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Liu B, Su L, Loo SJ, Gao Y, Khin E, Kong X, Dalan R, Su X, Lee KO, Ma J, Ye L. Matrix metallopeptidase 9 contributes to the beginning of plaque and is a potential biomarker for the early identification of atherosclerosis in asymptomatic patients with diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1369369. [PMID: 38660518 PMCID: PMC11039961 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1369369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Aims To determine the roles of matrix metallopeptidase-9 (MMP9) on human coronary artery smooth muscle cells (HCASMCs) in vitro, early beginning of atherosclerosis in vivo in diabetic mice, and drug naïve patients with diabetes. Methods Active human MMP9 (act-hMMP9) was added to HCASMCs and the expressions of MCP-1, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1 were measured. Act-hMMP9 (n=16) or placebo (n=15) was administered to diabetic KK.Cg-Ay/J (KK) mice. Carotid artery inflammation and atherosclerosis measurements were made at 2 and 10 weeks after treatment. An observational study of newly diagnosed drug naïve patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM n=234) and healthy matched controls (n=41) was performed and patients had ultrasound of carotid arteries and some had coronary computed tomography angiogram for the assessment of atherosclerosis. Serum MMP9 was measured and its correlation with carotid artery or coronary artery plaques was determined. Results In vitro, act-hMMP9 increased gene and protein expressions of MCP-1, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and enhanced macrophage adhesion. Exogenous act-hMMP9 increased inflammation and initiated atherosclerosis in KK mice at 2 and 10 weeks: increased vessel wall thickness, lipid accumulation, and Galectin-3+ macrophage infiltration into the carotid arteries. In newly diagnosed T2DM patients, serum MMP9 correlated with carotid artery plaque size with a possible threshold cutoff point. In addition, serum MMP9 correlated with number of mixed plaques and grade of lumen stenosis in coronary arteries of patients with drug naïve T2DM. Conclusion MMP9 may contribute to the initiation of atherosclerosis and may be a potential biomarker for the early identification of atherosclerosis in patients with diabetes. Clinical trial registration https://clinicaltrials.gov, identifier NCT04424706.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingli Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liping Su
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sze Jie Loo
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yu Gao
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Cardiology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ester Khin
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xiaocen Kong
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rinkoo Dalan
- Department of Endocrinology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xiaofei Su
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kok-Onn Lee
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jianhua Ma
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Ye
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Luo J, Zhou J, Luo JZ, Wang HL, Zhao XL, Zhou RD. Inhibiting MMP13 Attenuates Deep Vein Thrombosis in a Mouse Model by Reducing the Expression of Pdpn. Curr Med Sci 2024; 44:369-379. [PMID: 38619683 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-024-2862-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP13) is an extracellular matrix protease that affects the progression of atherosclerotic plaques and arterial thrombi by degrading collagens, modifying protein structures and regulating inflammatory responses, but its role in deep vein thrombosis (DVT) has not been determined. The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential effects of MMP13 and MMP13-related genes on the formation of DVT. METHODS We altered the expression level of MMP13 in vivo and conducted a transcriptome study to examine the expression and relationship between MMP13 and MMP13-related genes in a mouse model of DVT. After screening genes possibly related to MMP13 in DVT mice, the expression levels of candidate genes in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and the venous wall were evaluated. The effect of MMP13 on platelet aggregation in HUVECs was investigated in vitro. RESULTS Among the differentially expressed genes, interleukin 1 beta, podoplanin (Pdpn), and factor VIII von Willebrand factor (F8VWF) were selected for analysis in mice. When MMP13 was inhibited, the expression level of PDPN decreased significantly in vitro. In HUVECs, overexpression of MMP13 led to an increase in the expression level of PDPN and induced platelet aggregation, while transfection of PDPN-siRNA weakened the ability of MMP13 to increase platelet aggregation. CONCLUSIONS Inhibiting the expression of MMP13 could reduce the burden of DVT in mice. The mechanism involves downregulating the expression of Pdpn through MMP13, which could provide a novel gene target for DVT diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Luo
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The First People's Hospital of Ziyang, Ziyang, 641300, China
| | - Jin Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Kunming Medical University Second Affiliated Hospital, Kunming, 650033, China
| | - Jing-Zeng Luo
- Department of Orthopedics, Kunming Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Hai-Long Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650200, China
| | - Xue-Ling Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, Kunming Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Ru-Dan Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Kunming Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, Kunming, 650032, China.
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Mukherjee A, Das B. The role of inflammatory mediators and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in the progression of osteoarthritis. BIOMATERIALS AND BIOSYSTEMS 2024; 13:100090. [PMID: 38440290 PMCID: PMC10910010 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbiosy.2024.100090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic musculoskeletal disorder characterized by an imbalance between (synthesis) and catabolism (degradation) in altered homeostasis of articular cartilage mediated primarily by the innate immune system. OA degenerates the joints resulting in synovial hyperplasia, degradation of articular cartilage with damage of the structural and functional integrity of the cartilage extracellular matrix, subchondral sclerosis, osteophyte formation, and is characterized by chronic pain, stiffness, and loss of function. Inflammation triggered by factors like biomechanical stress is involved in the development of osteoarthritis. In OA apart from catabolic effects, anti-inflammatory anabolic processes also occur continually. There is also an underlying chronic inflammation present, not only in cartilage tissue but also within the synovium, which perpetuates tissue destruction of the OA joint. The consideration of inflammation in OA considers synovitis and/or other cellular and molecular events in the synovium during the progression of OA. In this review, we have presented the progression of joint degradation that results in OA. The critical role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of OA is discussed in detail along with the dysregulation within the cytokine networks composed of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines that drive catabolic pathways, inhibit matrix synthesis, and promote cellular apoptosis. OA pathogenesis, fluctuation of synovitis, and its clinical impact on disease progression are presented here along with the role of synovial macrophages in promoting inflammatory and destructive responses in OA. The role of interplay between different cytokines, structure, and function of their receptors in the inter-cellular signaling pathway is further explored. The effect of cytokines in the increased synthesis and release of matrix-decomposing proteolytic enzymes, such as matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs) and a disintegrin-like and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motif (ADAMTS), is elaborated emphasizing the potential impact of MMPs on the chondrocytes, synovial cells, articular and periarticular tissues, and other immune system cells migrating to the site of inflammation. We also shed light on the pathogenesis of OA via oxidative damage particularly due to nitric oxide (NO) via its angiogenic response to inflammation. We concluded by presenting the current knowledge about the tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). Synthetic MMP inhibitors include zinc binding group (ZBG), non-ZBG, and mechanism-based inhibitors, all of which have the potential to be therapeutically beneficial in the treatment of osteoarthritis. Improving our understanding of the signaling pathways and molecular mechanisms that regulate the MMP gene expression, may open up new avenues for the creation of therapies that can stop the joint damage associated with OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwesha Mukherjee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, India
| | - Bodhisatwa Das
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, India
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de Almeida LGN, Thode H, Eslambolchi Y, Chopra S, Young D, Gill S, Devel L, Dufour A. Matrix Metalloproteinases: From Molecular Mechanisms to Physiology, Pathophysiology, and Pharmacology. Pharmacol Rev 2022; 74:712-768. [PMID: 35738680 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.121.000349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The first matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) was discovered in 1962 from the tail of a tadpole by its ability to degrade collagen. As their name suggests, matrix metalloproteinases are proteases capable of remodeling the extracellular matrix. More recently, MMPs have been demonstrated to play numerous additional biologic roles in cell signaling, immune regulation, and transcriptional control, all of which are unrelated to the degradation of the extracellular matrix. In this review, we will present milestones and major discoveries of MMP research, including various clinical trials for the use of MMP inhibitors. We will discuss the reasons behind the failures of most MMP inhibitors for the treatment of cancer and inflammatory diseases. There are still misconceptions about the pathophysiological roles of MMPs and the best strategies to inhibit their detrimental functions. This review aims to discuss MMPs in preclinical models and human pathologies. We will discuss new biochemical tools to track their proteolytic activity in vivo and ex vivo, in addition to future pharmacological alternatives to inhibit their detrimental functions in diseases. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have been implicated in most inflammatory, autoimmune, cancers, and pathogen-mediated diseases. Initially overlooked, MMP contributions can be both beneficial and detrimental in disease progression and resolution. Thousands of MMP substrates have been suggested, and a few hundred have been validated. After more than 60 years of MMP research, there remain intriguing enigmas to solve regarding their biological functions in diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz G N de Almeida
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (L.G.N.d.A., Y.E., S.C., D.Y., A.D.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada (S.G., H.T.); and Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Medicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (L.D.)
| | - Hayley Thode
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (L.G.N.d.A., Y.E., S.C., D.Y., A.D.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada (S.G., H.T.); and Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Medicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (L.D.)
| | - Yekta Eslambolchi
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (L.G.N.d.A., Y.E., S.C., D.Y., A.D.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada (S.G., H.T.); and Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Medicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (L.D.)
| | - Sameeksha Chopra
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (L.G.N.d.A., Y.E., S.C., D.Y., A.D.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada (S.G., H.T.); and Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Medicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (L.D.)
| | - Daniel Young
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (L.G.N.d.A., Y.E., S.C., D.Y., A.D.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada (S.G., H.T.); and Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Medicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (L.D.)
| | - Sean Gill
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (L.G.N.d.A., Y.E., S.C., D.Y., A.D.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada (S.G., H.T.); and Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Medicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (L.D.)
| | - Laurent Devel
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (L.G.N.d.A., Y.E., S.C., D.Y., A.D.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada (S.G., H.T.); and Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Medicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (L.D.)
| | - Antoine Dufour
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (L.G.N.d.A., Y.E., S.C., D.Y., A.D.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada (S.G., H.T.); and Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Medicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (L.D.)
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Jebari-Benslaiman S, Galicia-García U, Larrea-Sebal A, Olaetxea JR, Alloza I, Vandenbroeck K, Benito-Vicente A, Martín C. Pathophysiology of Atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063346. [PMID: 35328769 PMCID: PMC8954705 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 100.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the main risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), which is the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Atherosclerosis is initiated by endothelium activation and, followed by a cascade of events (accumulation of lipids, fibrous elements, and calcification), triggers the vessel narrowing and activation of inflammatory pathways. The resultant atheroma plaque, along with these processes, results in cardiovascular complications. This review focuses on the different stages of atherosclerosis development, ranging from endothelial dysfunction to plaque rupture. In addition, the post-transcriptional regulation and modulation of atheroma plaque by microRNAs and lncRNAs, the role of microbiota, and the importance of sex as a crucial risk factor in atherosclerosis are covered here in order to provide a global view of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shifa Jebari-Benslaiman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain; (S.J.-B.); (I.A.); (K.V.)
- Biofisika Institute (UPV/EHU, CSIC), Barrio Sarriena s/n., 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain; (U.G.-G.); (A.L.-S.)
| | - Unai Galicia-García
- Biofisika Institute (UPV/EHU, CSIC), Barrio Sarriena s/n., 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain; (U.G.-G.); (A.L.-S.)
- Fundación Biofisika Bizkaia, Barrio Sarriena s/n., 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Asier Larrea-Sebal
- Biofisika Institute (UPV/EHU, CSIC), Barrio Sarriena s/n., 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain; (U.G.-G.); (A.L.-S.)
- Fundación Biofisika Bizkaia, Barrio Sarriena s/n., 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | | | - Iraide Alloza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain; (S.J.-B.); (I.A.); (K.V.)
- Inflammation & Biomarkers Group, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Koen Vandenbroeck
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain; (S.J.-B.); (I.A.); (K.V.)
- Inflammation & Biomarkers Group, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Asier Benito-Vicente
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain; (S.J.-B.); (I.A.); (K.V.)
- Biofisika Institute (UPV/EHU, CSIC), Barrio Sarriena s/n., 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain; (U.G.-G.); (A.L.-S.)
- Correspondence: (A.B.-V.); (C.M.); Tel.: +34-946-01-2741 (C.M.)
| | - César Martín
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain; (S.J.-B.); (I.A.); (K.V.)
- Biofisika Institute (UPV/EHU, CSIC), Barrio Sarriena s/n., 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain; (U.G.-G.); (A.L.-S.)
- Correspondence: (A.B.-V.); (C.M.); Tel.: +34-946-01-2741 (C.M.)
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Zhang M, Xie Z, Long H, Ren K, Hou L, Wang Y, Xu X, Lei W, Yang Z, Ahmed S, Zhang H, Zhao G. Current advances in the imaging of atherosclerotic vulnerable plaque using nanoparticles. Mater Today Bio 2022; 14:100236. [PMID: 35341094 PMCID: PMC8943324 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2022.100236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques of the artery wall that pose a significant risk of cardio-cerebral vascular accidents remain the global leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Thus, early delineation of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques is of clinical importance for prevention and treatment. The currently available imaging technologies mainly focus on the structural assessment of the vascular wall. Unfortunately, several disadvantages in these strategies limit the improvement in imaging effect. Nanoparticle technology is a novel diagnostic strategy for targeting and imaging pathological biomarkers. New functionalized nanoparticles that detect hallmarks of vulnerable plaques are promising for advance further control of this critical illness. The review aims to address the current opportunities and challenges for the use of nanoparticle technology in imagining vulnerable plaques.
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Gissler MC, Scherrer P, Anto-Michel N, Pennig J, Hoppe N, Füner L, Härdtner C, Stachon P, Li X, Mitre LS, Marchini T, Madl J, Wadle C, Hilgendorf I, von Zur Mühlen C, Bode C, Weber C, Lutgens E, Wolf D, Gerdes N, Zirlik A, Willecke F. Deficiency of Endothelial CD40 Induces a Stable Plaque Phenotype and Limits Inflammatory Cell Recruitment to Atherosclerotic Lesions in Mice. Thromb Haemost 2021; 121:1530-1540. [PMID: 33618394 DOI: 10.1055/a-1397-1858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The co-stimulatory CD40L-CD40 dyad exerts a critical role in atherosclerosis by modulating leukocyte accumulation into developing atherosclerotic plaques. The requirement for cell-type specific expression of both molecules, however, remains elusive. Here, we evaluate the contribution of CD40 expressed on endothelial cells (ECs) in a mouse model of atherosclerosis. METHODS AND RESULTS Atherosclerotic plaques of apolipoprotein E-deficient (Apoe -/- ) mice and humans displayed increased expression of CD40 on ECs compared with controls. To interrogate the role of CD40 on ECs in atherosclerosis, we induced EC-specific (BmxCreERT2-driven) deficiency of CD40 in Apoe -/- mice. After feeding a chow diet for 25 weeks, EC-specific deletion of CD40 (iEC-CD40) ameliorated plaque lipid deposition and lesional macrophage accumulation but increased intimal smooth muscle cell and collagen content, while atherosclerotic lesion size did not change. Leukocyte adhesion to the vessel wall was impaired in iEC-CD40-deficient mice as demonstrated by intravital microscopy. In accord, expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) in the vascular endothelium declined after deletion of CD40. In vitro, antibody-mediated inhibition of human endothelial CD40 significantly abated monocyte adhesion on ECs. CONCLUSION Endothelial deficiency of CD40 in mice promotes structural features associated with a stable plaque phenotype in humans and decreases leukocyte adhesion. These results suggest that endothelial-expressed CD40 contributes to inflammatory cell migration and consecutive plaque formation in atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Colin Gissler
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center Freiburg-Bad Krozingen, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Scherrer
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center Freiburg-Bad Krozingen, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nathaly Anto-Michel
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center Freiburg-Bad Krozingen, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jan Pennig
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center Freiburg-Bad Krozingen, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Natalie Hoppe
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center Freiburg-Bad Krozingen, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lisa Füner
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center Freiburg-Bad Krozingen, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Carmen Härdtner
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center Freiburg-Bad Krozingen, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peter Stachon
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center Freiburg-Bad Krozingen, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Xiaowei Li
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center Freiburg-Bad Krozingen, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lucia Sol Mitre
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center Freiburg-Bad Krozingen, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Timoteo Marchini
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center Freiburg-Bad Krozingen, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Josef Madl
- Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University Heart Center Freiburg-Bad Krozingen, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Carolin Wadle
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center Freiburg-Bad Krozingen, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Hilgendorf
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center Freiburg-Bad Krozingen, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Constantin von Zur Mühlen
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center Freiburg-Bad Krozingen, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Bode
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center Freiburg-Bad Krozingen, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christian Weber
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Lutgens
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis Wolf
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center Freiburg-Bad Krozingen, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Norbert Gerdes
- Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andreas Zirlik
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center Freiburg-Bad Krozingen, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Florian Willecke
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center Freiburg-Bad Krozingen, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Klinik für Allgemeine und Interventionelle Kardiologie/Angiologie, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Universitätsklinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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Buchler A, Munch M, Farber G, Zhao X, Al-Haddad R, Farber E, Rotstein BH. Selective Imaging of Matrix Metalloproteinase-13 to Detect Extracellular Matrix Remodeling in Atherosclerotic Lesions. Mol Imaging Biol 2021; 24:93-103. [PMID: 34231104 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-021-01626-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Overexpression and activation of matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13) within atheroma increases susceptibility to plaque rupture, a major cause of severe cardiovascular complications. In comparison to pan-MMP targeting [18F]BR-351, we evaluated the potential for [18F]FMBP, a selective PET radiotracer for MMP-13, to detect extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling in vascular plaques possessing markers of inflammation. PROCEDURES [18F]FMBP and [18F]BR-351 were initially assessed in vitro by incubation with en face aortae from 8 month-old atherogenic ApoE-/- mice. Ex vivo biodistributions, plasma metabolite analyses, and ex vivo autoradiography were analogously performed 30 min after intravenous radiotracer administration in age-matched C57Bl/6 and ApoE-/- mice under baseline or homologous blocking conditions. En face aortae were subsequently stained with Oil Red O (ORO), sectioned, and subject to immunofluorescence staining for Mac-2 and MMP-13. RESULTS High-resolution autoradiographic image analysis demonstrated target specificity and regional concordance to lipid-rich lesions. Biodistribution studies revealed hepatobiliary excretion, low accumulation of radioactivity in non-excretory organs, and few differences between strains and conditions in non-target organs. Plasma metabolite analyses uncovered that [18F]FMBP exhibited excellent in vivo stability (≥74% intact) while [18F]BR-351 was extensively metabolized (≤37% intact). Ex vivo autoradiography and histology of en face aortae revealed that [18F]FMBP, relative to [18F]BR-351, exhibited 2.9-fold greater lesion uptake, substantial specific binding (68%), and improved sensitivity to atherosclerotic tissue (2.9-fold vs 2.1-fold). Immunofluorescent staining of aortic en face cross sections demonstrated elevated Mac-2 and MMP-13-positive areas within atherosclerotic lesions identified by [18F]FMBP ex vivo autoradiography. CONCLUSIONS While both radiotracers successfully identified atherosclerotic plaques, [18F]FMBP showed superior specificity and sensitivity for lesions possessing features of destructive plaque remodeling. The detection of ECM remodeling by selective targeting of MMP-13 may enable characterization of high-risk atherosclerosis featuring elevated collagenase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Buchler
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada.,University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, K1Y 4W7, Canada
| | - Maxime Munch
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, K1Y 4W7, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Gedaliah Farber
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, K1Y 4W7, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Xiaoling Zhao
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, K1Y 4W7, Canada
| | - Rami Al-Haddad
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, K1Y 4W7, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Eadan Farber
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, K1Y 4W7, Canada
| | - Benjamin H Rotstein
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada. .,University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, K1Y 4W7, Canada. .,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H 8M5, Canada.
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9
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Fletcher EK, Wang Y, Flynn LK, Turner SE, Rade JJ, Kimmelstiel CD, Gurbel PA, Bliden KP, Covic L, Kuliopulos A. Deficiency of MMP1a (Matrix Metalloprotease 1a) Collagenase Suppresses Development of Atherosclerosis in Mice: Translational Implications for Human Coronary Artery Disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2021; 41:e265-e279. [PMID: 33761760 PMCID: PMC8062306 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.315837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth K Fletcher
- Center for Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (E.K.F., Y.W., L.K.F, S.E.T., L.C., A.K.)
| | - Yanling Wang
- Center for Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (E.K.F., Y.W., L.K.F, S.E.T., L.C., A.K.)
| | - Laura K Flynn
- Center for Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (E.K.F., Y.W., L.K.F, S.E.T., L.C., A.K.)
| | - Susan E Turner
- Center for Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (E.K.F., Y.W., L.K.F, S.E.T., L.C., A.K.)
| | - Jeffrey J Rade
- Interventional Cardiology, Division of Cardiology, University of Massachusetts Memorial Medical Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester (J.J.R.)
| | - Carey D Kimmelstiel
- Adult Interventional Cardiology, Division of Cardiology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (C.D.K.)
| | - Paul A Gurbel
- Inova Center for Thrombosis Research and Translational Medicine, Inova Fairfax Hospital, Falls Church, VA (P.A.G., K.P.B.)
- Sinai Hospital of Baltimore, MD (P.A.G., K.P.B.)
| | - Kevin P Bliden
- Inova Center for Thrombosis Research and Translational Medicine, Inova Fairfax Hospital, Falls Church, VA (P.A.G., K.P.B.)
- Sinai Hospital of Baltimore, MD (P.A.G., K.P.B.)
| | - Lidija Covic
- Center for Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (E.K.F., Y.W., L.K.F, S.E.T., L.C., A.K.)
| | - Athan Kuliopulos
- Center for Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (E.K.F., Y.W., L.K.F, S.E.T., L.C., A.K.)
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10
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Lee HS, Noh JY, Shin OS, Song JY, Cheong HJ, Kim WJ. Matrix Metalloproteinase-13 in Atherosclerotic Plaque Is Increased by Influenza A Virus Infection. J Infect Dis 2020; 221:256-266. [PMID: 31693113 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza virus infection triggers acute cardiovascular events. Several studies have demonstrated that influenza A virus infection was associated with immune cell influx and increased production of inflammatory cytokines in the atherosclerotic plaque lesion, but the underlying mechanism for these findings is not clear. METHODS We examined the expression levels of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) by influenza A virus infection in human cells using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, and human MMP-13 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In an animal study, protein expression in the plaque lesions of apolipoprotein E (ApoE)-deficient mice were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. RESULTS We confirmed that MMP-13 was increased in influenza A virus-infected cells. In the aorta of infected ApoE-deficient mice, MMP-13 was increased at 3 days after infection. Immunohistochemical staining results suggested that collagen was degraded in the MMP-13 expression area and that macrophages were the main source of MMP-13 expression. Furthermore, the expression of MMP-13 was regulated by influenza A virus through activation of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we demonstrated that p38 MAPK-mediated MMP-13 expression by influenza A virus infection led to destabilization of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques in the artery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Sol Lee
- BK21 Plus Graduate Program Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yun Noh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ok Sarah Shin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Young Song
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jin Cheong
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Joo Kim
- BK21 Plus Graduate Program Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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11
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de Bakker M, Timmerman N, van Koeverden ID, de Kleijn DPV, de Borst GJ, Pasterkamp G, Boersma E, den Ruijter HM. The age- and sex-specific composition of atherosclerotic plaques in vascular surgery patients. Atherosclerosis 2020; 310:1-10. [PMID: 32861960 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2020.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The sex- and age-related differences in the composition of iliofemoral atherosclerotic plaques are largely unknown. Therefore, the aim of the current study is to gain insight into plaque composition across strata of age and sex in a large cohort of vascular surgery patients. METHODS Peripheral atherosclerotic plaques of patients who underwent iliofemoral endarterectomy (n = 790) were harvested between 2002 and 2014. The plaques were semi-quantitatively analyzed for the presence of lipid cores, calcifications, plaque hemorrhages (PH), collagen, macrophage and smooth muscle cell (SMC) content, and quantitatively for microvessel density. Patients were stratified by age tertiles and sex. RESULTS Ageing was independently associated with rupture-prone iliofemoral plaque characteristics, such as higher prevalence of plaque calcifications (OR 1.52 (95%CI:1.03-2.24) p = 0.035) and PH (OR 1.46 (95%CI:1.01-2.09) p = 0.042), and lower prevalence of collagen (OR 0.52 (95%CI:0.31-0.86) p = 0.012) and SMCs (OR 0.59 (95%CI:0.39-0.90) p = 0.015). Sex-stratified data showed that men had a higher prevalence of lipid cores (OR 1.62 (95%CI:1.06-2.45) p = 0.025) and PH (OR 1.62 (95%CI:1.16-2.54) p = 0.004) compared to women. These sex-differences attenuated with increasing age, with women showing an age-related increase in calcifications (p = 0.002), PH (p = 0.015) and decrease in macrophages (p = 0.005). In contrast, men only showed a decrease in collagen (p = 0.043). CONCLUSIONS Atherosclerotic iliofemoral plaques derived from men display more rupture-prone characteristics compared to women. Yet, this difference is attenuated with an increase in age, with older women having more rupture-prone characteristics compared to younger women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie de Bakker
- Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Cardiology, the Netherlands
| | - Nathalie Timmerman
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ian D van Koeverden
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Dominique P V de Kleijn
- Department of Experimental Vascular Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Gert J de Borst
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Gerard Pasterkamp
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Eric Boersma
- Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Cardiology, the Netherlands
| | - Hester M den Ruijter
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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12
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Patient hiPSCs Identify Vascular Smooth Muscle Arylacetamide Deacetylase as Protective against Atherosclerosis. Cell Stem Cell 2020; 27:147-157.e7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2020.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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13
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Howes J, Knäuper V, Malcor J, Farndale RW. Cleavage by MMP-13 renders VWF unable to bind to collagen but increases its platelet reactivity. J Thromb Haemost 2020; 18:942-954. [PMID: 31894636 PMCID: PMC8614119 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atherosclerotic plaque rupture and subsequent thrombosis underpin thrombotic syndromes. Under inflammatory conditions in the unstable plaque, perturbed endothelial cells secrete von Willebrand Factor (VWF) which, via its interaction with GpIbα, enables platelet rolling across and adherence to the damaged endothelium. Following plaque rupture, VWF and platelets are exposed to subendothelial collagen, which supports stable platelet adhesion, activation, and aggregation. Plaque-derived matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-13 is also released into the surrounding lumen where it may interact with VWF, collagen, and platelets. OBJECTIVES We sought to discover whether MMP-13 can cleave VWF and whether this might regulate its interaction with both collagen and platelets. METHODS We have used platelet adhesion assays and whole blood flow experiments to assess the effects of VWF cleavage by MMP-13 on platelet adhesion and thrombus formation. RESULTS Unlike the shear-dependent cleavage of VWF by a disintegrin and metalloprotease with thrombospondin motif member 13 (ADAMTS13), MMP-13 is able to cleave VWF under static conditions. Following cleavage by MMP-13, immobilized VWF cannot bind to collagen but interacts more strongly with platelets, supporting slower platelet rolling in whole blood under shear. Compared with intact VWF, the interaction of cleaved VWF with platelets results in greater GpIbα upregulation and P-selectin expression, and the thrombi formed on cleaved VWF-collagen co-coatings are larger and more contractile than platelet aggregates on intact VWF-collagen co-coatings or on collagen alone. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest a VWF-mediated role for MMP-13 in the recruitment of platelets to the site of vascular injury and may provide new insights into the association of MMP-13 in atherothrombotic and stroke pathologies.
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14
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Abstract
Life expectancy has increased substantially over the last few decades, leading to a worldwide increase in the prevalence and burden of aging-associated diseases. Recent evidence has proven that cellular senescence contributes substantially to the development of these disorders. Cellular senescence is a state of cell cycle arrest with suppressed apoptosis and concomitant secretion of multiple bioactive factors (the senescence-associated secretory phenotype-SASP) that plays a physiological role in embryonic development and healing processes. However, DNA damage and oxidative stress that occur during aging cause the accumulation of senescent cells, which through their SASP bring about deleterious effects on multiple organ and systemic functions. Ablation of senescent cells through genetic or pharmacological means leads to improved life span and health span in animal models, and preliminary evidence suggests it may also have a positive impact on human health. Thus, strategies to reduce or eliminate the burden of senescent cells or their products have the potential to impact multiple clinical outcomes with a single intervention. In this review, we touch upon the basics of cell senescence and summarize the current state of development of therapies against cell senescence for human use.
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15
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Zhou J, Zhao X, Xie S, Zhou R. Transcriptome analysis of Klf15‑mediated inhibitory functions in a mouse deep venous thrombosis model. Int J Mol Med 2020; 45:1735-1752. [PMID: 32186780 PMCID: PMC7169954 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2020.4538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Krüppel-like family (KLF) members are important regulators of proinflammatory activation in the vasculature. A transcriptome study involving RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and quantitative PCR (qPCR) was performed to investigate Klf15 and Klf15-regulated gene levels in C57BL/6 mice with inferior vena cava thrombi and in control (Blank) mice. A total of 2,206 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including 1,330 upregulated and 876 downregulated genes, were identified between the deep venous thrombosis (DVT) group and the Blank group. Additionally, 1,041 DEGs (235 upregulated and 806 downregulated) were identified between the Klf15-small interfering RNA (siRNA) and Klf15-negative control (NC) groups. The DEGs were subjected to Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analyses, and qPCR was conducted to validate the results. A total of seven significant DEGs were selected from the RNA-seq results. Matrix metalloproteinases (Mmp)12, Mmp13, Mmp19, Arg1, Ccl2, heme oxygenase-1 and Fmo3 levels were significantly higher, while Klf15 levels were lower, in the DVT group than in the Blank group. Fmo3 and Mmp19 have not been previously identified as DVT-associated DEGs. Klf15, Mmp12 and Mmp13 levels were compared between the Klf15-siRNA and Klf15-NC groups. Mmp12 and Mmp13 expression was significantly higher, while that of Klf15 was lower, in the Klf15-siRNA group than in the Klf15-NC group. Critical roles of Klf15, Mmp12 and Mmp13 have been identified, which have not previously been shown to help regulate DVT initiation and progression. Moreover, Klf15-mediated regulation of DVT may be modulated by downregulation of various genes, such as Mmp12 and Mmp13, potentially providing a theoretical foundation and diagnostic criteria for DVT treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, P.R. China
| | - Xueling Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, P.R. China
| | - Shiwei Xie
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, P.R. China
| | - Rudan Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, P.R. China
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16
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Maruf A, Wang Y, Yin T, Huang J, Wang N, Durkan C, Tan Y, Wu W, Wang G. Atherosclerosis Treatment with Stimuli-Responsive Nanoagents: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives. Adv Healthc Mater 2019; 8:e1900036. [PMID: 30945462 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201900036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the root of approximately one-third of global mortalities. Nanotechnology exhibits splendid prospects to combat atherosclerosis at the molecular level by engineering smart nanoagents with versatile functionalizations. Significant advances in nanoengineering enable nanoagents to autonomously navigate in the bloodstream, escape from biological barriers, and assemble with their nanocohort at the targeted lesion. The assembly of nanoagents with endogenous and exogenous stimuli breaks down their shells, facilitates intracellular delivery, releases their cargo to kill the corrupt cells, and gives imaging reports. All these improvements pave the way toward personalized medicine for atherosclerosis. This review systematically summarizes the recent advances in stimuli-responsive nanoagents for atherosclerosis management and its progress in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Maruf
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of EducationState and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular ImplantsBioengineering College of Chongqing University Chongqing 400030 China
| | - Yi Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of EducationState and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular ImplantsBioengineering College of Chongqing University Chongqing 400030 China
| | - Tieyin Yin
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of EducationState and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular ImplantsBioengineering College of Chongqing University Chongqing 400030 China
| | - Junli Huang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of EducationState and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular ImplantsBioengineering College of Chongqing University Chongqing 400030 China
| | - Nan Wang
- The Nanoscience CentreUniversity of Cambridge Cambridge CB3 0FF UK
| | - Colm Durkan
- The Nanoscience CentreUniversity of Cambridge Cambridge CB3 0FF UK
| | - Youhua Tan
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringThe Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hong Kong SAR 999077 China
| | - Wei Wu
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of EducationState and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular ImplantsBioengineering College of Chongqing University Chongqing 400030 China
| | - Guixue Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of EducationState and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular ImplantsBioengineering College of Chongqing University Chongqing 400030 China
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17
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Abstract
Metalloproteinases remain important players in arthritic disease, in part because members of this large enzymatic family, namely matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) and MMP-13, are responsible for the irreversible degradation of articular cartilage collagen. Although direct inhibition of MMPs fell out of vogue with the initial clinical disappointment of the first generation of compounds, interest in other mechanisms that control these important enzymes has always been maintained. Since these enzymes are critically important for tissue homeostasis, their expression and activity are tightly regulated at many levels, not just by direct inhibition by their endogenous inhibitors the tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). Focussing on MMP-13, we discuss recent work that highlights new discoveries in the transcriptional regulation of this enzyme, from defined promoter functional analysis to how more global technologies can provide insight into the enzyme’s regulation, especially by epigenetic mechanisms, including non-coding RNAs. In terms of protein regulation, we highlight recent findings into enzymatic cascades involved in MMP-13 regulation and activation. Importantly, we highlight a series of recent studies that describe how MMP-13 activity, and in fact that of other metalloproteinases, is in part controlled by receptor-mediated endocytosis. Together, these new discoveries provide a plethora of novel regulatory mechanisms, besides direct inhibition, which with renewed vigour could provide further therapeutic opportunities for regulating the activity of this class of important enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Young
- Skeletal Research Group, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Central Parkway, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Matt J Barter
- Skeletal Research Group, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Central Parkway, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - David J Wilkinson
- Skeletal Research Group, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Central Parkway, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
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18
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Fan J, Chen Y, Yan H, Liu B, Wang Y, Zhang J, Chen YE, Liu E, Liang J. Genomic and Transcriptomic Analysis of Hypercholesterolemic Rabbits: Progress and Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3512. [PMID: 30413026 PMCID: PMC6274909 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) are one of the most widely used animal models for the study of human lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis because they are more sensitive to a cholesterol diet than other experimental animals such as rodents. Currently, two hypercholesterolemic rabbit models are frequently used for atherosclerosis studies. One is a cholesterol-fed wild-type rabbit and the other is the Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic (WHHL) rabbit, which is genetically deficient in low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor function. Wild-type rabbits can be easily induced to develop severe hypercholesterolemia with a cholesterol-rich diet due to the marked increase in hepatically and intestinally derived remnant lipoproteins, called β-very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), which are rich in cholesteryl esters. WHHL rabbits are characterized by elevated plasma LDL levels on a standard chow diet, which resembles human familial hypercholesterolemia. Therefore, both rabbit models develop aortic and coronary atherosclerosis, but the elevated plasma cholesterol levels are caused by completely different mechanisms. In addition, cholesterol-fed rabbits but not WHHL rabbits exhibit different degrees of hepatosteatosis. Recently, we along with others have shown that there are many differentially expressed genes in the atherosclerotic lesions and livers of cholesterol-fed rabbits that are either significantly up- or down-regulated, compared with those in normal rabbits, including genes involved in the regulation of inflammation and lipid metabolism. Therefore, dietary cholesterol plays an important role not only in hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis but also in hepatosteatosis. In this review, we make an overview of the recent progress in genomic and transcriptomic analyses of hypercholesterolemic rabbits. These transcriptomic profiling data should provide novel insight into the relationship between hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis or hepatic dysfunction caused by dietary cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianglin Fan
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan.
- Department of Pathology, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an 710021, China.
| | - Yajie Chen
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan.
| | - Haizhao Yan
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan.
| | - Baoning Liu
- Research Institute of Atherosclerotic Disease and Laboratory Animal Center, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Yanli Wang
- Department of Pathology, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an 710021, China.
| | - Jifeng Zhang
- Center for Advanced Models for Translational Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Y Eugene Chen
- Center for Advanced Models for Translational Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Enqi Liu
- Research Institute of Atherosclerotic Disease and Laboratory Animal Center, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Jingyan Liang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China.
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225001, China.
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19
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Abstract
At the simplest level, obesity is the manifestation of an imbalance between caloric intake and expenditure; however, the pathophysiological mechanisms that govern the development of obesity and associated complications are enormously complex. Fibrosis within the adipose tissue compartment is one such factor that may influence the development of obesity and/or obesity-related comorbidities. Furthermore, the functional consequences of adipose tissue fibrosis are a matter of considerable debate, with evidence that fibrosis serves both adaptive and maladaptive roles. Tissue fibrosis itself is incompletely understood, and multiple cellular and molecular pathways are involved in the development, maintenance, and resolution of the fibrotic state. Within the context of obesity, fibrosis influences molecular and cellular events that relate to adipocytes, inflammatory cells, inflammatory mediators, and supporting adipose stromal tissue. In this Review, we explore what is known about the interplay between the development of adipose tissue fibrosis and obesity, with a view toward future investigative and therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael J Podolsky
- Cardiovascular Research Institute.,Lung Biology Center, and.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kamran Atabai
- Cardiovascular Research Institute.,Lung Biology Center, and.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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20
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Giraud A, Zeboudj L, Vandestienne M, Joffre J, Esposito B, Potteaux S, Vilar J, Cabuzu D, Kluwe J, Seguier S, Tedgui A, Mallat Z, Lafont A, Ait-Oufella H. Gingival fibroblasts protect against experimental abdominal aortic aneurysm development and rupture through tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 production. Cardiovasc Res 2018; 113:1364-1375. [PMID: 28582477 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvx110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), frequently diagnosed in old patients, is characterized by chronic inflammation, vascular cell apoptosis and metalloproteinase-mediated extracellular matrix destruction. Despite improvement in the understanding of the pathophysiology of aortic aneurysm, no pharmacological treatment is yet available to limit dilatation and/or rupture. We previously reported that human gingival fibroblasts (GFs) can reduce carotid artery dilatation in a rabbit model of elastase-induced aneurysm. Here, we sought to investigate the mechanisms of GF-mediated vascular protection in two different models of aortic aneurysm growth and rupture in mice. Methods and results In vitro, mouse GFs proliferated and produced large amounts of anti-inflammatory cytokines and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (Timp-1). GFs deposited on the adventitia of abdominal aorta survived, proliferated, and organized as a layer structure. Furthermore, GFs locally produced Il-10, TGF-β, and Timp-1. In a mouse elastase-induced AAA model, GFs prevented both macrophage and lymphocyte accumulations, matrix degradation, and aneurysm growth. In an Angiotensin II/anti-TGF-β model of aneurysm rupture, GF cell-based treatment limited the extent of aortic dissection, prevented abdominal aortic rupture, and increased survival. Specific deletion of Timp-1 in GFs abolished the beneficial effect of cell therapy in both AAA mouse models. Conclusions GF cell-based therapy is a promising approach to inhibit aneurysm progression and rupture through local production of Timp-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Giraud
- Inserm U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Lynda Zeboudj
- Inserm U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Marie Vandestienne
- Inserm U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Jérémie Joffre
- Inserm U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Esposito
- Inserm U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Potteaux
- Inserm U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - José Vilar
- Inserm U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Daniela Cabuzu
- Inserm U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Johannes Kluwe
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Hamburg University Medical Center, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sylvie Seguier
- Inserm U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Alain Tedgui
- Inserm U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Ziad Mallat
- Inserm U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Antoine Lafont
- Inserm U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Hafid Ait-Oufella
- Inserm U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Medical Intensive Care Unit, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, AP-HP, Université Pierre-et-Marie Curie, Paris, France
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21
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Augstein A, Mierke J, Poitz DM, Strasser RH. Sox9 is increased in arterial plaque and stenosis, associated with synthetic phenotype of vascular smooth muscle cells and causes alterations in extracellular matrix and calcification. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1864:2526-2537. [PMID: 29777903 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) exhibit a dual role in progression and maintenance of arteriosclerosis. They are fundamental for plaque stability but also can drive plaque progression. During pathogenic vascular remodeling, VSMC transdifferentiate into a phenotype with enhanced proliferation and migration. Moreover, they exert an increased capacity to generate extracellular matrix proteins. A special lineage of transdifferentiated VSMC expresses Sox9, a multi-functional transcription factor. The aim of the study was to examine the role of Sox9 in phenotypic alterations leading to arteriosclerosis. Using mouse models for arterial stenosis, Sox9 induction in diseased vessels was verified. The phenotypic switch of VSMC from contractile to proliferative nature caused a significant increase of Sox9 expression. Various factors known to be involved in the progression of arteriosclerosis were examined for their ability to modulate Sox9 expression in VSMC. While PDGF-BB resulted in a strong transient upregulation of Sox9, TGF-β1 appeared to be responsible for a moderate, but prolonged increase of Sox9 expression. Beside the regulation, functional studies focused on knockout and overexpression of Sox9. A Sox9-dependent alteration of extracellular matrix could be revealed and was associated with an upregulated calcium deposition. Taken together, Sox9 is identified as important factor of VSMC function by modulation the extracellular matrix composition and calcium deposition, which are important processes in plaque development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje Augstein
- Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Heart Center Dresden, TU Dresden, Germany.
| | - Johannes Mierke
- Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Heart Center Dresden, TU Dresden, Germany
| | - David M Poitz
- Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Heart Center Dresden, TU Dresden, Germany
| | - Ruth H Strasser
- Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Heart Center Dresden, TU Dresden, Germany
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22
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Miteva K, Madonna R, De Caterina R, Van Linthout S. Innate and adaptive immunity in atherosclerosis. Vascul Pharmacol 2018; 107:S1537-1891(17)30464-0. [PMID: 29684642 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Revised: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the large and medium-size arteries characterized by the subendothelial accumulation of cholesterol, immune cells, and extracellular matrix. At the early onset of atherogenesis, endothelial dysfunction takes place. Atherogenesis is further triggered by the accumulation of cholesterol-carrying low-density lipoproteins, which acquire properties of damage-associated molecular patterns and thereby trigger an inflammatory response. Following activation of the innate immune response, mainly governed by monocytes and macrophages, the adaptive immune response is started which further promotes atherosclerotic plaque formation. In this review, an overview is given describing the role of damage-associated molecular patterns, NLRP3 inflammasome activation, and innate and adaptive immune cells in the atherogenesis process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kapka Miteva
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Adaptive Immunity Laboratory, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milano, Italy
| | - Rosalinda Madonna
- Center of Aging Sciences and Translational Medicine - CESI-MeT, Institute of Cardiology, Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Raffaele De Caterina
- Center of Aging Sciences and Translational Medicine - CESI-MeT, Institute of Cardiology, Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Sophie Van Linthout
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Berlin, Germany; Department of Cardiology, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Berlin, Germany; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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23
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Rana R, Huang T, Koukos G, Fletcher EK, Turner SE, Shearer A, Gurbel PA, Rade JJ, Kimmelstiel CD, Bliden KP, Covic L, Kuliopulos A. Noncanonical Matrix Metalloprotease 1-Protease-Activated Receptor 1 Signaling Drives Progression of Atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2018; 38:1368-1380. [PMID: 29622563 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.310967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR1) is classically activated by thrombin and is critical in controlling the balance of hemostasis and thrombosis. More recently, it has been shown that noncanonical activation of PAR1 by matrix metalloprotease-1 (MMP1) contributes to arterial thrombosis. However, the role of PAR1 in long-term development of atherosclerosis is unknown, regardless of the protease agonist. APPROACH AND RESULTS We found that plasma MMP1 was significantly correlated (R=0.33; P=0.0015) with coronary atherosclerotic burden as determined by angiography in 91 patients with coronary artery disease and acute coronary syndrome undergoing cardiac catheterization or percutaneous coronary intervention. A cell-penetrating PAR1 pepducin, PZ-128, currently being tested as an antithrombotic agent in the acute setting in the TRIP-PCI study (Thrombin Receptor Inhibitory Pepducin-Percutaneous Coronary Intervention), caused a significant decrease in total atherosclerotic burden by 58% to 70% (P<0.05) and reduced plaque macrophage content by 54% (P<0.05) in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. An MMP1 inhibitor gave similar beneficial effects, in contrast to the thrombin inhibitor bivalirudin that gave no improvement on atherosclerosis end points. Mechanistic studies revealed that inflammatory signaling mediated by MMP1-PAR1 plays a critical role in amplifying tumor necrosis factor α signaling in endothelial cells. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that targeting the MMP1-PAR1 system may be effective in tamping down chronic inflammatory signaling in plaques and halting the progression of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajashree Rana
- From the Center for Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (R.R., T.H., G.K., E.K.F., S.E.T., A.S., L.C., A.K.)
| | - Tianfang Huang
- From the Center for Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (R.R., T.H., G.K., E.K.F., S.E.T., A.S., L.C., A.K.)
| | - Georgios Koukos
- From the Center for Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (R.R., T.H., G.K., E.K.F., S.E.T., A.S., L.C., A.K.)
| | - Elizabeth K Fletcher
- From the Center for Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (R.R., T.H., G.K., E.K.F., S.E.T., A.S., L.C., A.K.)
| | - Susan E Turner
- From the Center for Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (R.R., T.H., G.K., E.K.F., S.E.T., A.S., L.C., A.K.)
| | - Andrew Shearer
- From the Center for Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (R.R., T.H., G.K., E.K.F., S.E.T., A.S., L.C., A.K.)
| | - Paul A Gurbel
- Inova Center for Thrombosis Research and Translational Medicine, Inova Heart and Vascular Institute, Inova Fairfax Hospital, Falls Church, VA (P.A.G., K.P.B.)
| | - Jeffrey J Rade
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Massachusetts Memorial Medical Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester (J.J.R.)
| | - Carey D Kimmelstiel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (C.D.K.)
| | - Kevin P Bliden
- Inova Center for Thrombosis Research and Translational Medicine, Inova Heart and Vascular Institute, Inova Fairfax Hospital, Falls Church, VA (P.A.G., K.P.B.)
| | - Lidija Covic
- From the Center for Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (R.R., T.H., G.K., E.K.F., S.E.T., A.S., L.C., A.K.)
| | - Athan Kuliopulos
- From the Center for Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (R.R., T.H., G.K., E.K.F., S.E.T., A.S., L.C., A.K.)
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24
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Howes J, Pugh N, Hamaia SW, Jung SM, Knäuper V, Malcor J, Farndale RW. MMP-13 binds to platelet receptors αIIbβ3 and GPVI and impairs aggregation and thrombus formation. Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2018; 2:370-379. [PMID: 30046741 PMCID: PMC5974921 DOI: 10.1002/rth2.12088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute thrombotic syndromes lead to atherosclerotic plaque rupture with subsequent thrombus formation, myocardial infarction and stroke. Following rupture, flowing blood is exposed to plaque components, including collagen, which triggers platelet activation and aggregation. However, plaque rupture releases other components into the surrounding vessel which have the potential to influence platelet function and thrombus formation. OBJECTIVES Here we sought to elucidate whether matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13), a collagenolytic metalloproteinase up-regulated in atherothrombotic and inflammatory conditions, affects platelet aggregation and thrombus formation. RESULTS We demonstrate that MMP-13 is able to bind to platelet receptors alphaIIbbeta3 (αIIbβ3) and platelet glycoprotein (GP)VI. The interactions between MMP-13, GPVI and αIIbβ3 are sufficient to significantly inhibit washed platelet aggregation and decrease thrombus formation on fibrillar collagen. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate a role for MMP-13 in the inhibition of both platelet aggregation and thrombus formation in whole flowing blood, and may provide new avenues of research into the mechanisms underlying the subtle role of MMP-13 in atherothrombotic pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicholas Pugh
- Department of Biomedical and Forensic SciencesAnglia Ruskin UniversityCambridgeUK
| | - Samir W. Hamaia
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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25
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Kowara M, Cudnoch-Jedrzejewska A, Opolski G, Wlodarski P. MicroRNA regulation of extracellular matrix components in the process of atherosclerotic plaque destabilization. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2018; 44:711-718. [PMID: 28440887 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The process of atherosclerotic plaque destabilization, leading to myocardial infarction, is still not fully understood. The pathway - composed of structural and regulatory proteins of the extracellular matrix (ECM) such as collagen, elastin, small leucine-rich proteoglycans, metalloproteinases, cathepsins and serine proteases - is one potential way of atherosclerotic plaque destabilization. The expression of these proteins is controlled by different microRNA molecules. The goal of this paper is to summarize the current investigations and knowledge about ECM in the process of atherosclerotic plaque destabilization, giving special attention to epigenetic expression regulation by microRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Kowara
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Center for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,First Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Cudnoch-Jedrzejewska
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Center for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Opolski
- First Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Pawel Wlodarski
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Center for Biostructure Research, Laboratory of Center for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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26
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Roig C, Daemen M, Lutgens E, Soehnlein O, Hartwig H. Neutrophils in atherosclerosis. Hamostaseologie 2017; 35:121-7. [DOI: 10.5482/hamo-14-09-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
SummaryAtherosclerosis is a chronic inflammation of the arterial wall and the continuous infiltration of leukocytes into the plaque enhances the progression of the lesion. Because of the scarce detection of neutrophils in atherosclerotic plaques compared to other immune cells, their contribution was largely neglected. However, in the last years studies have accumulated pointing towards the contribution of neutrophils to atherogenesis. In addition, studies are emerging implying a role for neutrophils in advanced atherosclerosis and/or plaque destabilization. Thus, this brief review delivers an overview of the role of neutrophils during early and late stage atherosclerosis.
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27
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Metalloproteinases in atherosclerosis. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 816:93-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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28
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Barnes RH, Akama T, Öhman MK, Woo MS, Bahr J, Weiss SJ, Eitzman DT, Chun TH. Membrane-Tethered Metalloproteinase Expressed by Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Limits the Progression of Proliferative Atherosclerotic Lesions. J Am Heart Assoc 2017; 6:e003693. [PMID: 28735290 PMCID: PMC5586255 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.116.003693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The MMP (matrix metalloproteinase) family plays diverse and critical roles in directing vascular wall remodeling in atherosclerosis. Unlike secreted-type MMPs, a member of the membrane-type MMP family, MT1-MMP (membrane-type 1 MMP; MMP14), mediates pericellular extracellular matrix degradation that is indispensable for maintaining physiological extracellular matrix homeostasis. However, given the premature mortality exhibited by MT1-MMP-null mice, the potential role of the proteinase in atherogenesis remains elusive. We sought to determine the effects of both MT1-MMP heterozygosity and tissue-specific gene targeting on atherogenesis in APOE (apolipoprotein E)-null mice. METHODS AND RESULTS MT1-MMP heterozygosity in the APOE-null background (Mmp14+/-Apoe-/- ) significantly promoted atherogenesis relative to Mmp14+/+Apoe-/- mice. Furthermore, the tissue-specific deletion of MT1-MMP from vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in SM22α-Cre(+)Mmp14F/FApoe-/- (VSMC-knockout) mice likewise increased the severity of atherosclerotic lesions. Although VSMC-knockout mice also developed progressive atherosclerotic aneurysms in their iliac arteries, macrophage- and adipose-specific MT1-MMP-knockout mice did not display this sensitized phenotype. In VSMC-knockout mice, atherosclerotic lesions were populated by hyperproliferating VSMCs (smooth muscle actin- and Ki67-double-positive cells) that were characterized by a proinflammatory gene expression profile. Finally, MT1-MMP-null VSMCs cultured in a 3-dimensional spheroid model system designed to mimic in vivo-like cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions, likewise displayed markedly increased proliferative potential. CONCLUSIONS MT1-MMP expressed by VSMCs plays a key role in limiting the progression of atherosclerosis in APOE-null mice by regulating proliferative responses and inhibiting the deterioration of VSMC function in atherogenic vascular walls.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta/enzymology
- Aorta/pathology
- Aortic Diseases/enzymology
- Aortic Diseases/genetics
- Aortic Diseases/pathology
- Atherosclerosis/enzymology
- Atherosclerosis/genetics
- Atherosclerosis/pathology
- Cell Communication
- Cell Proliferation
- Cell-Matrix Junctions/enzymology
- Cell-Matrix Junctions/pathology
- Cells, Cultured
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Heterozygote
- Iliac Artery/enzymology
- Iliac Artery/pathology
- Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
- Male
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 14/deficiency
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 14/genetics
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 14/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout, ApoE
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/enzymology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/enzymology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Phenotype
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic
- Signal Transduction
- Vascular Remodeling
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard H Barnes
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Takeshi Akama
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Miina K Öhman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Moon-Sook Woo
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Julian Bahr
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Stephen J Weiss
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Daniel T Eitzman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Tae-Hwa Chun
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
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29
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Abstract
Inflammation furnishes a series of pathogenic pathways that couple the risk factors for atherosclerosis with altered behavior of the intrinsic cells of the arterial wall, endothelium, and smooth muscle and promote the disease and its complications. Myeloid cells participate critically in all phases of atherosclerosis from initiation through progression, and ultimately the thrombotic consequences of this disease. Foam cells, lipid-laden macrophages, constitute the hallmark of atheromata. Much of the recent expansion in knowledge of the roles of myeloid cells in atherosclerosis revolves around the functional contributions of subsets of monocytes, precursors of macrophages, the most abundant myeloid cells in the atheroma. Proinflammatory monocytes preferentially accumulate in nascent atherosclerotic plaques. The most dramatic manifestations of atherosclerosis result from blood clot formation. Myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, and abrupt limb ischemia all arise primarily from thrombi that complicate atherosclerotic plaques. Myeloid cells contribute pivotally to triggering thrombosis, for example, by elaborating enzymes that degrade the plaque's protective extracellular matrix, rendering it fragile, and by producing the potent procoagulant tissue factor. While most attention has focused on mononuclear phagocytes, the participation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes may aggravate local thrombus formation. Existing therapies such as statins may exert some of their protective effects by altering the functions of myeloid cells. The pathways of innate immunity that involve myeloid cells provide a myriad of potential targets for modifying atherosclerosis and its complications, and provide a fertile field for future attempts to address the residual burden of this disease, whose global prevalence is on the rise.
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30
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Freitas-Rodríguez S, Folgueras AR, López-Otín C. The role of matrix metalloproteinases in aging: Tissue remodeling and beyond. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2017; 1864:2015-2025. [PMID: 28499917 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Proteases are a set of enzymes that have been involved in multiple biological processes throughout evolution. Among them, extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling has emerged as one of the most relevant functions exerted by these proteins, being essential in the regulation of critical events such as embryonic development or tissue homeostasis. Hence, it is not surprising that dysregulation in any protease function that affects ECM homeostasis may contribute to the aging process. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are one of the most important families of proteases involved in the tight control of ECM remodeling over time. In this review, we will discuss how MMPs and other proteases alter ECM composition and mechanical properties in aging, thereby affecting stem cell niches and the development of senescent phenotypes. Finally, we will summarize recent findings that associate MMPs with the development of age-related diseases, such as neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Freitas-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Alicia R Folgueras
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Carlos López-Otín
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, Spain.
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31
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Brown BA, Williams H, George SJ. Evidence for the Involvement of Matrix-Degrading Metalloproteinases (MMPs) in Atherosclerosis. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2017; 147:197-237. [PMID: 28413029 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis leads to blockage of arteries, culminating in myocardial infarction, and stroke. The involvement of matrix-degrading metalloproteinases (MMPs) in atherosclerosis is established and many studies have highlighted the importance of various MMPs in this process. MMPs were first implicated in atherosclerosis due to their ability to degrade extracellular matrix components, which can lead to increased plaque instability. However, more recent work has highlighted a multitude of roles for MMPs in addition to breakdown of extracellular matrix proteins. MMPs are now known to be involved in various stages of plaque progression: from initial macrophage infiltration to plaque rupture. This chapter summarizes the development and progression of atherosclerotic plaques and the contribution of MMPs. We provide data from human studies showing the effect of MMP polymorphisms and the expression of MMPs in both the atherosclerotic plaque and within plasma. We also discuss work in animal models of atherosclerosis that show the effect of gain or loss of function of MMPs. Together, the data provided from these studies illustrate that MMPs are ideal targets as both biomarkers and potential drug therapies for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethan A Brown
- School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Williams
- School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah J George
- School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.
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32
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Szostak J, Martin F, Talikka M, Peitsch MC, Hoeng J. Semi-Automated Curation Allows Causal Network Model Building for the Quantification of Age-Dependent Plaque Progression in ApoE -/- Mouse. GENE REGULATION AND SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2016; 10:95-103. [PMID: 27840576 PMCID: PMC5100841 DOI: 10.4137/grsb.s40031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The cellular and molecular mechanisms behind the process of atherosclerotic plaque destabilization are complex, and molecular data from aortic plaques are difficult to interpret. Biological network models may overcome these difficulties and precisely quantify the molecular mechanisms impacted during disease progression. The atherosclerosis plaque destabilization biological network model was constructed with the semiautomated curation pipeline, BELIEF. Cellular and molecular mechanisms promoting plaque destabilization or rupture were captured in the network model. Public transcriptomic data sets were used to demonstrate the specificity of the network model and to capture the different mechanisms that were impacted in ApoE-/- mouse aorta at 6 and 32 weeks. We concluded that network models combined with the network perturbation amplitude algorithm provide a sensitive, quantitative method to follow disease progression at the molecular level. This approach can be used to investigate and quantify molecular mechanisms during plaque progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Szostak
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Florian Martin
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Marja Talikka
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel C Peitsch
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Julia Hoeng
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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33
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Geronimo FRB, Barter PJ, Rye KA, Heather AK, Shearston KD, Rodgers KJ. Plaque stabilizing effects of apolipoprotein A-IV. Atherosclerosis 2016; 251:39-46. [PMID: 27240254 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2015] [Revised: 03/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Apolipoprotein (apo) A-IV, the third most abundant HDL-associated protein, is atheroprotective and shares similar properties as apoA-I. We have reported previously that apoA-I, the most abundant apolipoprotein in HDL, inhibits plaque disruption in a mouse model. We aimed at examining the effects of apoA-IV on markers of plaque stability in vivo. METHODS Plaques within brachiocephalic arteries of 16-week old apoE-knockout C57BL/6 mice were examined for changes in composition after 10 weeks on a high-fat diet (HFD). The animals received twice-weekly injections of human lipid-free apoA-IV (1 mg/kg, n = 31) or PBS (n = 32) during the 9th and 10th weeks of the HFD. RESULTS In the apoA-IV treated mice, there were significantly fewer hemorrhagic plaque disruptions (9/31 vs. 18/32, p < 0.05), thicker fibrous caps, smaller lipid cores, a lower macrophage:SMC ratio, less MMP-9 protein, more collagen, and fewer proliferating cells. In the plaques of mice given apoA-IV, MCP-1, VCAM-1, and inducible NOS were also significantly lower. Based on the percentage of cleaved PARP-positive and TUNEL-positive plaque nuclei, apoA-IV reduced apoptosis. in HMDMs, apoA-IV reduced MMP-9 mRNA expression by half, doubled mRNA levels of TIMP1 and decreased MMP-9 activity. CONCLUSIONS ApoA-IV treatment is associated with a more stable plaque phenotype and a reduced incidence of acute disruptions in this mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - P J Barter
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Australia.
| | - K A Rye
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Australia.
| | - A K Heather
- The Heart Research Institute, Sydney, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
| | - K D Shearston
- School of Dentistry, University of Western Australia, Australia.
| | - K J Rodgers
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia.
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Beltrami-Moreira M, Vromman A, Sukhova GK, Folco EJ, Libby P. Redundancy of IL-1 Isoform Signaling and Its Implications for Arterial Remodeling. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152474. [PMID: 27032103 PMCID: PMC4816548 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Mice deficient in IL-1 receptor 1 (hence unresponsive to both IL-1 isoforms α and β) have impaired expansive arterial remodeling due to diminished expression of matrix-degrading enzymes, especially MMP-3. Emergence of IL-1 as a target in cardiovascular disease prompted the investigation of the redundancy of IL-1α and IL-1β in the induction of MMP-3 and other matrix-remodeling enzymes in human cells. Methods and Results Human primary vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and carotid endarterectomy specimens were stimulated with equimolar concentrations of IL-1α or IL-1β and analyzed protease expression by immunoblot and ELISA. Either IL-1α or IL-1β increased the expression of pro-MMP-3 in VSMCs, facilitated VSMC migration through Matrigel, and induced MMP-3 production in specimens from atheromatous plaques. VSMCs also secreted MMP-1 and Cathepsin S (CatS) upon stimulation with IL-1α or IL-1β. IL-1 isoforms similarly increased MMP-1 and MMP-9 expression in carotid endarterectomy specimens. We examined the expression of MMP-3 and IL-1 isoforms by immunostaining of carotid atheromata, calculated the % positive areas, and tested associations by linear regression. MMP-3 colocalized with IL-1 isoforms in atheromata. MMP-3+ area in plaques positively associated with IL-1α+ (R2 = 0.61, P<0.001) and with IL-1β + areas (R2 = 0.68, P<0.001). MMP-3+ area within atheroma also associated with CD68+ area, but not with α-smooth muscle actin area. Conclusions Either IL-1α or IL-1β can induce the expression of enzymes implicated in remodeling of the arterial extracellular matrix, and facilitate human VSMC migration in vitro. Human atheromata contain both IL-1 isoforms in association with immunoreactive MMP-3. This redundancy of IL-1 isoforms suggests that selective blocking of one IL-1 isoform should not impair expansive arterial remodeling, a finding with important clinical implications for therapeutic targeting of IL-1 in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Beltrami-Moreira
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Amélie Vromman
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Galina K. Sukhova
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Eduardo J. Folco
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Peter Libby
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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35
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Huang SH, Law CH, Kuo PH, Hu RY, Yang CC, Chung TW, Li JM, Lin LH, Liu YC, Liao EC, Tsai YT, Wei YS, Lin CC, Chang CW, Chou HC, Wang WC, Chang MDT, Wang LH, Kung HJ, Chan HL, Lyu PC. MMP-13 is involved in oral cancer cell metastasis. Oncotarget 2016; 7:17144-61. [PMID: 26958809 PMCID: PMC4941377 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/1969] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The oral cancer cell line OC3-I5 with a highly invasive ability was selected and derived from an established OSCC line OC3. In this study, we demonstrated that matrix metalloproteinases protein MMP-13 was up-regulated in OC3-I5 than in OC3 cells. We also observed that expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers including Twist, p-Src, Snail1, SIP1, JAM-A, and vinculin were increased in OC3-I5 compared to OC3 cells, whereas E-cadherin expression was decreased in the OC3-I5 cells. Using siMMP-13 knockdown techniques, we showed that siMMP-13 not only reduced the invasion and migration, but also the adhesion abilities of oral cancer cells. In support of the role of MMP-13 in metastasis, we used MMP-13 expressing plasmid-transfected 293T cells to enhance MMP-13 expression in the OC3 cells, transplanting the MMP-13 over expressing OC3 cells into nude mice led to enhanced lung metastasis. In summary, our findings show that MMP-13 promotes invasion and metastasis in oral cancer cells, suggesting altered expression of MMP-13 may be utilized to impede the process of metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun-Hong Huang
- Department of Medical Sciences and Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hsuan Law
- Department of Medical Sciences and Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Hsueh Kuo
- Department of Medical Sciences and Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ren-Yu Hu
- Department of Medical Sciences and Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chieh Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Wen Chung
- Department of Medical Sciences and Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ji-Min Li
- Department of Medical Sciences and Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Li-Hsun Lin
- Department of Medical Sciences and Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chung Liu
- Department of Medical Sciences and Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.,Institute of Population Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - En-Chi Liao
- Department of Medical Sciences and Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ting Tsai
- Department of Medical Sciences and Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Shan Wei
- Department of Medical Sciences and Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chen Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Science and Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research and Education, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Division of Chest Medicine. Department of Internal Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Wen Chang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Chuan Chou
- Department of Applied Science, National Hsinchu University of Education, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ching Wang
- Department of Medical Sciences and Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Margaret Dah-Tsyr Chang
- Department of Medical Sciences and Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Lu-Hai Wang
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Hsing-Jien Kung
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Lin Chan
- Department of Medical Sciences and Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Sciences and Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Chiang Lyu
- Department of Medical Sciences and Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Sciences and Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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Hutcheson JD, Goettsch C, Bertazzo S, Maldonado N, Ruiz JL, Goh W, Yabusaki K, Faits T, Bouten C, Franck G, Quillard T, Libby P, Aikawa M, Weinbaum S, Aikawa E. Genesis and growth of extracellular-vesicle-derived microcalcification in atherosclerotic plaques. NATURE MATERIALS 2016; 15:335-43. [PMID: 26752654 PMCID: PMC4767675 DOI: 10.1038/nmat4519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Clinical evidence links arterial calcification and cardiovascular risk. Finite-element modelling of the stress distribution within atherosclerotic plaques has suggested that subcellular microcalcifications in the fibrous cap may promote material failure of the plaque, but that large calcifications can stabilize it. Yet the physicochemical mechanisms underlying such mineral formation and growth in atheromata remain unknown. Here, by using three-dimensional collagen hydrogels that mimic structural features of the atherosclerotic fibrous cap, and high-resolution microscopic and spectroscopic analyses of both the hydrogels and of calcified human plaques, we demonstrate that calcific mineral formation and maturation results from a series of events involving the aggregation of calcifying extracellular vesicles, and the formation of microcalcifications and ultimately large calcification areas. We also show that calcification morphology and the plaque's collagen content-two determinants of atherosclerotic plaque stability-are interlinked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D. Hutcheson
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Claudia Goettsch
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sergio Bertazzo
- Department of Medical Physics & Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - Natalia Maldonado
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jessica L. Ruiz
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wilson Goh
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Katsumi Yabusaki
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tyler Faits
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Carlijn Bouten
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Gregory Franck
- Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thibaut Quillard
- Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter Libby
- Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Masanori Aikawa
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sheldon Weinbaum
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elena Aikawa
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Tsaousi A, Hayes EM, Di Gregoli K, Bond AR, Bevan L, Thomas AC, Newby AC. Plaque Size Is Decreased but M1 Macrophage Polarization and Rupture Related Metalloproteinase Expression Are Maintained after Deleting T-Bet in ApoE Null Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148873. [PMID: 26886778 PMCID: PMC4757422 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Thelper1 (Th1) lymphocytes have been previously implicated in atherosclerotic plaque growth but their role in plaque vulnerability to rupture is less clear. We investigated whether T-bet knockout that prevents Th1 lymphocyte differentiation modulates classical (M1) macrophage activation or production of matrix degrading metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their tissue inhibitors, TIMPs. Methods & Results We studied the effect of T-bet deletion in apolipoproteinE (ApoE) knockout mice fed a high fat diet (HFD) or normal chow diet (ND). Transcript levels of M1/M2 macrophage polarization markers, selected MMPs and TIMPs were measured by RT-qPCR in macrophages isolated from subcutaneous granulomas or in whole aortae. Immunohistochemistry of aortic sinus (AS) and brachiocephalic artery (BCA) plaques was conducted to quantify protein expression of the same factors. Deletion of T-bet decreased mRNA for the M1 marker NOS-2 in granuloma macrophages but levels of M2 markers (CD206, arginase-1 and Ym-1), MMPs-2, -9, -12, -13, -14 and -19 or TIMPs-1 to -3 were unchanged. No mRNA differences were observed in aortic extracts from mice fed a HFD for 12 weeks. Moreover, AS and BCA plaques were similarly sized between genotypes, and had similar areas stained for NOS-2, COX-2, MMP-12 and MMP-14 proteins. T-bet deletion increased MMP-13, MMP-14 and arginase-1 in AS plaques. After 35 weeks of ND, T-bet deletion reduced the size of AS and BCA plaques but there were no differences in the percentage areas stained for M1 or M2 markers, MMPs-12, -13, -14, or TIMP-3. Conclusions Absence of Th1 lymphocytes is associated with reduced plaque size in ApoE knockout mice fed a normal but not high fat diet. In either case, M1 macrophage polarization and expression of several MMPs related to plaque instability are either maintained or increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterini Tsaousi
- School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Elaine M. Hayes
- School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Karina Di Gregoli
- School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew R. Bond
- School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Bevan
- School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Anita C. Thomas
- School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew C. Newby
- School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Formation of foam cell macrophages, which sequester extracellular modified lipids, is a key event in atherosclerosis. How lipid loading affects macrophage phenotype is controversial, with evidence suggesting either pro- or anti-inflammatory consequences. To investigate this further, we compared the transcriptomes of foamy and non-foamy macrophages that accumulate in the subcutaneous granulomas of fed-fat ApoE null mice and normal chow fed wild-type mice in vivo. Consistent with previous studies, LXR/RXR pathway genes were significantly over-represented among the genes up-regulated in foam cell macrophages. Unexpectedly, the hepatic fibrosis pathway, associated with platelet derived growth factor and transforming growth factor-β action, was also over-represented. Several collagen polypeptides and proteoglycan core proteins as well as connective tissue growth factor and fibrosis-related FOS and JUN transcription factors were up-regulated in foam cell macrophages. Increased expression of several of these genes was confirmed at the protein level in foam cell macrophages from subcutaneous granulomas and in atherosclerotic plaques. Moreover, phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of SMAD2, which is downstream of several transforming growth factor-β family members, was also detected in foam cell macrophages. We conclude that foam cell formation in vivo leads to a pro-fibrotic macrophage phenotype, which could contribute to plaque stability, especially in early lesions that have few vascular smooth muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita C. Thomas
- Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Wouter J. Eijgelaar
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Mat J. A. P. Daemen
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Academisch Medisch Centrum (AMC), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew C. Newby
- Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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39
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Huang XZ, Liu XX, Song JT, Wang L, Liu XL, Qu HY, Wang SX, Zhang C, Zhang Y, Zhang M. Prolyl-4-hydroxylase- 1 improves the stability of advanced plaques but accelerates the atherosclerotic lesion formation of early plaques. Eur Heart J Suppl 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/suv028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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40
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Wang M, Kim SH, Monticone RE, Lakatta EG. Matrix metalloproteinases promote arterial remodeling in aging, hypertension, and atherosclerosis. Hypertension 2015; 65:698-703. [PMID: 25667214 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.114.03618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mingyi Wang
- From the Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Biomedical Research Center (BRC), Baltimore, MD.
| | - Soo Hyuk Kim
- From the Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Biomedical Research Center (BRC), Baltimore, MD
| | - Robert E Monticone
- From the Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Biomedical Research Center (BRC), Baltimore, MD
| | - Edward G Lakatta
- From the Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Biomedical Research Center (BRC), Baltimore, MD.
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41
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Newby AC. Metalloproteinases promote plaque rupture and myocardial infarction: A persuasive concept waiting for clinical translation. Matrix Biol 2015; 44-46:157-66. [PMID: 25636537 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2015.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic plaque rupture provokes most myocardial infarctions. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have counteracting roles in intimal thickening, which stabilizes plaques, on the one hand and extracellular matrix destruction that leads to plaque rupture on the other. This review briefly summarizes the key points supporting the involvement of individual MMPs in provoking plaque rupture and discusses the barriers that stand in the way of clinical translation, which can be itemised as follows: structural and functional complexity of the MMP family; lack of adequate preclinical models partly owing to different expression patterns of MMPs and TIMPs in mouse and human macrophages; the need to target individual MMPs selectively; the difficulties in establishing causality in human studies; and the requirement for surrogate markers of efficacy. Overcoming these barriers would open the way to new treatments that could have a major impact on cardiovascular mortality worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Newby
- University of Bristol, School of Clinical Sciences and Bristol Heart Institute, Bristol, UK.
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42
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Hu JH, Touch P, Zhang J, Wei H, Liu S, Lund IK, Høyer-Hansen G, Dichek DA. Reduction of mouse atherosclerosis by urokinase inhibition or with a limited-spectrum matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor. Cardiovasc Res 2015; 105:372-82. [PMID: 25616415 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvv007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Elevated activity of urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and MMPs in human arteries is associated with accelerated atherosclerosis, aneurysms, and plaque rupture. We used Apoe-null mice with macrophage-specific uPA overexpression (SR-uPA mice; a well-characterized model of protease-accelerated atherosclerosis) to investigate whether systemic inhibition of proteolytic activity of uPA or a subset of MMPs can reduce protease-induced atherosclerosis and aortic dilation. METHODS AND RESULTS SR-uPA mice were fed a high-fat diet for 10 weeks and treated either with an antibody inhibiting mouse uPA (mU1) or a control antibody. mU1-treated mice were also compared with PBS-treated non-uPA-overexpressing Apoe-null mice. Other SR-uPA mice were treated with one of three doses of a limited-spectrum synthetic MMP inhibitor (XL784) or vehicle. mU1 reduced aortic root intimal lesion area (20%; P = 0.05) and aortic root circumference (12%; P = 0.01). All XL784 doses reduced aortic root intimal lesion area (22-29%) and oil-red-O-positive lesion area (36-42%; P < 0.05 for all doses and both end points), with trends towards reduced aortic root circumference (6-10%). Neither mU1 nor XL784 significantly altered percent aortic surface lesion coverage. Several lines of evidence identified MMP-13 as a mediator of uPA-induced aortic MMP activity. CONCLUSIONS Pharmacological inhibition of either uPA or selected MMPs decreased atherosclerosis in SR-uPA mice. uPA inhibition decreased aortic dilation. Differential effects of both agents on aortic root vs. distal aortic atherosclerosis suggest prevention of atherosclerosis progression vs. initiation. Systemic inhibition of uPA or a subset of MMPs shows promise for treating atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Hong Hu
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Phanith Touch
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jingwan Zhang
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Hao Wei
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Shihui Liu
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ida K Lund
- The Finsen Laboratory, Copenhagen University Hospital and Biotech Research & Innovation Centre, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gunilla Høyer-Hansen
- The Finsen Laboratory, Copenhagen University Hospital and Biotech Research & Innovation Centre, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David A Dichek
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Z Wall
- From the Departments of Pathology (V.Z.W., K.E.B.) and Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition (K.E.B.), Diabetes and Obesity Center of Excellence, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle
| | - Karin E Bornfeldt
- From the Departments of Pathology (V.Z.W., K.E.B.) and Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition (K.E.B.), Diabetes and Obesity Center of Excellence, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To review progress over the past 5 years in relating extracellular proteinases to plaque rupture, the cause of most myocardial infarctions, and consider the most promising prospects for developing related treatments. RECENT FINDINGS Cysteinyl cathepsins have been implicated in multiple macrophage functions that could promote plaque rupture. Cathepsin K is an attractive target because it is a collagenase and selective inhibitors are already being used in phase III clinical trials. Several serine proteinases clearly influence vascular remodelling and atherogenesis but important, unrelated actions limit their value as therapeutic targets. Among the metalloproteinases, new evidence supports roles for A Disintigrin and Metalloproteinases (ADAMs), including ADAM-10, ADAM-17 and ADAM-33, which suggest that selective inhibitors might be effective treatments. For ADAMs with ThromboSpondin domains (ADAMTSs), there are biological and genome-wide association data linking ADAMTS-7 to incidence of coronary heart disease but not increased risk of myocardial infarctions. In the case of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), selective inhibitors of MMP-12 and MMP-13 are available and may be appropriate for development as therapies. Novel targets, including MMP-8, MMP-10, MMP-14, MMP-19, MMP-25 and MMP-28, are also being considered. SUMMARY New opportunities exist to exploit proteinases as therapeutic targets in plaque rupture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Newby
- University of Bristol and Bristol Heart Institute, Bristol, UK
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