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Abstract
Purpose “Quantile-dependent expressivity” describes an effect of the genotype that depends upon the level of the phenotype (e.g., whether a subject’s triglycerides are high or low relative to its population distribution). Prior analyses suggest that the effect of a genetic risk score (GRS) on fasting plasma triglyceride levels increases with the percentile of the triglyceride distribution. Postprandial lipemia is well suited for testing quantile-dependent expressivity because it exposes each individual’s genotype to substantial increases in their plasma triglyceride concentrations. Ninety-seven published papers were identified that plotted mean triglyceride response vs. time and genotype, which were converted into quantitative data. Separately, for each published graph, standard least-squares regression analysis was used to compare the genotype differences at time t (dependent variable) to average triglyceride concentrations at time t (independent variable) to assess whether the genetic effect size increased in association with higher triglyceride concentrations and whether the phenomenon could explain purported genetic interactions with sex, diet, disease, BMI, and drugs. Results Consistent with the phenomenon, genetic effect sizes increased (P≤0.05) with increasing triglyceride concentrations for polymorphisms associated with ABCA1, ANGPTL4, APOA1, APOA2, APOA4, APOA5, APOB, APOC3, APOE, CETP, FABP2, FATP6, GALNT2, GCKR, HL, IL1b, LEPR, LOX-1, LPL, MC4R, MTTP, NPY, SORT1, SULF2, TNFA, TCF7L2, and TM6SF2. The effect size for these polymorphisms showed a progressively increasing dose-response, with intermediate effect sizes at intermediate triglyceride concentrations. Quantile-dependent expressivity provided an alternative interpretation to their interactions with sex, drugs, disease, diet, and age, which have been traditionally ascribed to gene-environment interactions and genetic predictors of drug efficacy (i.e., personalized medicine). Conclusion Quantile-dependent expressivity applies to the majority of genetic variants affecting postprandial triglycerides, which may arise because the impaired functionalities of these variants increase at higher triglyceride concentrations. Purported gene-drug interactions may be the manifestations of quantile-dependent expressivity, rather than genetic predictors of drug efficacy.
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Mayengbam S, Virtanen H, Hittel DS, Elliott C, Reimer RA, Vogel HJ, Shearer J. Metabolic consequences of discretionary fortified beverage consumption containing excessive vitamin B levels in adolescents. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0209913. [PMID: 30653534 PMCID: PMC6336241 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, there has been a substantial increase in the number of beverage products containing added vitamins and minerals. Often viewed as a healthier choice by consumers, the metabolic impacts of excessive vitamin consumption are relatively unknown, especially in children. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of a widely available, vitamin fortified beverage (5h Energy Decaffeinated) on insulin sensitivity, metabolic hormones and serum metabolomic responses in adolescents. Twenty adolescents (13-19y, 10M/10F) completed two randomized trials, consuming either coloured water as placebo (PL) or a vitamin fortified, sugar free beverage (FB, 1.5ml/kg) 40min prior to a modified oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT, 1.75g/kg glucose). Samples were collected at baseline and at 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120min during the OGTT. No differences in blood glucose response were observed between the treatments. However, compared to PL, postprandial plasma C-peptide and insulin excursion was significantly greater with FB, resulting in a 28% decline in the insulin sensitivity index. This was accompanied by elevated GLP-1, glucagon and PYY responses with FB compared to PL. Serum metabolomics (1H-NMR) analysis also revealed perturbations to vitamin B-linked one carbon metabolism flux with FB consumption that became more pronounced over time. These included a transient reduction in homocysteine flux accompanied by increases in betaine, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, choline, folate and taurine. Although these impacts are likely short-lived, results show that beverages fortified with excessive amounts of vitamins are not metabolically inert, but likely result in greater insulin secretion, differential gut hormone secretion and elevated one-carbon flux to process the excessive vitamin loads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyamchand Mayengbam
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Alberta Children’s Hospital, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Heidi Virtanen
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Alberta Children’s Hospital, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Dustin S. Hittel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Charlene Elliott
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Alberta Children’s Hospital, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Communication, Media, and Film, Faculty of Arts, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Raylene A. Reimer
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Alberta Children’s Hospital, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Hans J. Vogel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jane Shearer
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Alberta Children’s Hospital, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Gao A, Cayabyab FS, Chen X, Yang J, Wang L, Peng T, Lv Y. Implications of Sortilin in Lipid Metabolism and Lipid Disorder Diseases. DNA Cell Biol 2017; 36:1050-1061. [DOI: 10.1089/dna.2017.3853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anbo Gao
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Francisco S. Cayabyab
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Xi Chen
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Li Wang
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Tianhong Peng
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Yuncheng Lv
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, China
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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Corella D, Coltell O, Mattingley G, Sorlí JV, Ordovas JM. Utilizing nutritional genomics to tailor diets for the prevention of cardiovascular disease: a guide for upcoming studies and implementations. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2017; 17:495-513. [PMID: 28337931 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2017.1311208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Personalized diets based on an individual's genome to optimize the success of dietary intervention and reduce genetic cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, is one of the challenges most frequently discussed in the scientific community. Areas covered: The authors gathered literature-based evidence on nutritional genomics and CVD phenotypes, our own results and research experience to provide a critical overview of the current situation of using nutritional genomics to tailor diets for CVD prevention and to propose guidelines for future studies and implementations. Expert commentary: Hundreds of studies on gene-diet interactions determining CVD intermediate (plasma lipids, hypertension, etc.) and final phenotypes (stroke, etc.) have furnished top-level scientific evidence for claiming that the genetic effect in cardiovascular risk is not deterministic, but can be modified by diet. However, despite the many results obtained, there are still gaps in practically applying a personalized diet design to specific genotypes. Hence, a better systemization and methodological improvement of new studies is required to obtain top-level evidence that will allow their application in the future precision nutrition/medicine. The authors propose several recommendations for tackling new approaches and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolores Corella
- a Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine , University of Valencia , Valencia , Spain.,b CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición , Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Madrid , Spain
| | - Oscar Coltell
- b CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición , Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Madrid , Spain.,c Department of Computer Languages and Systems, School of Technology and Experimental Sciences , Universitat Jaume I , Castellón , Spain
| | - George Mattingley
- a Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine , University of Valencia , Valencia , Spain
| | - José V Sorlí
- a Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine , University of Valencia , Valencia , Spain.,b CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición , Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Madrid , Spain
| | - Jose M Ordovas
- d Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory , JM-USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University , Boston , MA , USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles E. Sparks
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Box 626, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, New York 14642 U.S.A., Tel: 585 275 7755; fax: 585 756 5337
| | - Robert P. Sparks
- University of South Florida, Department of Chemistry, 4104 East Fowler Avenue, Tampa, Florida 33620 U.S.A., Tel: 585-354-6064
| | - Janet D. Sparks
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Box 626, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, New York 14642 U.S.A., Tel: 585 275 7755; fax: 585 756 5337
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Deschamps CL, Connors KE, Klein MS, Johnsen VL, Shearer J, Vogel HJ, Devaney JM, Gordish-Dressman H, Many GM, Barfield W, Hoffman EP, Kraus WE, Hittel DS. The ACTN3 R577X Polymorphism Is Associated with Cardiometabolic Fitness in Healthy Young Adults. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130644. [PMID: 26107372 PMCID: PMC4480966 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Homozygosity for a premature stop codon (X) in the ACTN3 “sprinter” gene is common in humans despite the fact that it reduces muscle size, strength and power. Because of the close relationship between skeletal muscle function and cardiometabolic health we examined the influence of ACTN3 R577X polymorphism over cardiovascular and metabolic characteristics of young adults (n = 98 males, n = 102 females; 23 ± 4.2 years) from our Assessing Inherent Markers for Metabolic syndrome in the Young (AIMMY) study. Both males and females with the RR vs XX genotype achieved higher mean VO2 peak scores (47.8 ± 1.5 vs 43.2 ±1.8 ml/O2/min, p = 0.002) and exhibited higher resting systolic (115 ± 2 vs 105 ± mmHg, p = 0.027) and diastolic (69 ± 3 vs 59 ± 3 mmHg, p = 0.005) blood pressure suggesting a role for ACTN3 in the maintenance of vascular tone. We subsequently identified the expression of alpha-actinin 3 protein in pulmonary artery smooth muscle, which may explain the genotype-specific differences in cardiovascular adaptation to acute exercise. In addition, we utilized targeted serum metabolomics to distinguish between RR and XX genotypes, suggesting an additional role for the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism in human metabolism. Taken together, these results identify significant cardiometabolic effects associated with possessing one or more functional copies of the ACTN3 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea L. Deschamps
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Kimberly E. Connors
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Matthias S. Klein
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Virginia L. Johnsen
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Jane Shearer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Hans J. Vogel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Joseph M. Devaney
- Children’s National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Ave NW, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Heather Gordish-Dressman
- Children’s National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Ave NW, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Gina M. Many
- Children’s National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Ave NW, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Whitney Barfield
- Children’s National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Ave NW, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Eric P. Hoffman
- Children’s National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Ave NW, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - William E. Kraus
- Duke University, 304 Research Drive, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Dustin S. Hittel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Klein MS, Connors KE, Shearer J, Vogel HJ, Hittel DS. Metabolomics reveals the sex-specific effects of the SORT1 low-density lipoprotein cholesterol locus in healthy young adults. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:5063-70. [PMID: 25182463 DOI: 10.1021/pr500659r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Metabolite profiles of individuals possessing either the cardiovascular risk or protective variants of the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) associated 1p13.3 locus of the SORT1 gene (rs646776) were analyzed. Serum metabolites and lipids were assessed using LC-MS-based metabolomics in a healthy young population (n = 138: 95 males, 43 females). Although no significant differences were observed in the combined cohort, divergent sex effects were identified. Females carrying the protective allele showed increased phosphatidylcholines, very long chain fatty acids (>C20), and unsaturated fatty acids. Unsaturated fatty acids are considered to be protective against cardiovascular disease. In contrast, males carrying the protective allele exhibited decreased long-chain fatty acids (≤C20) and sphingomyelins, which is similarly considered to decrease cardiovascular disease risk. No significant changes in clinically assessed lipids such as LDL-C, high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C), total cholesterol, or triglycerides were observed in females, whereas only LDL-C was significantly changed in males. This indicates that, apart from reducing LDL-C, other mechanisms may contribute to the protective effect of the SORT1 locus. Thus, the analysis of metabolic biomarkers might reveal early disease development that may be overlooked by relying on standard clinical parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias S Klein
- Faculty of Kinesiology, ‡Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, and §Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary , Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
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