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Pearson R, Butler A. Glyceryl Trinitrate: History, Mystery, and Alcohol Intolerance. Molecules 2021; 26:6581. [PMID: 34770988 PMCID: PMC8587134 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) is one of the earliest known treatments for angina with a fascinating history that bridges three centuries. However, despite its central role in the nitric oxide (NO) story as a NO-donating compound, establishing the precise mechanism of how GTN exerts its medicinal benefit has proven to be far more difficult. This review brings together the explosive and vasodilatory nature of this three-carbon molecule while providing an update on the likely in vivo pathways through which GTN, and the rest of the organic nitrate family, release NO, nitrite, or a combination of both, while also trying to explain nitrate tolerance. Over the last 20 years the alcohol detoxification enzyme, aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), has undoubtedly emerged as the front runner to explaining GTN's bioactivation. This is best illustrated by reduced GTN efficacy in subjects carrying the single point mutation (Glu504Lys) in ALDH, which is also responsible for alcohol intolerance, as characterized by flushing. While these findings are significant for anyone following the GTN story, they appear particularly relevant for healthcare professionals, and especially so, if administering GTN to patients as an emergency treatment. In short, although the GTN puzzle has not been fully solved, clinical study data continue to cement the importance of ALDH, as uncovered in 2002, as a key GTN activator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell Pearson
- School of Pharmacy & Bioengineering, Keele University, Newcastle-under-Lyme ST5 5BG, Staffordshire, UK
| | - Anthony Butler
- School of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9JP, UK;
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Li XY, Zhang HM, An GP, Liu MY, Han SF, Jin Q, Song Y, Lin YM, Dong B, Wang SX, Meng LB. S-Nitrosylation of Akt by organic nitrate delays revascularization and the recovery of cardiac function in mice following myocardial infarction. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 25:27-36. [PMID: 33128338 PMCID: PMC7810919 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of long‐term nitrate therapy are compromised due to protein S‐Nitrosylation, which is mediated by nitric oxide (NO). This study is to determine the role of Akt S‐Nitrosylation in the recovery of heart functions after ischaemia. In recombinant Akt protein and in HEK293 cells, NO donor decreased Akt activity and induced Akt S‐Nitrosylation, but was abolished if Akt protein was mutated by replacing cysteine 296/344 with alanine (Akt‐C296/344A). In endothelial cells, NO induced Akt S‐Nitrosylation, reduced Akt activity and damaged multiple cellular functions including proliferation, migration and tube formation. These alterations were ablated if cells expressed Akt‐C296/344A mutant. In Apoe−/− mice, nitroglycerine infusion increased both Akt S‐Nitrosylation and infarct size, reduced Akt activity and capillary density, and delayed the recovery of cardiac function in ischaemic hearts, compared with mice infused with vehicle. Importantly, these in vivo effects of nitroglycerine in Apoe−/− mice were remarkably prevented by adenovirus‐mediated enforced expression of Akt‐C296/344A mutant. In conclusion, long‐term usage of organic nitrate may inactivate Akt to delay ischaemia‐induced revascularization and the recovery of cardiac function through NO‐mediated S‐Nitrosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yan Li
- Department of Cardiology, the 960thHospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Jinan, China
| | - Hong-Ming Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, the 960thHospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Jinan, China
| | - Gui-Peng An
- Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Mo-Yan Liu
- Department of Cardiology, the 960thHospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Jinan, China
| | - Shu-Fang Han
- Department of Cardiology, the 960thHospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Jinan, China
| | - Qun Jin
- Department of Cardiology, the 960thHospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Jinan, China
| | - Ying Song
- Department of Cardiology, the 960thHospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Jinan, China
| | - Yi-Meng Lin
- Department of Cardiology, the 960thHospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Jinan, China
| | - Bo Dong
- Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Shuang-Xi Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ling-Bo Meng
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital affiliated to Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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Zhou SN, Lu JX, Wang XQ, Shan MR, Miao Z, Pan GP, Jian X, Li P, Ping S, Pang XY, Bai YP, Liu C, Wang SX. S-Nitrosylation of Prostacyclin Synthase Instigates Nitrate Cross-Tolerance In Vivo. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2018; 105:201-209. [PMID: 29672839 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.1094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Development of nitrate tolerance is a major drawback to nitrate therapy. Prostacyclin (PGI2) is a powerful vasodilator produced from prostaglandin (PGH2) by prostacyclin synthase (PGIS) in endothelial cells. This study aimed to determine the role of PGIS S-nitrosylation in nitrate tolerance induced by nitroglycerin (GTN). In endothelial cells, GTN increased PGIS S-nitrosylation and disturbed PGH2 metabolism, which were normalized by mutants of PGIS cysteine 231/441 to alanine (C231/441A). Clearance of nitric oxide by carboxy-PTIO or inhibition of S-nitrosylation by N-acetyl-cysteine decreased GTN-induced PGIS S-nitrosylation. Enforced expression of mutated PGIS with C231/441A markedly abolished GTN-induced PGIS S-nitrosylation and nitrate cross-tolerance in Apoe-/- mice. Inhibition of cyclooxygenase 1 by aspirin, supplementation of PGI2 by beraprost, and inhibition of PGIS S-nitrosylation by N-acetyl-cysteine improved GTN-induced nitrate cross-tolerance in rats. In patients, increased PGIS S-nitrosylation was associated with nitrate tolerance. In conclusion, GTN induces nitrate cross-tolerance through PGIS S-nitrosylation at cysteine 231/441.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Nan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jun-Xiu Lu
- College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xue-Qing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Mei-Rong Shan
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhang Miao
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Guo-Pin Pan
- College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xu Jian
- College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Peng Li
- College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Song Ping
- College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xin-Yan Pang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yong-Ping Bai
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular, Cerebrovascular, and Metabolic Disorders, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Shuang-Xi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular, Cerebrovascular, and Metabolic Disorders, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
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Nitric oxide treatments as adjuncts to reperfusion in acute myocardial infarction: a systematic review of experimental and clinical studies. Basic Res Cardiol 2016; 111:23. [PMID: 26912064 PMCID: PMC4766230 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-016-0540-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Unmodified reperfusion therapy for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is associated with irreversible myocardial injury beyond that sustained during ischemia. Studies in experimental models of ischemia/reperfusion and in humans undergoing reperfusion therapy for AMI have examined potential beneficial effects of nitric oxide (NO) supplemented at the time of reperfusion. Using a rigorous systematic search approach, we have identified and critically evaluated all the relevant experimental and clinical literature to assess whether exogenous NO given at reperfusion can limit infarct size. An inclusive search strategy was undertaken to identify all in vivo experimental animal and clinical human studies published in the period 1990–2014 where NO gas, nitrite, nitrate or NO donors were given to ameliorate reperfusion injury. Articles were screened at title and subsequently at abstract level, followed by objective full text analysis using a critical appraisal tool. In twenty-one animal studies, all NO treatments except nitroglycerin afforded protection against measures of reperfusion injury, including infarct size, creatinine kinase release, neutrophil accumulation and cardiac dysfunction. In three human AMI RCT’s, there was no consistent evidence of infarct limitation associated with NO treatment as an adjunct to reperfusion. Despite experimental evidence that most NO treatments can reduce infarct size when given as adjuncts to reperfusion, the value of these interventions in clinical AMI is unproven. Our study raises issues for the design of further clinical studies and emphasises the need for improved design of animal studies to reflect more accurately the comorbidities and other confounding factors seen in clinical AMI.
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Greco R, Ferrigno A, Demartini C, Zanaboni A, Mangione AS, Blandini F, Nappi G, Vairetti M, Tassorelli C. Evaluation of ADMA-DDAH-NOS axis in specific brain areas following nitroglycerin administration: study in an animal model of migraine. J Headache Pain 2015; 16:560. [PMID: 26272684 PMCID: PMC4536246 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-015-0560-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nitric oxide (NO) is known to play a key role in migraine pathogenesis, but modulation of NO synthesis has failed so far to show efficacy in migraine treatment. Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) is a NO synthase (NOS) inhibitor, whose levels are regulated by dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase (DDAH). Systemic administration of nitroglycerin (or glyceryl trinitrate, GTN) is a NO donor that consistently induces spontaneous-like headache attacks in migraneurs. GTN administration induces an increase in neuronal NOS (nNOS) that is simultaneous with a hyperalgesic condition. GTN administration has been used for years as an experimental animal model of migraine. In order to gain further insights in the precise mechanisms involved in the relationships between NO synthesis and migraine, we analyzed changes induced by GTN administration in ADMA levels, DDHA-1 mRNA expression and the expression of neuronal and endothelial NOS (nNOS and eNOS) in the brain. We also evaluated ADMA levels in the serum. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with GTN (10 mg/kg, i.p.) or vehicle and sacrificed 4 h later. Brain areas known to be activated by GTN administration were dissected out and utilized for the evaluation of nNOS and eNOS expression by means of western blotting. Cerebral and serum ADMA levels were measured by means of ELISA immunoassay. Cerebral DDAH-1 mRNA expression was measured by means of RT-PCR. Comparisons between experimental groups were performed using the Mann Whitney test. RESULTS ADMA levels and nNOS expression increased in the hypothalamus and medulla following GTN administration. Conversely, a significant decrease in DDAH-1 mRNA expression was observed in the same areas. By contrast, no significant change was reported in eNOS expression. GTN administration did not induce any significant change in serum levels of ADMA. CONCLUSION The present data suggest that ADMA accumulates in the brain after GTN administration via the inhibition of DDAH-1. This latter may represent a compensatory response to the excessive local availability of NO, released directly by GTN or synthetized by nNOS. These findings prompt an additional mediator (ADMA) in the modulation of NO axis following GTN administration and offer new insights in the pathophysiology of migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosaria Greco
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of Integrative Autonomic Systems, Headache Science Centre, "C. Mondino" National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy,
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Affiliation(s)
- Puneet Anand
- From the Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH
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Feng J, Damrauer SM, Lee M, Sellke FW, Ferran C, Abid MR. Endothelium-dependent coronary vasodilatation requires NADPH oxidase-derived reactive oxygen species. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2010; 30:1703-10. [PMID: 20702812 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.110.209726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the functional significance of physiological reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in endothelium-dependent nitric oxide (NO)-mediated coronary vasodilatation. METHODS AND RESULTS Endothelium-derived NO is important in regulating coronary vascular tone. Excess ROS have been shown to reduce NO bioavailability, resulting in endothelial dysfunction and coronary diseases. NADPH oxidase is a major source of ROS in endothelial cells (ECs). By using lucigenin-based superoxide production and dichlorfluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) fluorescence-activated cell sorter assays, we found that mouse heart ECs from NADPH oxidase-knockdown (p47(phox-/-)) animals have reduced NADPH oxidase activity (>40%) and ROS levels (>30%) compared with wild-type mouse heart ECs. Surprisingly, a reduction in ROS did not improve coronary vasomotion; rather, endothelium-dependent vascular endothelial growth factor-mediated coronary vasodilatation was reduced by greater than 50% in p47(phox-/-) animals. Western blots and L-citrulline assays showed a significant reduction in Akt/protein kinase B (PKB) and endothelial NO synthase phosphorylation and NO synthesis, respectively, in p47(phox-/-) coronary vessels and mouse heart ECs. Adenoviral expression of constitutively active endothelial NO synthase restored vascular endothelial growth factor-mediated coronary vasodilatation in p47(phox-/-) animals. CONCLUSIONS Endothelium-dependent vascular endothelial growth factor regulation of coronary vascular tone may require NADPH oxidase-derived ROS to activate phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-Akt-endothelial NO synthase axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Feng
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Mass., USA
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Abstract
Well over 2 decades have passed since the endothelium-derived relaxation factor was reported to be the gaseous molecule nitric oxide (NO). Although soluble guanylyl cyclase (which generates cyclic guanosine monophosphate, cGMP) was the first identified receptor for NO, it has become increasingly clear that NO exerts a ubiquitous influence in a cGMP-independent manner. In particular, many, if not most, effects of NO are mediated by S-nitrosylation, the covalent modification of a protein cysteine thiol by an NO group to generate an S-nitrosothiol (SNO). Moreover, within the current framework of NO biology, endothelium-derived relaxation factor activity (ie, G protein-coupled receptor-mediated, or shear-induced endothelium-derived NO bioactivity) is understood to involve a central role for SNOs, acting both as second messengers and signal effectors. Furthermore, essential roles for S-nitrosylation have been implicated in virtually all major functions of NO in the cardiovascular system. Here, we review the basic biochemistry of S-nitrosylation (and denitrosylation), discuss the role of S-nitrosylation in the vascular and cardiac functions of NO, and identify current and potential clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Lima
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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Foster MW, Hess DT, Stamler JS. Protein S-nitrosylation in health and disease: a current perspective. Trends Mol Med 2009; 15:391-404. [PMID: 19726230 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2009.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 566] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2009] [Revised: 06/30/2009] [Accepted: 06/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Protein S-nitrosylation constitutes a large part of the ubiquitous influence of nitric oxide on cellular signal transduction and accumulating evidence indicates important roles for S-nitrosylation both in normal physiology and in a broad spectrum of human diseases. Here we review recent findings that implicate S-nitrosylation in cardiovascular, pulmonary, musculoskeletal and neurological (dys)function, as well as in cancer. The emerging picture shows that, in many cases, pathophysiology correlates with hypo- or hyper-S-nitrosylation of specific protein targets rather than a general cellular insult due to loss of or enhanced nitric oxide synthase activity. In addition, it is increasingly evident that dysregulated S-nitrosylation can not only result from alterations in the expression, compartmentalization and/or activity of nitric oxide synthases, but can also reflect a contribution from denitrosylases, including prominently the S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO)-metabolizing enzyme GSNO reductase. Finally, because exogenous mediators of protein S-nitrosylation or denitrosylation can substantially affect the development or progression of disease, potential therapeutic agents that modulate S-nitrosylation could well have broad clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W Foster
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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