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Teuwen JTJ, van der Vorst EPC, Maas SL. Navigating the Maze of Kinases: CaMK-like Family Protein Kinases and Their Role in Atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6213. [PMID: 38892400 PMCID: PMC11172518 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25116213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Circulating low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels are a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVD), and even though current treatment strategies focusing on lowering lipid levels are effective, CVD remains the primary cause of death worldwide. Atherosclerosis is the major cause of CVD and is a chronic inflammatory condition in which various cell types and protein kinases play a crucial role. However, the underlying mechanisms of atherosclerosis are not entirely understood yet. Notably, protein kinases are highly druggable targets and represent, therefore, a novel way to target atherosclerosis. In this review, the potential role of the calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase-like (CaMKL) family and its role in atherosclerosis will be discussed. This family consists of 12 subfamilies, among which are the well-described and conserved liver kinase B1 (LKB1) and 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) subfamilies. Interestingly, LKB1 plays a key role and is considered a master kinase within the CaMKL family. It has been shown that LKB1 signaling leads to atheroprotective effects, while, for example, members of the microtubule affinity-regulating kinase (MARK) subfamily have been described to aggravate atherosclerosis development. These observations highlight the importance of studying kinases and their signaling pathways in atherosclerosis, bringing us a step closer to unraveling the underlying mechanisms of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jules T. J. Teuwen
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany;
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute for CardioRenal Disease (AMICARE), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Emiel P. C. van der Vorst
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany;
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute for CardioRenal Disease (AMICARE), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80336 München, Germany
| | - Sanne L. Maas
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany;
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute for CardioRenal Disease (AMICARE), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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2
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Purvis GSD, McNeill E, Wright B, Channon KM, Greaves DR. Ly6C hi Monocytes Are Metabolically Reprogrammed in the Blood during Inflammatory Stimulation and Require Intact OxPhos for Chemotaxis and Monocyte to Macrophage Differentiation. Cells 2024; 13:916. [PMID: 38891050 PMCID: PMC11171939 DOI: 10.3390/cells13110916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Acute inflammation is a rapid and dynamic process involving the recruitment and activation of multiple cell types in a coordinated and precise manner. Here, we investigate the origin and transcriptional reprogramming of monocytes using a model of acute inflammation, zymosan-induced peritonitis. Monocyte trafficking and adoptive transfer experiments confirmed that monocytes undergo rapid phenotypic change as they exit the blood and give rise to monocyte-derived macrophages that persist during the resolution of inflammation. Single-cell transcriptomics revealed significant heterogeneity within the surface marker-defined CD11b+Ly6G-Ly6Chi monocyte populations within the blood and at the site of inflammation. We show that two major transcriptional reprogramming events occur during the initial six hours of Ly6Chi monocyte mobilisation, one in the blood priming monocytes for migration and a second at the site of inflammation. Pathway analysis revealed an important role for oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) during both these reprogramming events. Experimentally, we demonstrate that OxPhos via the intact mitochondrial electron transport chain is essential for murine and human monocyte chemotaxis. Moreover, OxPhos is needed for monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation and macrophage M(IL-4) polarisation. These new findings from transcriptional profiling open up the possibility that shifting monocyte metabolic capacity towards OxPhos could facilitate enhanced macrophage M2-like polarisation to aid inflammation resolution and tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth S. D. Purvis
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK;
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; (E.M.); (B.W.); (K.M.C.)
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Eileen McNeill
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; (E.M.); (B.W.); (K.M.C.)
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Benjamin Wright
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; (E.M.); (B.W.); (K.M.C.)
| | - Keith M. Channon
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; (E.M.); (B.W.); (K.M.C.)
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - David R. Greaves
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK;
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
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3
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Rumianek AN, Davies B, Channon KM, Greaves DR, Purvis GSD. A Human CD68 Promoter-Driven Inducible Cre-Recombinase Mouse Line Allows Specific Targeting of Tissue Resident Macrophages. Front Immunol 2022; 13:918636. [PMID: 35874787 PMCID: PMC9298978 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.918636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Current genetic tools designed to target macrophages in vivo often target cells from all myeloid lineages. Therefore, we sought to generate a novel transgenic mouse which has a tamoxifen inducible Cre-recombinase under the control of the human CD68 promoter (hCD68-CreERT2). To test the efficiency and specificity of the of Cre-recombinase activity we crossed the hCD68-CreERT2 mice with a loxP-flanked STOP cassette red fluorescent protein variant (tdTomato) mouse. We established that orally dosing mice with 2 mg of tamoxifen for 5 consecutive days followed by a 5-day induction period resulted in robust expression of tdTomato in CD11b+ F4/80+ tissue resident macrophages. Using this induction protocol, we demonstrated tdTomato expression within peritoneal, liver and spleen macrophages and blood Ly6Clow monocytes. Importantly there was limited or no inducible tdTomato expression within other myeloid cells (neutrophils, monocytes, dendritic cells and eosinophils), T cells (CD4+ and CD8+) and B cells (CD19+). We also demonstrated that the level of tdTomato expression can be used as a marker to identify different populations of peritoneal and liver macrophages. We next assessed the longevity of tdTomato expression in peritoneal macrophages, liver and splenic macrophages and demonstrated high levels of tdTomato expression as long as 6 weeks after the last tamoxifen dose. Importantly, hCD68-CreERT2 expression is more restricted than that of LysM-Cre which has significant expression in major myeloid cell types (monocytes and neutrophils). To demonstrate the utility of this novel macrophage-specific Cre driver line we demonstrated tdTomato expression in recruited CD11b+CD64+F4/80+ monocyte-derived macrophages within the atherosclerotic lesions of AAV8-mPCSK9 treated mice, with limited expression in recruited neutrophils. In developing this new hCD68-CreERT2 mouse we have a tool that allows us to target tissue resident macrophages, with the advantage of not targeting other myeloid cells namely neutrophils and inflammatory monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata N. Rumianek
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ben Davies
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Keith M. Channon
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - David R. Greaves
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth S. D. Purvis
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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4
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Purvis GSD, Aranda‐Tavio H, Channon KM, Greaves DR. Bruton's TK regulates myeloid cell recruitment during acute inflammation. Br J Pharmacol 2022; 179:2754-2770. [PMID: 34897650 PMCID: PMC9361009 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Bruton's TK (BTK) is a non-receptor kinase best known for its role in B lymphocyte development that is critical for proliferation and survival of leukaemic cells in B-cell malignancies. However, BTK is expressed in myeloid cells, particularly neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages where its inhibition has been reported to cause anti-inflammatory properties. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We explored the role of BTK on migration of myeloid cells (neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages), in vitro using chemotaxis assays and in vivo using zymosan-induced peritonitis as model systems. KEY RESULTS Using the zymosan-induced peritonitis model of sterile inflammation, we demonstrated that acute inhibition of BTK prior to zymosan challenge reduced phosphorylation of BTK in circulating neutrophils and monocytes. Moreover, pharmacological inhibition of BTK with ibrutinib specifically inhibited neutrophil and Ly6Chi monocytes, but not Ly6Clo monocyte recruitment to the peritoneum. X-linked immunodeficient (XID) mice, which have a point mutation in the Btk gene, had reduced neutrophil and monocyte recruitment to the peritoneum following zymosan challenge. Pharmacological or genetic inhibition of BTK signalling substantially reduced human monocyte and murine macrophage chemotaxis, to a range of clinically relevant chemoattractants (C5a and CCL2). We also demonstrated that inhibition of BTK in tissue resident macrophages significantly decreases chemokine secretion by reducing NF-κB activity and Akt signalling. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Our work has identified a new role of BTK in regulating myeloid cell recruitment via two mechanisms, reducing monocyte/macrophages' ability to undergo chemotaxis and reducing chemokine secretion, via reduced NF-κB and Akt activity in tissue resident macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth S. D. Purvis
- Sir William Dunn School of PathologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- BHF Centre of Research ExcellenceUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | | | - Keith M. Channon
- BHF Centre of Research ExcellenceUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Wellcome Centre for Human GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of MedicineJohn Radcliffe HospitalOxfordUK
| | - David R. Greaves
- Sir William Dunn School of PathologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- BHF Centre of Research ExcellenceUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
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5
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Imaging Techniques for Aortic Aneurysms and Dissections in Mice: Comparisons of Ex Vivo, In Situ, and Ultrasound Approaches. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12020339. [PMID: 35204838 PMCID: PMC8869425 DOI: 10.3390/biom12020339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Aortic aneurysms and dissections are life-threatening conditions that have a high risk for lethal bleeding and organ malperfusion. Many studies have investigated the molecular basis of these diseases using mouse models. In mice, ex vivo, in situ, and ultrasound imaging are major approaches to evaluate aortic diameters, a common parameter to determine the severity of aortic aneurysms. However, accurate evaluations of aortic dimensions by these imaging approaches could be challenging due to pathological features of aortic aneurysms. Currently, there is no standardized mode to assess aortic dissections in mice. It is important to understand the characteristics of each approach for reliable evaluation of aortic dilatations. In this review, we summarize imaging techniques used for aortic visualization in recent mouse studies and discuss their pros and cons. We also provide suggestions to facilitate the visualization of mouse aortas.
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6
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Tomas L, Prica F, Schulz C. Trafficking of Mononuclear Phagocytes in Healthy Arteries and Atherosclerosis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:718432. [PMID: 34759917 PMCID: PMC8573388 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.718432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocytes and macrophages play essential roles in all stages of atherosclerosis – from early precursor lesions to advanced stages of the disease. Intima-resident macrophages are among the first cells to be confronted with the influx and retention of apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins at the onset of hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis development. In this review, we outline the trafficking of monocytes and macrophages in and out of the healthy aorta, as well as the adaptation of their migratory behaviour during hypercholesterolemia. Furthermore, we discuss the functional and ontogenetic composition of the aortic pool of mononuclear phagocytes and its link to the atherosclerotic disease process. The development of mouse models of atherosclerosis regression in recent years, has enabled scientists to investigate the behaviour of monocytes and macrophages during the resolution of atherosclerosis. Herein, we describe the dynamics of these mononuclear phagocytes upon cessation of hypercholesterolemia and how they contribute to the restoration of tissue homeostasis. The aim of this review is to provide an insight into the trafficking, fate and disease-relevant dynamics of monocytes and macrophages during atherosclerosis, and to highlight remaining questions. We focus on the results of rodent studies, as analysis of cellular fates requires experimental manipulations that cannot be performed in humans but point out findings that could be replicated in human tissues. Understanding of the biology of macrophages in atherosclerosis provides an important basis for the development of therapeutic strategies to limit lesion formation and promote plaque regression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Tomas
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Filip Prica
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Schulz
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
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7
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Yin C, Vrieze AM, Rosoga M, Akingbasote J, Pawlak EN, Jacob RA, Hu J, Sharma N, Dikeakos JD, Barra L, Nagpal AD, Heit B. Efferocytic Defects in Early Atherosclerosis Are Driven by GATA2 Overexpression in Macrophages. Front Immunol 2020; 11:594136. [PMID: 33193444 PMCID: PMC7644460 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.594136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The loss of efferocytosis-the phagocytic clearance of apoptotic cells-is an initiating event in atherosclerotic plaque formation. While the loss of macrophage efferocytosis is a prerequisite for advanced plaque formation, the transcriptional and cellular events in the pre-lesion site that drive these defects are poorly defined. Transcriptomic analysis of macrophages recovered from early-stage human atherosclerotic lesions identified a 50-fold increase in the expression of GATA2, a transcription factor whose expression is normally restricted to the hematopoietic compartment. GATA2 overexpression in vitro recapitulated many of the functional defects reported in patient macrophages, including deficits at multiple stages in the efferocytic process. These findings included defects in the uptake of apoptotic cells, efferosome maturation, and in phagolysosome function. These efferocytic defects were a product of GATA2-driven alterations in the expression of key regulatory proteins, including Src-family kinases, Rab7 and components of both the vacuolar ATPase and NADPH oxidase complexes. In summary, these data identify a mechanism by which efferocytic capacity is lost in the early stages of plaque formation, thus setting the stage for the accumulation of uncleared apoptotic cells that comprise the bulk of atherosclerotic plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Yin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and The Center for Human Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Angela M Vrieze
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and The Center for Human Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Mara Rosoga
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and The Center for Human Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - James Akingbasote
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and The Center for Human Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Emily N Pawlak
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and The Center for Human Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Rajesh Abraham Jacob
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and The Center for Human Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Jonathan Hu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and The Center for Human Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Neha Sharma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and The Center for Human Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Jimmy D Dikeakos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and The Center for Human Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Lillian Barra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and The Center for Human Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - A Dave Nagpal
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Bryan Heit
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and The Center for Human Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Robarts Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
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8
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Wu C, Daugherty A, Lu HS. Updates on Approaches for Studying Atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 39:e108-e117. [PMID: 30917052 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.119.312001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Congqing Wu
- From the Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (C.W., A.D., H.S.L.), University of Kentucky, Lexington
| | - Alan Daugherty
- From the Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (C.W., A.D., H.S.L.), University of Kentucky, Lexington.,Department of Physiology (A.D., H.S.L.), University of Kentucky, Lexington
| | - Hong S Lu
- From the Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (C.W., A.D., H.S.L.), University of Kentucky, Lexington.,Department of Physiology (A.D., H.S.L.), University of Kentucky, Lexington
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9
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van der Vorst EPC, Weber C. Novel Features of Monocytes and Macrophages in Cardiovascular Biology and Disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 39:e30-e37. [PMID: 30673349 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.312002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emiel P C van der Vorst
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany (E.P.C.v.d.V., C.W.)
| | - Christian Weber
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany (E.P.C.v.d.V., C.W.).,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Germany (C.W.).,Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, the Netherlands (C.W.)
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10
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Lu HS, Schmidt AM, Hegele RA, Mackman N, Rader DJ, Weber C, Daugherty A. Reporting Sex and Sex Differences in Preclinical Studies. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 38:e171-e184. [PMID: 30354222 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.311717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong S Lu
- From the Department of Physiology, Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington (H.S.L., A.D.)
| | - Ann Marie Schmidt
- Diabetes Research Program, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY (A.M.S.)
| | - Robert A Hegele
- Department of Medicine and Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada (R.A.H.)
| | - Nigel Mackman
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (N.M.)
| | - Daniel J Rader
- Department of Medicine (D.J.R.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.,Department of Genetics (D.J.R.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Christian Weber
- Department of Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany (C.W.).,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany (C.W.)
| | - Alan Daugherty
- From the Department of Physiology, Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington (H.S.L., A.D.)
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11
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Palasubramaniam J, Wang X, Peter K. Myocardial Infarction-From Atherosclerosis to Thrombosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 39:e176-e185. [PMID: 31339782 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.119.312578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jathushan Palasubramaniam
- From the Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia (J.P., X.W., K.P.).,Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (J.P., X.W., K.P.).,Department of Cardiology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia (J.P., K.P.)
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- From the Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia (J.P., X.W., K.P.).,Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (J.P., X.W., K.P.)
| | - Karlheinz Peter
- From the Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia (J.P., X.W., K.P.).,Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (J.P., X.W., K.P.).,Department of Cardiology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia (J.P., K.P.)
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12
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Riopel M, Vassallo M, Ehinger E, Pattison J, Bowden K, Winkels H, Wilson M, de Jong R, Patel S, Balakrishna D, Bilakovics J, Fanjul A, Plonowski A, Larson CJ, Ley K, Cabrales P, Witztum JL, Olefsky JM, Lee YS. CX3CL1-Fc treatment prevents atherosclerosis in Ldlr KO mice. Mol Metab 2019; 20:89-101. [PMID: 30553772 PMCID: PMC6358552 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2018.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Atherosclerosis is a major cause of cardiovascular disease. Monocyte-endothelial cell interactions are partly mediated by expression of monocyte CX3CR1 and endothelial cell fractalkine (CX3CL1). Interrupting the interaction between this ligand-receptor pair should reduce monocyte binding to the endothelial wall and reduce atherosclerosis. We sought to reduce atherosclerosis by preventing monocyte-endothelial cell interactions through use of a long-acting CX3CR1 agonist. METHODS In this study, the chemokine domain of CX3CL1 was fused to the mouse Fc region to generate a long-acting soluble form of CX3CL1 suitable for chronic studies. CX3CL1-Fc or saline was injected twice a week (30 mg/kg) for 4 months into Ldlr knockout (KO) mice on an atherogenic western diet. RESULTS CX3CL1-Fc-treated Ldlr KO mice showed decreased en face aortic lesion surface area and reduced aortic root lesion size with decreased necrotic core area. Flow cytometry analyses of CX3CL1-Fc-treated aortic wall cell digests revealed a decrease in M1-like polarized macrophages and T cells. Moreover, CX3CL1-Fc administration reduced diet-induced atherosclerosis after switching from an atherogenic to a normal chow diet. In vitro monocyte adhesion studies revealed that CX3CL1-Fc treatment caused fewer monocytes to adhere to a human umbilical vein endothelial cell monolayer. Furthermore, a dorsal window chamber model demonstrated that CX3CL1-Fc treatment decreased in vivo leukocyte adhesion and rolling in live capillaries after short-term ischemia-reperfusion. CONCLUSION These results indicate that CX3CL1-Fc can inhibit monocyte/endothelial cell adhesion as well as reduce atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Riopel
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Melanie Vassallo
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Erik Ehinger
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer Pattison
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Karen Bowden
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Holger Winkels
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Maria Wilson
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ron de Jong
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Sanjay Patel
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Deepika Balakrishna
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - James Bilakovics
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Andrea Fanjul
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Artur Plonowski
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Christopher J Larson
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Klaus Ley
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Pedro Cabrales
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Joseph L Witztum
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jerrold M Olefsky
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Yun Sok Lee
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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13
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Majesky MW. Vascular Development. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 38:e17-e24. [PMID: 29467221 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.310223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The vascular system forms as a branching network of endothelial cells that acquire identity as arterial, venous, hemogenic, or lymphatic. Endothelial specification depends on gene targets transcribed by Ets domain-containing factors, including Ets variant gene 2 (Etv2), together with the activity of chromatin-remodeling complexes containing Brahma-related gene-1 (Brg1). Once specified and assembled into vessels, mechanisms regulating lumen diameter and axial growth ensure that the structure of the branching vascular network matches the need for perfusion of target tissues. In addition, blood vessels provide important morphogenic cues that guide or direct the development of organs forming around them. As the embryo grows and lumen diameters increase, smooth muscle cells wrap around the nascent vessel walls to provide mechanical strength and vasomotor control of the circulation. Increasing mechanical stretch and wall strain promote smooth muscle cell differentiation via coupling of actin cytoskeletal remodeling to myocardin and serum response factor-dependent transcription. Remodeling of artery walls by developmental signaling pathways reappears in postnatal blood vessels during physiological and pathological adaptation to vessel wall injury, inflammation, or chronic hypoxia. Recent reports providing insights into major steps in vascular development are reviewed here with a particular emphasis on studies that have been recently published in Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W Majesky
- From the Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, WA; and Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle.
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14
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Abstract
Macrophages are innate immune cells, which have important roles in the inflammatory response to infections or tissue injury, and have an equally important role in the resolution of inflammation. Macrophages play a key part in directing the innate immune response and subsequent adaptive immune response. They can acquire a variety of distinct but also overlapping activation states, depending on the local microenvironment, in order to perform these functions. Stimuli, such as IFNγ and LPS, can promote an inflammatory activation state, which is associated with the production of reactive oxygen species, and pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Immune complexes and LPS can promote an anti-inflammatory activation state to prevent damage to the host, which is associated with the production of high levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 and low levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Wound-healing macrophages can be activated by IL-4 or IL-13 and have roles in tissue remodeling and the resolution of inflammation. Macrophages are present in nearly every tissue of the body and are important for maintaining homeostasis, but their dysfunction can also lead to diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease. To study the role macrophages play in a complex in vivo environment, depletion and reconstitution experiments can be utilized. Clodronate liposomes are an effective and versatile way to deplete macrophages in vivo; they can allow selective depletion from tissues of interest and can be used on transgenic mice. However, clodronate liposomes deplete all types of macrophages as well as dendritic cells, so other strategies are required in parallel to determine whether macrophages or macrophages of a particular activation state are required. Reconstitution of macrophages by adoptive transfer can be performed, with or without prior depletion, to further suggest that the observed effect is macrophage dependent. Macrophages activated ex vivo or macrophages from transgenic mice can be adoptively transferred during disease models to determine whether a specific protein or activation state affects disease outcome. Macrophage contribution to health and disease can be effectively studied using depletion with clodronate liposomes and by macrophage reconstitution, as demonstrated in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline S Dron
- From the Department of Biochemistry (J.S.D., J.L., R.A.H.), Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Robarts Research Institute (J.S.D., J.L., R.A.H.), Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Julieta Lazarte
- From the Department of Biochemistry (J.S.D., J.L., R.A.H.), Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Robarts Research Institute (J.S.D., J.L., R.A.H.), Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine (J.L., R.A.H.), Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Robert A Hegele
- From the Department of Biochemistry (J.S.D., J.L., R.A.H.), Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Robarts Research Institute (J.S.D., J.L., R.A.H.), Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine (J.L., R.A.H.), Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
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16
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James BD, Allen JB. Vascular Endothelial Cell Behavior in Complex Mechanical Microenvironments. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2018; 4:3818-3842. [PMID: 33429612 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.8b00628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The vascular mechanical microenvironment consists of a mixture of spatially and temporally changing mechanical forces. This exposes vascular endothelial cells to both hemodynamic forces (fluid flow, cyclic stretching, lateral pressure) and vessel forces (basement membrane mechanical and topographical properties). The vascular mechanical microenvironment is "complex" because these forces are dynamic and interrelated. Endothelial cells sense these forces through mechanosensory structures and transduce them into functional responses via mechanotransduction pathways, culminating in behavior directly affecting vascular health. Recent in vitro studies have shown that endothelial cells respond in nuanced and unique ways to combinations of hemodynamic and vessel forces as compared to any single mechanical force. Understanding the interactive effects of the complex mechanical microenvironment on vascular endothelial behavior offers the opportunity to design future biomaterials and biomedical devices from the bottom-up by engineering for the cellular response. This review describes and defines (1) the blood vessel structure, (2) the complex mechanical microenvironment of the vascular endothelium, (3) the process in which vascular endothelial cells sense mechanical forces, and (4) the effect of mechanical forces on vascular endothelial cells with specific attention to recent works investigating the influence of combinations of mechanical forces. We conclude this review by providing our perspective on how the field can move forward to elucidate the effects of the complex mechanical microenvironment on vascular endothelial cell behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan D James
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Florida, 100 Rhines Hall, PO Box 116400, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States.,Institute for Computational Engineering, University of Florida, 300 Weil Hall, PO Box 116550, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Josephine B Allen
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Florida, 100 Rhines Hall, PO Box 116400, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States.,Institute for Cell and Tissue Science and Engineering, 300 Weil Hall, PO Box 116550, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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17
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Jia G, Habibi J, Aroor AR, Hill MA, Yang Y, Whaley-Connell A, Jaisser F, Sowers JR. Epithelial Sodium Channel in Aldosterone-Induced Endothelium Stiffness and Aortic Dysfunction. Hypertension 2018; 72:731-738. [PMID: 29987101 PMCID: PMC6202124 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.118.11339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Enhanced activation of the endothelial mineralocorticoid receptor contributes to the development of arterial stiffness, which is an independent predictor of cardiovascular disease. Previously, we showed that enhanced endothelium mineralocorticoid receptor signaling in female mice prompts expression and translocation of the α-subunit of the epithelial sodium channel to the endothelial cell (EC) surface (EnNaC) inducing vascular fibrosis and stiffness. Further, amiloride, an epithelial sodium channel antagonist, inhibits vascular fibrosis, remodeling, and stiffness induced by feeding a Western diet high in saturated fat and refined carbohydrates. However, how this occurs remains unknown. Thereby, we hypothesized that endothelial cell-specific EnNaC activation is necessary for aldosterone-mediated endothelium stiffness. To address this notion, EnNaC α-subunit knockout (EnNaC-/-) and wild-type littermate female mice were administrated aldosterone (250 µg/kg per day) via osmotic minipumps for 3 weeks beginning at 25 to 28 weeks of age. In isolated mouse endothelial cells, inward sodium currents were significantly reduced in amiloride controls, as well as in EnNaC-/-. Likewise, aldosterone-induced endothelium stiffness was increased and endothelium-dependent relaxation less in EnNaC-/- versus wild-type. Further, EnNaC-/- mice exhibited attenuated responses to aldosterone infusion, including aortic endoplasmic reticulum stress, endothelium nitric oxide synthase activation, endothelium permeability, expression of proinflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress, and aortic collagen 1 deposition, supporting the notion that αEnNaC subunit activation contributes to these vascular responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghong Jia
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
- Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Research Service, 800 Hospital Dr, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA
| | - Javad Habibi
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
- Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Research Service, 800 Hospital Dr, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA
| | - Annayya R. Aroor
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
- Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Research Service, 800 Hospital Dr, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA
| | - Michael A. Hill
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Yan Yang
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Adam Whaley-Connell
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
- Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Research Service, 800 Hospital Dr, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA
| | - Frederic Jaisser
- INSERM, UMR_S 1138, Team 1, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Université Paris Descartes, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - James R. Sowers
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
- Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Research Service, 800 Hospital Dr, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
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18
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Rahman K, Vengrenyuk Y, Ramsey SA, Vila NR, Girgis NM, Liu J, Gusarova V, Gromada J, Weinstock A, Moore KJ, Loke P, Fisher EA. Inflammatory Ly6Chi monocytes and their conversion to M2 macrophages drive atherosclerosis regression. J Clin Invest 2017. [PMID: 28650342 DOI: 10.1172/jci75005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease, and developing therapies to promote its regression is an important clinical goal. We previously established that atherosclerosis regression is characterized by an overall decrease in plaque macrophages and enrichment in markers of alternatively activated M2 macrophages. We have now investigated the origin and functional requirement for M2 macrophages in regression in normolipidemic mice that received transplants of atherosclerotic aortic segments. We compared plaque regression in WT normolipidemic recipients and those deficient in chemokine receptors necessary to recruit inflammatory Ly6Chi (Ccr2-/- or Cx3cr1-/-) or patrolling Ly6Clo (Ccr5-/-) monocytes. Atherosclerotic plaques transplanted into WT or Ccr5-/- recipients showed reduced macrophage content and increased M2 markers consistent with plaque regression, whereas plaques transplanted into Ccr2-/- or Cx3cr1-/- recipients lacked this regression signature. The requirement of recipient Ly6Chi monocyte recruitment was confirmed in cell trafficking studies. Fate-mapping and single-cell RNA sequencing studies also showed that M2-like macrophages were derived from newly recruited monocytes. Furthermore, we used recipient mice deficient in STAT6 to demonstrate a requirement for this critical component of M2 polarization in atherosclerosis regression. Collectively, these results suggest that continued recruitment of Ly6Chi inflammatory monocytes and their STAT6-dependent polarization to the M2 state are required for resolution of atherosclerotic inflammation and plaque regression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karishma Rahman
- Departments of Medicine (Cardiology) and Cell Biology, and the Marc and Ruti Bell Program in Vascular Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yuliya Vengrenyuk
- Department of Cardiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Stephen A Ramsey
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Noemi Rotllan Vila
- Department of Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, and Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism Program, Section of Comparative Medicine and Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Jianhua Liu
- Department of Surgery, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Ada Weinstock
- Departments of Medicine (Cardiology) and Cell Biology, and the Marc and Ruti Bell Program in Vascular Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kathryn J Moore
- Departments of Medicine (Cardiology) and Cell Biology, and the Marc and Ruti Bell Program in Vascular Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - P'ng Loke
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Edward A Fisher
- Departments of Medicine (Cardiology) and Cell Biology, and the Marc and Ruti Bell Program in Vascular Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiming Ye
- aDepartment of Cardiology, The Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, PR China bSaha Cardiovascular Research Center cDepartment of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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20
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Nowak WN, Deng J, Ruan XZ, Xu Q. Reactive Oxygen Species Generation and Atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 37:e41-e52. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.309228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Witold N. Nowak
- From the Cardiovascular Division, King’s BHF Centre, King’s College London, United Kingdom (W.N.N., J.D., Q.X.); Centre for Nephrology and Urology, Health Science Centre, Shenzhen University, China (X.Z.R.); and Centre for Nephrology, University College London, United Kingdom (X.Z.R.)
| | - Jiacheng Deng
- From the Cardiovascular Division, King’s BHF Centre, King’s College London, United Kingdom (W.N.N., J.D., Q.X.); Centre for Nephrology and Urology, Health Science Centre, Shenzhen University, China (X.Z.R.); and Centre for Nephrology, University College London, United Kingdom (X.Z.R.)
| | - Xiong Z. Ruan
- From the Cardiovascular Division, King’s BHF Centre, King’s College London, United Kingdom (W.N.N., J.D., Q.X.); Centre for Nephrology and Urology, Health Science Centre, Shenzhen University, China (X.Z.R.); and Centre for Nephrology, University College London, United Kingdom (X.Z.R.)
| | - Qingbo Xu
- From the Cardiovascular Division, King’s BHF Centre, King’s College London, United Kingdom (W.N.N., J.D., Q.X.); Centre for Nephrology and Urology, Health Science Centre, Shenzhen University, China (X.Z.R.); and Centre for Nephrology, University College London, United Kingdom (X.Z.R.)
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21
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Leukocyte Trafficking in Cardiovascular Disease: Insights from Experimental Models. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:9746169. [PMID: 28465628 PMCID: PMC5390637 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9746169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokine-induced leukocyte migration into the vessel wall is an early pathological event in the progression of atherosclerosis, the underlying cause of myocardial infarction. The immune-inflammatory response, mediated by both the innate and adaptive immune cells, is involved in the initiation, recruitment, and resolution phases of cardiovascular disease progression. Activation of leukocytes via inflammatory mediators such as chemokines, cytokines, and adhesion molecules is instrumental in these processes. In this review, we highlight leukocyte activation with the main focus being on the mechanisms of chemokine-mediated recruitment in atherosclerosis and the response postmyocardial infarction with key examples from experimental models of cardiovascular inflammation.
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