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Chen Y, Su J, Yan Y, Zhao Q, Ma J, Zhu M, He X, Zhang B, Xu H, Yang X, Duan Y, Han J. Intermittent Fasting Inhibits High-Fat Diet-Induced Atherosclerosis by Ameliorating Hypercholesterolemia and Reducing Monocyte Chemoattraction. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:719750. [PMID: 34658858 PMCID: PMC8517704 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.719750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a major pathology for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Clinically, the intermittent fasting (IF) has been observed to reduce the risk of CVDs. However, the effect of IF on the development of atherosclerosis has not been fully elucidated. Herein, we determined the protection of IF against high-fat diet–induced atherosclerosis in pro-atherogenic low-density lipoprotein receptor deficient (LDLR-/-) mice and the potentially involved mechanisms. The LDLR-/- mice were scheduled intermittent fasting cycles of 3-day HFD feeding ad libitum and 1 day fasting, while the mice in the control group were continuously fed HFD. The treatment was lasted for 7 weeks (∼12 cycles) or 14 weeks (∼24 cycles). Associated with the reduced total HFD intake, IF substantially reduced lesions in the en face aorta and aortic root sinus. It also increased plaque stability by increasing the smooth muscle cell (SMC)/collagen content and fibrotic cap thickness while reducing macrophage accumulation and necrotic core areas. Mechanistically, IF reduced serum total and LDL cholesterol levels by inhibiting cholesterol synthesis in the liver. Meanwhile, HFD-induced hepatic lipid accumulation was attenuated by IF. Interestingly, circulating Ly6Chigh monocytes but not T cells and serum c-c motif chemokine ligand 2 levels were significantly reduced by IF. Functionally, adhesion of monocytes to the aortic endothelium was decreased by IF via inhibiting VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 expression. Taken together, our study indicates that IF reduces atherosclerosis in LDLR-/- mice by reducing monocyte chemoattraction/adhesion and ameliorating hypercholesterolemia and suggests its potential application for atherosclerosis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanli Chen
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Jiamin Su
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Yali Yan
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Qian Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Jialing Ma
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Mengmeng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaoyu He
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Baotong Zhang
- Department of Human Cell Biology and Genetics, Southern University of Science and Technology School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hongmei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Yajun Duan
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Jihong Han
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China.,College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline S Dron
- From the Department of Biochemistry (J.S.D., J.L., R.A.H.), Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Robarts Research Institute (J.S.D., J.L., R.A.H.), Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Julieta Lazarte
- From the Department of Biochemistry (J.S.D., J.L., R.A.H.), Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Robarts Research Institute (J.S.D., J.L., R.A.H.), Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine (J.L., R.A.H.), Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Robert A Hegele
- From the Department of Biochemistry (J.S.D., J.L., R.A.H.), Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Robarts Research Institute (J.S.D., J.L., R.A.H.), Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine (J.L., R.A.H.), Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
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Volta A, Hovingh GK, Grefhorst A. Genetics of familial hypercholesterolemia: a tool for development of novel lipid lowering pharmaceuticals? Curr Opin Lipidol 2018; 29:80-86. [PMID: 29356705 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0000000000000489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Familial hypercholesterolemia is characterized by high LDL cholesterol and an elevated risk to develop coronary heart disease. Mutations in LDL receptor-mediated cholesterol uptake are the main cause of familial hypercholesterolemia. However, multiple mutations in various other genes are also associated with high LDL cholesterol and even familial hypercholesterolemia. Thus, pharmaceuticals that target these genes and proteins might be attractive treatment options to reduce LDL cholesterol. This review provides an overview of the recent developments and clinical testing of such pharmaceuticals. RECENT FINDINGS About 80 genes are associated with hypercholesterolemia but only pharmaceuticals that inhibit cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), angiopoietin-related protein 3 (ANGPTL3), and apolipoprotein C-III (apoC-III) have recently been tested in clinical trials. Inhibition of CETP and ANGPTL3 lowered LDL cholesterol. ANGPTL3 inhibition had the largest effect and was even effective in familial hypercholesterolemia patients. The effect of apoC-III inhibition on LDL cholesterol is not conclusive. SUMMARY Of the many potential pharmaceutical targets involved in LDL cholesterol, only a few have been studied so far. Of these, pharmaceuticals that inhibit CETP or ANGPTL3 are promising novel treatment options to reduce LDL cholesterol but the effect of apoC-III inhibition requires more research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - G Kees Hovingh
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Zupančič E, Fayad ZA, Mulder WJM. Cardiovascular Immunotherapy and the Role of Imaging. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 37:e167-e171. [PMID: 29070539 PMCID: PMC5743324 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.309227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Zupančič
- From the Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (E.Z., Z.A.F., W.J.M.M.); and Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (W.J.M.M.)
| | - Zahi A Fayad
- From the Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (E.Z., Z.A.F., W.J.M.M.); and Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (W.J.M.M.)
| | - Willem J M Mulder
- From the Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (E.Z., Z.A.F., W.J.M.M.); and Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (W.J.M.M.).
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