1
|
Schmidt S, Li W, Schubert M, Binnewerg B, Prönnecke C, Zitzmann FD, Bulst M, Wegner S, Meier M, Guan K, Jahnke HG. Novel high-dense microelectrode array based multimodal bioelectronic monitoring system for cardiac arrhythmia re-entry analysis. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 252:116120. [PMID: 38394704 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
In recent decades, significant progress has been made in the treatment of heart diseases, particularly in the field of personalized medicine. Despite the development of genetic tests, phenotyping and risk stratification are performed based on clinical findings and invasive in vivo techniques, such as stimulation conduction mapping techniques and programmed ventricular pacing. Consequently, label-free non-invasive in vitro functional analysis systems are urgently needed for more accurate and effective in vitro risk stratification, model-based therapy planning, and clinical safety profile evaluation of drugs. To overcome these limitations, a novel multilayer high-density microelectrode array (HD-MEA), with an optimized configuration of 512 sensing and 4 pacing electrodes on a sensor area of 100 mm2, was developed for the bioelectronic detection of re-entry arrhythmia patterns. Together with a co-developed front-end, we monitored label-free and in parallel cardiac electrophysiology based on field potential monitoring and mechanical contraction using impedance spectroscopy at the same microelectrode. In proof of principle experiments, human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPS)-derived cardiomyocytes were cultured on HD-MEAs and used to demonstrate the sensitive quantification of contraction strength modulation by cardioactive drugs such as blebbistatin (IC50 = 4.2 μM), omecamtiv and levosimendan. Strikingly, arrhythmia-typical rotor patterns (re-entry) can be induced by optimized electrical stimulation sequences and detected with high spatial resolution. Therefore, we provide a novel cardiac re-entry analysis system as a promising reference point for diagnostic approaches based on in vitro assays using patient-specific hiPS-derived cardiomyocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Schmidt
- Centre for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Biochemical Cell Technology, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wener Li
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Carl Gustav Carus Medical Faculty, Technical University Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, D-01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mario Schubert
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Carl Gustav Carus Medical Faculty, Technical University Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, D-01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Björn Binnewerg
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Carl Gustav Carus Medical Faculty, Technical University Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, D-01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christoph Prönnecke
- Centre for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Biochemical Cell Technology, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Franziska D Zitzmann
- Centre for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Biochemical Cell Technology, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Bulst
- Sciospec Scientific Instruments GmbH, Leipziger Str. 43b, D-04828, Bennewitz, Germany
| | - Sebastian Wegner
- Sciospec Scientific Instruments GmbH, Leipziger Str. 43b, D-04828, Bennewitz, Germany
| | - Matthias Meier
- Centre for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Biochemical Cell Technology, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany; Helmholtz Pioneer Campus, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Kaomei Guan
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Carl Gustav Carus Medical Faculty, Technical University Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, D-01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Heinz-Georg Jahnke
- Centre for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Biochemical Cell Technology, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Khanna A, Oropeza BP, Huang NF. Cardiovascular human organ-on-a-chip platform for disease modeling, drug development, and personalized therapy. J Biomed Mater Res A 2024; 112:512-523. [PMID: 37668192 PMCID: PMC11089005 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular organ-on-a-chip (OoC) devices are composed of engineered or native functional tissues that are cultured under controlled microenvironments inside microchips. These systems employ microfabrication and tissue engineering techniques to recapitulate human physiology. This review focuses on human OoC systems to model cardiovascular diseases, to perform drug screening, and to advance personalized medicine. We also address the challenges in the generation of organ chips that can revolutionize the large-scale application of these systems for drug development and personalized therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Beu P. Oropeza
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Center for Tissue Regeneration, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Ngan F. Huang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Center for Tissue Regeneration, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Aitova A, Berezhnoy A, Tsvelaya V, Gusev O, Lyundup A, Efimov AE, Agapov I, Agladze K. Biomimetic Cardiac Tissue Models for In Vitro Arrhythmia Studies. Biomimetics (Basel) 2023; 8:487. [PMID: 37887618 PMCID: PMC10604593 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics8060487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac arrhythmias are a major cause of cardiovascular mortality worldwide. Many arrhythmias are caused by reentry, a phenomenon where excitation waves circulate in the heart. Optical mapping techniques have revealed the role of reentry in arrhythmia initiation and fibrillation transition, but the underlying biophysical mechanisms are still difficult to investigate in intact hearts. Tissue engineering models of cardiac tissue can mimic the structure and function of native cardiac tissue and enable interactive observation of reentry formation and wave propagation. This review will present various approaches to constructing cardiac tissue models for reentry studies, using the authors' work as examples. The review will highlight the evolution of tissue engineering designs based on different substrates, cell types, and structural parameters. A new approach using polymer materials and cellular reprogramming to create biomimetic cardiac tissues will be introduced. The review will also show how computational modeling of cardiac tissue can complement experimental data and how such models can be applied in the biomimetics of cardiac tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleria Aitova
- Laboratory of Experimental and Cellular Medicine, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700 Dolgoprudny, Russia
- M.F. Vladimirsky Moscow Regional Clinical Research Institute, 129110 Moscow, Russia
- Almetyevsk State Oil Institute, 423450 Almetyevsk, Russia
| | - Andrey Berezhnoy
- Laboratory of Experimental and Cellular Medicine, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700 Dolgoprudny, Russia
- M.F. Vladimirsky Moscow Regional Clinical Research Institute, 129110 Moscow, Russia
- Almetyevsk State Oil Institute, 423450 Almetyevsk, Russia
| | - Valeriya Tsvelaya
- Laboratory of Experimental and Cellular Medicine, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700 Dolgoprudny, Russia
- M.F. Vladimirsky Moscow Regional Clinical Research Institute, 129110 Moscow, Russia
- Almetyevsk State Oil Institute, 423450 Almetyevsk, Russia
| | - Oleg Gusev
- Regulatory Genomics Research Center, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420018 Kazan, Russia
- Life Improvement by Future Technologies (LIFT) Center, 143025 Moscow, Russia
- Intractable Disease Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | | | - Anton E. Efimov
- Academician V.I. Shumakov National Medical Research Center of Transplantology and Artificial Organs, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123182 Moscow, Russia
| | - Igor Agapov
- Academician V.I. Shumakov National Medical Research Center of Transplantology and Artificial Organs, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123182 Moscow, Russia
| | - Konstantin Agladze
- Laboratory of Experimental and Cellular Medicine, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700 Dolgoprudny, Russia
- M.F. Vladimirsky Moscow Regional Clinical Research Institute, 129110 Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tong L, Zhao C, Fu Z, Dong R, Wu Z, Wang Z, Zhang N, Wang X, Cao B, Sun Y, Zheng D, Xia L, Deng D. Preliminary Study: Learning the Impact of Simulation Time on Reentry Location and Morphology Induced by Personalized Cardiac Modeling. Front Physiol 2021; 12:733500. [PMID: 35002750 PMCID: PMC8739986 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.733500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Personalized cardiac modeling is widely used for studying the mechanisms of cardiac arrythmias. Due to the high demanding of computational resource of modeling, the arrhythmias induced in the models are usually simulated for just a few seconds. In clinic, it is common that arrhythmias last for more than several minutes and the morphologies of reentries are not always stable, so it is not clear that whether the simulation of arrythmias for just a few seconds is long enough to match the arrhythmias detected in patients. This study aimed to observe how long simulation of the induced arrhythmias in the personalized cardiac models is sufficient to match the arrhythmias detected in patients. A total of 5 contrast enhanced MRI datasets of patient hearts with myocardial infarction were used in this study. Then, a classification method based on Gaussian mixture model was used to detect the infarct tissue. For each reentry, 3 s and 10 s were simulated. The characteristics of each reentry simulated for different duration were studied. Reentries were induced in all 5 ventricular models and sustained reentries were induced at 39 stimulation sites in the model. By analyzing the simulation results, we found that 41% of the sustained reentries in the 3 s simulation group terminated in the longer simulation groups (10 s). The second finding in our simulation was that only 23.1% of the sustained reentries in the 3 s simulation did not change location and morphology in the extended 10 s simulation. The third finding was that 35.9% reentries were stable in the 3 s simulation and should be extended for the simulation time. The fourth finding was that the simulation results in 10 s simulation matched better with the clinical measurements than the 3 s simulation. It was shown that 10 s simulation was sufficient to make simulation results stable. The findings of this study not only improve the simulation accuracy, but also reduce the unnecessary simulation time to achieve the optimal use of computer resources to improve the simulation efficiency and shorten the simulation time to meet the time node requirements of clinical operation on patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lv Tong
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Caiming Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhenyin Fu
- College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ruiqing Dong
- Department of Cardiology, Dushu Lake Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhenghong Wu
- College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zefeng Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinlu Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Boyang Cao
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Yutong Sun
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Dingchang Zheng
- Research Centre for Intelligent Healthcare, Faculty of Health and Life Science, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Ling Xia
- College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dongdong Deng
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
van Gorp PRR, Trines SA, Pijnappels DA, de Vries AAF. Multicellular In vitro Models of Cardiac Arrhythmias: Focus on Atrial Fibrillation. Front Cardiovasc Med 2020; 7:43. [PMID: 32296716 PMCID: PMC7138102 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia in clinical practice with a large socioeconomic impact due to its associated morbidity, mortality, reduction in quality of life and health care costs. Currently, antiarrhythmic drug therapy is the first line of treatment for most symptomatic AF patients, despite its limited efficacy, the risk of inducing potentially life-threating ventricular tachyarrhythmias as well as other side effects. Alternative, in-hospital treatment modalities consisting of electrical cardioversion and invasive catheter ablation improve patients' symptoms, but often have to be repeated and are still associated with serious complications and only suitable for specific subgroups of AF patients. The development and progression of AF generally results from the interplay of multiple disease pathways and is accompanied by structural and functional (e.g., electrical) tissue remodeling. Rational development of novel treatment modalities for AF, with its many different etiologies, requires a comprehensive insight into the complex pathophysiological mechanisms. Monolayers of atrial cells represent a simplified surrogate of atrial tissue well-suited to investigate atrial arrhythmia mechanisms, since they can easily be used in a standardized, systematic and controllable manner to study the role of specific pathways and processes in the genesis, perpetuation and termination of atrial arrhythmias. In this review, we provide an overview of the currently available two- and three-dimensional multicellular in vitro systems for investigating the initiation, maintenance and termination of atrial arrhythmias and AF. This encompasses cultures of primary (animal-derived) atrial cardiomyocytes (CMs), pluripotent stem cell-derived atrial-like CMs and (conditionally) immortalized atrial CMs. The strengths and weaknesses of each of these model systems for studying atrial arrhythmias will be discussed as well as their implications for future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Antoine A. F. de Vries
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Savoji H, Mohammadi MH, Rafatian N, Toroghi MK, Wang EY, Zhao Y, Korolj A, Ahadian S, Radisic M. Cardiovascular disease models: A game changing paradigm in drug discovery and screening. Biomaterials 2019; 198:3-26. [PMID: 30343824 PMCID: PMC6397087 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide. Although investment in drug discovery and development has been sky-rocketing, the number of approved drugs has been declining. Cardiovascular toxicity due to therapeutic drug use claims the highest incidence and severity of adverse drug reactions in late-stage clinical development. Therefore, to address this issue, new, additional, replacement and combinatorial approaches are needed to fill the gap in effective drug discovery and screening. The motivation for developing accurate, predictive models is twofold: first, to study and discover new treatments for cardiac pathologies which are leading in worldwide morbidity and mortality rates; and second, to screen for adverse drug reactions on the heart, a primary risk in drug development. In addition to in vivo animal models, in vitro and in silico models have been recently proposed to mimic the physiological conditions of heart and vasculature. Here, we describe current in vitro, in vivo, and in silico platforms for modelling healthy and pathological cardiac tissues and their advantages and disadvantages for drug screening and discovery applications. We review the pathophysiology and the underlying pathways of different cardiac diseases, as well as the new tools being developed to facilitate their study. We finally suggest a roadmap for employing these non-animal platforms in assessing drug cardiotoxicity and safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Houman Savoji
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 170 College St, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G9, Canada; Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, 200 Elizabeth St, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Mohammad Hossein Mohammadi
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 170 College St, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G9, Canada; Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College St, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E5, Canada; Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, 200 Elizabeth St, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Naimeh Rafatian
- Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, 200 Elizabeth St, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Masood Khaksar Toroghi
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College St, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Erika Yan Wang
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 170 College St, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Yimu Zhao
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 170 College St, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G9, Canada; Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College St, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Anastasia Korolj
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 170 College St, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G9, Canada; Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College St, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Samad Ahadian
- Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, 200 Elizabeth St, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Milica Radisic
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 170 College St, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G9, Canada; Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College St, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E5, Canada; Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, 200 Elizabeth St, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2C4, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Boyle PM, Franceschi WH, Constantin M, Hawks C, Desplantez T, Trayanova NA, Vigmond EJ. New insights on the cardiac safety factor: Unraveling the relationship between conduction velocity and robustness of propagation. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2019; 128:117-128. [PMID: 30677394 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac conduction disturbances are linked with arrhythmia development. The concept of safety factor (SF) has been derived to describe the robustness of conduction, but the usefulness of this metric has been constrained by several limitations. For example, due to the difficulty of measuring the necessary input variables, SF calculations have only been applied to synthetic data. Moreover, quantitative validation of SF is lacking; specifically, the practical meaning of particular SF values is unclear, aside from the fact that propagation failure (i.e., conduction block) is characterized by SF < 1. This study aims to resolve these limitations for our previously published SF formulation and explore its relationship to relevant electrophysiological properties of cardiac tissue. First, HL-1 cardiomyocyte monolayers were grown on multi-electrode arrays and the robustness of propagation was estimated using extracellular potential recordings. SF values reconstructed purely from experimental data were largely between 1 and 5 (up to 89.1% of sites characterized). This range is consistent with values derived from synthetic data, proving that the formulation is sound and its applicability is not limited to analysis of computational models. Second, for simulations conducted in 1-, 2-, and 3-dimensional tissue blocks, we calculated true SF values at locations surrounding the site of current injection for sub- and supra-threshold stimuli and found that they differed from values estimated by our SF formulation by <10%. Finally, we examined SF dynamics under conditions relevant to arrhythmia development in order to provide physiological insight. Our analysis shows that reduced conduction velocity (Θ) caused by impaired intrinsic cell-scale excitability (e.g., due to sodium current a loss-of-function mutation) is associated with less robust conduction (i.e., lower SF); however, intriguingly, Θ variability resulting from modulation of tissue scale conductivity has no effect on SF. These findings are supported by analytic derivation of the relevant relationships from first principles. We conclude that our SF formulation, which can be applied to both experimental and synthetic data, produces values that vary linearly with the excess charge needed for propagation. SF calculations can provide insights helpful in understanding the initiation and perpetuation of cardiac arrhythmia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M Boyle
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Institute for Computational Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - William H Franceschi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marion Constantin
- IHU Liryc, Electrophysiology and Heart Modeling Institute, Pessac-Bordeaux, France
| | - Claudia Hawks
- Department of Physics and Applied Mathematics at the University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Thomas Desplantez
- IHU Liryc, Electrophysiology and Heart Modeling Institute, Pessac-Bordeaux, France; INSERM, Centre de recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Natalia A Trayanova
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Institute for Computational Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Edward J Vigmond
- IHU Liryc, Electrophysiology and Heart Modeling Institute, Pessac-Bordeaux, France; Université de Bordeaux, Talence, France.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yesil-Celiktas O, Hassan S, Miri AK, Maharjan S, Al-kharboosh R, Quiñones-Hinojosa A, Zhang YS. Mimicking Human Pathophysiology in Organ-on-Chip Devices. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201800109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ozlem Yesil-Celiktas
- Division of Engineering in Medicine; Department of Medicine; Brigham and Women's Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Cambridge MA 02139 USA
- Department of Bioengineering; Faculty of Engineering; Ege University; Bornova-Izmir 35100 Turkey
| | - Shabir Hassan
- Division of Engineering in Medicine; Department of Medicine; Brigham and Women's Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Amir K. Miri
- Division of Engineering in Medicine; Department of Medicine; Brigham and Women's Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Cambridge MA 02139 USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Rowan University; 401 North Campus Drive Glassboro NJ 08028 USA
| | - Sushila Maharjan
- Division of Engineering in Medicine; Department of Medicine; Brigham and Women's Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Cambridge MA 02139 USA
- Research Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology; Nakkhu-4 Lalitpur 44600 Nepal
| | - Rawan Al-kharboosh
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine; Mayo Clinic Graduate School; Neuroscience, NBD Track Rochester MN 55905 USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Oncology, Neuroscience; Mayo Clinic; Jacksonville FL 32224 USA
| | | | - Yu Shrike Zhang
- Division of Engineering in Medicine; Department of Medicine; Brigham and Women's Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kim TY, Kofron CM, King ME, Markes AR, Okundaye AO, Qu Z, Mende U, Choi BR. Directed fusion of cardiac spheroids into larger heterocellular microtissues enables investigation of cardiac action potential propagation via cardiac fibroblasts. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196714. [PMID: 29715271 PMCID: PMC5929561 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multicellular spheroids generated through cellular self-assembly provide cytoarchitectural complexities of native tissue including three-dimensionality, extensive cell-cell contacts, and appropriate cell-extracellular matrix interactions. They are increasingly suggested as building blocks for larger engineered tissues to achieve shapes, organization, heterogeneity, and other biomimetic complexities. Application of these tissue culture platforms is of particular importance in cardiac research as the myocardium is comprised of distinct but intermingled cell types. Here, we generated scaffold-free 3D cardiac microtissue spheroids comprised of cardiac myocytes (CMs) and/or cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) and used them as building blocks to form larger microtissues with different spatial distributions of CMs and CFs. Characterization of fusing homotypic and heterotypic spheroid pairs revealed an important influence of CFs on fusion kinetics, but most strikingly showed rapid fusion kinetics between heterotypic pairs consisting of one CF and one CM spheroid, indicating that CMs and CFs self-sort in vitro into the intermixed morphology found in the healthy myocardium. We then examined electrophysiological integration of fused homotypic and heterotypic microtissues by mapping action potential propagation. Heterocellular elongated microtissues which recapitulate the disproportionate CF spatial distribution seen in the infarcted myocardium showed that action potentials propagate through CF volumes albeit with significant delay. Complementary computational modeling revealed an important role of CF sodium currents and the spatial distribution of the CM-CF boundary in action potential conduction through CF volumes. Taken together, this study provides useful insights for the development of complex, heterocellular engineered 3D tissue constructs and their engraftment via tissue fusion and has implications for arrhythmogenesis in cardiac disease and repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tae Yun Kim
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Institute, Rhode Island Hospital and Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States of America
| | - Celinda M. Kofron
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Institute, Rhode Island Hospital and Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States of America
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States of America
| | - Michelle E. King
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Institute, Rhode Island Hospital and Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States of America
| | - Alexander R. Markes
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Institute, Rhode Island Hospital and Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States of America
- Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States of America
| | - Amenawon O. Okundaye
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Institute, Rhode Island Hospital and Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology and Biotechnology, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States of America
| | - Zhilin Qu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Ulrike Mende
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Institute, Rhode Island Hospital and Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States of America
| | - Bum-Rak Choi
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Institute, Rhode Island Hospital and Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Caddeo S, Boffito M, Sartori S. Tissue Engineering Approaches in the Design of Healthy and Pathological In Vitro Tissue Models. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2017; 5:40. [PMID: 28798911 PMCID: PMC5526851 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2017.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the tissue engineering (TE) paradigm, engineering and life sciences tools are combined to develop bioartificial substitutes for organs and tissues, which can in turn be applied in regenerative medicine, pharmaceutical, diagnostic, and basic research to elucidate fundamental aspects of cell functions in vivo or to identify mechanisms involved in aging processes and disease onset and progression. The complex three-dimensional (3D) microenvironment in which cells are organized in vivo allows the interaction between different cell types and between cells and the extracellular matrix, the composition of which varies as a function of the tissue, the degree of maturation, and health conditions. In this context, 3D in vitro models can more realistically reproduce a tissue or organ than two-dimensional (2D) models. Moreover, they can overcome the limitations of animal models and reduce the need for in vivo tests, according to the "3Rs" guiding principles for a more ethical research. The design of 3D engineered tissue models is currently in its development stage, showing high potential in overcoming the limitations of already available models. However, many issues are still opened, concerning the identification of the optimal scaffold-forming materials, cell source and biofabrication technology, and the best cell culture conditions (biochemical and physical cues) to finely replicate the native tissue and the surrounding environment. In the near future, 3D tissue-engineered models are expected to become useful tools in the preliminary testing and screening of drugs and therapies and in the investigation of the molecular mechanisms underpinning disease onset and progression. In this review, the application of TE principles to the design of in vitro 3D models will be surveyed, with a focus on the strengths and weaknesses of this emerging approach. In addition, a brief overview on the development of in vitro models of healthy and pathological bone, heart, pancreas, and liver will be presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Caddeo
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Monica Boffito
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Susanna Sartori
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mimicking Cardiac Fibrosis in a Dish: Fibroblast Density Rather than Collagen Density Weakens Cardiomyocyte Function. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2017; 10:116-127. [PMID: 28281243 PMCID: PMC5437129 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-017-9737-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis is one of the most devastating effects of cardiac disease. Current in vitro models of cardiac fibrosis do not sufficiently mimic the complex in vivo environment of the cardiomyocyte. We determined the local composition and mechanical properties of the myocardium in established mouse models of genetic and acquired fibrosis and tested the effect of myocardial composition on cardiomyocyte contractility in vitro by systematically manipulating the number of fibroblasts and collagen concentration in a platform of engineered cardiac microtissues. The in vitro results showed that while increasing collagen content had little effect on microtissue contraction, increasing fibroblast density caused a significant reduction in contraction force. In addition, the beating frequency dropped significantly in tissues consisting of 50% cardiac fibroblasts or higher. Despite apparent dissimilarities between native and in vitro fibrosis, the latter allows for the independent analysis of local determinants of fibrosis, which is not possible in vivo.
Collapse
|
12
|
Hurtado-de-Mendoza D, Corona-Villalobos CP, Pozios I, Gonzales J, Soleimanifard Y, Sivalokanathan S, Montoya-Cerrillo D, Vakrou S, Kamel I, Mormontoy-Laurel W, Dolores-Cerna K, Suarez J, Perez-Melo S, Bluemke DA, Abraham TP, Zimmerman SL, Abraham MR. Diffuse interstitial fibrosis assessed by cardiac magnetic resonance is associated with dispersion of ventricular repolarization in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Arrhythm 2016; 33:201-207. [PMID: 28607615 PMCID: PMC5459419 DOI: 10.1016/j.joa.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is characterized by myocyte hypertrophy, disarray, fibrosis, and increased risk for ventricular arrhythmias. Increased QT dispersion has been reported in patients with HCM, but the underlying mechanisms have not been completely elucidated. In this study, we examined the relationship between diffuse interstitial fibrosis, replacement fibrosis, QTc dispersion and ventricular arrhythmias in patients with HCM. We hypothesized that fibrosis would slow impulse propagation and increase dispersion of ventricular repolarization, resulting in increased QTc dispersion on surface electrocardiogram (ECG) and ventricular arrhythmias. Methods ECG and cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) image analyses were performed retrospectively in 112 patients with a clinical diagnosis of HCM. Replacement fibrosis was assessed by measuring late gadolinium (Gd) enhancement (LGE), using a semi-automated threshold technique. Diffuse interstitial fibrosis was assessed by measuring T1 relaxation times after Gd administration, using the Look–Locker sequence. QTc dispersion was measured digitally in the septal/anterior (V1–V4), inferior (II, III, and aVF), and lateral (I, aVL, V5, and V6) lead groups on surface ECG. Results All patients had evidence of asymmetric septal hypertrophy. LGE was evident in 70 (63%) patients; the median T1 relaxation time was 411±38 ms. An inverse correlation was observed between T1 relaxation time and QTc dispersion in leads V1–V4 (p<0.001). Patients with HCM who developed sustained ventricular tachycardia had slightly higher probability of increased QTc dispersion in leads V1–V4 (odds ratio, 1.011 [1.004–1.0178, p=0.003). We found no correlation between presence and percentage of LGE and QTc dispersion. Conclusion Diffuse interstitial fibrosis is associated with increased dispersion of ventricular repolarization in leads, reflecting electrical activity in the hypertrophied septum. Interstitial fibrosis combined with ion channel/gap junction remodeling in the septum could lead to inhomogeneity of ventricular refractoriness, resulting in increased QTc dispersion in leads V1–V4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Hurtado-de-Mendoza
- Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Center of Excellence, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Ave, Ross 871, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Cayetano Heredia University School of Medicine, 430 Honorio Delgado Ave, Lima, LIMA 31, Peru
| | - Celia P Corona-Villalobos
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, MRI 110B, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Iraklis Pozios
- Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Center of Excellence, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Ave, Ross 871, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jorge Gonzales
- Cayetano Heredia University School of Medicine, 430 Honorio Delgado Ave, Lima, LIMA 31, Peru
| | - Yalda Soleimanifard
- Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Center of Excellence, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Ave, Ross 871, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Sanjay Sivalokanathan
- Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Center of Excellence, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Ave, Ross 871, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Diego Montoya-Cerrillo
- Cayetano Heredia University School of Medicine, 430 Honorio Delgado Ave, Lima, LIMA 31, Peru
| | - Styliani Vakrou
- Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Center of Excellence, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Ave, Ross 871, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Ihab Kamel
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, MRI 110B, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Wilfredo Mormontoy-Laurel
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Statistics, Demography, Humanities and Social Sciences, Cayetano Heredia University, 430 Honorio Delgado Ave, Lima, LIMA 31, Peru
| | - Ketty Dolores-Cerna
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Statistics, Demography, Humanities and Social Sciences, Cayetano Heredia University, 430 Honorio Delgado Ave, Lima, LIMA 31, Peru
| | - Jacsel Suarez
- Cayetano Heredia University School of Medicine, 430 Honorio Delgado Ave, Lima, LIMA 31, Peru
| | - Sergio Perez-Melo
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Florida International University, S.W. 8th Street, DM 430, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - David A Bluemke
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Rm 10/1C355, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Theodore P Abraham
- Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Center of Excellence, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Ave, Ross 871, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Stefan L Zimmerman
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, MRI 110B, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - M Roselle Abraham
- Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Center of Excellence, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Ave, Ross 871, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ribas J, Sadeghi H, Manbachi A, Leijten J, Brinegar K, Zhang YS, Ferreira L, Khademhosseini A. Cardiovascular Organ-on-a-Chip Platforms for Drug Discovery and Development. APPLIED IN VITRO TOXICOLOGY 2016; 2:82-96. [PMID: 28971113 PMCID: PMC5044977 DOI: 10.1089/aivt.2016.0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are prevalent worldwide and are the most frequent causes of death in the United States. Although spending in drug discovery/development has increased, the amount of drug approvals has seen a progressive decline. Particularly, adverse side effects to the heart and general vasculature have become common causes for preclinical project closures, and preclinical models do not fully recapitulate human in vivo dynamics. Recently, organs-on-a-chip technologies have been proposed to mimic the dynamic conditions of the cardiovascular system-in particular, heart and general vasculature. These systems pay particular attention to mimicking structural organization, shear stress, transmural pressure, mechanical stretching, and electrical stimulation. Heart- and vasculature-on-a-chip platforms have been successfully generated to study a variety of physiological phenomena, model diseases, and probe the effects of drugs. Here, we review and discuss recent breakthroughs in the development of cardiovascular organs-on-a-chip platforms, and their current and future applications in the area of drug discovery and development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- João Ribas
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Doctoral Program in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine, Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Hossein Sadeghi
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Amir Manbachi
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Jeroen Leijten
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Department of Developmental BioEngineering, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Katelyn Brinegar
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Yu Shrike Zhang
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Lino Ferreira
- CNC-Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Physics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Bioindustrial Technologies, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Majumder R, Engels MC, de Vries AAF, Panfilov AV, Pijnappels DA. Islands of spatially discordant APD alternans underlie arrhythmogenesis by promoting electrotonic dyssynchrony in models of fibrotic rat ventricular myocardium. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24334. [PMID: 27072041 PMCID: PMC4829862 DOI: 10.1038/srep24334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis and altered gap junctional coupling are key features of ventricular remodelling and are associated with abnormal electrical impulse generation and propagation. Such abnormalities predispose to reentrant electrical activity in the heart. In the absence of tissue heterogeneity, high-frequency impulse generation can also induce dynamic electrical instabilities leading to reentrant arrhythmias. However, because of the complexity and stochastic nature of such arrhythmias, the combined effects of tissue heterogeneity and dynamical instabilities in these arrhythmias have not been explored in detail. Here, arrhythmogenesis was studied using in vitro and in silico monolayer models of neonatal rat ventricular tissue with 30% randomly distributed cardiac myofibroblasts and systematically lowered intercellular coupling achieved in vitro through graded knockdown of connexin43 expression. Arrhythmia incidence and complexity increased with decreasing intercellular coupling efficiency. This coincided with the onset of a specialized type of spatially discordant action potential duration alternans characterized by island-like areas of opposite alternans phase, which positively correlated with the degree of connexinx43 knockdown and arrhythmia complexity. At higher myofibroblast densities, more of these islands were formed and reentrant arrhythmias were more easily induced. This is the first study exploring the combinatorial effects of myocardial fibrosis and dynamic electrical instabilities on reentrant arrhythmia initiation and complexity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rupamanjari Majumder
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Heart Lung Centre Leiden, Leiden University Medical Enter, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Marc C. Engels
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Heart Lung Centre Leiden, Leiden University Medical Enter, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Antoine A. F. de Vries
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Heart Lung Centre Leiden, Leiden University Medical Enter, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Daniël A. Pijnappels
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Heart Lung Centre Leiden, Leiden University Medical Enter, Leiden, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Benam KH, Dauth S, Hassell B, Herland A, Jain A, Jang KJ, Karalis K, Kim HJ, MacQueen L, Mahmoodian R, Musah S, Torisawa YS, van der Meer AD, Villenave R, Yadid M, Parker KK, Ingber DE. Engineered in vitro disease models. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2015; 10:195-262. [PMID: 25621660 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-012414-040418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 366] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The ultimate goal of most biomedical research is to gain greater insight into mechanisms of human disease or to develop new and improved therapies or diagnostics. Although great advances have been made in terms of developing disease models in animals, such as transgenic mice, many of these models fail to faithfully recapitulate the human condition. In addition, it is difficult to identify critical cellular and molecular contributors to disease or to vary them independently in whole-animal models. This challenge has attracted the interest of engineers, who have begun to collaborate with biologists to leverage recent advances in tissue engineering and microfabrication to develop novel in vitro models of disease. As these models are synthetic systems, specific molecular factors and individual cell types, including parenchymal cells, vascular cells, and immune cells, can be varied independently while simultaneously measuring system-level responses in real time. In this article, we provide some examples of these efforts, including engineered models of diseases of the heart, lung, intestine, liver, kidney, cartilage, skin and vascular, endocrine, musculoskeletal, and nervous systems, as well as models of infectious diseases and cancer. We also describe how engineered in vitro models can be combined with human inducible pluripotent stem cells to enable new insights into a broad variety of disease mechanisms, as well as provide a test bed for screening new therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kambez H Benam
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115;
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Vandergriff AC, Hensley MT, Cheng K. Isolation and cryopreservation of neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. J Vis Exp 2015:52726. [PMID: 25938862 PMCID: PMC4541493 DOI: 10.3791/52726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell culture has become increasingly important in cardiac research, but due to the limited proliferation of cardiomyocytes, culturing cardiomyocytes is difficult and time consuming. The most commonly used cells are neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRCMs), which require isolation every time cells are needed. The birth of the rats can be unpredictable. Cryopreservation is proposed to allow for cells to be stored until needed, yet freezing/thawing methods for primary cardiomyocytes are challenging due to the sensitivity of the cells. Using the proper cryoprotectant, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), cryopreservation was achieved. By slowly extracting the DMSO while thawing the cells, cultures were obtained with viable NRCMs. NRCM phenotype was verified using immunocytochemistry staining for α-sarcomeric actinin. In addition, cells also showed spontaneous contraction after several days in culture. Cell viability after thawing was acceptable at 40-60%. In spite of this, the methods outlined allow one to easily cryopreserve and thaw NRCMs. This gives researchers a greater amount of flexibility in planning experiments as well as reducing the use of animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam C Vandergriff
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences and Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University; Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina State University
| | - Michael Taylor Hensley
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences and Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University; Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina State University
| | - Ke Cheng
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences and Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University; Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina State University; The Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Soochow University;
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Chang MG, de Lange E, Calmettes G, Garfinkel A, Qu Z, Weiss JN. Pro- and antiarrhythmic effects of ATP-sensitive potassium current activation on reentry during early afterdepolarization-mediated arrhythmias. Heart Rhythm 2013; 10:575-82. [PMID: 23246594 PMCID: PMC4285341 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2012.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Under conditions promoting early afterdepolarizations (EADs), ventricular tissue can become bi-excitable, that is, capable of wave propagation mediated by either the Na current (INa) or the L-type calcium current (ICa,L), raising the possibility that ICa,L-mediated reentry may contribute to polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (PVT) and torsades de pointes. ATP-sensitive K current (IKATP) activation suppresses EADs, but the effects on ICa,L-mediated reentry are unknown. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of IKATP activation on ICa,L-mediated reentry. METHODS We performed optical voltage mapping in cultured neonatal rat ventricular myocyte monolayers exposed to BayK8644 and isoproterenol. The effects of pharmacologically activating IKATP with pinacidil were analyzed. RESULTS In 13 monolayers with anatomic ICa,L-mediated reentry around a central obstacle, pinacidil (50 μM) converted ICa,L-mediated reentry to INa-mediated reentry. In 33 monolayers with functional ICa,L-mediated reentry (spiral waves), pinacidil terminated reentry in 17, converted reentry into more complex INa-mediated reentry resembling fibrillation in 12, and had no effect in 4. In simulated 2-dimensional bi-excitable tissue in which ICa,L- and INa-mediated wave fronts coexisted, slow IKATP activation (over minutes) reliably terminated rotors but rapid IKATP activation (over seconds) often converted ICa,L-mediated reentry to INa-mediated reentry resembling fibrillation. CONCLUSIONS IKATP activation can have proarrhythmic effects on EAD-mediated arrhythmias if ICa,L-mediated reentry is present.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marvin G. Chang
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Enno de Lange
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Guillaume Calmettes
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Alan Garfinkel
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Zhilin Qu
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - James N. Weiss
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, California
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hwang HJ, Chang W, Song BW, Song H, Cha MJ, Kim IK, Lim S, Choi EJ, Ham O, Lee SY, Shim J, Joung B, Pak HN, Kim SS, Choi BR, Jang Y, Lee MH, Hwang KC. Antiarrhythmic Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Is Modulated by Hypoxic Environment. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012; 60:1698-706. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2012.04.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Revised: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
19
|
Askar SFA, Bingen BO, Schalij MJ, Swildens J, Atsma DE, Schutte CI, de Vries AAF, Zeppenfeld K, Ypey DL, Pijnappels DA. Similar arrhythmicity in hypertrophic and fibrotic cardiac cultures caused by distinct substrate-specific mechanisms. Cardiovasc Res 2012; 97:171-81. [PMID: 22977008 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvs290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis are associated with potentially lethal arrhythmias. As these substrates often occur simultaneously in one patient, distinguishing between pro-arrhythmic mechanisms is difficult. This hampers understanding of underlying pro-arrhythmic mechanisms and optimal treatment. This study investigates and compares arrhythmogeneity and underlying pro-arrhythmic mechanisms of either cardiac hypertrophy or fibrosis in in vitro models. METHODS AND RESULTS Fibrosis was mimicked by free myofibroblast (MFB) proliferation in neonatal rat ventricular monolayers. Cultures with inhibited MFB proliferation were used as control or exposed to phenylephrine to induce hypertrophy. At Day 9, cultures were studied with patch-clamp and optical-mapping techniques and assessed for protein expression. In hypertrophic (n = 111) and fibrotic cultures (n = 107), conduction and repolarization were slowed. Triggered activity was commonly found in these substrates and led to high incidences of spontaneous re-entrant arrhythmias [67.5% hypertrophic, 78.5% fibrotic vs. 2.9% in controls (n = 102)] or focal arrhythmias (39.1, 51.7 vs. 8.8%, respectively). Kv4.3 and Cx43 protein expression levels were decreased in hypertrophy but unaffected in fibrosis. Depolarization of cardiomyocytes (CMCs) was only found in fibrotic cultures (-48 ± 7 vs. -66 ± 7 mV in control, P < 0.001). L-type calcium-channel blockade prevented arrhythmias in hypertrophy, but caused conduction block in fibrosis. Targeting heterocellular coupling by low doses of gap-junction uncouplers prevented arrhythmias by accelerating repolarization only in fibrotic cultures. CONCLUSION Cultured hypertrophic or fibrotic myocardial tissues generated similar focal and re-entrant arrhythmias. These models revealed electrical remodelling of CMCs as a pro-arrhythmic mechanism of hypertrophy and MFB-induced depolarization of CMCs as a pro-arrhythmic mechanism of fibrosis. These findings provide novel mechanistic insight into substrate-specific arrhythmicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saïd F A Askar
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kim DH, Kshitiz, Smith RR, Kim P, Ahn EH, Kim HN, Marbán E, Suh KY, Levchenko A. Nanopatterned cardiac cell patches promote stem cell niche formation and myocardial regeneration. Integr Biol (Camb) 2012; 4:1019-33. [PMID: 22890784 DOI: 10.1039/c2ib20067h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell-based methods for myocardial regeneration suffer from considerable cell attrition. Artificial matrices reproducing mechanical and structural properties of the native tissue may facilitate survival, retention and functional integration of adult stem or progenitor cells, by conditioning the cells prior to, and during, transplantation. Here we combined autologous cardiosphere-derived cells (CDCs) with nanotopographically defined hydrogels mimicking the native myocardial matrix, to form in vitro cardiac stem cell niches, and control cell function and fate. These platforms were used to produce cardiac patches that could be transplanted at the site of infarct. In culture, highly anisotropic, but not more randomized nanotopographic, control augmented cell adhesion, migration, and proliferation. It also dramatically enhanced early, and, in the presence of mature cardiomyocytes, late cardiomyogenesis. Nanotopography sensing and transcriptional response was mediated via p190RhoGAP. In a rat infarction model, engraftment of nanofabricated scaffolds with CDCs enhanced retention and growth of transplanted cells, and their integration with the host tissue. The infarcted ventricle wall increased in thickness, with higher cell viability and better collagen organization. These results suggest that nanostructured polymeric materials that closely mimic the extracellular matrix structure on which cardiac cells reside in vivo can be both very effective tools in investigating the mechanisms of cardiac differentiation and the basis for cardiac tissue engineering, thus facilitating stem cell-based therapy in the heart.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deok-Ho Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Hyaluronic acid-human blood hydrogels for stem cell transplantation. Biomaterials 2012; 33:8026-33. [PMID: 22898181 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.07.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering-based approaches have the potential to improve stem cell engraftment by increasing cell delivery to the myocardium. Our objective was to develop and characterize a naturally-derived, autologous, biodegradable hydrogel in order to improve acute stem cell retention in the myocardium. HA-blood hydrogels (HA-BL) were synthesized by mixing in a 1:1(v/v) ratio, lysed whole blood and hyaluronic acid (HA), whose carboxyl groups were functionalized with N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) to yield HA succinimidyl succinate (HA-NHS). We performed physical characterization and measured survival/proliferation of cardiosphere-derived cells (CDCs) encapsulated in the hydrogels. Hydrogels were injected intra-myocardially or applied epicardially in rats. NHS-activated carboxyl groups in HA react with primary amines present in blood and myocardium to form amide bonds, resulting in a 3D hydrogel bound to tissue. HA-blood hydrogels had a gelation time of 58±12 s, swelling ratio of 10±0.5, compressive and elastic modulus of 14±3 and 1.75±0.6 kPa respectively. These hydrogels were not degraded at 4 wks by hydrolysis alone. CDC encapsulation promoted their survival and proliferation. Intra-myocardial injection of CDCs encapsulated in these hydrogels greatly increased acute myocardial retention (p=0.001). Epicardial application of HA-blood hydrogels improved left ventricular ejection fraction following myocardial infarction (p=0.01). HA-blood hydrogels are highly adhesive, biodegradable, promote CDC survival and increase cardiac function following epicardial application after myocardial infarction.
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
Understanding the developmental basis of cardiac electrical activity has proven technically challenging, largely as a result of the inaccessible nature of the heart during cardiogenesis in many organisms. The emergence of the zebrafish as a model organism has availed the very earliest stages of heart formation to experimental exploration. The zebrafish also offers a robust platform for genetic and chemical screening. These tools have been exploited in screens for modifiers of cardiac electrophysiologic phenotypes and in screens for novel drugs.
Collapse
|
23
|
Ratiometric imaging of calcium during ischemia-reperfusion injury in isolated mouse hearts using Fura-2. Biomed Eng Online 2012; 11:39. [PMID: 22812644 PMCID: PMC3466138 DOI: 10.1186/1475-925x-11-39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We present an easily implementable method for measuring Fura-2 fluorescence from isolated mouse hearts using a commercially available switching light source and CCD camera. After calibration, it provides a good estimate of intracellular [Ca2+] with both high spatial and temporal resolutions, permitting study of changes in dispersion of diastolic [Ca2+], Ca2+ transient dynamics, and conduction velocities in mouse hearts. In a proof-of-principle study, we imaged isolated Langendorff-perfused mouse hearts with reversible regional myocardial infarctions. Methods Isolated mouse hearts were perfused in the Landendorff-mode and loaded with Fura-2. Hearts were then paced rapidly and subjected to 15 minutes of regional ischemia by ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery, following which the ligation was removed to allow reperfusion for 15 minutes. Fura-2 fluorescence was recorded at regular intervals using a high-speed CCD camera. The two wavelengths of excitation light were interleaved at a rate of 1 KHz with a computer controlled switching light source to illuminate the heart. Results Fura-2 produced consistent Ca2+ transients from different hearts. Ligating the coronary artery rapidly generated a well defined region with a dramatic rise in diastolic Ca2+ without a significant change in transient amplitude; Ca2+ handling normalized during reperfusion. Conduction velocity was reduced by around 50% during ischemia, and did not recover significantly when monitored for 15 minutes following reperfusion. Conclusions Our method of imaging Fura-2 from isolated whole hearts is capable of detecting pathological changes in intracellular Ca2+ levels in cardiac tissue. The persistent change in the conduction velocities indicates that changes to tissue connectivity rather than altered intracellular Ca2+ handling may be underlying the electrical instabilities commonly seen in patients following a myocardial infarction.
Collapse
|
24
|
Ziv O, Schofield L, Lau E, Chaves L, Patel D, Jeng P, Peng X, Choi BR, Koren G. A novel, minimally invasive, segmental myocardial infarction with a clear healed infarct borderzone in rabbits. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2012; 302:H2321-30. [PMID: 22447944 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00031.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Ventricular arrhythmias in the setting of a healed myocardial infarction have been studied to a much lesser degree than acute and subacute infarction, due to the pericardial scarring, which results from the traditional open-chest techniques used for myocardial infarction (MI) induction. We sought to develop a segmental MI with low perioperative mortality in the rabbit that allows optimal visualization and therefore improved study of the infarction borderzone. Rabbits underwent MI using endovascular coil occlusion of the first obtuse marginal artery. Three weeks postprocedure, we evaluated our model by echocardiography and electrophysiology studies, optical mapping of isolated hearts, and histological studies. Seventeen rabbits underwent the protocol (12 MI and 5 sham) with a 92% survival to completion of the study (11 MI and 5 sham). MI rabbits demonstrated wall motion abnormalities on echocardiography while shams did not. At electrophysiological study, two MI rabbits had inducible ventricular tachycardia and one had inducible ventricular fibrillation. Isolated hearts demonstrated no pericardial scarring with a smooth, easily identifiable infarct borderzone. Optical mapping of the borderzone region showed successful mapping of peri-infarct reentry formation, with ventricular fibrillation inducible in 11 of 11 MI hearts and 1 of 5 sham hearts. We demonstrate successful high resolution mapping in the borderzone, showing delayed conduction in this region corresponding to late deflections in the QRS on ECG. We report the successful development of a minimally invasive MI via targeted coil delivery to the obtuse marginal artery with an exceptionally high rate of procedural survival and an arrhythmogenic phenotype. This model mimics human post-MI on echocardiography, gross pathology, histology, and electrophysiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ohad Ziv
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Hayakawa T, Kunihiro T, Dowaki S, Uno H, Matsui E, Uchida M, Kobayashi S, Yasuda A, Shimizu T, Okano T. Noninvasive Evaluation of Contractile Behavior of Cardiomyocyte Monolayers Based on Motion Vector Analysis. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2012; 18:21-32. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2011.0273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Hayakawa
- Life Science Laboratory, Advanced Material Laboratories, Sony Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kunihiro
- Signal Processing Technology Department No. 1, Common Technology Division, Technology Development Group, Sony Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Suguru Dowaki
- Life Science Laboratory, Advanced Material Laboratories, Sony Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hatsume Uno
- Life Science Laboratory, Advanced Material Laboratories, Sony Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eriko Matsui
- Life Science Laboratory, Advanced Material Laboratories, Sony Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masashi Uchida
- Signal Processing Technology Department No. 1, Common Technology Division, Technology Development Group, Sony Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seiji Kobayashi
- Signal Processing Technology Department No. 1, Common Technology Division, Technology Development Group, Sony Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akio Yasuda
- Life Science Laboratory, Advanced Material Laboratories, Sony Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Shimizu
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University, TWIns, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Teruo Okano
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University, TWIns, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Extramiana F, Messali A, Labbé JP, Maison-Blanche P, Denjoy I, De Jode P, Kedra A, Leenhardt A. Les réentrées. ARCHIVES OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES SUPPLEMENTS 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s1878-6480(11)70391-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
27
|
Feinberg AW. Engineered tissue grafts: opportunities and challenges in regenerative medicine. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2011; 4:207-20. [PMID: 22012681 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The human body has limited regenerative capacity in most of the major tissues and organs. This fact has spurred the field of regenerative medicine, promising to repair damage following traumatic injury or disease. Multiple therapeutic strategies are being explored including small molecules, gene delivery, and stem cells; however, tissue engineering remains a primary approach to achieving regeneration. Organ transplantation demonstrates that damaged tissues can be replaced, but technology to regenerate complex organs de novo is not yet available. Instead, tissue engineering can augment the body's own regenerative ability by replacing tissue sections and enhancing the regenerative cascade. As a consequence of these opportunities, it is timely to review the criteria and current status of engineered tissue grafts designed as patches to replace or regenerate damaged or diseased tissue and restore organ function. This topic will be explored starting from the biomaterials and cells incorporated into the engineered graft, the environment into which the graft is implanted and the integration of the engineered graft with the host. Common issues will be addressed that are relevant to regeneration in multiple tissue and organ systems. Specific examples will focus on engineered grafts for myocardial and corneal repair to illustrate the tissue-specific challenges and opportunities and highlight the innovation needed as the field moves forward.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam W Feinberg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Extramiana F, Leenhardt A. Prolonged QRS duration and sudden cardiac death risk stratification: Not yet ready for prime time. Heart Rhythm 2011; 8:1568-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2011.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
29
|
Chang MG, Sato D, de Lange E, Lee JH, Karagueuzian HS, Garfinkel A, Weiss JN, Qu Z. Bi-stable wave propagation and early afterdepolarization-mediated cardiac arrhythmias. Heart Rhythm 2011; 9:115-22. [PMID: 21855520 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2011.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In normal atrial and ventricular tissue, the electrical wavefronts are mediated by the fast sodium current (I(Na)), whereas in sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodal tissue, conduction is mediated by the slow L-type calcium current (I(Ca,L)). However, it has not been shown whether the same tissue can exhibit both the I(Na)-mediated and the I(Ca,L)-mediated conduction. OBJECTIVE This study sought to test the hypothesis that bi-stable cardiac wave conduction, mediated by I(Na) and I(Ca,L), respectively, can occur in the same tissue under conditions promoting early afterdepolarizations (EADs), and to study how this novel wave dynamics is related to the mechanisms of EAD-mediated arrhythmias. METHODS Computer models of two-dimensional (2D) tissue with a physiologically detailed action potential model were used to study the bi-stable wave dynamics. Theoretical predictions were tested experimentally by optical mapping in neonatal rat ventricular myocyte monolayers. RESULTS In the same 2D homogeneous tissue, we could induce spiral waves that are mediated by either I(Na) or I(Ca,L) under conditions in which the action potential model exhibited EADs. This bi-stable wave propagation behavior was similar to bi-stability shown in many other nonlinear systems. Because the bi-stable states are also excitable, we call this novel behavior bi-excitability. In a 2D heterogeneous tissue, the I(Ca,L)-mediated spiral wave meanders, giving rise to a twisting electrocardiographic QRS axis, resembling torsades de pointes, whereas the coexistence and interplay between the I(Na)-mediated wavefronts and I(Ca,L)-mediated wavefronts give rise to polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. We also present experimental evidence for bi-excitability under EAD-promoting conditions in neonatal rat ventricular myocyte monolayers exposed to BayK8644 and isoproterenol. CONCLUSION Under EAD-prone conditions, both I(Na)-mediated conduction and I(Ca,L)-mediated conduction can occur in the same tissue. These novel wave dynamics may be responsible for certain EAD-mediated arrhythmias, such as torsades de pointes and polymorphic ventricular tachycardia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marvin G Chang
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Askar SF, Ramkisoensing AA, Schalij MJ, Bingen BO, Swildens J, van der Laarse A, Atsma DE, de Vries AA, Ypey DL, Pijnappels DA. Antiproliferative treatment of myofibroblasts prevents arrhythmias in vitro by limiting myofibroblast-induced depolarization. Cardiovasc Res 2011; 90:295-304. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvr011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
|
31
|
|
32
|
Cardona K, Trénor B, Moltó G, Martínez M, Ferrero JM, Starmer F, Saiz J. Exploring the role of pH in modulating the effects of lidocaine in virtual ischemic tissue. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2010; 299:H1615-24. [PMID: 20709860 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00425.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Lidocaine is a class I antiarrhytmic drug that blocks Na(+) channels and exists in both neutral and charged forms at a physiological pH. In this work, a mathematical model of pH and the frequency-modulated effects of lidocaine has been developed and incorporated into the Luo-Rudy model of the ventricular action potential. We studied the effects of lidocaine on Na(+) current, maximum upstroke velocity, and conduction velocity and demonstrated that a decrease of these parameters was dependent on pH, frequency, and concentration. We also tested the action of lidocaine under pathological conditions. Specifically, we investigated its effects on conduction block under acute regional ischemia. Our results in one-dimensional fiber simulations showed a reduction of the window of block in the presence of lidocaine, thereby highlighting the role of reduced conduction velocity and safe conduction. This reduction may be related to the antifibrillatory effects of the drug by hampering wavefront fragmentation. In bidimensional acute ischemic tissue, lidocaine increased the vulnerable window for reentry and exerted proarrhythmic effects. In conclusion, the present simulation study used a newly formulated model of lidocaine, which considers pH and frequency modulation, and revealed the mechanisms by which lidocaine facilitates the onset of reentries. The results of this study also help to increase our understanding of the potential antifibrillatory effects of the drug.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Cardona
- Instituto de Investigación Interuniversitario en Bioingeniería y Tecnología Orientada al Ser Humano Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
The potential of microelectrode arrays and microelectronics for biomedical research and diagnostics. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 399:2313-29. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3968-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2010] [Accepted: 06/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|