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Jiao T, Collado A, Mahdi A, Tengbom J, Tratsiakovich Y, Milne GT, Alvarsson M, Lundberg JO, Zhou Z, Yang J, Pernow J. Stimulation of Erythrocyte Soluble Guanylyl Cyclase Induces cGMP Export and Cardioprotection in Type 2 Diabetes. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2023; 8:907-918. [PMID: 37719424 PMCID: PMC10504399 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2023.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Reduced nitric oxide (NO) bioactivity in red blood cells (RBCs) is critical for augmented myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in type 2 diabetes. This study identified the nature of "NO bioactivity" by stimulating the intracellular NO receptor soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) in RBCs. sGC stimulation in RBCs from patients with type 2 diabetes increased export of cyclic guanosine monophosphate from RBCs and activated cardiac protein kinase G, thereby attenuating ischemia-reperfusion injury. These results provide novel insight into RBC signaling by identifying cyclic guanosine monophosphate from RBC as a mediator of protection against cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury induced by sGC stimulation in RBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Jiao
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Aida Collado
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ali Mahdi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - John Tengbom
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yahor Tratsiakovich
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Michael Alvarsson
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jon O Lundberg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zhichao Zhou
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jiangning Yang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - John Pernow
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Cardiology, Heart and Vascular Division, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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2
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Adele BO, Ojo GT, Ige AO, Odetola AO, Emediong IE, Adewoye EO. Toxic copper level increases erythrocyte glycolytic rate, glutathione production and alters electrolyte balance in male Wistar rats. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2023; 79:127231. [PMID: 37302219 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2023.127231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Copper is a micronutrient vital to several cellular energy metabolic processes and drives erythropoiesis. However, it disrupts cellular biological activities and causes oxidative damage when in excess of cellular needs. This study investigated the effects of copper toxicity on erythrocyte energy metabolism in male Wistar rats. METHODS Ten Wistar rats (150-170 g) were randomly divided into 2 groups: control (given 0.1 ml distilled water) and copper toxic (given 100 mg/kg copper sulphate). Rats were orally treated for 30 days. Blood, collected retro-orbitally after sodium thiopentone anaesthesia (50 mg/kg i.p.) into fluoride oxalate and EDTA bottles, was subjected to blood lactate assay and extraction of red blood cell respectively. Red blood cell nitric oxide (RBC NO), glutathione (RBC GSH), adenosine triphosphate (RBC ATP) levels, RBC hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphate (RBC G6P), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (RBC G6PDH), and lactate dehydrogenase (RBC LDH) activity was estimated spectrophotometrically. Values (Mean±SEM, n = 5) were compared by Student's unpaired T-test at p < 0.05. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Copper toxicity significantly increased RBC hexokinase (23.41 ± 2.80 µM), G6P (0.48 ± 0.03 µM), G6PDH (71.03 ± 4.76nmol/min/ml) activities, ATP (624.70 ± 57.36 µmol/gHb) and GSH (3.08 ± 0.37 µM) level compared to control (15.28 ± 1.37 µM, 0.35 ± 0.02 µM, 330.30 ± 49.58 µmol/gHb, 54.41 ± 3.01nmol/min/ml and 2.05 ± 0.14 µM respectively, p < 0.05). Also, RBC LDH activity (145.00 ± 19.88mU/ml), NO (3.45 ± 0.25 µM) and blood lactate (31.64 ± 0.91 mg/dl) level were lowered significantly compared to control (467.90 ± 94.23mU/ml, 4.48 ± 0.18 µM and 36.12 ± 1.06 mg/dl respectively). This study shows that copper toxicity increases erythrocyte glycolytic rate and glutathione production. This increase could be connected to a compensatory mechanism for cellular hypoxia and increased free radical generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B O Adele
- Applied and Environmental Physiology Unit, Department of Physiology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria.
| | - G T Ojo
- Applied and Environmental Physiology Unit, Department of Physiology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - A O Ige
- Applied and Environmental Physiology Unit, Department of Physiology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - A O Odetola
- Applied and Environmental Physiology Unit, Department of Physiology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Human Physiology, College of Health Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, Nigeria
| | - I E Emediong
- Applied and Environmental Physiology Unit, Department of Physiology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - E O Adewoye
- Applied and Environmental Physiology Unit, Department of Physiology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
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3
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On the Role of Dietary Nitrate in the Maintenance of Systemic and Oral Health. Dent J (Basel) 2022; 10:dj10050084. [PMID: 35621537 PMCID: PMC9139378 DOI: 10.3390/dj10050084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The assessment of the significance of nitrates ingested with food has undergone a fundamental change in recent years after many controversial discussions. While for a long time, a diet as low in nitrates as possible was advocated on the basis of epidemiological data suggesting a cancer-promoting effect of nitrate-rich diets, more recent findings show that dietary nitrate, after its conversion to nitrite by nitrate-reducing bacteria of the oral microbiota, is an indispensable alternative source for the formation of nitric oxide (NO), which comprises a key element in the physiology of a variety of central body functions such as blood pressure control, defense against invading bacteria and maintenance of a eubiotic microbiota in the gut and oral cavity. This compact narrative review aims to present the evidence supported by clinical and in vitro studies on the ambivalent nature of dietary nitrates for general and oral health and to explain how the targeted adjuvant use of nitrate-rich diets could open new opportunities for a more cause-related control of caries and periodontal disease.
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4
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Giordano D, Verde C, Corti P. Nitric Oxide Production and Regulation in the Teleost Cardiovascular System. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:957. [PMID: 35624821 PMCID: PMC9137985 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11050957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric Oxide (NO) is a free radical with numerous critical signaling roles in vertebrate physiology. Similar to mammals, in the teleost system the generation of sufficient amounts of NO is critical for the physiological function of the cardiovascular system. At the same time, NO amounts are strictly controlled and kept within basal levels to protect cells from NO toxicity. Changes in oxygen tension highly influence NO bioavailability and can modulate the mechanisms involved in maintaining the NO balance. While NO production and signaling appears to have general similarities with mammalian systems, the wide range of environmental adaptations made by fish, particularly with regards to differing oxygen availabilities in aquatic habitats, creates a foundation for a variety of in vivo models characterized by different implications of NO production and signaling. In this review, we present the biology of NO in the teleost cardiovascular system and summarize the mechanisms of NO production and signaling with a special emphasis on the role of globin proteins in NO metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Giordano
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources (IBBR), National Research Council (CNR), Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (D.G.); (C.V.)
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn (SZN), Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy
| | - Cinzia Verde
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources (IBBR), National Research Council (CNR), Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (D.G.); (C.V.)
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn (SZN), Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy
| | - Paola Corti
- Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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5
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Hausladen A, Qian Z, Zhang R, Premont RT, Stamler JS. Optimized S-nitrosohemoglobin synthesis in red blood cells to preserve hypoxic vasodilation via βCys93. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2022; 382:1-10. [PMID: 35512801 PMCID: PMC10389762 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.122.001194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Classic physiology links tissue hypoxia to oxygen delivery through control of microvascular blood flow (autoregulation of blood flow). Hemoglobin (Hb) serves both as the source of oxygen and the mediator of microvascular blood flow through its ability to release vasodilatory S-nitrosothiol (SNO) in proportion to degree of hypoxia. β-globin Cys93Ala (βCys93Ala) mutant mice deficient in S-nitrosohemoglobin (SNO-Hb) show profound deficits in microvascular blood flow and tissue oxygenation that recapitulate microcirculatory dysfunction in multiple clinical conditions. However, the means to replete SNO in mouse RBCs in order to restore RBC function is not known. In particular, while methods have been developed to selectively S-nitrosylate βCys93 in human Hb and intact human RBCs, conditions have not been optimized for mouse RBCs that are used experimentally. Here we show that loading SNO onto Hb in mouse RBC lysates can be achieved with high stoichiometry and β-globin selectivity. However, S-nitrosylation of Hb within intact mouse RBCs is ineffective under conditions that work well with human RBCs, and levels of metHb are prohibitively high. We develop an optimized method that loads SNO in mouse RBCs to maintain vasodilation under hypoxia and show that loss of SNO loading in βCys93Ala mutant RBCs results in reduced vasodilation. We also demonstrate that differences in SNO/met/nitrosyl Hb stoichiometry can account for differences in RBC function among studies. RBCs loaded with quasi-physiological amounts of SNO-Hb will produce vasodilation proportionate to hypoxia, whereas RBCs loaded with higher amounts lose allosteric regulation, thus inducing vasodilation at both high and low oxygen level. Significance Statement Red blood cells from mice exhibit poor hemoglobin S-nitrosylation under conditions used for human RBCs, frustrating tests of vasodilatory activity. Using an optimized S-nitrosylation protocol, mouse RBCs exhibit hypoxic vasodilation that is significantly reduced in hemoglobin ββCys93Ala mutant RBCs that cannot carry S-nitrosothiol allosterically, providing genetic validation for the role of bCys93 in oxygen delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred Hausladen
- Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, United States
| | - Zhaoxia Qian
- Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, United States
| | - Rongli Zhang
- Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, United States
| | - Richard T Premont
- Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, United States
| | - Jonathan S Stamler
- Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, United States
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6
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Keller TCS, Lechauve C, Keller AS, Brooks S, Weiss MJ, Columbus L, Ackerman H, Cortese-Krott MM, Isakson BE. The role of globins in cardiovascular physiology. Physiol Rev 2022; 102:859-892. [PMID: 34486392 PMCID: PMC8799389 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00037.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Globin proteins exist in every cell type of the vasculature, from erythrocytes to endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, and peripheral nerve cells. Many globin subtypes are also expressed in muscle tissues (including cardiac and skeletal muscle), in other organ-specific cell types, and in cells of the central nervous system (CNS). The ability of each of these globins to interact with molecular oxygen (O2) and nitric oxide (NO) is preserved across these contexts. Endothelial α-globin is an example of extraerythrocytic globin expression. Other globins, including myoglobin, cytoglobin, and neuroglobin, are observed in other vascular tissues. Myoglobin is observed primarily in skeletal muscle and smooth muscle cells surrounding the aorta or other large arteries. Cytoglobin is found in vascular smooth muscle but can also be expressed in nonvascular cell types, especially in oxidative stress conditions after ischemic insult. Neuroglobin was first observed in neuronal cells, and its expression appears to be restricted mainly to the CNS and the peripheral nervous system. Brain and CNS neurons expressing neuroglobin are positioned close to many arteries within the brain parenchyma and can control smooth muscle contraction and thus tissue perfusion and vascular reactivity. Overall, reactions between NO and globin heme iron contribute to vascular homeostasis by regulating vasodilatory NO signals and scavenging reactive species in cells of the mammalian vascular system. Here, we discuss how globin proteins affect vascular physiology, with a focus on NO biology, and offer perspectives for future study of these functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Stevenson Keller
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Christophe Lechauve
- Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Alexander S Keller
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Steven Brooks
- Physiology Unit, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Mitchell J Weiss
- Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Linda Columbus
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Hans Ackerman
- Physiology Unit, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Miriam M Cortese-Krott
- Myocardial Infarction Research Laboratory, Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Angiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Brant E Isakson
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
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7
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Premont RT, Singel DJ, Stamler JS. The enzymatic function of the honorary enzyme: S-nitrosylation of hemoglobin in physiology and medicine. Mol Aspects Med 2022; 84:101056. [PMID: 34852941 PMCID: PMC8821404 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2021.101056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The allosteric transition within tetrameric hemoglobin (Hb) that allows both full binding to four oxygen molecules in the lung and full release of four oxygens in hypoxic tissues would earn Hb the moniker of 'honorary enzyme'. However, the allosteric model for oxygen binding in hemoglobin overlooked the essential role of blood flow in tissue oxygenation that is essential for life (aka autoregulation of blood flow). That is, blood flow, not oxygen content of blood, is the principal determinant of oxygen delivery under most conditions. With the discovery that hemoglobin carries a third biologic gas, nitric oxide (NO) in the form of S-nitrosothiol (SNO) at β-globin Cys93 (βCys93), and that formation and export of SNO to dilate blood vessels are linked to hemoglobin allostery through enzymatic activity, this title is honorary no more. This chapter reviews evidence that hemoglobin formation and release of SNO is a critical mediator of hypoxic autoregulation of blood flow in tissues leading to oxygen delivery, considers the physiological implications of a 3-gas respiratory cycle (O2/NO/CO2) and the pathophysiological consequences of its dysfunction. Opportunities for therapeutic intervention to optimize oxygen delivery at the level of tissue blood flow are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard T Premont
- Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA; Harrington Discovery Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - David J Singel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA
| | - Jonathan S Stamler
- Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA; Harrington Discovery Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
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8
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Zhang R, Hausladen A, Qian Z, Liao X, Premont RT, Stamler JS. Hypoxic vasodilatory defect and pulmonary hypertension in mice lacking hemoglobin β-cysteine93 S-nitrosylation. JCI Insight 2021; 7:155234. [PMID: 34914637 PMCID: PMC8855790 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.155234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic hypoxia is characterized by peripheral vasodilation and pulmonary vasoconstriction. However, the system-wide mechanism for signaling hypoxia remains unknown. Accumulating evidence suggests that hemoglobin (Hb) in RBCs may serve as an O2 sensor and O2-responsive NO signal transducer to regulate systemic and pulmonary vascular tone, but this remains unexamined at the integrated system level. One residue invariant in mammalian Hbs, β-globin cysteine93 (βCys93), carries NO as vasorelaxant S-nitrosothiol (SNO) to autoregulate blood flow during O2 delivery. βCys93Ala mutant mice thus exhibit systemic hypoxia despite transporting O2 normally. Here, we show that βCys93Ala mutant mice had reduced S-nitrosohemoglobin (SNO-Hb) at baseline and upon targeted SNO repletion and that hypoxic vasodilation by RBCs was impaired in vitro and in vivo, recapitulating hypoxic pathophysiology. Notably, βCys93Ala mutant mice showed marked impairment of hypoxic peripheral vasodilation and developed signs of pulmonary hypertension with age. Mutant mice also died prematurely with cor pulmonale (pulmonary hypertension with right ventricular dysfunction) when living under low O2. Altogether, we identify a major role for RBC SNO in clinically relevant vasodilatory responses attributed previously to endothelial NO. We conclude that SNO-Hb transduces the integrated, system-wide response to hypoxia in the mammalian respiratory cycle, expanding a core physiological principle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongli Zhang
- Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, United States of America
| | - Alfred Hausladen
- Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, United States of America
| | - Zhaoxia Qian
- Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, United States of America
| | - Xudong Liao
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, United States of America
| | - Richard T Premont
- Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, United States of America
| | - Jonathan S Stamler
- Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, United States of America
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9
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Macuh M, Knap B. Effects of Nitrate Supplementation on Exercise Performance in Humans: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2021; 13:3183. [PMID: 34579061 PMCID: PMC8465461 DOI: 10.3390/nu13093183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrates have become increasingly popular for their potential role as an ergogenic aid. The purpose of this article was to review the current scientific evidence of nitrate supplementation on human performance. The current recommendation of nitrate supplementation is discussed, as well as possible health complications associated with nitrate intake for athletes, and dietary strategies of covering nitrate needs through sufficient intake of nitrate-rich foods alone are presented. Pubmed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched for articles on the effects of nitrate supplementation in humans. Nitrates are an effective ergogenic aid when taken acutely or chronically in the range of ~5-16.8 mmol (~300-1041 mg) 2-3 h before exercise and primarily in the case of exercise duration of ~10-17 min in less trained individuals (VO2max < 65 mL/kg/min). Nitrate needs are most likely meet by ingesting approximately 250-500 g of leafy and root vegetables per day; however, dietary supplements might represent a more convenient and accurate way of covering an athlete's nitrate needs. Athletes should refrain from mouthwash usage when nitrate supplementation benefits are desired. Future research should focus on the potential beneficial effects of nitrate supplementation on brain function, possible negative impacts of chronic nitrate supplementation through different nitrate sources, and the effectiveness of nitrate supplementation on strength and high-intensity intermittent exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matjaž Macuh
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana; Jamnikarjeva 10, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Bojan Knap
- Department of Nephrology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Zaloška 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Korytkova ulica 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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10
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Yoon H, Park S, Lim M. Dynamics of photodissociation of nitric oxide from S-nitrosylated cysteine and N-acetylated cysteine derivatives in water. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:13512-13525. [PMID: 34124727 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp01743h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cysteine and N-acetylated cysteine derivatives are ubiquitous in biological systems; they have thiol groups that bind NO to form S-nitrosothiols (RSNOs) such as S-nitrosocysteine (CySNO), S-nitroso-N-acetylcysteine (NacSNO), and S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (NapSNO). Although they have been utilised as thermally or catalytically decomposing NO donors, their photochemical applications are yet to be fully explored owing to the lack of photodissociation dynamics. To this end, the photoexcitation dynamics of these RSNOs in water at 330 nm were investigated using femtosecond time-resolved infrared (TRIR) spectroscopy over a broad time range encompassing the entire reaction, which includes the primary reaction, secondary reactions of the reaction intermediates, and product formation. We discovered that the acetate and amide groups in these RSNOs have strong vibrational bands sensitive to the bondage of NO and the electronic state of the compound, which facilitates the identification of reaction intermediates involved in photoexcitation. The simplest thiol available with the acetate group-thioglycolic acid-was nitrosylated; it produced S-nitrosothioglycolic acid (TgSNO) and was comparatively investigated. Transient absorption bands in the TRIR spectra of the RSNOs were assigned using quantum chemical calculations. Photoexcited cysteine-related RSNOs either decompose into RS and NO within 0.3 ps after excitation at 330 nm with a primary quantum yield (Φ1) of 0.46-1 or relax into an electronically excited intermediate state lying at 42 ± 3 kcal mol-1 above the ground state, which relaxes into the ground state with a time constant of 460-520 ps. A majority (62-80%) of the RS radical geminately rebinds with NO at a time constant of 3-7 ps. The remaining RS reacts with the neighbouring RSNO, which produces additional NO and RSSR with a (nearly) diffusion-limited rate constant that doubles the amount of NO produced; further, it remarkably extends the time window for the dissociated NO to react with the target compound. The final fraction of NO produced from these RSNOs at 330 nm was 0.32-0.58, and it depends on the geminate rebinding yield and Φ1. The detailed dynamics of the photoexcited RSNO can be utilised in the quantitative application of these RSNOs in practical use and in the synthesis of more efficient photoactivated NO precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hojeong Yoon
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Seongchul Park
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Manho Lim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
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11
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Wang CH, Lundh M, Fu A, Kriszt R, Huang TL, Lynes MD, Leiria LO, Shamsi F, Darcy J, Greenwood BP, Narain NR, Tolstikov V, Smith KL, Emanuelli B, Chang YT, Hagen S, Danial NN, Kiebish MA, Tseng YH. CRISPR-engineered human brown-like adipocytes prevent diet-induced obesity and ameliorate metabolic syndrome in mice. Sci Transl Med 2021; 12:12/558/eaaz8664. [PMID: 32848096 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaz8664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Brown and brown-like beige/brite adipocytes dissipate energy and have been proposed as therapeutic targets to combat metabolic disorders. However, the therapeutic effects of cell-based therapy in humans remain unclear. Here, we created human brown-like (HUMBLE) cells by engineering human white preadipocytes using CRISPR-Cas9-SAM-gRNA to activate endogenous uncoupling protein 1 expression. Obese mice that received HUMBLE cell transplants showed a sustained improvement in glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, as well as increased energy expenditure. Mechanistically, increased arginine/nitric oxide (NO) metabolism in HUMBLE adipocytes promoted the production of NO that was carried by S-nitrosothiols and nitrite in red blood cells to activate endogenous brown fat and improved glucose homeostasis in recipient animals. Together, these data demonstrate the utility of using CRISPR-Cas9 technology to engineer human white adipocytes to display brown fat-like phenotypes and may open up cell-based therapeutic opportunities to combat obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hao Wang
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Morten Lundh
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Denmark.,Gubra Aps, Hørsholm, DK-2970, Denmark
| | - Accalia Fu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Rókus Kriszt
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583.,Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering (NGS), National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Tian Lian Huang
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Matthew D Lynes
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Luiz O Leiria
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14049-900, Brazil.,Center of Research of Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Farnaz Shamsi
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Justin Darcy
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | | | | | - Kyle L Smith
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Brice Emanuelli
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Denmark
| | - Young-Tae Chang
- Center for Self-assembly and Complexity, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Pohang 34126, Republic of Korea.,Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Susan Hagen
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Nika N Danial
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | - Yu-Hua Tseng
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA. .,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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12
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Bao Y, Zeng Q, Wang J, Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Wang S, Wong NK, Yuan W, Huang Y, Zhang W, Liu J, Lv L, Xue Q, Zha S, Peng Z, Yao H, Bao Z, Wang S, Lin Z. Genomic Insights into the Origin and Evolution of Molluscan Red-Bloodedness in the Blood Clam Tegillarca granosa. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 38:2351-2365. [PMID: 33528571 PMCID: PMC8136487 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msab030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood clams differ from their molluscan kins by exhibiting a unique red-blood (RB) phenotype; however, the genetic basis and biochemical machinery subserving this evolutionary innovation remain unclear. As a fundamental step toward resolving this mystery, we presented the first chromosome-level genome and comprehensive transcriptomes of the blood clam Tegillarca granosa for an integrated genomic, evolutionary, and functional analyses of clam RB phenotype. We identified blood clam-specific and expanded gene families, as well as gene pathways that are of RB relevant. Clam-specific RB-related hemoglobins (Hbs) showed close phylogenetic relationships with myoglobins (Mbs) of blood clam and other molluscs without the RB phenotype, indicating that clam-specific Hbs were likely evolutionarily derived from the Mb lineage. Strikingly, similar to vertebrate Hbs, blood clam Hbs were present in a form of gene cluster. Despite the convergent evolution of Hb clusters in blood clam and vertebrates, their Hb clusters may have originated from a single ancestral Mb-like gene as evidenced by gene phylogeny and synteny analysis. A full suite of enzyme-encoding genes for heme synthesis was identified in blood clam, with prominent expression in hemolymph and resembling those in vertebrates, suggesting a convergence of both RB-related Hb and heme functions in vertebrates and blood clam. RNA interference experiments confirmed the functional roles of Hbs and key enzyme of heme synthesis in the maintenance of clam RB phenotype. The high-quality genome assembly and comprehensive transcriptomes presented herein serve new genomic resources for the super-diverse phylum Mollusca, and provide deep insights into the origin and evolution of invertebrate RB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongbo Bao
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resource of Zhejiang, College of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Qifan Zeng
- Sars-Fang Centre & MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ocean University of China and National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (LMBB & LMFSFPP), Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Sars-Fang Centre & MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ocean University of China and National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (LMBB & LMFSFPP), Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Zelei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resource of Zhejiang, College of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo 315100, China
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315010, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Sufang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resource of Zhejiang, College of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Nai-Kei Wong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Wenbin Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resource of Zhejiang, College of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo 315100, China
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315010, China
| | - Yiyi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resource of Zhejiang, College of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo 315100, China
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315010, China
| | - Weifeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resource of Zhejiang, College of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo 315100, China
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315010, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Sars-Fang Centre & MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ocean University of China and National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (LMBB & LMFSFPP), Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Liyuan Lv
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resource of Zhejiang, College of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Qinggang Xue
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resource of Zhejiang, College of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Shanjie Zha
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resource of Zhejiang, College of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Zhilan Peng
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resource of Zhejiang, College of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Hanhan Yao
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resource of Zhejiang, College of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Zhenmin Bao
- Sars-Fang Centre & MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ocean University of China and National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (LMBB & LMFSFPP), Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Shi Wang
- Sars-Fang Centre & MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ocean University of China and National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (LMBB & LMFSFPP), Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Zhihua Lin
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resource of Zhejiang, College of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo 315100, China
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Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction as a regulator of alveolar-capillary oxygen flux: A computational model of ventilation-perfusion matching. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1008861. [PMID: 33956786 PMCID: PMC8130924 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between regional variabilities in airflow (ventilation) and blood flow (perfusion) is a critical determinant of gas exchange efficiency in the lungs. Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction is understood to be the primary active regulator of ventilation-perfusion matching, where upstream arterioles constrict to direct blood flow away from areas that have low oxygen supply. However, it is not understood how the integrated action of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction affects oxygen transport at the system level. In this study we develop, and make functional predictions with a multi-scale multi-physics model of ventilation-perfusion matching governed by the mechanism of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. Our model consists of (a) morphometrically realistic 2D pulmonary vascular networks to the level of large arterioles and venules; (b) a tileable lumped-parameter model of vascular fluid and wall mechanics that accounts for the influence of alveolar pressure; (c) oxygen transport accounting for oxygen bound to hemoglobin and dissolved in plasma; and (d) a novel empirical model of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. Our model simulations predict that under the artificial test condition of a uniform ventilation distribution (1) hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction matches perfusion to ventilation; (2) hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction homogenizes regional alveolar-capillary oxygen flux; and (3) hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction increases whole-lobe oxygen uptake by improving ventilation-perfusion matching. The relationship between regional ventilation (airflow) and perfusion (blood flow) is a major determinant of gas exchange efficiency. Atelactasis and pulmonary vascular occlusive diseases, such as acute pulmonary embolism, are characterized by ventilation-perfusion mismatching and decreased oxygen in the bloodstream. Despite the physiological and medical importance of ventilation-perfusion matching, there are gaps in our knowledge of the regulatory mechanisms that maintain adequate gas exchange under pathological and normal conditions. Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction is understood to be the primary regulator of ventilation-perfusion matching, where upstream arterioles constrict to direct blood flow away from areas that have low oxygen supply, yet it is not understood how this mechanism affects oxygen transport at the system level. In this study we present a computational model of the ventilation-perfusion matching and hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction to better understand how physiological regulation at the regional level scales to affect oxygen transport at the system level. Our model simulations predict that this regulatory mechanism improves the spatial overlap of airflow and blood flow, which serves to increase the uptake of oxygen into the bloodstream. This improved understanding of ventilation-perfusion matching may offer insights into the etiology of, and therapeutic interventions for diseases characterized by ventilation-perfusion mismatching.
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Premont RT, Reynolds JD, Zhang R, Stamler JS. Red Blood Cell-Mediated S-Nitrosohemoglobin-Dependent Vasodilation: Lessons Learned from a β-Globin Cys93 Knock-In Mouse. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 34:936-961. [PMID: 32597195 PMCID: PMC8035927 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Red blood cell (RBC)-mediated vasodilation plays an important role in oxygen delivery. This occurs through hemoglobin actions, at least in significant part, to convert heme-bound nitric oxide (NO) (in tense [T]/deoxygenated-state hemoglobin) into vasodilator S-nitrosothiol (SNO) (in relaxed [R]/oxygenated-state hemoglobin), convey SNO through the bloodstream, and release it into tissues to increase blood flow. The coupling of hemoglobin R/T state allostery, both to NO conversion into SNO and to SNO release (along with oxygen), under hypoxia supports the model of a three-gas respiratory cycle (O2/NO/CO2). Recent Advances: Oxygenation of tissues is dependent on a single, strictly conserved Cys residue in hemoglobin (βCys93). Hemoglobin couples SNO formation/release at βCys93 to O2 binding/release at hemes ("thermodynamic linkage"). Mice bearing βCys93Ala hemoglobin that is unable to generate SNO-βCys93 establish that SNO-hemoglobin is important for R/T allostery-regulated vasodilation by RBCs that couple blood flow to tissue oxygenation. Critical Issues: The model for RBC-mediated vasodilation originally proposed by Stamler et al. in 1996 has been largely validated: SNO-βCys93 forms in vivo, dilates blood vessels, and is hypoxia-regulated, and RBCs actuate vasodilation proportionate to hypoxia. Numerous compensations in βCys93Ala animals to alleviate tissue hypoxia (discussed herein) are predicted to preserve vasodilatory responses of RBCs but impair linkage to R/T transition in hemoglobin. This is borne out by loss of responsivity of mutant RBCs to oxygen, impaired blood flow responses to hypoxia, and tissue ischemia in βCys93-mutant animals. Future Directions: SNO-hemoglobin mediates hypoxic vasodilation in the respiratory cycle. This fundamental physiology promises new insights in vascular diseases and blood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard T. Premont
- Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Harrington Discovery Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - James D. Reynolds
- Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Harrington Discovery Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Rongli Zhang
- Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Jonathan S. Stamler
- Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Harrington Discovery Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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15
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Thorn CE, Adio AO, Fox RH, Gardner AM, Winlove CP, Shore AC. Intermittent compression induces transitory hypoxic stimuli, upstream vasodilation and enhanced perfusion of skin capillaries, independent of age and diabetes. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 130:1072-1084. [PMID: 33571053 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00657.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The benefit of enhanced shear stress to the vascular endothelium has been well-documented in conduit arteries but is less understood in skin microcirculation. The aim of this study was to provide physiological evidence of the vascular changes in skin microcirculation induced by intermittent pneumatic compression (IPC) of 1 s cuff inflation (130 mmHg) every 20 s to the palm of the hand for 30 min. The oxygenation and hemodynamics of dorsal mid-phalangeal finger skin microcirculation were assessed by laser Doppler fluximetry and reflectance spectroscopy before, during, and after IPC in 15 young (18-39 years old) and 39 older (40-80 years old) controls and 32 older subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Each individual cuff inflation induced: 1) brief surge in flux immediately after cuff deflation followed by 2) transitory reduction in blood oxygen for ∼4 s, and 3) a second increase in perfusion and oxygenation of the microcirculation peaking ∼11 s after cuff deflation in all subject groups. With no significant change in blood volume observed by reflectance spectroscopy, despite the increased shear stress at the observed site, this second peak in flux and blood oxygen suggests a delayed vasoactive response upstream inducing increased arterial influx in the microcirculation that was higher in older controls and subjects with diabetes compared to young controls (P < 0.001, P < 0.001, respectively) and achieving maximum capillary recruitment in all subject groups. Transitory hypoxic stimuli with conducted vasodilation may be a mechanism through which IPC enhances capillary perfusion in skin microcirculation independent of age and type 2 diabetes mellitus.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study demonstrates that hand intermittent pneumatic compression evokes transitory hypoxic stimuli in distal finger skin microcirculation inducing vasodilation of arterial inflow vessels, enhanced perfusion, and maximum capillary recruitment in young and older subjects and older subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Enhanced shear stress in the microcirculation did not appear to induce local skin vasodilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare E Thorn
- Diabetes and Vascular Medicine, Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, College of Medicine and Health and NIHR Exeter Clinical Research Facility, and School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Aminat O Adio
- Diabetes and Vascular Medicine, Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, College of Medicine and Health and NIHR Exeter Clinical Research Facility, and School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Roger H Fox
- Diabetes and Vascular Medicine, Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, College of Medicine and Health and NIHR Exeter Clinical Research Facility, and School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - A Michael Gardner
- Diabetes and Vascular Medicine, Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, College of Medicine and Health and NIHR Exeter Clinical Research Facility, and School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - C Peter Winlove
- Diabetes and Vascular Medicine, Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, College of Medicine and Health and NIHR Exeter Clinical Research Facility, and School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Angela C Shore
- Diabetes and Vascular Medicine, Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, College of Medicine and Health and NIHR Exeter Clinical Research Facility, and School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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16
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Li Y, Li B, Wang B, Liu M, Zhang X, Li A, Zhang J, Zhang H, Xiu R. Integrated pancreatic microcirculatory profiles of streptozotocin-induced and insulin-administrated type 1 diabetes mellitus. Microcirculation 2021; 28:e12691. [PMID: 33655585 PMCID: PMC8365673 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE As an integrated system, pancreatic microcirculatory disturbance plays a vital role in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), which involves changes in microcirculatory oxygen and microhemodynamics. Therefore, we aimed to release type 1 diabetic and insulin-administrated microcirculatory profiles of the pancreas. METHODS BALB/c mice were assigned to control, T1DM, and insulin-administrated groups randomly. T1DM was induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ). 1.5 IU insulin was administrated subcutaneously to keep the blood glucose within the normal range. After anesthetizing by isoflurane, the raw data set of pancreatic microcirculation was collected by the multimodal device- and computer algorithm-based microcirculatory evaluating system. After adjusting outliers and normalization, pancreatic microcirculatory oxygen and microhemodynamic data sets were imported into the three-dimensional module and compared. RESULTS Microcirculatory profiles of the pancreas in T1DM exhibited a loss of microhemodynamic coherence (significantly decreased microvascular blood perfusion) accompanied by an impaired oxygen balance (significantly decreased PO2 , SO2 , and rHb). More importantly, with insulin administration, the pathological microcirculatory profiles were partially restored. Meanwhile, there were correlations between pancreatic microcirculatory blood perfusion and PO2 levels. CONCLUSIONS Our findings establish the first integrated three-dimensional pancreatic microcirculatory profiles of STZ-induced and insulin-administrated T1DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Li
- Institute of Microcirculation, Key Laboratory of Microcirculation, Ministry of Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Bingwei Li
- Institute of Microcirculation, Key Laboratory of Microcirculation, Ministry of Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Wang
- Institute of Microcirculation, Key Laboratory of Microcirculation, Ministry of Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Mingming Liu
- Institute of Microcirculation, Key Laboratory of Microcirculation, Ministry of Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Diabetes Research Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Institute of Microcirculation, Key Laboratory of Microcirculation, Ministry of Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ailing Li
- Institute of Microcirculation, Key Laboratory of Microcirculation, Ministry of Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Institute of Microcirculation, Key Laboratory of Microcirculation, Ministry of Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Diabetes Research Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Honggang Zhang
- Institute of Microcirculation, Key Laboratory of Microcirculation, Ministry of Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ruijuan Xiu
- Institute of Microcirculation, Key Laboratory of Microcirculation, Ministry of Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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17
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Săftescu S, Popovici D, Oprean C, Negru A, Croitoru A, Zemba M, Yasar I, Preda M, Negru Ș. Endurance of erythrocyte series in chemotherapy. Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:214. [PMID: 33149778 PMCID: PMC7604759 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.9344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic bone marrow toxicity is most often the limiting factor for chemotherapy doses. Increasing the intensity of chemotherapy doses (higher doses or more frequent administration) would improve antitumor effects, but the hematological toxicity does not allow these dose increases. This study evaluated the impact of chemotherapies on the parameters belonging to the red blood cell series in the hemogram and aimed to identify some particular evolution profiles. We selected 855 evaluations performed before the administration of chemotherapy belonging to the treatments initiated during the period December 2018-February 2020, containing 5-fluorouracil, cisplatin, docetaxel, epirubicin or pemetrexed. The data of the 644 evaluations related to the cycles 1-4 of chemotherapy were subject to this processing. The average relative loss of hemoglobin is -11% after the first three cycles of treatment, with statistically significant differences in hemoglobin levels in favor of men. There are risk factors associated with higher average losses, such as age <50 years or >65 years (statistically significant), body mass index (BMI) >25, cisplatin treatment (insufficient number of cases to reach statistical significance).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sorin Săftescu
- Department of Oncology, 'Victor Babe?' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Dorel Popovici
- Department of Oncology, 'Victor Babe?' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Cristina Oprean
- Department of Oncology, 'Victor Babe?' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Alina Negru
- Department of Cardiology, 'Victor Babe?' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Adina Croitoru
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fundeni Clinical Institute, 022328 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihail Zemba
- Department of Ophthalmology, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ionela Yasar
- Department of Ophthalmology, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Maria Preda
- Department of Ophthalmology, 'Victor Babe?' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Șerban Negru
- Department of Oncology, 'Victor Babe?' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
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18
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Pancreatic microcirculation has an essential role in orchestrating pancreatic homeostasis. Inherent complexity and technological limitation lead to interobserver variability and 1-sided microcirculatory data. Here, we introduce a multimodal device and computer algorithm-based platform for monitoring and visualizing integrated pancreatic microcirculation profiles. METHODS After anesthetizing and exposing pancreas tissue of BALB/c mice, probes of Oxygen to See, Microx TX3, and MoorVMS-LDF2 were positioned at pancreas in situ to capture the pancreatic microcirculatory oxygen (hemoglobin oxygen saturation, relative amount of hemoglobin, and partial oxygen pressure) and microhemodynamic data (microvascular blood perfusion and velocity). To assess and visualize pancreatic microcirculation profiles, raw data of pancreatic microcirculation profiles were processed and transformed using interquartile range and min-max normalization by Python and Apache ECharts. RESULTS The multimodal device-based platform was established and 3-dimensional microcirculatory modules were constructed. Raw data sets of pancreatic microcirculatory oxygen and microhemodynamic were collected. The outlier of data set was adjusted to the boundary value and raw data set was preprocessed. Normalized pancreatic microcirculation profiles were integrated into the 3-dimensional histogram and scatter modules, respectively. The 3-dimensional modules of pancreatic microcirculation profiles were then generated. CONCLUSIONS We established a multimodal device and computer algorithm-based monitoring platform for visualizing integrated pancreatic microcirculation profiles.
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19
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Premont RT, Stamler JS. Essential Role of Hemoglobin βCys93 in Cardiovascular Physiology. Physiology (Bethesda) 2020; 35:234-243. [PMID: 32490751 PMCID: PMC7474257 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00040.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The supply of oxygen to tissues is controlled by microcirculatory blood flow. One of the more surprising discoveries in cardiovascular physiology is the critical dependence of microcirculatory blood flow on a single conserved cysteine within the β-subunit (βCys93) of hemoglobin (Hb). βCys93 is the primary site of Hb S-nitrosylation [i.e., S-nitrosothiol (SNO) formation to produce S-nitrosohemoglobin (SNO-Hb)]. Notably, S-nitrosylation of βCys93 by NO is favored in the oxygenated conformation of Hb, and deoxygenated Hb releases SNO from βCys93. Since SNOs are vasodilatory, this mechanism provides a physiological basis for how tissue hypoxia increases microcirculatory blood flow (hypoxic autoregulation of blood flow). Mice expressing βCys93A mutant Hb (C93A) have been applied to understand the role of βCys93, and RBCs more generally, in cardiovascular physiology. Notably, C93A mice are unable to effect hypoxic autoregulation of blood flow and exhibit widespread tissue hypoxia. Moreover, reactive hyperemia (augmentation of blood flow following transient ischemia) is markedly impaired. C93A mice display multiple compensations to preserve RBC vasodilation and overcome tissue hypoxia, including shifting SNOs to other thiols on adult and fetal Hbs and elsewhere in RBCs, and growing new blood vessels. However, compensatory vasodilation in C93A mice is uncoupled from hypoxic control, both peripherally (e.g., predisposing to ischemic injury) and centrally (e.g., impairing hypoxic drive to breathe). Altogether, physiological studies utilizing C93A mice are confirming the allosterically controlled role of SNO-Hb in microvascular blood flow, uncovering essential roles for RBC-mediated vasodilation in cardiovascular physiology and revealing new roles for RBCs in cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard T Premont
- Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
- Harrington Discovery Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Jonathan S Stamler
- Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
- Harrington Discovery Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
- Department of Medicine, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
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20
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Abstract
Oxygen (O2) delivery, which is fundamental to supporting patients with critical illness, is a function of blood O2 content and flow. This article reviews red blood cell (RBC) physiology and dysfunction relevant to disordered O2 delivery in the critically ill. Flow is the focus of O2 delivery regulation: O2 content is relatively fixed, whereas flow fluctuates greatly. Thus, blood flow volume and distribution vary to maintain coupling between O2 delivery and demand. This article reviews conventional RBC physiology influencing O2 delivery and introduces a paradigm for O2 delivery homeostasis based on coordinated gas transport and vascular signaling by RBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Rogers
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Blood Oxygen Transport and Hemostasis, University of Maryland School of Medicine, HSF III, 8th Floor, 670 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21204, USA
| | - Allan Doctor
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Blood Oxygen Transport and Hemostasis, University of Maryland School of Medicine, HSF III, 8th Floor, 670 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21204, USA.
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21
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Structure and function of the endothelial surface layer: unraveling the nanoarchitecture of biological surfaces. Q Rev Biophys 2019; 52:e13. [PMID: 31771669 DOI: 10.1017/s0033583519000118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Among the unsolved mysteries of modern biology is the nature of a lining of blood vessels called the 'endothelial surface layer' or ESL. In venous micro-vessels, it is half a micron in thickness. The ESL is 10 times thicker than the endothelial glycocalyx (eGC) at its base, has been presumed to be comprised mainly of water, yet is rigid enough to exclude red blood cells. How is this possible? Developments in physical chemistry suggest that the venous ESL is actually comprised of nanobubbles of CO2, generated from tissue metabolism, in a foam nucleated in the eGC. For arteries, the ESL is dominated by nanobubbles of O2 and N2 from inspired air. The bubbles of the foam are separated and stabilized by thin layers of serum electrolyte and proteins, and a palisade of charged polymer strands of the eGC. The ESL seems to be a respiratory organ contiguous with the flowing blood, an extension of, and a 'lung' in miniature. This interpretation may have far-reaching consequences for physiology.
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Reynolds JD, Premont RT, Stamler JS. Letter by Reynolds et al Regarding Article, "Hemoglobin β93 Cysteine Is Not Required for Export of Nitric Oxide Bioactivity From the Red Blood Cell". Circulation 2019; 140:e758-e759. [PMID: 31682530 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.119.041389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- James D Reynolds
- Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine (J.D.R., R.T.P., J.S.S.), Department of Medicine, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Ohio.,Harrington Discovery Institute (J.D.R., R.T.P., J.S.S.), Department of Medicine, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Ohio.,Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine (J.D.R.), Department of Medicine, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Ohio
| | - Richard T Premont
- Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine (J.D.R., R.T.P., J.S.S.), Department of Medicine, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Ohio.,Harrington Discovery Institute (J.D.R., R.T.P., J.S.S.), Department of Medicine, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Ohio.,Division of Cardiology (R.T.P., J.S.S.), Department of Medicine, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Ohio
| | - Jonathan S Stamler
- Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine (J.D.R., R.T.P., J.S.S.), Department of Medicine, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Ohio.,Harrington Discovery Institute (J.D.R., R.T.P., J.S.S.), Department of Medicine, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Ohio.,Division of Cardiology (R.T.P., J.S.S.), Department of Medicine, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Ohio
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Giri S, Katakia YT, Chatterjee S, Gajalakshmi P. Breast cancer drugs perturb fundamental vascular functions of endothelial cells by attenuating protein S-nitrosylation. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2019; 47:7-15. [PMID: 31549415 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular side effects of broadly used chemotherapeutic drugs such as Tamoxifen citrate (TC), Capecitabine (CP) and Epirubicin (EP) among cancer survivors are well established. Nitric oxide (NO) is known to protect cardiovascular tissues under conditions of stress. NO can act through cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)-dependent and -independent pathways. Particularly, the S-nitrosylation of SH-groups in a protein by NO falls under cGMP-independent effects of NO. TC, CP, and EP are hypothesized as interfering with cellular protein S-nitrosylation, which, in turn, may lead to endothelial dysfunctions. The results show that all three drugs attenuate nitrosylated proteins in endothelial cells. A significant reduction in endogenous S-nitrosylated proteins was revealed by Saville-Griess assay, immunofluorescence and western blot. Incubation with the drugs causes a reduction in endothelial migration, vasodilation and tube formation, while the addition of S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) has a reversal of this effect. In conclusion, results indicate the possibility of decreased cellular nitrosothiols as being one of the reasons for endothelial dysfunctions under TC, CP and EP treatment. Identification of the down-regulated S-nitrosylated proteins so as to correlate their implications on fundamental vascular functions could be an interesting phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvendu Giri
- Department of Biotechnology & AU-KBC Research Centre, Anna University, Chennai, India
| | - Yash Tushar Katakia
- Department of Biotechnology & AU-KBC Research Centre, Anna University, Chennai, India
| | - Suvro Chatterjee
- Department of Biotechnology & AU-KBC Research Centre, Anna University, Chennai, India
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Premont RT, Reynolds JD, Zhang R, Stamler JS. Role of Nitric Oxide Carried by Hemoglobin in Cardiovascular Physiology: Developments on a Three-Gas Respiratory Cycle. Circ Res 2019; 126:129-158. [PMID: 31590598 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.119.315626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A continuous supply of oxygen is essential for the survival of multicellular organisms. The understanding of how this supply is regulated in the microvasculature has evolved from viewing erythrocytes (red blood cells [RBCs]) as passive carriers of oxygen to recognizing the complex interplay between Hb (hemoglobin) and oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitric oxide-the three-gas respiratory cycle-that insures adequate oxygen and nutrient delivery to meet local metabolic demand. In this context, it is blood flow and not blood oxygen content that is the main driver of tissue oxygenation by RBCs. Herein, we review the lines of experimentation that led to this understanding of RBC function; from the foundational understanding of allosteric regulation of oxygen binding in Hb in the stereochemical model of Perutz, to blood flow autoregulation (hypoxic vasodilation governing oxygen delivery) observed by Guyton, to current understanding that centers on S-nitrosylation of Hb (ie, S-nitrosohemoglobin; SNO-Hb) as a purveyor of oxygen-dependent vasodilatory activity. Notably, hypoxic vasodilation is recapitulated by native S-nitrosothiol (SNO)-replete RBCs and by SNO-Hb itself, whereby SNO is released from Hb and RBCs during deoxygenation, in proportion to the degree of Hb deoxygenation, to regulate vessels directly. In addition, we discuss how dysregulation of this system through genetic mutation in Hb or through disease is a common factor in oxygenation pathologies resulting from microcirculatory impairment, including sickle cell disease, ischemic heart disease, and heart failure. We then conclude by identifying potential therapeutic interventions to correct deficits in RBC-mediated vasodilation to improve oxygen delivery-steps toward effective microvasculature-targeted therapies. To the extent that diseases of the heart, lungs, and blood are associated with impaired tissue oxygenation, the development of new therapies based on the three-gas respiratory system have the potential to improve the well-being of millions of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard T Premont
- From the Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine (R.T.P., J.D.R., R.Z., J.S.S.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, OH.,Harrington Discovery Institute (R.T.P., J.D.R., J.S.S.), University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, OH
| | - James D Reynolds
- From the Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine (R.T.P., J.D.R., R.Z., J.S.S.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, OH.,Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (J.D.R.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, OH.,Harrington Discovery Institute (R.T.P., J.D.R., J.S.S.), University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, OH
| | - Rongli Zhang
- From the Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine (R.T.P., J.D.R., R.Z., J.S.S.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, OH.,Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute (R.Z., J.S.S.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, OH
| | - Jonathan S Stamler
- From the Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine (R.T.P., J.D.R., R.Z., J.S.S.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, OH.,Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute (R.Z., J.S.S.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, OH.,Harrington Discovery Institute (R.T.P., J.D.R., J.S.S.), University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, OH
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25
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Effects of Post-translational Modifications on Membrane Localization and Signaling of Prostanoid GPCR-G Protein Complexes and the Role of Hypoxia. J Membr Biol 2019; 252:509-526. [PMID: 31485700 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-019-00091-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) play a pivotal role in the adaptive responses to cellular stresses such as hypoxia. In addition to influencing cellular gene expression profiles, hypoxic microenvironments can perturb membrane protein localization, altering GPCR effector scaffolding and altering downstream signaling. Studies using proteomics approaches have revealed significant regulation of GPCR and G proteins by their state of post-translational modification. The aim of this review is to examine the effects of post-translational modifications on membrane localization and signaling of GPCR-G protein complexes, with an emphasis on vascular prostanoid receptors, and to highlight what is known about the effect of cellular hypoxia on these mechanisms. Understanding post-translational modifications of protein targets will help to define GPCR targets in treatment of disease, and to inform research into mechanisms of hypoxic cellular responses.
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Ventura PDS, Carvalho CPF, Barros NMT, Martins-Silva L, Dantas EO, Martinez C, Melo PMS, Pesquero JB, Carmona AK, Nagaoka MR, Gazarini ML. Malaria infection promotes a selective expression of kinin receptors in murine liver. Malar J 2019; 18:213. [PMID: 31234939 PMCID: PMC6591901 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-2846-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria represents a worldwide medical emergency affecting mainly poor areas. Plasmodium parasites during blood stages can release kinins to the extracellular space after internalization of host kininogen inside erythrocytes and these released peptides could represent an important mechanism in liver pathophysiology by activation of calcium signaling pathway in endothelial cells of vertebrate host. Receptors (B1 and B2) activated by kinins peptides are important elements for the control of haemodynamics in liver and its physiology. The aim of this study was to identify changes in the liver host responses (i.e. kinin receptors expression and localization) and the effect of ACE inhibition during malaria infection using a murine model. METHODS Balb/C mice infected by Plasmodium chabaudi were treated with captopril, an angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, used alone or in association with the anti-malarial chloroquine in order to study the effect of ACE inhibition on mice survival and the activation of liver responses involving B1R and B2R signaling pathways. The kinin receptors (B1R and B2R) expression and localization was analysed in liver by western blotting and immunolocalization in different conditions. RESULTS It was verified that captopril treatment caused host death during the peak of malaria infection (parasitaemia about 45%). B1R expression was stimulated in endothelial cells of sinusoids and other blood vessels of mice liver infected by P. chabaudi. At the same time, it was also demonstrated that B1R knockout mice infected presented a significant reduction of survival. However, the infection did not alter the B2R levels and localization in liver blood vessels. CONCLUSIONS Thus, it was observed through in vivo studies that the vasodilation induced by plasma ACE inhibition increases mice mortality during P. chabaudi infection. Besides, it was also seen that the anti-malarial chloroquine causes changes in B1R expression in liver, even after days of parasite clearance. The differential expression of B1R and B2R in liver during malaria infection may have an important role in the disease pathophysiology and represents an issue for clinical treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla D S Ventura
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Silva Jardim 136, Lab 329, 3ºandar, Vila Mathias, Santos, 11015020, Brazil
| | - Carolina P F Carvalho
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Silva Jardim 136, Lab 329, 3ºandar, Vila Mathias, Santos, 11015020, Brazil
| | - Nilana M T Barros
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, Brazil
| | | | - Edilson O Dantas
- Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carolina Martinez
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Silva Jardim 136, Lab 329, 3ºandar, Vila Mathias, Santos, 11015020, Brazil
| | - Pollyana M S Melo
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João B Pesquero
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriana K Carmona
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcia R Nagaoka
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Silva Jardim 136, Lab 329, 3ºandar, Vila Mathias, Santos, 11015020, Brazil
| | - Marcos L Gazarini
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Silva Jardim 136, Lab 329, 3ºandar, Vila Mathias, Santos, 11015020, Brazil.
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Yao B, Liu DW, Chai WZ, Wang XT, Zhang HM. Microcirculation dysfunction in endotoxic shock rabbits is associated with impaired S-nitrosohemoglobin-mediated nitric oxide release from red blood cells: a preliminary study. Intensive Care Med Exp 2019; 7:1. [PMID: 30617929 PMCID: PMC6323059 DOI: 10.1186/s40635-018-0215-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Microcirculation dysfunction with blood flow heterogeneity is an important characteristic in sepsis shock. We hypothesized that impaired ability of red blood cells to release nitric oxide resulted in microcirculation dysfunction in sepsis shock. Methods 4,4′-Diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2′-disulfonic acid disodium salt hydrate (DIDS), an inhibitor of band3 protein, was used to inhibit S-nitrosohemoglobin-mediated nitric oxide release. Rabbits were randomly divided into four groups: control (n = 6), lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (n = 6), LPS + DIDS (n = 6), and control + DIDS group (n = 6). Macrocirculation (cardiac output and mean arterial pressure) and microcirculation (microvascular flow index and flow heterogeneity index) parameters were recorded. At 2-h time point, arterial and venous S-nitrosohemoglobin concentrations were measured. Results The arterial–venous difference for S-nitrosohemoglobin in the LPS group was lower than the control group (27.3 ± 5.0 nmmol/L vs. 40.9 ± 6.2 nmmol/L, P < 0.05) but was higher than the LPS + DIDS group, with a statistically significant difference (27.3 ± 5.0 nmmol/L vs. 16.0 ± 4.2 nmmol/L, P < 0.05). Microvascular flow index for the LPS group at 2 h was lower than the control group (1.13 ± 0.16 vs. 2.82 ± 0.08, P < 0.001) and higher than the LPS + DIDS group (1.13 ± 0.16 vs. 0.84 ± 0.14, P < 0.05). Flow heterogeneity index for the LPS group at 2 h was higher than the control group (1.03 ± 0.27 vs. 0.16 ± 0.06, P < 0.001) and lower than the LPS + DIDS group (1.03 ± 0.27 vs. 1.78 ± 0.46, P < 0.001). Conclusions In endotoxic shock rabbits, the ability of S-nitrosohemoglobin-mediated nitric oxide release from RBC was impaired, and there was an association between the ability and microcirculation dysfunction especially increased blood flow heterogeneity. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40635-018-0215-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Da-Wei Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China.
| | - Wen-Zhao Chai
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Xiao-Ting Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Hong-Min Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
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Shannon OM, McGawley K, Nybäck L, Duckworth L, Barlow MJ, Woods D, Siervo M, O'Hara JP. "Beet-ing" the Mountain: A Review of the Physiological and Performance Effects of Dietary Nitrate Supplementation at Simulated and Terrestrial Altitude. Sports Med 2018; 47:2155-2169. [PMID: 28577258 PMCID: PMC5633647 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-017-0744-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to altitude results in multiple physiological consequences. These include, but are not limited to, a reduced maximal oxygen consumption, drop in arterial oxygen saturation, and increase in muscle metabolic perturbations at a fixed sub-maximal work rate. Exercise capacity during fixed work rate or incremental exercise and time-trial performance are also impaired at altitude relative to sea level. Recently, dietary nitrate (NO3−) supplementation has attracted considerable interest as a nutritional aid during altitude exposure. In this review, we summarise and critically evaluate the physiological and performance effects of dietary NO3− supplementation during exposure to simulated and terrestrial altitude. Previous investigations at simulated altitude indicate that NO3− supplementation may reduce the oxygen cost of exercise, elevate arterial and tissue oxygen saturation, improve muscle metabolic function, and enhance exercise capacity/performance. Conversely, current evidence suggests that NO3− supplementation does not augment the training response at simulated altitude. Few studies have evaluated the effects of NO3− at terrestrial altitude. Current evidence indicates potential improvements in endothelial function at terrestrial altitude following NO3− supplementation. No effects of NO3− supplementation have been observed on oxygen consumption or arterial oxygen saturation at terrestrial altitude, although further research is warranted. Limitations of the present body of literature are discussed, and directions for future research are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Michael Shannon
- Research Institute for Sport, Physical Activity, and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, LS6 3QS, UK.
| | - Kerry McGawley
- Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
| | - Linn Nybäck
- Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
| | - Lauren Duckworth
- Research Institute for Sport, Physical Activity, and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, LS6 3QS, UK
| | - Matthew John Barlow
- Research Institute for Sport, Physical Activity, and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, LS6 3QS, UK
| | - David Woods
- Research Institute for Sport, Physical Activity, and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, LS6 3QS, UK.,Defence Medical Services, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, B152TH, UK
| | - Mario Siervo
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE45PL, UK
| | - John Paul O'Hara
- Research Institute for Sport, Physical Activity, and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, LS6 3QS, UK
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Nemkov T, Reisz JA, Xia Y, Zimring JC, D’Alessandro A. Red blood cells as an organ? How deep omics characterization of the most abundant cell in the human body highlights other systemic metabolic functions beyond oxygen transport. Expert Rev Proteomics 2018; 15:855-864. [DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2018.1531710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Travis Nemkov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver – Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Julie A. Reisz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver – Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Yang Xia
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Houston – McGovern Medical School , Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Angelo D’Alessandro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver – Aurora, CO, USA
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Bizjak DA, Jacko D, Zimmer P, Gehlert S, Bloch W, Grau M. Acute alterations in the hematological and hemorheological profile induced by resistance training and possible implication for microvascular functionality. Microvasc Res 2018; 118:137-143. [PMID: 29559378 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Depending on the exercise variables and training design, resistance exercise can be applied to gain muscle mass, prevent diseases like osteoporosis and sarcopenia or generally increase strength capacity. But the influence on blood flow parameters and possible consequences in health and disease are less understood. To examine the possible impact of resistance exercise of different duration on hemorheology, oxidative stress and microvascular function, participants (n = 6) performed lower-limb resistance exercise of the quadriceps femoris. Loading consisted of 1 (S1), 5 (S5) and 10 (S10) sets, on separated days, at the individual 10 repetition maximum. Blood samples were taken before (Pre) and after (Post0) each set as well after a 25-min recovery period (Post25). Hemograms were measured to analyze hematocrit, white blood cell (WBC) count and red blood cell (RBC) count. RBC deformability and aggregation were measured by ektacytometry and syllectometry to determine hemorheological responses. Plasma and RBC nitrate were measured by chemiluminescence detection to determine nitric oxide production. Formation of N-tyrosine and plasma malondialdehyde to determine oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation were measured by immunostaining and ELISA, respectively. Hematocrit, RBC, WBC count and aggregation increased Post0 in each protocol with subsequently decreased values Post25 below Pre values. High effect size was observed regarding deformability during the different sets. RBC nitrite analysis revealed effect size alterations between the trainings, whereas plasma nitrite was not affected. Effects size was evident in lipid peroxidation, whereas N-tyrosine concentration was not altered. Lower-limb resistance exercise induced acute changes in hematological and hemorheological parameters, whereby intermittent hemodilution and plasma shifts seemed the major contributor. The acute adaptations of RBC function seen during short duration resistance exercise might contribute to beneficial effects on microvascular circulation with a low oxidative stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Bizjak
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Daniel Jacko
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Olympic Training Centre Rhineland, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Philipp Zimmer
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Division of Physical Activity, Prevention and Cancer, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) and German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Gehlert
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Wilhelm Bloch
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany; The German Research Centre of Elite Sport, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Marijke Grau
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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Abstract
Erythrocytes regulate vascular function through the modulation of oxygen delivery and the scavenging and generation of nitric oxide (NO). First, hemoglobin inside the red blood cell binds oxygen in the lungs and delivers it to tissues throughout the body in an allosterically regulated process, modulated by oxygen, carbon dioxide and proton concentrations. The vasculature responds to low oxygen tensions through vasodilation, further recruiting blood flow and oxygen carrying erythrocytes. Research has shown multiple mechanisms are at play in this classical hypoxic vasodilatory response, with a potential role of red cell derived vasodilatory molecules, such as nitrite derived nitric oxide and red blood cell ATP, considered in the last 20 years. According to these hypotheses, red blood cells release vasodilatory molecules under low oxygen pressures. Candidate molecules released by erythrocytes and responsible for hypoxic vasodilation are nitric oxide, adenosine triphosphate and S-nitrosothiols. Our research group has characterized the biochemistry and physiological effects of the electron and proton transfer reactions from hemoglobin and other ferrous heme globins with nitrite to form NO. In addition to NO generation from nitrite during deoxygenation, hemoglobin has a high affinity for NO. Scavenging of NO by hemoglobin can cause vasoconstriction, which is greatly enhanced by cell free hemoglobin outside of the red cell. Therefore, compartmentalization of hemoglobin inside red blood cells and localization of red blood cells in the blood stream are important for healthy vascular function. Conditions where erythrocyte lysis leads to cell free hemoglobin or where erythrocytes adhere to the endothelium can result in hypertension and vaso constriction. These studies support a model where hemoglobin serves as an oxido-reductase, inhibiting NO and promoting higher vessel tone when oxygenated and reducing nitrite to form NO and vasodilate when deoxygenated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine C Helms
- Physics Department, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Mark T Gladwin
- Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Daniel B Kim-Shapiro
- Physics Department, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, United States.,Translational Science Center, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
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Effects of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound on soft tissue micro-circulation in the foot. INTERNATIONAL ORTHOPAEDICS 2017; 41:2067-2074. [DOI: 10.1007/s00264-017-3574-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Hirsch RE, Sibmooh N, Fucharoen S, Friedman JM. HbE/β-Thalassemia and Oxidative Stress: The Key to Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Novel Therapeutics. Antioxid Redox Signal 2017; 26:794-813. [PMID: 27650096 PMCID: PMC5421591 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2016.6806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Oxidative stress and generation of free radicals are fundamental in initiating pathophysiological mechanisms leading to an inflammatory cascade resulting in high rates of morbidity and death from many inherited point mutation-derived hemoglobinopathies. Hemoglobin (Hb)E is the most common point mutation worldwide. The βE-globin gene is found in greatest frequency in Southeast Asia, including Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos. With the wave of worldwide migration, it is entering the gene pool of diverse populations with greater consequences than expected. CRITICAL ISSUES While HbE by itself presents as a mild anemia and a single gene for β-thalassemia is not serious, it remains unexplained why HbE/β-thalassemia (HbE/β-thal) is a grave disease with high morbidity and mortality. Patients often exhibit defective physical development, severe chronic anemia, and often die of cardiovascular disease and severe infections. Recent Advances: This article presents an overview of HbE/β-thal disease with an emphasis on new findings pointing to pathophysiological mechanisms derived from and initiated by the dysfunctional property of HbE as a reduced nitrite reductase concomitant with excess α-chains exacerbating unstable HbE, leading to a combination of nitric oxide imbalance, oxidative stress, and proinflammatory events. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Additionally, we present new therapeutic strategies that are based on the emerging molecular-level understanding of the pathophysiology of this and other hemoglobinopathies. These strategies are designed to short-circuit the inflammatory cascade leading to devastating chronic morbidity and fatal consequences. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 26, 794-813.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhoda Elison Hirsch
- Department of Medicine (Hematology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Nathawut Sibmooh
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suthat Fucharoen
- Thalassemia Research Center, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakornpathom, Thailand
| | - Joel M. Friedman
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
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Helms CC, Liu X, Kim-Shapiro DB. Recent insights into nitrite signaling processes in blood. Biol Chem 2017; 398:319-329. [PMID: 27611767 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2016-0263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Nitrite was once thought to be inert in human physiology. However, research over the past few decades has established a link between nitrite and the production of nitric oxide (NO) that is potentiated under hypoxic and acidic conditions. Under this new role nitrite acts as a storage pool for bioavailable NO. The NO so produced is likely to play important roles in decreasing platelet activation, contributing to hypoxic vasodilation and minimizing blood-cell adhesion to endothelial cells. Researchers have proposed multiple mechanisms for nitrite reduction in the blood. However, NO production in blood must somehow overcome rapid scavenging by hemoglobin in order to be effective. Here we review the role of red blood cell hemoglobin in the reduction of nitrite and present recent research into mechanisms that may allow nitric oxide and other reactive nitrogen signaling species to escape the red blood cell.
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Dulce RA, Kulandavelu S, Schulman IH, Fritsch J, Hare JM. Nitric Oxide Regulation of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology. Nitric Oxide 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-804273-1.00024-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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Singh P, Singh S, Kesharwani RK. Resealed Erythrocytes as Drug Carriers and Its Therapeutic Applications. PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-1762-7.ch018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In this pharma innovative world, there are more than 30 drug delivery systems. Today's due to lacking the target specificity, the present scenario about drug delivery is emphasizing towards targeted drug delivery systems. Erythrocytes are the most common type of blood cells travel thousands of miles from wide to narrow pathways to deliver oxygen, drugs and nutrient during their lifetime. Red blood cells have strong and targeted potential carrier capabilities for varieties of drugs. Drug-loaded carrier erythrocytes or resealed erythrocytes are promising for various passive and active targeting. Resealed erythrocyte have advantage over several drug carrier models like biocompatibility, biodegradability without toxic products, inert intracellular environment, entrapping potential for a variety of chemicals, protection of the organism against toxic effects of the drug, able to circulate throughout the body, ideal zero-order drug-release kinetics, no undesired immune response against encapsulated drug etc. Resealed erythrocytes are rapidly taken up by macrophages of the Reticuloendothelial System (RES) of the liver, lung, and spleen of the body and hence drugs also. Resealed erythrocytes method of drugs delivery is secure and effective for drugs targeting specially for a longer period of time. This chapter will explain the different method of drug loading for resealed erythrocytes, their characterization, and applications in various therapies and associated health benefits.
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Benz PM, Fleming I. Can erythrocytes release biologically active NO? Cell Commun Signal 2016; 14:22. [PMID: 27639852 PMCID: PMC5027109 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-016-0145-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Under physiological conditions, endothelial cells and the endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase (eNOS) are the main source of NO in the cardiovascular system. However, several other cell types have also been implicated in the NO-dependent regulation of cell function, including erythrocytes. NO derived from red blood cells has been proposed to regulate erythrocyte membrane fluidity, inhibit platelet activation and induce vasodilation in hypoxic areas, but these proposals are highly controversial. In the current issue of Cell Communication and Signaling, an elegant study by Gambaryan et al., assayed NO production by erythrocytes by monitoring the activation of the platelet intracellular NO receptor, soluble guanylyl cyclase, and its downstream kinase protein kinase G. After systematically testing different combinations of erythrocyte/platelet suspensions, the authors found no evidence for platelet soluble guanylyl cyclase/protein kinase G activation by erythrocytes and conclude that erythrocytes do not release biologically active NO to inhibit platelet activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Benz
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany. .,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) partner site Rhine-Main, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Ingrid Fleming
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) partner site Rhine-Main, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Groen K, Maltby VE, Sanders KA, Scott RJ, Tajouri L, Lechner-Scott J. Erythrocytes in multiple sclerosis - forgotten contributors to the pathophysiology? Mult Scler J Exp Transl Clin 2016; 2:2055217316649981. [PMID: 28607726 PMCID: PMC5433403 DOI: 10.1177/2055217316649981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease characterised by lymphocytic
infiltration of the central nervous system and subsequent destruction of myelin and axons.
On the background of a genetic predisposition to autoimmunity, environmental triggers are
assumed to initiate the disease. The majority of MS research has focused on the
pathological involvement of lymphocytes and other immune cells, yet a paucity of attention
has been given to erythrocytes, which may play an important role in MS pathology. The
following review briefly summarises how erythrocytes may contribute to MS pathology
through impaired antioxidant capacity and altered haemorheological features. The effect of
disease-modifying therapies on erythrocytes is also reviewed. It may be important to
further investigate erythrocytes in MS, as this could broaden the understanding of the
pathological mechanisms of the disease, as well as potentially lead to the discovery of
novel and innovative targets for future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira Groen
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Australia
| | - Vicki E Maltby
- Information Based Medicine, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Australia
| | | | - Rodney J Scott
- Information Based Medicine, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Australia
| | - Lotti Tajouri
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Australia
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Kolluru GK, Prasai PK, Kaskas AM, Letchuman V, Pattillo CB. Oxygen tension, H2S, and NO bioavailability: is there an interaction? J Appl Physiol (1985) 2016; 120:263-70. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00365.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular oxygen (O2) is an essential component for survival and development. Variation in O2 levels leads to changes in molecular signaling and ultimately affects the physiological functions of many organisms. Nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) are two gaseous cellular signaling molecules that play key roles in several physiological functions involved in maintaining vascular homeostasis including vasodilation, anti-inflammation, and vascular growth. Apart from the aforementioned functions, NO and H2S are believed to mediate hypoxic responses and serve as O2 chemosensors in biological systems. In this literature review, we briefly discuss NO and H2S and their roles during hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopi K. Kolluru
- Department of Pathology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana; and
| | - Priya K. Prasai
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - Amir M. Kaskas
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - Vijay Letchuman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - Christopher B. Pattillo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana
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Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) generated by endothelial cells to relax vascular smooth muscle is one of the most intensely studied molecules in the past 25 years. Much of what is known about NO regulation of NO is based on blockade of its generation and analysis of changes in vascular regulation. This approach has been useful to demonstrate the importance of NO in large scale forms of regulation but provides less information on the nuances of NO regulation. However, there is a growing body of studies on multiple types of in vivo measurement of NO in normal and pathological conditions. This discussion will focus on in vivo studies and how they are reshaping the understanding of NO's role in vascular resistance regulation and the pathologies of hypertension and diabetes mellitus. The role of microelectrode measurements in the measurement of [NO] will be considered because much of the controversy about what NO does and at what concentration depends upon the measurement methodology. For those studies where the technology has been tested and found to be well founded, the concept evolving is that the stresses imposed on the vasculature in the form of flow-mediated stimulation, chemicals within the tissue, and oxygen tension can cause rapid and large changes in the NO concentration to affect vascular regulation. All these functions are compromised in both animal and human forms of hypertension and diabetes mellitus due to altered regulation of endothelial cells and formation of oxidants that both damage endothelial cells and change the regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold Glenn Bohlen
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University Medical School, Indianapolis, Indiana, Indiana, USA
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41
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Joyner MJ, Casey DP. Regulation of increased blood flow (hyperemia) to muscles during exercise: a hierarchy of competing physiological needs. Physiol Rev 2015; 95:549-601. [PMID: 25834232 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00035.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 430] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on how blood flow to contracting skeletal muscles is regulated during exercise in humans. The idea is that blood flow to the contracting muscles links oxygen in the atmosphere with the contracting muscles where it is consumed. In this context, we take a top down approach and review the basics of oxygen consumption at rest and during exercise in humans, how these values change with training, and the systemic hemodynamic adaptations that support them. We highlight the very high muscle blood flow responses to exercise discovered in the 1980s. We also discuss the vasodilating factors in the contracting muscles responsible for these very high flows. Finally, the competition between demand for blood flow by contracting muscles and maximum systemic cardiac output is discussed as a potential challenge to blood pressure regulation during heavy large muscle mass or whole body exercise in humans. At this time, no one dominant dilator mechanism accounts for exercise hyperemia. Additionally, complex interactions between the sympathetic nervous system and the microcirculation facilitate high levels of systemic oxygen extraction and permit just enough sympathetic control of blood flow to contracting muscles to regulate blood pressure during large muscle mass exercise in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Joyner
- Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; and Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Darren P Casey
- Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; and Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Oxygen (O2) delivery, the maintenance of which is fundamental to supporting those with critical illness, is a function of blood O2 content and flow. Here, we review red blood cell (RBC) physiology relevant to disordered O2 delivery in the critically ill. RECENT FINDINGS Flow (rather than content) is the focus of O2 delivery regulation. O2 content is relatively fixed, whereas flow fluctuates by several orders of magnitude. Thus, blood flow volume and distribution vary to maintain coupling between O2 delivery and demand. The trapping, processing and delivery of nitric oxide (NO) by RBCs has emerged as a conserved mechanism through which regional blood flow is linked to biochemical cues of perfusion sufficiency. We will review conventional RBC physiology that influences O2 delivery (O2 affinity & rheology) and introduce a new paradigm for O2 delivery homeostasis based on coordinated gas transport and vascular signaling by RBCs. SUMMARY By coordinating vascular signaling in a fashion that links O2 and NO flux, RBCs couple vessel caliber (and thus blood flow) to O2 need in tissue. Malfunction of this signaling system is implicated in a wide array of pathophysiologies and may be explanatory for the dysoxia frequently encountered in the critical care setting.
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Regulation of oxygen delivery to the body via hypoxic vasodilation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:6254-5. [PMID: 25944936 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1506523112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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Hemoglobin βCys93 is essential for cardiovascular function and integrated response to hypoxia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:6425-30. [PMID: 25810253 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1502285112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxygen delivery by Hb is essential for vertebrate life. Three amino acids in Hb are strictly conserved in all mammals and birds, but only two of those, a His and a Phe that stabilize the heme moiety, are needed to carry O2. The third conserved residue is a Cys within the β-chain (βCys93) that has been assigned a role in S-nitrosothiol (SNO)-based hypoxic vasodilation by RBCs. Under this model, the delivery of SNO-based NO bioactivity by Hb redefines the respiratory cycle as a triune system (NO/O2/CO2). However, the physiological ramifications of RBC-mediated vasodilation are unknown, and the apparently essential nature of βCys93 remains unclear. Here we report that mice with a βCys93Ala mutation are deficient in hypoxic vasodilation that governs blood flow autoregulation, the classic physiological mechanism that controls tissue oxygenation but whose molecular basis has been a longstanding mystery. Peripheral blood flow and tissue oxygenation are decreased at baseline in mutant animals and decline excessively during hypoxia. In addition, βCys93Ala mutation results in myocardial ischemia under basal normoxic conditions and in acute cardiac decompensation and enhanced mortality during transient hypoxia. Fetal viability is diminished also. Thus, βCys93-derived SNO bioactivity is essential for tissue oxygenation by RBCs within the respiratory cycle that is required for both normal cardiovascular function and circulatory adaptation to hypoxia.
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45
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Obrador R, Musulin S, Hansen B. Red blood cell storage lesion. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2014; 25:187-99. [PMID: 25428860 DOI: 10.1111/vec.12252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To summarize current understanding of the mechanisms responsible for changes occurring during red blood cell (RBC) storage, collectively known as the storage lesion, and to review the biological and clinical consequences of increasing storage time of RBCs. DATA SOURCES Human and veterinary clinical studies, experimental animal model studies, and reviews of the RBC storage lesion with no date restrictions. HUMAN DATA SYNTHESIS Experimental studies have characterized the evolution of human RBC and supernatant changes that occur during storage and form the basis for concern about the potential for harm from long-term storage of RBCs. Although 4 randomized controlled trials of varying sizes failed to find an association between RBC storage time and negative clinical outcomes, a recent meta-analysis and numerous observational clinical studies have demonstrated that transfusion of old versus fresh stored RBCs is associated with an increased risk of morbidity and mortality, particularly among trauma victims and cardiac surgery patients. Potential clinical consequences of RBC transfusion following development of the storage lesion include risk of organ dysfunction, organ failure, infections, and death. VETERINARY DATA SYNTHESIS Experimental animal models have contributed to the evidence supporting adverse consequences of the RBC storage lesion. Studies on relevant RBC storage issues such as the effect of different preservative solutions and leukoreduction have been completed. Transfusion with RBCs stored for 42 days increases mortality in dogs with experimental sepsis. CONCLUSION Storage of RBCs induces progressive biochemical, biomechanical, and immunologic changes that affect red cell viability, deformability, oxygen carrying capacity, microcirculatory flow, and recipient response. Most reports in the human and veterinary literature support the concept that there are deleterious effects of the RBC storage lesion, but additional studies with improved experimental design are needed to identify compelling reasons to modify current blood banking and transfusion practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Obrador
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607
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46
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Mairbäurl H, Ruppe FA, Bärtsch P. Role of hemolysis in red cell adenosine triphosphate release in simulated exercise conditions in vitro. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2014; 45:1941-7. [PMID: 23575515 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e318296193a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Specific adenosine triphosphate (ATP) release from red blood cells has been discussed as a possible mediator controlling microcirculation in states of decreased tissue oxygen. Because intravascular hemolysis might also contribute to plasma ATP, we tested in vitro which portion of ATP release is due to hemolysis in typical exercise-induced strains to the red blood cells (shear stress, deoxygenation, and lactic acidosis). METHODS Human erythrocytes were suspended in dextran-containing media (hematocrit 10%) and were exposed to shear stress in a rotating Couette viscometer at 37°C. Desaturation (oxygen saturation of hemoglobin ∼20%) was achieved by tonometry with N2 before shear stress exposure. Cells not exposed to shear stress were used as controls. Na lactate (15 mM), lactic acid (15 mM, pH 7.0), and HCl (pH 7.0) were added to simulate exercise-induced lactic acidosis. After incubation, extracellular hemoglobin was measured to quantify hemolysis. ATP was measured with the luciferase assay. RESULTS Shear stress increased extracellular ATP in a stress-related and time-dependent manner. Hypoxia induced a ∼10-fold increase in extracellular ATP in nonsheared cells and shear stress-exposed cells. Lactic acid had no significant effect on ATP release and hemolysis. In normoxic cells, approximately 20%-50% of extracellular ATP was due to hemolysis. This proportion decreased to less than 10% in hypoxic cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that when exposing red blood cells to typical strains they encounter when passing through capillaries of exercising skeletal muscle, ATP release from red blood cells is caused mainly by deoxygenation and shear stress, whereas lactic acidosis had only a minor effect. Hemolysis effects were decreased when hemoglobin was deoxygenated. Together, by specific release and hemolysis, extracellular ATP reaches values that have been shown to cause local vasodilatation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heimo Mairbäurl
- Medical Clinic VII, Sports Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, GERMANY
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47
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Umbrello M, Dyson A, Pinto BB, Fernandez BO, Simon V, Feelisch M, Singer M. Short-term hypoxic vasodilation in vivo is mediated by bioactive nitric oxide metabolites, rather than free nitric oxide derived from haemoglobin-mediated nitrite reduction. J Physiol 2014; 592:1061-75. [PMID: 24396056 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2013.255687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Local increases in blood flow--'hypoxic vasodilation'--confer cellular protection in the face of reduced oxygen delivery. The physiological relevance of this response is well established, yet ongoing controversy surrounds its underlying mechanisms. We sought to confirm that early hypoxic vasodilation is a nitric oxide (NO)-mediated phenomenon and to study putative pathways for increased levels of NO, namely production from NO synthases, intravascular nitrite reduction, release from preformed stores and reduced deactivation by cytochrome c oxidase. Experiments were performed on spontaneously breathing, anaesthetized, male Wistar rats undergoing short-term systemic hypoxaemia, who received pharmacological inhibitors and activators of the various NO pathways. Arterial blood pressure, cardiac output, tissue oxygen tension and the circulating pool of NO metabolites (oxidation, nitrosation and nitrosylation products) were measured in plasma and erythrocytes. Hypoxaemia caused a rapid and sustained vasodilation, which was only partially reversed by non-selective NO synthase inhibition. This was associated with significantly lower plasma nitrite, and marginally elevated nitrate levels, suggestive of nitrite bioinactivation. Administration of sodium nitrite had little effect in normoxia, but produced significant vasodilation and increased nitrosylation during hypoxaemia that could not be reversed by NO scavenging. Methodological issues prevented assessment of the contribution, if any, of reduced deactivation of NO by cytochrome c oxidase. In conclusion, acute hypoxic vasodilation is an adaptive NO-mediated response conferred through bioactive metabolites rather than free NO from haemoglobin-mediated reduction of nitrite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Umbrello
- Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University College London, Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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48
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Nuñez C, Victor VM, Martí M, D'Ocon P. Role of endothelial nitric oxide in pulmonary and systemic arteries during hypoxia. Nitric Oxide 2013; 37:17-27. [PMID: 24365975 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2013.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Our aim was to investigate the role played by endothelial nitric oxide (NO) during acute vascular response to hypoxia, as a modulator of both vascular tone (through guanylate cyclase (sGC) activation) and mitochondrial O2 consumption (through competitive inhibition of cytochrome-c-oxydase (CcO)). Organ bath experiments were performed and O2 consumption (Clark electrode) was determined in isolated aorta, mesenteric and pulmonary arteries of rats and eNOS-knockout mice. All pre-contracted vessels exhibited a triphasic hypoxic response consisting of an initial transient contraction (not observed in vessels from eNOS-knockout mice) followed by relaxation and subsequent sustained contraction. Removal of the endothelium, inhibition of eNOS (by L-NNA) and inhibition of sGC (by ODQ) abolished the initial contraction without altering the other two phases. The initial hypoxic contraction was observed in the presence of L-NNA+NO-donors. L-NNA and ODQ increases O2 consumption in hypoxic vessels and increases the arterial tone in normoxia but not in hypoxia. When L-NNA+mitochondrial inhibitors (cyanide, rotenone or myxothiazol) were added, the increase in tone was similar in normoxic and hypoxic vessels, which suggests that inhibition of the binding of NO to reduced CcO restored the action of NO on sGC. CONCLUSION A complex equilibrium is established between NO, sGC and CcO in vessels in function of the concentration of O2: as O2 falls, NO inhibition of mitochondrial O2 consumption increases and activation of sGC decreases, thus promoting a rapid increase in tone in both pulmonary and systemic vessels, which is followed by the triggering of NO-independent vasodilator/vasoconstrictor mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Nuñez
- Departamento de Farmacología and CIBERehd, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Spain
| | - Victor M Victor
- Departamento de Farmacología and CIBERehd, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Spain; FISABIO-Hospital Universitario Doctor Peset, Av. Gaspar Aguilar 90, 46017 Valencia, Spain; Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Miguel Martí
- Departamento de Farmacología and CIBERehd, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Spain
| | - Pilar D'Ocon
- Departamento de Farmacología and CIBERehd, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Spain.
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Rusak T, Misztal T, Piszcz J, Tomasiak M. Nitric oxide scavenging by cell-free hemoglobin may be a primary factor determining hypertension in polycythemic patients. Free Radic Res 2013; 48:230-8. [PMID: 24180690 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2013.860225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that hypertension associated with polycythemia vera (PV) may be related to hemoglobin released from erythrocytes (cell-free hemoglobin, fHb). We assessed hematocrit, mean arterial pressure (MAP), blood viscosity, and the level of fHb and nitrite/nitrate (NOx) in the plasma of 73 PV patients and 38 healthy controls. The effect of isovolemic erythrocytapheresis (ECP) on the considered parameters was also studied. From the whole group of PV patients a subset of subjects with normal (normotensive patients, n = 16) and elevated MAP (hypertensive patients, n = 57) can be subtracted. It was found that in comparison with healthy controls, PV patients have significantly (p ≤ 0.01) elevated Hct (0.567 vs. 0.422), blood viscosity (5.45 vs. 3.56 cP), MAP (106.8 vs. 93.8 mmHg), plasma fHb (9.7 vs. 2.8 mg/dL), and NOx levels (34.1 vs. 27.5 μM). Compared with normotensive patients, hypertensive PV patients demonstrated a higher rise in fHb (10.2 vs. 8.0) and plasma NOx levels (35.8 vs. 31.0). In PV patients, fHb positively correlates with MAP (r = 0.489), NOx levels (r = 0.461), hematocrit (r = 0.428), and viscosity (r = 0.393). Blood viscosity positively correlated with hematocrit (r = 0.894), but not with other considered parameters. In PV patients MAP poorly correlated with hematocrit, whereas the correlation between MAP and NOx altered from - 0.325 (healthy control) to + 0.268 (PV patients). ECP procedure was associated with a significant (p < 0.01) reduction of hematocrit, fHb, blood viscosity, and MAP. In the normotensive subgroup of PV patients the ECP procedure did not affect MAP. It can be concluded that accelerated scavenging of nitric oxide by fHb rather than high Hct may be a key factor determining the development of hypertension in PV patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Rusak
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok , Bialystok , Poland
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50
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Umbrello M, Dyson A, Feelisch M, Singer M. The key role of nitric oxide in hypoxia: hypoxic vasodilation and energy supply-demand matching. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 19:1690-710. [PMID: 23311950 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE A mismatch between energy supply and demand induces tissue hypoxia with the potential to cause cell death and organ failure. Whenever arterial oxygen concentration is reduced, increases in blood flow--hypoxic vasodilation--occur in an attempt to restore oxygen supply. Nitric oxide (NO) is a major signaling and effector molecule mediating the body's response to hypoxia, given its unique characteristics of vasodilation (improving blood flow and oxygen supply) and modulation of energetic metabolism (reducing oxygen consumption and promoting utilization of alternative pathways). RECENT ADVANCES This review covers the role of oxygen in metabolism and responses to hypoxia, the hemodynamic and metabolic effects of NO, and mechanisms underlying the involvement of NO in hypoxic vasodilation. Recent insights into NO metabolism will be discussed, including the role for dietary intake of nitrate, endogenous nitrite (NO₂⁻) reductases, and release of NO from storage pools. The processes through which NO levels are elevated during hypoxia are presented, namely, (i) increased synthesis from NO synthases, increased reduction of NO₂⁻ to NO by heme- or pterin-based enzymes and increased release from NO stores, and (ii) reduced deactivation by mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase. CRITICAL ISSUES Several reviews covered modulation of energetic metabolism by NO, while here we highlight the crucial role NO plays in achieving cardiocirculatory homeostasis during acute hypoxia through both vasodilation and metabolic suppression. FUTURE DIRECTIONS We identify a key position for NO in the body's adaptation to an acute energy supply-demand mismatch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Umbrello
- 1 Department of Medicine, Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University College London , London, United Kingdom
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