative PCR for verification of gene expression. Compared to OECs of age- and sex-matched healthy controls, OECs isolated from three LDS patients displayed altered expression of several genes belonging to the TGF-β pathway, especially those affecting bone morphogenic protein (BMP) signalling including BMP2, BMP4 and BMPR1A. Gene expression of BMP antagonist Gremlin-1 (GREM1) showed the most prominent up-regulation. This increase was confirmed at the protein level by immunoblotting of LDS-OECs. In immunohistochemistry, abundant Gremlin-1 protein expression could be verified in endothelial cells as well as smooth muscle cells within the arterial media. Furthermore, Gremlin-1 plasma levels of LDS patients were significantly elevated compared to healthy control subjects. Conclusions These findings open new avenues in the understanding of the pathogenesis of Loeys-Dietz syndrome and the development of new diagnostic serological methods for early disease detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Wellbrock
- Hubertus Wald University Cancer Centre, Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with section Pneumology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Sara Sheikhzadeh
- Center of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Leticia Oliveira-Ferrer
- Hubertus Wald University Cancer Centre, Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with section Pneumology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hauke Stamm
- Hubertus Wald University Cancer Centre, Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with section Pneumology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mathias Hillebrand
- Center of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Britta Keyser
- Institute of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marianne Klokow
- Hubertus Wald University Cancer Centre, Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with section Pneumology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gabi Vohwinkel
- Hubertus Wald University Cancer Centre, Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with section Pneumology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Veronika Bonk
- Hubertus Wald University Cancer Centre, Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with section Pneumology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Otto
- Department of Clinical Chemistry/Central Laboratories, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Streichert
- Department of Clinical Chemistry/Central Laboratories, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Balabanov
- Hubertus Wald University Cancer Centre, Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with section Pneumology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Division of Hematology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Hagel
- Institute for Neuropathology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Meike Rybczynski
- Center of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Frank Bentzien
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Carsten Bokemeyer
- Hubertus Wald University Cancer Centre, Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with section Pneumology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Yskert von Kodolitsch
- Center of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Walter Fiedler
- Hubertus Wald University Cancer Centre, Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with section Pneumology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Smadja DM, Dorfmüller P, Guerin CL, Bieche I, Badoual C, Boscolo E, Kambouchner M, Cazes A, Mercier O, Humbert M, Gaussem P, Bischoff J, Israël-Biet D. Cooperation between human fibrocytes and endothelial colony-forming cells increases angiogenesis via the CXCR4 pathway. Thromb Haemost 2014; 112:1002-13. [PMID: 25103869 DOI: 10.1160/th13-08-0711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fibrotic diseases of the lung are associated with a vascular remodelling process. Fibrocytes (Fy) are a distinct population of blood-borne cells that co-express haematopoietic cell antigens and fibroblast markers, and have been shown to contribute to organ fibrosis. The purpose of this study was to determine whether fibrocytes cooperate with endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFC) to induce angiogenesis. We isolated fibrocytes from blood of patient with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and characterised them by flow cytometry, quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (RTQ-PCR), and confocal microscopy. We then investigated the angiogenic interaction between fibrocytes and cord-blood-derived ECFC, both in vitro and in an in vivo Matrigel implant model. Compared to fibroblast culture medium, fibrocyte culture medium increased ECFC proliferation and differentiation via the SDF-1/CXCR4 pathway. IPF-Fy co-implanted with human ECFC in Matrigel plugs in immunodeficient mice formed functional microvascular beds, whereas fibroblasts did not. Evaluation of implants after two weeks revealed an extensive network of erythrocyte-containing blood vessels. CXCR4 blockade significantly inhibited this blood vessel formation. The clinical relevance of these data was confirmed by strong CXCR4 expression in vessels close to fibrotic areas in biopsy specimens from patients with IPF, by comparison with control lungs. In conclusion, circulating fibrocytes might contribute to the intense remodelling of the pulmonary vasculature in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Smadja
- Prof. David Smadja, Paris-Descartes University, INSERM UMR-S 1140, Hematology department, European Georges Pompidou hospital, 20 rue Leblanc, 75015 Paris, France, Tel.: +33 1 56093933, Fax: +33 1 56093393, E-mail:
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Role of angiogenesis in bone repair. Arch Biochem Biophys 2014; 561:109-17. [PMID: 25034215 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2014.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Bone vasculature plays a vital role in bone development, remodeling and homeostasis. New blood vessel formation is crucial during both primary bone development as well as fracture repair in adults. Both bone repair and bone remodeling involve the activation and complex interaction between angiogenic and osteogenic pathways. Interestingly studies have demonstrated that angiogenesis precedes the onset of osteogenesis. Indeed reduced or inadequate blood flow has been linked to impaired fracture healing and old age related low bone mass disorders such as osteoporosis. Similarly the slow penetration of host blood vessels in large engineered bone tissue grafts has been cited as one of the major hurdle still impeding current bone construction engineering strategies. This article reviews the current knowledge elaborating the importance of vascularization during bone healing and remodeling, and the current therapeutic strategies being adapted to promote and improve angiogenesis.
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Poitevin S, Cussac D, Leroyer AS, Albinet V, Sarlon-Bartoli G, Guillet B, Hubert L, Andrieu-Abadie N, Couderc B, Parini A, Dignat-George F, Sabatier F. Sphingosine kinase 1 expressed by endothelial colony-forming cells has a critical role in their revascularization activity. Cardiovasc Res 2014; 103:121-30. [PMID: 24743591 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvu104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Cell therapy based on endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs) is a promising option for ischaemic cardiovascular diseases. A better understanding of the mechanisms by which these cells promote revascularization remains a critical challenge to improving their therapeutic potential. We aimed to identify the critical mechanisms involved in the revascularization activity of ECFCs by using the paracrine properties of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). METHODS AND RESULTS Conditioned medium from human bone marrow-derived MSCs (MSC-CM) increased the angiogenic activity of cord blood ECFCs in vitro (proliferation, migration, and pseudo-tube formation), the survival of ECFCs in mice (Matrigel Plug assay), and the capacity of ECFCs to promote the recovery of blood perfusion in mice with hindlimb ischaemia. Furthermore, the capillary density in ischaemic gastrocnemius muscle was significantly increased in mice transplanted with the ECFCs pre-treated with the MSC-CM. The enhancement of ECFCs activity involved the up-regulation of sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1) expression and activity. The inhibition of SphK1 in ECFCs by using an inhibitor or a siRNA knockdown of SphK1 prevented the stimulation of the ECFCs induced by the MSC-CM. The improvement of ECFC activity by MSC-CM also involved the up-regulation of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1P1) and a S1P/S1P1/3-dependent mechanism. Finally, we showed that the stimulation of ECFCs with exogenous S1P increased angiogenesis and promoted blood perfusion in hindlimb ischaemia. CONCLUSION The up-regulation of SphK1 and S1P-dependent pathways is critical for the angiogenic/vasculogenic activity of ECFCs. The identification of this pathway provides attractive targets to optimize cell-based therapy for revascularization in ischaemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Poitevin
- Aix-Marseille Université, Vascular Research Center of Marseille (VRCM), INSERM UMR-S 1076, Faculté de Pharmacie, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France
| | - Daniel Cussac
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM U1048, Université de Toulouse III, 1 Av Jean Poulhès, BP 84225, 31432 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Aurélie S Leroyer
- Aix-Marseille Université, Vascular Research Center of Marseille (VRCM), INSERM UMR-S 1076, Faculté de Pharmacie, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France
| | - Virginie Albinet
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie, INSERM UMR-1037, Université de Toulouse III, BP 84225, CHU Rangueil, 31432 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Gabrielle Sarlon-Bartoli
- Aix-Marseille Université, Vascular Research Center of Marseille (VRCM), INSERM UMR-S 1076, Faculté de Pharmacie, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France
| | - Benjamin Guillet
- Aix-Marseille Université, Vascular Research Center of Marseille (VRCM), INSERM UMR-S 1076, Faculté de Pharmacie, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France
| | - Lucas Hubert
- Aix-Marseille Université, Vascular Research Center of Marseille (VRCM), INSERM UMR-S 1076, Faculté de Pharmacie, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France
| | - Nathalie Andrieu-Abadie
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie, INSERM UMR-1037, Université de Toulouse III, BP 84225, CHU Rangueil, 31432 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Bettina Couderc
- EA 4553: Individualisation des Traitements des Cancers Ovariens et ORL, Institut Claudius Regaud, 20-24 rue du Pont St Pierre, 31052 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Angelo Parini
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM U1048, Université de Toulouse III, 1 Av Jean Poulhès, BP 84225, 31432 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Françoise Dignat-George
- Aix-Marseille Université, Vascular Research Center of Marseille (VRCM), INSERM UMR-S 1076, Faculté de Pharmacie, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France
| | - Florence Sabatier
- Aix-Marseille Université, Vascular Research Center of Marseille (VRCM), INSERM UMR-S 1076, Faculté de Pharmacie, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France
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Mauge L, Sabatier F, Boutouyrie P, D'Audigier C, Peyrard S, Bozec E, Blanchard A, Azizi M, Dizier B, Dignat-George F, Gaussem P, Smadja DM. Forearm ischemia decreases endothelial colony-forming cell angiogenic potential. Cytotherapy 2014; 16:213-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2013.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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d'Audigier C, Gautier B, Yon A, Alili JM, Guérin CL, Evrard SM, Godier A, Haviari S, Reille-Serroussi M, Huguenot F, Dizier B, Inguimbert N, Borgel D, Bièche I, Boisson-Vidal C, Roncal C, Carmeliet P, Vidal M, Gaussem P, Smadja DM. Targeting VEGFR1 on endothelial progenitors modulates their differentiation potential. Angiogenesis 2014; 17:603-16. [PMID: 24419917 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-013-9413-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We studied whether plasma levels of angiogenic factors VEGF and placental growth factor (PlGF) in coronary artery disease patients or undergoing cardiac surgery are modified, and whether those factors modulate endothelial progenitor's angiogenic potential. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 143 patients' plasmas from two different studies were analyzed (30 coronary artery disease patients, 30 patients with stable angina, coupled with 30 age and sex-matched controls; 53 patients underwent cardiac surgery). Among factors screened, only PlGF was found significantly increased in these pathological populations. PlGF-1 and PlGF-2 were then tested on human endothelial-colony-forming cells (ECFCs). We found that PlGF-1 and PlGF-2 induce VEGFR1 phosphorylation and potentiate ECFCs tubulogenesis in vitro. ECFCs VEGFR1 was further inhibited using a specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) and the chemical compound 4321. We then observed that the VEGFR1-siRNA and the compound 4321 decrease ECFCs tubulogenesis potential in vitro. Finally, we tested the compound 4321 in the preclinical Matrigel(®)-plug model with C57Bl/6J mice as well as in the murine hindlimb ischemia model. We found that 4321 inhibited the plug vascularization, attested by the hemoglobin content and the VE-Cadherin expression level and that 4321 inhibited the post-ischemic revascularization. CONCLUSION PlGF plasma levels were found increased in cardiovascular patients. Disrupting PlGF/VEGFR1 pathway could modulate ECFC-induced tubulogenesis, the cell type responsible for newly formed vessels in vivo.
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Foresta C, De Toni L, Ferlin A, Di Mambro A. Clinical implication of endothelial progenitor cells. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 10:89-105. [DOI: 10.1586/erm.09.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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HoWangYin KY, Loinard C, Bakker W, Guérin CL, Vilar J, D'Audigier C, Mauge L, Bruneval P, Emmerich J, Lévy BI, Pouysségur J, Smadja DM, Silvestre JS. HIF-Prolyl Hydroxylase 2 Inhibition Enhances the Efficiency of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Based Therapies for the Treatment of Critical Limb Ischemia. Stem Cells 2014; 32:231-43. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.1540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Céline Loinard
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sureté Nucléaire; Fontenay aux Roses France
| | | | | | - José Vilar
- INSERM UMRS 970; Fontenay aux Roses France
| | - Clément D'Audigier
- INSERM UMRS 765; Université Paris Descartes; Sorbonne Paris Cité Paris France
- AP-HP; Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou; Service d'hématologie Biologique Paris France
| | - Laetitia Mauge
- INSERM UMRS 765; Université Paris Descartes; Sorbonne Paris Cité Paris France
- AP-HP; Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou; Service d'hématologie Biologique Paris France
| | - Patrick Bruneval
- AP-HP; Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou; Service d'anatomie Pathologique Paris France
| | - Joseph Emmerich
- INSERM UMRS 765; Université Paris Descartes; Sorbonne Paris Cité Paris France
| | | | - Jacques Pouysségur
- University of Nice, Institute of Research on Cancer & Aging (IRCAN)Centre A. Lacassagne, Nice, France and Centre Scientifique de Monaco
| | - David M. Smadja
- INSERM UMRS 765; Université Paris Descartes; Sorbonne Paris Cité Paris France
- AP-HP; Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou; Service d'hématologie Biologique Paris France
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Silvestre JS, Smadja DM, Lévy BI. Postischemic revascularization: from cellular and molecular mechanisms to clinical applications. Physiol Rev 2013; 93:1743-802. [PMID: 24137021 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00006.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
After the onset of ischemia, cardiac or skeletal muscle undergoes a continuum of molecular, cellular, and extracellular responses that determine the function and the remodeling of the ischemic tissue. Hypoxia-related pathways, immunoinflammatory balance, circulating or local vascular progenitor cells, as well as changes in hemodynamical forces within vascular wall trigger all the processes regulating vascular homeostasis, including vasculogenesis, angiogenesis, arteriogenesis, and collateral growth, which act in concert to establish a functional vascular network in ischemic zones. In patients with ischemic diseases, most of the cellular (mainly those involving bone marrow-derived cells and local stem/progenitor cells) and molecular mechanisms involved in the activation of vessel growth and vascular remodeling are markedly impaired by the deleterious microenvironment characterized by fibrosis, inflammation, hypoperfusion, and inhibition of endogenous angiogenic and regenerative programs. Furthermore, cardiovascular risk factors, including diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, diabetes, and aging, constitute a deleterious macroenvironment that participates to the abrogation of postischemic revascularization and tissue regeneration observed in these patient populations. Thus stimulation of vessel growth and/or remodeling has emerged as a new therapeutic option in patients with ischemic diseases. Many strategies of therapeutic revascularization, based on the administration of growth factors or stem/progenitor cells from diverse sources, have been proposed and are currently tested in patients with peripheral arterial disease or cardiac diseases. This review provides an overview from our current knowledge regarding molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in postischemic revascularization, as well as advances in the clinical application of such strategies of therapeutic revascularization.
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Levy M, Bonnet D, Mauge L, Celermajer DS, Gaussem P, Smadja DM. Circulating endothelial cells in refractory pulmonary hypertension in children: markers of treatment efficacy and clinical worsening. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65114. [PMID: 23762293 PMCID: PMC3677895 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pulmonary vasodilators in general and prostacyclin analogues in particular have improved the outcome of patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Endothelial dysfunction is a key feature of PAH and we previously described that circulating endothelial cell (CEC) level could be used as a biomarker of endothelial dysfunction in PAH. We now hypothesized that an efficient PAH-specific vasodilator therapy might decrease CEC level. Methods/Results CECs were prospectively quantified by immunomagnetic separation with mAb CD146-coated beads in peripheral blood from children with idiopathic PAH (iPAH, n = 30) or PAH secondary to congenital heart disease (PAH-CHD, n = 30): before, after treatment and during follow up. Controls were 23 children with reversible PAH. Oral treatment with endothelin receptor antagonists (ERA) and/or phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors (PDE5) significantly reduced CEC counts in children. In 10 children with refractory PAH despite oral combination therapy, subcutaneous (SC) treprostinil was added and we observed a significant decrease in CEC counts during the first month of such treatment. CECs were quantified during a 6 to 36 month-follow-up after initiation of SC treprostinil and we found that CEC counts changed over time, with rising counts always preceding clinical deterioration. Conclusion CECs might be useful as a biomarker during follow-up of pediatric iPAH and PAH-CHD to assess response to treatment and to anticipate clinical worsening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyne Levy
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
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Smadja D, Silvestre JS, Lévy BI. [Genic and cellular therapy for peripheral arterial diseases]. Transfus Clin Biol 2013; 20:211-20. [PMID: 23587618 DOI: 10.1016/j.tracli.2013.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Late evolution of peripheral arterial disease consists in the apparition of critical limb ischemia. Surgical treatments allow to treat these patients during long time; however, in most patients, especially the diabetic ones, there a very few options and the clinical evolution is rapidly dramatic. For these reasons, the critical limb ischemia is one of the first diseases treated by genic or cellular therapies aiming to improve blood flow perfusion in the lower-limbs. In this short review, we describe the main clinical trials of genic therapy; most of them have been abandoned because serious side effects, modest effects and major risks. Different types of stem cells are now used for cell therapy: endothelial progenitor cells, early or late, activated or not, mesenchymal stem cells, embryonic stem cells and human induced pluripotent stem cells. Problems of characterization are described and the results of the most important clinical trials are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Smadja
- Inserm U 765, service d'hématologie biologique, hôpital européen Georges-Pompidou, faculté de pharmacie, université Paris-Descartes, 75006 Paris, France
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Shi Q, Cox LA, Hodara V, Wang XL, VandeBerg JL. Repertoire of endothelial progenitor cells mobilized by femoral artery ligation: a nonhuman primate study. J Cell Mol Med 2013; 16:2060-73. [PMID: 22128816 PMCID: PMC3433842 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2011.01501.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine in the baboon model the identities and functional characteristics of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) mobilized in response to artery ligation, we collected peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNCs) before and 3 days after a segment of femoral artery was removed. Our goal was to find EPC subpopulations with highly regenerative capacity. We identified 12 subpopulations of putative EPCs that were altered >1.75-fold; two subpopulations (CD146+/CD54-/CD45- at 6.63-fold, and CD146+/UEA-1-/CD45- at 12.21-fold) were dramatically elevated. To investigate the regenerative capacity of putative EPCs, we devised a new assay that maximally resembled their in vivo scenario, we purified CD34+ and CD146+ cells and co-cultured them with basal and mobilized PBMNCs; both cell types took up Dil-LDL, but purified CD146+ cells exhibited accelerated differentiation by increasing expression of CD31 and CD144, and by exhibiting more active cord-like structure formation by comparison to the CD34+ subpopulation in a co-culture with mobilized PBMNCs. We demonstrate that ischaemia due to vascular ligation mobilizes multiple types of cells with distinct roles. Baboon CD146+ cells exhibit higher reparative capacity than CD34+ cells, and thus are a potential source for therapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Shi
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78245-0549, USA.
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