1
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Sakarin S, Rungsipipat A, Surachetpong SD. Perivascular inflammatory cells and their association with pulmonary arterial remodelling in dogs with pulmonary hypertension due to myxomatous mitral valve disease. Vet Res Commun 2023; 47:1505-1521. [PMID: 36976445 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-023-10106-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH), an increase in pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP), may occur in dogs affected with myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD). Recent studies suggest that an accumulation of perivascular inflammatory cells may be involved with medial thickening which is a sign of the pulmonary artery remodelling in PH. The aim of this study was to characterise perivascular inflammatory cells in the surrounding pulmonary arteries of dogs with PH due to MMVD compared to MMVD dogs and healthy control dogs. Nineteen lung samples were collected from cadavers of small-breed dogs (control n = 5; MMVD n = 7; MMVD + PH n = 7). Toluidine blue stain and multiple IHC targeting α-SMA, vWF, CD20, CD68 and CD3 was performed to examine intimal and medial thickening, assess muscularisation of the small pulmonary arteries and characterise perivascular leucocytes. Medial thickening without intimal thickening of pulmonary arteries and muscularisation of normally non-muscularised small pulmonary arteries was observed in the MMVD and MMVD + PH groups compared with the control group. The perivascular numbers of B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes and macrophages was significantly increased in the MMVD + PH group compared with the MMVD and control groups. In contrast, the perivascular number of mast cells was significantly higher in the MMVD group compared with the MMVD + PH and control groups. This study suggested that pulmonary artery remodelling as medial thickening and muscularisation of the normally non-muscular small pulmonary arteries is accompanied by the accumulation of perivascular inflammatory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siriwan Sakarin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Anudep Rungsipipat
- Companion Animal Cancer Research Unit, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Sirilak Disatian Surachetpong
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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2
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Jandl K, Radic N, Zeder K, Kovacs G, Kwapiszewska G. Pulmonary vascular fibrosis in pulmonary hypertension - The role of the extracellular matrix as a therapeutic target. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 247:108438. [PMID: 37210005 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a condition characterized by changes in the extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition and vascular remodeling of distal pulmonary arteries. These changes result in increased vessel wall thickness and lumen occlusion, leading to a loss of elasticity and vessel stiffening. Clinically, the mechanobiology of the pulmonary vasculature is becoming increasingly recognized for its prognostic and diagnostic value in PH. Specifically, the increased vascular fibrosis and stiffening resulting from ECM accumulation and crosslinking may be a promising target for the development of anti- or reverse-remodeling therapies. Indeed, there is a huge potential in therapeutic interference with mechano-associated pathways in vascular fibrosis and stiffening. The most direct approach is aiming to restore extracellular matrix homeostasis, by interference with its production, deposition, modification and turnover. Besides structural cells, immune cells contribute to the level of ECM maturation and degradation by direct cell-cell contact or the release of mediators and proteases, thereby opening a huge avenue to target vascular fibrosis via immunomodulation approaches. Indirectly, intracellular pathways associated with altered mechanobiology, ECM production, and fibrosis, offer a third option for therapeutic intervention. In PH, a vicious cycle of persistent activation of mechanosensing pathways such as YAP/TAZ initiates and perpetuates vascular stiffening, and is linked to key pathways disturbed in PH, such as TGF-beta/BMPR2/STAT. Together, this complexity of the regulation of vascular fibrosis and stiffening in PH allows the exploration of numerous potential therapeutic interventions. This review discusses connections and turning points of several of these interventions in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Jandl
- Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Graz, Austria.
| | - Nemanja Radic
- Division of Physiology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Katarina Zeder
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gabor Kovacs
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Graz, Austria; Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Grazyna Kwapiszewska
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Graz, Austria; Division of Physiology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria; Institute for Lung Health, Member of the German Lung Center (DZL), Giessen, Germany
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3
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Moriyama H, Endo J. Pathophysiological Involvement of Mast Cells and the Lipid Mediators in Pulmonary Vascular Remodeling. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:6619. [PMID: 37047587 PMCID: PMC10094825 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mast cells are responsible for IgE-dependent allergic responses, but they also produce various bioactive mediators and contribute to the pathogenesis of various cardiovascular diseases, including pulmonary hypertension (PH). The importance of lipid mediators in the pathogenesis of PH has become evident in recent years, as exemplified by prostaglandin I2, the most central therapeutic target in pulmonary arterial hypertension. New bioactive lipids other than eicosanoids have also been identified that are associated with the pathogenesis of PH. However, it remains largely unknown how mast cell-derived lipid mediators are involved in pulmonary vascular remodeling. Recently, it has been demonstrated that mast cells produce epoxidized n-3 fatty acid (n-3 epoxides) in a degranulation-independent manner, and that n-3 epoxides produced by mast cells regulate the abnormal activation of pulmonary fibroblasts and suppress the progression of pulmonary vascular remodeling. This review summarizes the role of mast cells and bioactive lipids in the pathogenesis of PH. In addition, we introduce the pathophysiological role and therapeutic potential of n-3 epoxides, a mast cell-derived novel lipid mediator, in the pulmonary vascular remodeling in PH. Further knowledge of mast cells and lipid mediators is expected to lead to the development of innovative therapies targeting pulmonary vascular remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Moriyama
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku 160-8582, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Cardiology, Tokyo Dental College Ichikawa General Hospital, 5-11-13 Sugano, Ichikawa 272-8513, Chiba, Japan
| | - Jin Endo
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku 160-8582, Tokyo, Japan
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4
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Crnkovic S, Rittchen S, Jandl K, Gindlhuber J, Zabini D, Mutgan AC, Valzano F, Boehm PM, Hoetzenecker K, Toller W, Veith C, Heinemann A, Schermuly RT, Olschewski A, Marsh LM, Kwapiszewska G. Divergent Roles of Ephrin-B2/EphB4 Guidance System in Pulmonary Hypertension. Hypertension 2023; 80:e17-e28. [PMID: 36519465 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.122.19479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smooth muscle cell (SMC) expansion is one key morphological hallmark of pathologically altered vasculature and a characteristic feature of pulmonary vascular remodeling in pulmonary hypertension. Normal embryonal vessel maturation requires successful coverage of endothelial tubes with SMC, which is dependent on ephrin-B2 and EphB4 ligand-receptor guidance system. In this study, we investigated the potential role of ephrin-B2 and EphB4 on neomuscularization in adult pulmonary vascular disease. METHODS AND RESULTS Ephrin-B2 and EphB4 expression is preserved in smooth muscle and endothelial cells of remodeled pulmonary arteries. Chronic hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension was not ameliorated in mice with SMC-specific conditional ephrin-B2 knockout. In mice with global inducible ephrin-B2 knockout, pulmonary vascular remodeling and right ventricular hypertrophy upon chronic hypoxia exposure were significantly diminished compared to hypoxic controls, while right ventricular systolic pressure was unaffected. In contrast, EphB4 receptor kinase activity inhibition reduced right ventricular systolic pressure in hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension without affecting pulmonary vascular remodeling. Genetic deletion of ephrin-B2 in murine pulmonary artery SMC, and pharmacological inhibition of EphB4 in human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells, blunted mitogen-induced cell proliferation. Loss of EphB4 signaling additionally reduced RhoA expression and weakened the interaction between human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells in a three-dimensional coculture model. CONCLUSIONS In sum, pulmonary vascular remodeling was dependent on ephrin-B2-induced Eph receptor (erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular carcinoma receptor) forward signaling in SMC, while EphB4 receptor activity was necessary for RhoA expression in SMC, interaction with endothelial cells and vasoconstrictive components of pulmonary hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slaven Crnkovic
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Physiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria (S.C., D.Z., A.C.M., L.M.M., G.K.).,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria (S.C., S.R., K.J., J.G., D.Z., A.C.M., F.V., A.O., L.M.M., G.K.)
| | - Sonja Rittchen
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Austria (S.R., K.J., A.H.).,Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Immunology, Medical University of Graz, Austria (S.R.).,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria (S.C., S.R., K.J., J.G., D.Z., A.C.M., F.V., A.O., L.M.M., G.K.)
| | - Katharina Jandl
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Austria (S.R., K.J., A.H.).,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria (S.C., S.R., K.J., J.G., D.Z., A.C.M., F.V., A.O., L.M.M., G.K.)
| | - Juergen Gindlhuber
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria (S.C., S.R., K.J., J.G., D.Z., A.C.M., F.V., A.O., L.M.M., G.K.).,Department of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Austria (J.G.)
| | - Diana Zabini
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Physiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria (S.C., D.Z., A.C.M., L.M.M., G.K.).,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria (S.C., S.R., K.J., J.G., D.Z., A.C.M., F.V., A.O., L.M.M., G.K.)
| | - Ayse Ceren Mutgan
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Physiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria (S.C., D.Z., A.C.M., L.M.M., G.K.).,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria (S.C., S.R., K.J., J.G., D.Z., A.C.M., F.V., A.O., L.M.M., G.K.)
| | - Francesco Valzano
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria (S.C., S.R., K.J., J.G., D.Z., A.C.M., F.V., A.O., L.M.M., G.K.)
| | - Panja M Boehm
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (P.M.B., K.H.)
| | - Konrad Hoetzenecker
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (P.M.B., K.H.)
| | - Wolfgang Toller
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Austria (W.T., A.O.)
| | - Christine Veith
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig-University, Germany (C.V.).,Faculty of Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Member of the German Lung Center (DZL), Germany (C.V., R.T.S.)
| | - Akos Heinemann
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Austria (S.R., K.J., A.H.)
| | - Ralph T Schermuly
- Faculty of Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Member of the German Lung Center (DZL), Germany (C.V., R.T.S.)
| | - Andrea Olschewski
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria (S.C., S.R., K.J., J.G., D.Z., A.C.M., F.V., A.O., L.M.M., G.K.).,Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Austria (W.T., A.O.)
| | - Leigh M Marsh
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Physiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria (S.C., D.Z., A.C.M., L.M.M., G.K.).,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria (S.C., S.R., K.J., J.G., D.Z., A.C.M., F.V., A.O., L.M.M., G.K.)
| | - Grazyna Kwapiszewska
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Physiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria (S.C., D.Z., A.C.M., L.M.M., G.K.).,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria (S.C., S.R., K.J., J.G., D.Z., A.C.M., F.V., A.O., L.M.M., G.K.).,Institute for Lung Health, Member of the German Lung Center (DZL), Giessen, Germany (G.K.)
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5
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Huang N, Wang D, Zhu TT, Ge XY, Liu H, Yao MZ, Guo YZ, Peng J, Wang Q, Zhang Z, Hu CP. Plasma exosomes confer hypoxic pulmonary hypertension by transferring LOX-1 cargo to trigger phenotypic switching of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 207:115350. [PMID: 36435201 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The pulmonary vascular remodeling (PVR), the pathological basis of pulmonary hypertension (PH), entails pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) phenotypic switching, but appreciation of the underlying mechanisms is incomplete. Exosomes, a novel transfer machinery enabling delivery of its cargos to recipient cells, have been recently implicated in cardiovascular diseases including PH. The two critical questions of whether plasma-derived exosomes drive PASMCs phenotypic switching and what cargo the exosomes transport, however, remain unclear. Herein, by means of transmission electron microscopy and protein detection, we for the first time, characterized lectin like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1) as a novel cargo of plasma-derived exosomes in PH. With LOX-1 knockout (Olr1-/-) rats-derived exosomes, we demonstrated that exosomal LOX-1 could be transferred into PASMCs and thus elicited cell phenotypic switching. Of importance, Olr1-/- rats exhibited no cell phenotypic switching and developed less severe PH, but administration of wild type rather than Olr1-/- exosomes to Olr1-/- rats recapitulated the phenotype of PH with robust PASMCs phenotypic switching. We also revealed that exosomal LOX-1 triggered PASMCs phenotypic switching, PVR and ultimately PH via ERK1/2-KLF4 signaling axis. This study has generated proof that plasma-derived exosomes confer PH by delivering LOX-1 into PASMCs. Hence, exosomal LOX-1 represents a novel exploitable target for PH prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China; Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou Henan 450052, China
| | - Di Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Tian-Tian Zhu
- College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, China; Henan International Joint Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Drug Intervention, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, China
| | - Xiao-Yue Ge
- Department of Pharmacology, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Mao-Zhong Yao
- Department of Pharmacology, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Yan-Zi Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Jun Peng
- Department of Pharmacology, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Qing Wang
- The Interventional Radiology & Vascular Surgery Department, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China.
| | - Chang-Ping Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China.
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6
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Joseph C, Berghausen EM, Behringer A, Rauch B, Ten Freyhaus H, Gnatzy-Feik LL, Krause M, Wong DWL, Boor P, Baldus S, Vantler M, Rosenkranz S. Coagulation-independent effects of thrombin and Factor Xa: role of protease-activated receptors in pulmonary hypertension. Cardiovasc Res 2022; 118:3225-3238. [PMID: 35104324 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvac004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a devastating disease with limited therapeutic options. Vascular remodelling of pulmonary arteries, characterized by increased proliferation and migration of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs), is a hallmark of PAH. Here, we aimed to systematically characterize coagulation-independent effects of key coagulation proteases thrombin and Factor Xa (FXa) and their designated receptors, protease-activated receptor (PAR)-1 and -2, on PASMCs in vitro and experimental PAH in vivo. METHODS AND RESULTS In human and murine PASMCs, both thrombin and FXa were identified as potent mitogens, and chemoattractants. FXa mediated its responses via PAR-1 and PAR-2, whereas thrombin signalled through PAR-1. Extracellular-signal regulated kinases 1/2, protein kinase B (AKT), and sphingosine kinase 1 were identified as downstream mediators of PAR-1 and PAR-2. Inhibition of FXa or thrombin blunted cellular responses in vitro, but unexpectedly failed to protect against hypoxia-induced PAH in vivo. However, pharmacological inhibition as well as genetic deficiency of both PAR-1 and PAR-2 significantly reduced vascular muscularization of small pulmonary arteries, diminished right ventricular systolic pressure, and right ventricular hypertrophy upon chronic hypoxia compared to wild-type controls. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate a coagulation-independent pathogenic potential of thrombin and FXa for pulmonary vascular remodelling via acting through PAR-1 and PAR-2, respectively. While inhibition of single coagulation proteases was ineffective in preventing experimental PAH, our results propose a crucial role for PAR-1 and PAR-2 in its pathobiology, thus identifying PARs but not their dedicated activators FXa and thrombin as suitable targets for the treatment of PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Joseph
- Klinik III für Innere Medizin, Universität zu Köln, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Köln, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Universität zu Köln, Robert-Koch-Str. 21, 50931 Köln, Germany
| | - Eva Maria Berghausen
- Klinik III für Innere Medizin, Universität zu Köln, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Köln, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Universität zu Köln, Robert-Koch-Str. 21, 50931 Köln, Germany
| | - Arnica Behringer
- Klinik III für Innere Medizin, Universität zu Köln, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Köln, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Universität zu Köln, Robert-Koch-Str. 21, 50931 Köln, Germany
| | - Bernhard Rauch
- Institut für Pharmakologie, Universität Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 3, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Henrik Ten Freyhaus
- Klinik III für Innere Medizin, Universität zu Köln, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Köln, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Universität zu Köln, Robert-Koch-Str. 21, 50931 Köln, Germany
| | - Leoni Luisa Gnatzy-Feik
- Klinik III für Innere Medizin, Universität zu Köln, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Köln, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Universität zu Köln, Robert-Koch-Str. 21, 50931 Köln, Germany.,Cologne Cardiovascular Research Center (CCRC), Universität zu Köln, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Köln, Germany
| | - Max Krause
- Klinik III für Innere Medizin, Universität zu Köln, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Köln, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Universität zu Köln, Robert-Koch-Str. 21, 50931 Köln, Germany.,Cologne Cardiovascular Research Center (CCRC), Universität zu Köln, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Köln, Germany
| | - Dickson W L Wong
- Institute of Pathology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Peter Boor
- Institute of Pathology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Stephan Baldus
- Klinik III für Innere Medizin, Universität zu Köln, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Köln, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Universität zu Köln, Robert-Koch-Str. 21, 50931 Köln, Germany.,Cologne Cardiovascular Research Center (CCRC), Universität zu Köln, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Köln, Germany
| | - Marius Vantler
- Klinik III für Innere Medizin, Universität zu Köln, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Köln, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Universität zu Köln, Robert-Koch-Str. 21, 50931 Köln, Germany
| | - Stephan Rosenkranz
- Klinik III für Innere Medizin, Universität zu Köln, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Köln, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Universität zu Köln, Robert-Koch-Str. 21, 50931 Köln, Germany.,Cologne Cardiovascular Research Center (CCRC), Universität zu Köln, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Köln, Germany
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7
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Yu B, Wang X, Song Y, Xie G, Jiao S, Shi L, Cao X, Han X, Qu A. The role of hypoxia-inducible factors in cardiovascular diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 238:108186. [PMID: 35413308 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide. During the development of cardiovascular diseases, hypoxia plays a crucial role. Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) are the key transcription factors for adaptive hypoxic responses, which orchestrate the transcription of numerous genes involved in angiogenesis, erythropoiesis, glycolytic metabolism, inflammation, and so on. Recent studies have dissected the precise role of cell-specific HIFs in the pathogenesis of hypertension, atherosclerosis, aortic aneurysms, pulmonary arterial hypertension, and heart failure using tissue-specific HIF-knockout or -overexpressing animal models. More importantly, several compounds developed as HIF inhibitors or activators have been in clinical trials for the treatment of renal cancer or anemia; however, little is known on the therapeutic potential of these inhibitors for cardiovascular diseases. The purpose of this review is to summarize the recent advances on HIFs in the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases and to provide evidence of potential clinical therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoqi Yu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, PR China; Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Xia Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, PR China; Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Yanting Song
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, PR China; Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100069, PR China; Department of Pathology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Guomin Xie
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, PR China; Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Shiyu Jiao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, PR China; Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Li Shi
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, PR China; Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Xuejie Cao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, PR China; Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Xinyao Han
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, PR China; Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Aijuan Qu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, PR China; Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100069, PR China.
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8
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The role of immune cells in pulmonary hypertension: Focusing on macrophages. Hum Immunol 2021; 83:153-163. [PMID: 34844784 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2021.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a life-threatening pathological state with elevated pulmonary arterial pressure, resulting in right ventricular failure and heart functional failure. Analyses of human samples and rodent models of pH support the infiltration of various immune cells, including neutrophils, mast cells, dendritic cells, B-cells, T-cells, and natural killer cells, to the lungs and pulmonary perivascular regions and their involvement in the PH development. There is evidence that macrophages are presented in the pulmonary lesions of pH patients as first-line myeloid leucocytes. Macrophage accumulation and presence, both M1 and M2 phenotypes, is a distinctive hallmark of pH which plays a pivotal role in pulmonary artery remodeling through various cellular and molecular interactions and mechanisms, including CCL2 and CX3CL1 chemokines, adventitial fibroblasts, glucocorticoid-regulated kinase 1 (SGK1), crosstalk with other immune cells, leukotriene B4 (LTB4), bone morphogenetic protein receptor 2 (BMPR2), macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), and thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1). In this paper, we reviewed the molecular mechanisms and the role of immune cells and responses are involved in PH development. We also summarized the polarization of macrophages in response to different stimuli and their pathological role and their infiltration in the lung of pH patients and animal models.
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9
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Ma Z, Viswanathan G, Sellig M, Jassal C, Choi I, Garikipati A, Xiong X, Nazo N, Rajagopal S. β-Arrestin–Mediated Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Activation Promotes Pulmonary Vascular Remodeling in Pulmonary Hypertension. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2021; 6:854-869. [PMID: 34869949 PMCID: PMC8617598 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2021.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We tested the effects of a β-arrestin–biased agonist (TRV023) of the angiotensin II (AngII) type 1 receptor (AT1R), which acts as a vasodilator while not blocking cellular proliferation, compared to a balanced agonist, AngII, and an antagonist, losartan, in PAH. In acute infusion, AngII increased right ventricular pressures while TRV023 and losartan did not. However, in chronic infusion in monocrotaline PAH rats, both TRV023 and AngII had significantly worse survival than losartan. Both TRV023 and AngII enhanced proliferation and migration of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells from patients with PAH. β-arrestin-mediated AT1R signaling promotes vascular remodeling and worsens PAH, and suggests that the benefit of current PAH therapies is primarily through pulmonary vascular reverse remodeling.
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a disease of abnormal pulmonary vascular remodeling whose medical therapies are thought to primarily act as vasodilators but also may have effects on pulmonary vascular remodeling. The angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) is a G protein–coupled receptor that promotes vasoconstriction through heterotrimeric G proteins but also signals via β-arrestins, which promote cardioprotective effects and vasodilation through promoting cell survival. We found that an AT1R β-arrestin-biased agonist promoted vascular remodeling and worsened PAH, suggesting that the primary benefit of current PAH therapies is through pulmonary vascular reverse remodeling in addition to their vasodilation.
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10
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ROCK Inhibition as Potential Target for Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertension. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071648. [PMID: 34209333 PMCID: PMC8303917 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a cardiovascular disease caused by extensive vascular remodeling in the lungs, which ultimately leads to death in consequence of right ventricle (RV) failure. While current drugs for PH therapy address the sustained vasoconstriction, no agent effectively targets vascular cell proliferation and tissue inflammation. Rho-associated protein kinases (ROCKs) emerged in the last few decades as promising targets for PH therapy, since ROCK inhibitors demonstrated significant anti-remodeling and anti-inflammatory effects. In this review, current aspects of ROCK inhibition therapy are discussed in relation to the treatment of PH and RV dysfunction, from cell biology to preclinical and clinical studies.
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11
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Fan C, Chen H, Liu K, Wang Z. Fibrinogen-like protein 2 contributes to normal murine cardiomyocyte maturation and heart development. Exp Physiol 2021; 106:1559-1571. [PMID: 33998085 DOI: 10.1113/ep089450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? What is the role of fibrinogen-like protein 2 (FGL2) in murine cardiomyocyte maturation? What is the main finding and its importance? This is the first study showing both global Fgl2 knockout and cardiac-specific FGL2 deletion trigger early death and dilated cardiomyopathy. By using an adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated CRISPR/Cas9-based somatic mutagenesis system, it was demonstrated that cardiac-specific FGL2 depletion induces ventricular dilatation and remodelling, and disrupts the normal hypertrophic growth and polyploidization of cardiomyocytes. In addition, it was shown that modulation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 and fibroblast growth factor 2 signalling is associated with loss-of-FGL2-mediated cardiac dysfunction. These results suggest FGL2 is an important determinant of cardiomyocyte maturation. ABSTRACT In the first few weeks after birth in altricial mammals, postnatal cardiomyocytes (CMs) undergo dramatic changes, including cell volume enlargement, cell cycle withdrawal and polyploidization to become mature CMs. Aberrations in this process could disrupt the essential contractility and synchronization of adult CMs, leading to various heart diseases. However, the mechanism of CM maturation is poorly understood. Fibrinogen-like protein 2 (FGL2) is an immune coagulant which participates in maturation of multiple cell types. However, little evidence exists regarding a role of FGL2 in CM maturation. In this study, we observed that global Fgl2-/- pups had high lethality and suffered from cardiac dysfunction before P28. To further confirm the phenotype and study the mechanisms upon FGL2 deficiency, we used an adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated CRISPR/Cas9-based somatic mutagenesis system to generate loss-of-function mutations of Fgl2 specifically in CMs. We designed two guide RNAs (gRNAs) exclusively targeting Fgl2 exon1 and produced Fgl2-gRNA AAV9 to deliver to neonatal Cas9 mice. Here, we demonstrated the efficient FGL2 depletion in the heart after Fgl2-gRNA AAV9 delivery. Consistent with the findings in global Fgl2-/- mice, we observed AAV9-mediated FGL2 depletion triggered early death and dilated cardiomyopathy. In addition, FGL2 depletion perturbed the normal hypertrophic growth and polyploidization of maturing CMs. Furthermore, we found modulation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 and fibroblast growth factor 2 signalling was associated with FGL2 deficiency-mediated cardiac dysfunction. Here, we demonstrate the successful depletion of FGL2 in maturing CMs in vivo and show FGL2 is an important determinant for normal CM maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Fan
- Department of Geriatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kun Liu
- Institute of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Zhaohui Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
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12
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Imano H, Kato R, Nomura A, Tamura M, Yamaguchi Y, Ijiri Y, Wu H, Nakano T, Okada Y, Yamaguchi T, Izumi Y, Yoshiyama M, Asahi M, Hayashi T. Rivaroxaban Attenuates Right Ventricular Remodeling in Rats with Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Biol Pharm Bull 2021; 44:669-677. [PMID: 33612567 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b20-01011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a progressive condition that frequently results in right ventricular (RV) remodeling. The objectives of this study are to investigate effects of rivaroxaban on RV remodeling in a rat model of PAH, created with Sugen5416 and chronic hypoxia, and the in vitro effects of rivaroxaban on human cardiac microvascular endothelial cells (HCMECs). To create the PAH model, male Sprague-Dawley rats were subcutaneously injected with Sugen5416 (20 mg/kg) and exposed to 2 weeks of hypoxia (10% O2), followed by 2 weeks of exposure to normoxia. The animals were then divided into 2 groups with or without administration of rivaroxaban (12 mg/kg/d) for a further 4 weeks. HCMECs were cultured under hypoxic conditions (37 °C, 1% O2, 5% CO2) with Sugen5416 and with or without rivaroxaban. In the model rats, RV systolic pressure and Fulton index increased by hypoxia with Sugen5416 were significantly decreased when treated with rivaroxaban. In HCMECs, hypoxia with Sugen5416 increased the expression of protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) and the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), while treatment with rivaroxaban significantly suppressed the expression of these proteins. Rivaroxaban attenuated RV remodeling in a rat model of PAH by reducing ERK, JNK and NF-κB activation. Rivaroxaban has the possibility of providing additive effects on RV remodeling in patients with PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Imano
- Department of Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy and Toxicology, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Ryuji Kato
- Department of Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy and Toxicology, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Atsuo Nomura
- Department of Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy and Toxicology, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical College
| | - Maki Tamura
- Department of Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy and Toxicology, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Yudai Yamaguchi
- Department of Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy and Toxicology, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Yoshio Ijiri
- Department of Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy and Toxicology, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Hong Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical College
| | - Takashi Nakano
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical College
| | - Yoshikatsu Okada
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical College
| | - Takehiro Yamaguchi
- Department of Pharmacology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Yasukatsu Izumi
- Department of Pharmacology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Minoru Yoshiyama
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Michio Asahi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical College
| | - Tetsuya Hayashi
- Department of Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy and Toxicology, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences
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13
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Klouda T, Yuan K. Inflammation in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1303:351-372. [PMID: 33788202 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-63046-1_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH) is a devastating cardiopulmonary disease characterized by vascular remodeling and obliteration of the precapillary pulmonary arterioles. Alterations in the structure and function of pulmonary vessels result in the resistance of blood flow and can progress to right-sided heart failure, causing significant morbidity and mortality. There are several types of PAH, and the disease can be familial or secondary to an underlying medical condition such as a connective tissue disorder or infection. Regardless of the cause, the exact pathophysiology and cellular interactions responsible for disease development and progression are largely unknown.There is significant evidence to suggest altered immune and vascular cells directly participate in disease progression. Inflammation has long been hypothesized to play a vital role in the development of PAH, as an altered or skewed immune response favoring a proinflammatory environment that can lead to the infiltration of cells such as lymphocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils. Current treatment strategies focus on the dilation of partially occluded vessels; however, such techniques have not resulted in an effective strategy to reverse or prevent vascular remodeling. Therefore, current studies in human and animal models have attempted to understand the underlying pathophysiology of pulmonary hypertension (PH), specifically focusing on the inflammatory cascade predisposing patients to disease so that better therapeutic targets can be developed to potentially reverse or prevent disease progression.The purpose of this chapter is to provide a comprehensive review of the expanding literature on the inflammatory process that participates in PH development while highlighting important and current studies in both animal and human models. While our primary focus will be on cells found in the adaptive and innate immune system, we will review all potential causes of PAH, including cells of the endothelium, pulmonary lymphatics, and genetic mutations predisposing patients. In addition, we will discuss current therapeutic options while highlighting potential future treatments and the questions that still remain unanswered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Klouda
- Divisions of Pulmonary Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ke Yuan
- Divisions of Pulmonary Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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14
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Liang S, Desai AA, Black SM, Tang H. Cytokines, Chemokines, and Inflammation in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1303:275-303. [PMID: 33788198 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-63046-1_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
According to the World Symposium Pulmonary Hypertension (WSPH) classification, pulmonary hypertension (PH) is classified into five categories based on etiology. Among them, Group 1 pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) disorders are rare but progressive and often, fatal despite multiple approved treatments. Elevated pulmonary arterial pressure in patients with WSPH Group 1 PAH is mainly caused by increased pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), due primarily to sustained pulmonary vasoconstriction and excessive obliterative pulmonary vascular remodeling. Growing evidence indicates that inflammation plays a critical role in the development of pulmonary vascular remodeling associated with PAH. While the role of auto-immunity is unclear, infiltration of inflammatory cells in and around vascular lesions, including T- and B-cells, dendritic cells, macrophages, and mast cells have been observed in PAH patients. Serum and plasma levels of chemokines, cytokines, and autoantibodies are also increased in PAH patients; some of these circulating molecules are correlated with disease severity and survival. Preclinical experiments have reported a key role of the inflammation in PAH pathophysiology in vivo. Importantly, anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive agents have further exhibited therapeutic effects. The present chapter reviews published experimental and clinical evidence highlighting the canonical role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of PAH and as a major target for the development of anti-inflammatory therapies in patients with PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxin Liang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ankit A Desai
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Stephen M Black
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Haiyang Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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15
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Hayashi T. [Proteinase-activated Receptor 1 and 2 under Hypoxic Stress]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2021; 141:1195-1204. [PMID: 34602516 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.21-00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Patients with sleep-disordered breathing exhibit intermittent hypoxia that causes increased oxidative stress, accelerates atherosclerosis, and pulmonary hypertension, resulting in life-threatening arrhythmias and congestive heart failure. Hypoxic stress caused by intermittent hypoxia might be involved in the pathophysiology of many cardiovascular diseases, especially those involving atrial fibrillation, for which anti-coagulant therapy may be recommended. In this study, the inhibition of proteinase-activated receptor (PAR) 1/2 significantly reduced oxidative stress and fibrosis while suppressing the activation of MAPK or Smad pathways and the gene expression of molecules responsible for the pathways in the myocardium, consequently attenuating hypoxia-mediated cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. These findings suggest that the inhibition of PAR 1/2 could be a novel potential treatment option to prevent cardiac remodeling in patients with sleep apnea syndrome and atrial fibrillation or chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Hayashi
- Department of Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy and Toxicology, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Educational Foundation of Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University
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16
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Hu Y, Chi L, Kuebler WM, Goldenberg NM. Perivascular Inflammation in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112338. [PMID: 33105588 PMCID: PMC7690279 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Perivascular inflammation is a prominent pathologic feature in most animal models of pulmonary hypertension (PH) as well as in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) patients. Accumulating evidence suggests a functional role of perivascular inflammation in the initiation and/or progression of PAH and pulmonary vascular remodeling. High levels of cytokines, chemokines, and inflammatory mediators can be detected in PAH patients and correlate with clinical outcome. Similarly, multiple immune cells, including neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, mast cells, T lymphocytes, and B lymphocytes characteristically accumulate around pulmonary vessels in PAH. Concomitantly, vascular and parenchymal cells including endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and fibroblasts change their phenotype, resulting in altered sensitivity to inflammatory triggers and their enhanced capacity to stage inflammatory responses themselves, as well as the active secretion of cytokines and chemokines. The growing recognition of the interaction between inflammatory cells, vascular cells, and inflammatory mediators may provide important clues for the development of novel, safe, and effective immunotargeted therapies in PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijie Hu
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B1W8, Canada;
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Leon Chi
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5B1W8, Canada;
| | - Wolfgang M. Kuebler
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B1W8, Canada;
- Departments of Physiology and Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5B1W8, Canada
- Institute of Physiology, Charité Universitäts Medizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-30-450-528-501
| | - Neil M. Goldenberg
- Departments of Physiology and Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5B1W8, Canada;
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Program in Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5B1W8, Canada
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17
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Mutgan AC, Jandl K, Kwapiszewska G. Endothelial Basement Membrane Components and Their Products, Matrikines: Active Drivers of Pulmonary Hypertension? Cells 2020; 9:cells9092029. [PMID: 32899187 PMCID: PMC7563239 DOI: 10.3390/cells9092029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a vascular disease that is characterized by elevated pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) due to progressive vascular remodeling. Extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition in pulmonary arteries (PA) is one of the key features of vascular remodeling. Emerging evidence indicates that the basement membrane (BM), a specialized cluster of ECM proteins underlying the endothelium, may be actively involved in the progression of vascular remodeling. The BM and its steady turnover are pivotal for maintaining appropriate vascular functions. However, the pathologically elevated turnover of BM components leads to an increased release of biologically active short fragments, which are called matrikines. Both BM components and their matrikines can interfere with pivotal biological processes, such as survival, proliferation, adhesion, and migration and thus may actively contribute to endothelial dysfunction. Therefore, in this review, we summarize the emerging role of the BM and its matrikines on the vascular endothelium and further discuss its implications on lung vascular remodeling in pulmonary hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Ceren Mutgan
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Physiology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria;
| | - Katharina Jandl
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, 8010 Graz, Austria;
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Grazyna Kwapiszewska
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Physiology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria;
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, 8010 Graz, Austria;
- Correspondence:
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18
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Kuwabara Y, Tanaka-Ishikawa M, Abe K, Hirano M, Hirooka Y, Tsutsui H, Sunagawa K, Hirano K. Proteinase-activated receptor 1 antagonism ameliorates experimental pulmonary hypertension. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 115:1357-1368. [PMID: 30423156 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvy284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is characterized by progressive increases in pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR). Thrombotic lesions are common pathological findings. The pulmonary artery has a unique property regarding the vasoconstrictive response to thrombin, which is mediated by proteinase-activated receptor 1 (PAR1). We aim to elucidate the role of PAR1 in the development and progression of PH. METHODS AND RESULTS A rat model of monocrotaline-induced PH and a mouse model of hypoxia (Hx)-induced PH were used to investigate the effects of atopaxar (a PAR1 antagonist) and PAR1 knockout on haemodynamic parameters, right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH), vascular remodelling and survival. In perfused lung preparations, the pressor response to PAR1 agonist was significantly augmented in monocrotaline-induced PH. Both the preventive and therapeutic administration of atopaxar significantly inhibited the increase in PVR and the development of RVH and prolonged survival. A real-time PCR revealed that the level of PAR1 mRNA in the pulmonary artery was significantly higher than that in any of the systemic arteries examined in control rats, and the level was significantly up-regulated in monocrotaline-induced PH. PAR1 gene knockout significantly attenuated the haemodynamic and histological findings in the mouse model of Hx-induced PH. CONCLUSION The specific expression of PAR1 in the pulmonary artery and its up-regulation were suggested to play a critical role in the development and progression of experimental PH in murine models. PAR1 is a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukimitsu Kuwabara
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Research Institute of Angiocardiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Research Institute of Angiocardiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Mariko Tanaka-Ishikawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Research Institute of Angiocardiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kohtaro Abe
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Research Institute of Angiocardiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Mayumi Hirano
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Research Institute of Angiocardiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Hirooka
- Department of Advanced Cardiovascular Regulation and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tsutsui
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Research Institute of Angiocardiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kenji Sunagawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Research Institute of Angiocardiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Katsuya Hirano
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa, Japan
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19
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Schnieder J, Mamazhakypov A, Birnhuber A, Wilhelm J, Kwapiszewska G, Ruppert C, Markart P, Wujak L, Rubio K, Barreto G, Schaefer L, Wygrecka M. Loss of LRP1 promotes acquisition of contractile-myofibroblast phenotype and release of active TGF-β1 from ECM stores. Matrix Biol 2019; 88:69-88. [PMID: 31841706 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2019.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In healing tissue, fibroblasts differentiate to α-smooth muscle actin (SMA)-expressing contractile-myofibroblasts, which pull the wound edges together ensuring proper tissue repair. Uncontrolled expansion of the myofibroblast population may, however, lead to excessive tissue scarring and finally to organ dysfunction. Here, we demonstrate that the loss of low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP) 1 overactivates the JNK1/2-c-Jun-Fra-2 signaling pathway leading to the induction of α-SMA and periostin expression in human lung fibroblasts (hLF). These changes are accompanied by increased contractility of the cells and the integrin- and protease-dependent release of active transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 from the extracellular matrix (ECM) stores. Liberation of active TGF-β1 from the ECM further enhances α-SMA and periostin expression thus accelerating the phenotypic switch of hLF. Global gene expression profiling of LRP1-depleted hLF revealed that the loss of LRP1 affects cytoskeleton reorganization, cell-ECM contacts, and ECM production. In line with these findings, fibrotic changes in the skin and lung of Fra-2 transgenic mice were associated with LRP1 depletion and c-Jun overexpression. Altogether, our results suggest that dysregulation of LRP1 expression in fibroblasts in healing tissue may lead to the unrestrained expansion of contractile myofibroblasts and thereby to fibrosis development. Further studies identifying molecules, which regulate LRP1 expression, may provide new therapeutic options for largely untreatable human fibrotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Schnieder
- Departments of Biochemistry and Internal Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Giessen, Germany
| | - Argen Mamazhakypov
- Departments of Biochemistry and Internal Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Giessen, Germany
| | - Anna Birnhuber
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria
| | - Jochen Wilhelm
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Giessen, Germany
| | | | - Clemens Ruppert
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Giessen, Germany
| | - Philipp Markart
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Fulda Hospital, University Medicine Marburg, Campus Fulda, Fulda, Germany
| | - Lukasz Wujak
- Departments of Biochemistry and Internal Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Giessen, Germany
| | - Karla Rubio
- Lung Cancer Epigenetic, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Guillermo Barreto
- Lung Cancer Epigenetic, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany; Brain and Lung Epigenetics, Laboratoire Croissance, Réparation et Régénération Tissulaires (CRRET), Université Paris Est Créteil (UPEC), Créteil, France
| | - Liliana Schaefer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Goethe University, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Malgorzata Wygrecka
- Departments of Biochemistry and Internal Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Giessen, Germany.
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20
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Fan C, Wang J, Mao C, Li W, Liu K, Wang Z. The FGL2 prothrombinase contributes to the pathological process of experimental pulmonary hypertension. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 127:1677-1687. [PMID: 31580221 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00396.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In situ thrombus formation is one of the major pathological features of pulmonary hypertension (PH). The mechanism of in situ thrombosis has not been clearly identified. Fibrinogen-like protein 2 (FGL2) prothrombinase is an immune coagulant that can cleave prothrombin to thrombin, which then converts fibrinogen into fibrin. This mechanism triggers in situ thrombus formation directly, bypassing both the intrinsic and extrinsic coagulation pathways. FGL2 prothrombinase is mainly expressed in endothelial cells and mediates multiple pathological processes. This implies that it may also play a role in PH. In this study, we examined the expression of FGL2 in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH) patients, and in monocrotaline-induced rat and hypoxia-induced mouse PH models. Fgl2−/− mice were used to evaluate the development of PH and explore associated pathological changes. These included in situ thrombosis, vascular remodeling, and endothelial apoptosis. Following these analyses, we examined possible signaling pathways downstream of FGL2 in PH. We show FGL2 is upregulated in pulmonary vascular endothelium in human IPAH and in two animal PH models. Genetic knockout of Fgl2 limited the development of PH, indicated by decreased in situ thrombus formation, less vascular remodeling, and reduced endothelial dysfunction. In addition, loss of FGL2 downregulated PAR1 (proteinase-activated receptor 1) expression and decreased the overactivation and consumption of platelets in hypoxia-induced PH. These results indicate FGL2 participate in the development of PH and loss of FGL2 could attenuate PH by reducing in situ thrombosis and suppressing PAR1 signaling. Thus we provide evidence that suggests FGL2 prothrombinase presents a potential therapeutic target for clinical treatment of PH. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first study to demonstrate that fibrinogen-like protein 2 (FGL2) participates in the pathological progression of pulmonary hypertension (PH) in human idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension, a monocrotaline rat PH model, and a hypoxia mouse PH model. Genetic knockout of Fgl2 significantly limited the development of PH indicated by reduced in situ thrombosis, vascular remodeling, and endothelial dysfunction, and suppressed PAR1 (proteinase-activated receptor 1) signaling and overactivation of platelets on PH. These results suggest FGL2 presents a potential therapeutic target for clinical treatment of PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Fan
- Department of Geriatrics, Institute of Geriatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jue Wang
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chaoqin Mao
- Department of Rehabilitation, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenzhu Li
- Department of Geriatrics, Institute of Geriatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kun Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhaohui Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Institute of Geriatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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21
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Liu J, Nishida M, Inui H, Chang J, Zhu Y, Kanno K, Matsuda H, Sairyo M, Okada T, Nakaoka H, Ohama T, Masuda D, Koseki M, Yamashita S, Sakata Y. Rivaroxaban Suppresses the Progression of Ischemic Cardiomyopathy in a Murine Model of Diet-Induced Myocardial Infarction. J Atheroscler Thromb 2019; 26:915-930. [PMID: 30867376 PMCID: PMC6800390 DOI: 10.5551/jat.48405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM A direct oral anti-coagulant, FXa inhibitor, has been applied to the clinical treatment of myocardial infarction (MI). Experimental studies in mice indicated that FXa inhibitors reduced atherosclerosis and prevented cardiac dysfunction after coronary ligation. These studies suggested that protease-activated receptor (PAR) 2, a major receptor of activated FX, may play an important role in atherosclerosis and cardiac remodeling. METHODS The effects of a FXa inhibitor, rivaroxaban, were investigated in a new murine model of ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM) using SR-BI KO/ApoeR61h/h mice (Hypo E mice) that developed MI by high-fat diet loading. RESULTS Hypo E mice were fed rivaroxaban-containing (n=49) or control chow diets (n=126) after the induction of MI. The survival curve of the rivaroxaban-treated group 2 weeks after the induction of MI was improved significantly as compared with the non-treatment group (survival rate: 75.5% vs. 47.4%, respectively, p=0.0012). Echocardiography and the expression of BNP showed that rivaroxaban attenuated heart failure. Histological analyses revealed that rivaroxaban reduced aortic atherosclerosis and coronary occlusion, and markedly attenuated cardiac fibrosis. Rivaroxaban treatment decreased cardiac PAR2 levels and pro-inflammatory genes. In vitro, rivaroxaban application demonstrated the increase of cell viability against hypoxia in cardiac myocytes and the reduction of hypoxia-induced inflammation and fibrosis-related molecules in cardiac fibroblasts. The effects of the PAR2 antagonist against hypoxia-induced inflammation were comparable to rivaroxaban in cardiac fibroblasts. CONCLUSIONS Rivaroxaban treatment just after MI in Hypo E mice prevented the progression of ICM by attenuating cardiac remodeling, partially through the suppression of the PAR2-mediated inflammatory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Makoto Nishida
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Health and Counseling Center, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Inui
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jiuyang Chang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yinghong Zhu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kotaro Kanno
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hibiki Matsuda
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masami Sairyo
- Department of Cardiology, Kawanishi City Hospital, Kawanishi, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Okada
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hajime Nakaoka
- Department of Cardiology, Kakogawa Central City Hospital, Kakogawa, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Tohru Ohama
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Masahiro Koseki
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shizuya Yamashita
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Rinku General Medical Center, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Community Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasushi Sakata
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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Li Y, Yang T, Yao Q, Li S, Fang E, Li Y, Liu C, Li W. Metformin prevents colonic barrier dysfunction by inhibiting mast cell activation in maternal separation-induced IBS-like rats. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2019; 31:e13556. [PMID: 30740845 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal barrier dysfunction is a key etiologic factor of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Metformin improves intestinal barrier function, although the underlying mechanism has yet to be fully explained. This study evaluates the protective effect of metformin on colonic barrier integrity and explores the underlying cellular mechanisms. METHODS IBS-like rats were induced by maternal separation. Metformin was administered daily by gavage at 08:30, and rat pups were then separated from their mother. Visceral hyperalgesia and depression-like behaviors were evaluated by colorectal distension, sucrose preference tests, and forced swimming tests. Intestinal integrity was analyzed using sugar probes and transmission electron microscopy. Inflammatory factors and the levels of corticotropin-releasing factor were assessed by PCR and ELISA. The number of mast cells was evaluated by toluidine blue staining. Protein expression and localization were determined using Western blot and immunochemistry. KEY RESULTS Metformin pretreatment (a) reduced visceral hypersensitivity to colorectal distension, immobility time and enhanced sucrose consumption; (b) decreased urine lactulose/mannitol ratio and sucralose output; (c) inhibited the dilation of tight junction and prevented claudin-4 translocation; (d) inhibited mast cell activation and downregulated the expression of IL-6, IL-18, tryptase, PAR-2, and ERK activation; (e) inhibited claudin-4 phosphorylation at serine sites and interactions between clau-4 and ZO-1. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Metformin may block mast cell activation to reduce PAR-2 expression and subsequently inhibit ERK activation and clau-4 phosphorylation at serine sites to normalize the interaction of clau-4 and ZO-1 and clau-4 distribution. Metformin may be clinically beneficial for patients with IBS or IBS-like symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Li
- Laboratory of Neuronal Network and Systems Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular, Cerebrovascular, and Metabolic Disorders, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Tingting Yang
- Laboratory of Neuronal Network and Systems Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Yao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular, Cerebrovascular, and Metabolic Disorders, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Songsong Li
- Xianning Institute for Drug Control, Xianning, China
| | - En Fang
- Xianning Institute for Drug Control, Xianning, China
| | - Yankun Li
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular, Cerebrovascular, and Metabolic Disorders, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Weimin Li
- Laboratory of Neuronal Network and Systems Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Zucker MM, Wujak L, Gungl A, Didiasova M, Kosanovic D, Petrovic A, Klepetko W, Schermuly RT, Kwapiszewska G, Schaefer L, Wygrecka M. LRP1 promotes synthetic phenotype of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells in pulmonary hypertension. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1865:1604-1616. [PMID: 30910704 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is characterized by a thickening of the distal pulmonary arteries caused by medial hypertrophy, intimal proliferation and vascular fibrosis. Low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) maintains vascular homeostasis by mediating endocytosis of numerous ligands and by initiating and regulating signaling pathways. Here, we demonstrate the increased levels of LRP1 protein in the lungs of idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH) patients, hypoxia-exposed mice, and monocrotaline-treated rats. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB upregulated LRP1 expression in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMC). This effect was reversed by the PDGF-BB neutralizing antibody or the PDGF receptor antagonist. Depletion of LRP1 decreased proliferation of donor and IPAH PASMC in a β1-integrin-dependent manner. Furthermore, LRP1 silencing attenuated the expression of fibronectin and collagen I and increased the levels of α-smooth muscle actin and myocardin in donor, but not in IPAH, PASMC. In addition, smooth muscle cell (SMC)-specific LRP1 knockout augmented α-SMA expression in pulmonary vessels and reduced SMC proliferation in 3D ex vivo murine lung tissue cultures. In conclusion, our results indicate that LRP1 promotes the dedifferentiation of PASMC from a contractile to a synthetic phenotype thus suggesting its contribution to vascular remodeling in PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius M Zucker
- Department of Biochemistry, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Giessen, Germany
| | - Lukasz Wujak
- Department of Biochemistry, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Giessen, Germany
| | - Anna Gungl
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Miroslava Didiasova
- Department of Biochemistry, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Giessen, Germany
| | - Djuro Kosanovic
- Department of Internal Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Giessen, Germany; Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Aleksandar Petrovic
- Department of Internal Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Giessen, Germany
| | - Walter Klepetko
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ralph T Schermuly
- Department of Internal Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Giessen, Germany
| | - Grazyna Kwapiszewska
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Liliana Schaefer
- Goethe University, School of Medicine, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Malgorzata Wygrecka
- Department of Biochemistry, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Giessen, Germany.
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Ando M, Matsumoto T, Kobayashi S, Iguchi M, Taguchi K, Kobayashi T. Impairment of Protease-Activated Receptor 2-Induced Relaxation of Aortas of Aged Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat. Biol Pharm Bull 2018; 41:815-819. [PMID: 29709920 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b17-00987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension is one of the most prevalent diseases worldwide and can cause harmful complications within the vascular system. Further research on vascular responsiveness to different ligands and diverse receptors in various arteries is required to understand the mechanisms underlying the development of these vascular complications. Here, we investigated the vasorelaxant effect of the protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) agonist 2-furoyl-LIGRLO-amide (2-Fly) and two commonest agents, namely endothelium-dependent dilator acetylcholine (ACh) and endothelium-independent dilator sodium nitroprusside (SNP), on the thoracic aorta isolated from aged spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) (age, 52±1 weeks). The effects of these agents were compared between aortas isolated from SHR and age-matched normotensive Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats. Compared with the WKY group, in the SHR group, 2-Fly-induced relaxation was impaired, ACh-induced relaxation was slightly decreased at low concentrations, and SNP-induced relaxation was similar. In addition, 2-Fly-induced aortic relaxation was largely decreased by a PAR2 antagonist (FSLLRY), endothelial denudation, and a nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor NG-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA) but not by an Akt inhibitor. These results suggested that PAR2-induced relaxations of aortas of aged SHR was impaired, and this impaired aortic relaxation may be attributed to decreased NO bioavailability rather than altered NO sensitivity unrelated to the Akt activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Ando
- Department of Physiology and Morphology, Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Hoshi University
| | - Takayuki Matsumoto
- Department of Physiology and Morphology, Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Hoshi University
| | - Shota Kobayashi
- Department of Physiology and Morphology, Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Hoshi University
| | - Maika Iguchi
- Department of Physiology and Morphology, Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Hoshi University
| | - Kumiko Taguchi
- Department of Physiology and Morphology, Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Hoshi University
| | - Tsuneo Kobayashi
- Department of Physiology and Morphology, Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Hoshi University
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25
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Iyinikkel J, Murray F. GPCRs in pulmonary arterial hypertension: tipping the balance. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 175:3063-3079. [PMID: 29468655 PMCID: PMC6031878 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a progressive, fatal disease characterised by increased pulmonary vascular resistance and excessive proliferation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMC). GPCRs, which are attractive pharmacological targets, are important regulators of pulmonary vascular tone and PASMC phenotype. PAH is associated with the altered expression and function of a number of GPCRs in the pulmonary circulation, which leads to the vasoconstriction and proliferation of PASMC and thereby contributes to the imbalance of pulmonary vascular tone associated with PAH; drugs targeting GPCRs are currently used clinically to treat PAH and extensive preclinical work supports the utility of a number of additional GPCRs. Here we review how GPCR expression and function changes with PAH and discuss why GPCRs continue to be relevant drug targets for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Iyinikkel
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and NutritionUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUK
| | - Fiona Murray
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and NutritionUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUK
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26
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Gandhi VD, Shrestha Palikhe N, Hamza SM, Dyck JRB, Buteau J, Vliagoftis H. Insulin decreases expression of the proinflammatory receptor proteinase-activated receptor-2 on human airway epithelial cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 142:1003-1006.e8. [PMID: 29890235 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vivek D Gandhi
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Alberta Respiratory Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nami Shrestha Palikhe
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Alberta Respiratory Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Shereen M Hamza
- Department of Pediatrics, Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jason R B Dyck
- Department of Pediatrics, Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jean Buteau
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Harissios Vliagoftis
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Alberta Respiratory Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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27
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Xu J, Wang J, Shao C, Zeng X, Sun L, Kong H, Xie W, Wang H. New dynamic viewing of mast cells in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH): contributors or outsiders to cardiovascular remodeling. J Thorac Dis 2018; 10:3016-3026. [PMID: 29997969 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2018.05.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background In patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), mast cells (MCs) are extensively observed around pulmonary vessels. However, their temporal and spatial variation during PAH development remains obscure. This study investigated the dynamic evolution of MCs in lungs and right ventricles (RV) to illuminate their role in pulmonary vascular and RV remodeling. Methods The PAH model was established by a single intra-peritoneal injection of monocrotaline (MCT, 60 mg/kg) in rats. On day 0, 3, 7, 14, and 28 after MCT injection, lung and RV tissues were harvested for staining with hematoxylin and eosin (HE), Gomori aldehyde fuchsin (GAF), toluidine blue (TB) and picrosirius red (PSR). Immunohistochemistry was performed to evaluate the levels of α-SMA, CD68 and tryptase. A simple RV remolding model was produced as well by pulmonary artery banding (PAB). RV tissues were collected to determine the degree of MCs infiltration. Results After MCT challenge, elevated mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP), increased RV systolic pressure (RVSP), pulmonary arterial media hypertrophy as well as distal vascular muscularization gradually occurred with time. MCs recruitment along with CD68+ macrophages accumulation was observed around distal pulmonary vessels and in alveolar septa. Excessive infiltration and degranulation of MCs were detected in MCT-treated group in lung tissues but not in RV. In addition, no exacerbation of MCs infiltration and degranulation in RV was noted in PAB-treated rats, suggesting few contributions of MCs to RV remodeling. Conclusions Our findings implied a crucial role of MCs in the remodeling of pulmonary vessels, not RV, which probably through releasing cytokines such as tryptase. The present study enriches the knowledge about PAH, providing a potential profile of MCs as a switch for the treatment of PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xu
- Department of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Chengjie Shao
- Department of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Xiaoning Zeng
- Department of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Lixiang Sun
- Department of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Hui Kong
- Department of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Weiping Xie
- Department of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
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Abstract
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) is a devastating chronic, progressive and irreversible disease that remains refractory to current therapies. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their inhibitors, tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs), have been implicated in the development of pulmonary fibrosis since decades. Coagulation signalling deregulation, which influences several key inflammatory and fibro-proliferative responses, is also essential in IPF pathogenesis, and a growing body of evidence indicates that Protease-Activated Receptors (PARs) inhibition in IPF may be promising for future evaluation. Therefore, proteases and anti-proteases aroused great biomedical interest over the past years, owing to the identification of their potential roles in lung fibrosis. During these last decades, numerous other proteases and anti-proteases have been studied in lung fibrosis, such as matriptase, Human airway trypsin-like protease (HAT), Hepatocyte growth factor activator (HGFA)/HGFA activator inhibitor (HAI) system, Plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1, Protease nexine (PN)-1, cathepsins, calpains, and cystatin C. Herein, we provide a general overview of the proteases and anti-proteases unbalance during lung fibrogenesis and explore potential therapeutics for IPF.
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29
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Marsh LM, Jandl K, Grünig G, Foris V, Bashir M, Ghanim B, Klepetko W, Olschewski H, Olschewski A, Kwapiszewska G. The inflammatory cell landscape in the lungs of patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension. Eur Respir J 2018; 51:51/1/1701214. [PMID: 29371380 PMCID: PMC6383570 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01214-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence points towards an inflammatory component underlying pulmonary hypertension. However, the conclusive characterisation of multiple inflammatory cell populations in the lung is challenging due to the complexity of marker specificity and tissue inaccessibility. We used an unbiased computational flow cytometry approach to delineate the inflammatory landscape of idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH) and healthy donor lungs. Donor and IPAH samples were discriminated clearly using principal component analysis to reduce the multidimensional data obtained from single-cell flow cytometry analysis. In IPAH lungs, the predominant CD45+ cell type switched from neutrophils to CD3+ T-cells, with increases in CD4+, CD8+ and γδT-cell subsets. Additionally, diversely activated classical myeloid-derived dendritic cells (CD14−HLA-DR+CD11c+CD1a+/−) and nonclassical plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs; CD14−CD11c−CD123+HLA-DR+), together with mast cells and basophils, were more abundant in IPAH samples. We describe, for the first time, the presence and regulation of two cell types in IPAH, γδT-cells and pDCs, which link innate and adaptive immunity. With our high-throughput flow cytometry with multidimensional dataset analysis, we have revealed the interactive interplay between multiple inflammatory cells is a crucial part of their integrative network. The identification of γδT-cells and pDCs in this disease potentially provides a missing link between IPAH, autoimmunity and inflammation. Computational flow cytometry details the complex inflammatory cell landscape in patients with pulmonary hypertensionhttp://ow.ly/rjFZ30g1tew
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh M Marsh
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria
| | - Katharina Jandl
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria
| | - Gabriele Grünig
- Dept of Environmental Medicine and Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vasile Foris
- Division of Pulmonology, Dept of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Mina Bashir
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria
| | - Bahil Ghanim
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria.,Division of Thoracic Surgery, Dept of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Walter Klepetko
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Dept of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Horst Olschewski
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria.,Division of Pulmonology, Dept of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Andrea Olschewski
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria.,Institute of Physiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Grazyna Kwapiszewska
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria.,Institute of Physiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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30
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Lin C, Borensztajn K, Spek CA. Targeting coagulation factor receptors - protease-activated receptors in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. J Thromb Haemost 2017; 15:597-607. [PMID: 28079978 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a lethal lung disease with a 5-year mortality rate of > 50% and unknown etiology. Treatment options remain limited and, currently, only two drugs are available, i.e. nintedanib and pirfenidone. However, both of these antifibrotic agents only slow down the progression of the disease, and do not remarkably prolong the survival of IPF patients. Hence, the discovery of new therapeutic targets for IPF is crucial. Studies exploring the mechanisms that are involved in IPF have identified several possible targets for therapeutic interventions. Among these, blood coagulation factor receptors, i.e. protease-activated receptors (PARs), are key candidates, as these receptors mediate the cellular effects of coagulation factors and play central roles in influencing inflammatory and fibrotic responses. In this review, we will focus on the controversial role of the coagulation cascade in the pathogenesis of IPF. In the light of novel data, we will attempt to reconciliate the apparently conflicting data and discuss the possibility of pharmacologic targeting of PARs for the treatment of fibroproliferative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lin
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - K Borensztajn
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Inserm UMR1152, Medical School Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
- Département Hospitalo-universtaire FIRE (Fibrosis, Inflammation and Remodeling) and LabEx Inflamex, Paris, France
| | - C A Spek
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Tu L, Ghigna MR, Phan C, Bordenave J, Le Hiress M, Thuillet R, Ricard N, Huertas A, Humbert M, Guignabert C. [Towards new targets for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension : Importance of cell-cell communications]. Biol Aujourdhui 2016; 210:65-78. [PMID: 27687598 DOI: 10.1051/jbio/2016010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a disorder in which mechanical obstruction of the pulmonary vascular bed is largely responsible for the rise in mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP), resulting in a progressive functional decline despite current available therapeutic options. There are multiple mechanisms predisposing to and/or promoting the aberrant pulmonary vascular remodeling in PAH, and these involve not only altered crosstalk between cells within the vascular wall but also sustained inflammation and dysimmunity, cell accumulation in the vascular wall and excessive activation of some growth factor-stimulated signaling pathways, in addition to the interaction of systemic hormones, local growth factors, cytokines, and transcription factors. Heterozygous germline mutations in the bone morphogenetic protein receptor, type-2 (BMPR2) gene, a gene encoding a receptor for the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β superfamily, can predispose to the disease. Although the spectrum of therapeutic options for PAH has expanded in the last 20 years, available therapies remain essentially palliative. Over the past decade, however, a better understanding of key regulators of this irreversible remodeling of the pulmonary vasculature has been obtained. New and more effective approaches are likely to emerge. The present article profiles the innovative research into novel pathways and therapeutic targets that may lead to the development of targeted agents in PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ly Tu
- INSERM UMRS 999, LabEx LERMIT, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, 133 Avenue de la Résistance, 92350 Le Plessis-Robinson, France - Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Maria-Rosa Ghigna
- INSERM UMRS 999, LabEx LERMIT, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, 133 Avenue de la Résistance, 92350 Le Plessis-Robinson, France - Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France - Service de Pathologie, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France
| | - Carole Phan
- INSERM UMRS 999, LabEx LERMIT, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, 133 Avenue de la Résistance, 92350 Le Plessis-Robinson, France - Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Jennifer Bordenave
- INSERM UMRS 999, LabEx LERMIT, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, 133 Avenue de la Résistance, 92350 Le Plessis-Robinson, France - Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Morane Le Hiress
- INSERM UMRS 999, LabEx LERMIT, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, 133 Avenue de la Résistance, 92350 Le Plessis-Robinson, France - Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Raphaël Thuillet
- INSERM UMRS 999, LabEx LERMIT, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, 133 Avenue de la Résistance, 92350 Le Plessis-Robinson, France - Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Nicolas Ricard
- INSERM UMRS 999, LabEx LERMIT, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, 133 Avenue de la Résistance, 92350 Le Plessis-Robinson, France - Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Alice Huertas
- INSERM UMRS 999, LabEx LERMIT, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, 133 Avenue de la Résistance, 92350 Le Plessis-Robinson, France - Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France - AP-HP, Service de Pneumologie, Centre de Référence de l'Hypertension Pulmonaire Sévère, DHU Thorax Innovation, Hôpital Bicêtre, France
| | - Marc Humbert
- INSERM UMRS 999, LabEx LERMIT, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, 133 Avenue de la Résistance, 92350 Le Plessis-Robinson, France - Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France - AP-HP, Service de Pneumologie, Centre de Référence de l'Hypertension Pulmonaire Sévère, DHU Thorax Innovation, Hôpital Bicêtre, France
| | - Christophe Guignabert
- INSERM UMRS 999, LabEx LERMIT, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, 133 Avenue de la Résistance, 92350 Le Plessis-Robinson, France - Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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Maruyama K, McGuire JJ, Shinozuka K, Kagota S. [Role/function of protease-activated receptor 2 on vascular endothelium in metabolic syndrome]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2016; 147:135-138. [PMID: 26960771 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.147.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
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He Y, Cao X, Liu X, Li X, Xu Y, Liu J, Shi J. Quercetin reverses experimental pulmonary arterial hypertension by modulating the TrkA pathway. Exp Cell Res 2015; 339:122-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 09/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Lin C, von der Thüsen J, Daalhuisen J, ten Brink M, Crestani B, van der Poll T, Borensztajn K, Spek CA. Pharmacological Targeting of Protease-Activated Receptor 2 Affords Protection from Bleomycin-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis. Mol Med 2015; 21:576-83. [PMID: 26147947 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2015.00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is the most devastating diffuse fibrosing lung disease that remains refractory to therapy. Despite increasing evidence that protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR-2) contributes to fibrosis, its importance in pulmonary fibrosis is under debate. We addressed whether PAR-2 deficiency persistently reduces bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis or merely delays disease progression and whether pharmacological PAR-2 inhibition limits experimental pulmonary fibrosis. Bleomycin was instilled intranasally into wild-type or PAR-2-deficient mice in the presence/absence of a specific PAR-2 antagonist (P2pal-18S). Pulmonary fibrosis was consistently reduced in PAR-2-deficient mice throughout the fibrotic phase, as evident from reduced Ashcroft scores (29%) and hydroxyproline levels (26%) at d 28. Moreover, P2pal-18S inhibited PAR-2-induced profibrotic responses in both murine and primary human pulmonary fibroblasts (p < 0.05). Once daily treatment with P2pal-18S reduced the severity and extent of fibrotic lesions in lungs of bleomycin-treated wild-type mice but did not further reduce fibrosis in PAR-2-deficient mice. Importantly, P2pal-18S treatment starting even 7 d after the onset of fibrosis limits pulmonary fibrosis as effectively as when treatment was started together with bleomycin instillation. Overall, PAR-2 contributes to the progression of pulmonary fibrosis, and targeting PAR-2 may be a promising therapeutic strategy for treating pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Lin
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan von der Thüsen
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joost Daalhuisen
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke ten Brink
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bruno Crestani
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Pulmonology A, Reference Center for Rare Lung Diseases, Bichat-Claude Bernard University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Tom van der Poll
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Keren Borensztajn
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Inserm UMR1152, Medical School Xavier Bichat, Paris, France.,Département Hospitalo-universtaire FIRE (Fibrosis, Inflammation and Remodeling) and LabEx Inflamex, Paris, France
| | - C Arnold Spek
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Hoffmann J, Marsh LM, Pieper M, Stacher E, Ghanim B, Kovacs G, König P, Wilkens H, Haitchi HM, Hoefler G, Klepetko W, Olschewski H, Olschewski A, Kwapiszewska G. Compartment-specific expression of collagens and their processing enzymes in intrapulmonary arteries of IPAH patients. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2015; 308:L1002-13. [PMID: 25840998 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00383.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in extracellular matrix (ECM) have been implicated in the pathophysiology of pulmonary hypertension. Here, we have undertaken a compartment-specific study to elucidate the expression profile of collagens and their processing enzymes in donor and idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH) pulmonary arteries. Predominant intimal, but also medial and perivascular, remodeling and reduced lumen diameter were detected in IPAH pulmonary arteries. Two-photon microscopy demonstrated accumulation of collagen fibers. Quantification of collagen in pulmonary arteries revealed collagen accumulation mainly in the intima of IPAH pulmonary arteries compared with donors. Laser capture-microdissected pulmonary artery profiles (intima+media and perivascular tissue) were analyzed by real-time PCR for ECM gene expression. In the intima+media of IPAH vessels, collagens (COL4A5, COL14A1, and COL18A1), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 19, and a disintegrin and metalloprotease (ADAM) 33 were higher expressed, whereas MMP10, ADAM17, TIMP1, and TIMP3 were less abundant. Localization of COLXVIII, its cleavage product endostatin, and MMP10, ADAM33, and TIMP1 was confirmed in pulmonary arteries by immunohistochemistry. ELISA for collagen XVIII/endostatin demonstrated significantly elevated plasma levels in IPAH patients compared with donors, whereas circulating MMP10, ADAM33, and TIMP1 levels were similar between the two groups. Endostatin levels were correlated with pulmonary arterial wedge pressure, and established prognostic markers of IPAH, right atrial pressure, cardiac index, 6-min walking distance, NH2-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide, and uric acid. Expression of unstudied collagens, MMPs, ADAMs, and TIMPs were found to be significantly altered in IPAH intima+media. Elevated levels of circulating collagen XVIII/endostatin are associated with markers of a poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Hoffmann
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria
| | - Leigh M Marsh
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria
| | - Mario Pieper
- Institute of Anatomy, University Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany and Airway Research Center North, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Grosshansdorf, Germany
| | - Elvira Stacher
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria; Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Bahil Ghanim
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria; Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gabor Kovacs
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria; Department of Pulmonology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Peter König
- Institute of Anatomy, University Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany and Airway Research Center North, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Grosshansdorf, Germany
| | - Heinrike Wilkens
- Department of Pulmonology, Faculty of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Hans Michael Haitchi
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University Southampton, UK; NIHR Southampton Respiratory BioMedical Research Unit at University Hospital Southampton, NHS Foundation Trust, UK; and
| | - Gerald Hoefler
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Walter Klepetko
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Horst Olschewski
- Department of Pulmonology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Andrea Olschewski
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria; Department of Experimental Anesthesiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Grazyna Kwapiszewska
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria; Department of Experimental Anesthesiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The pulmonary circulation is a low-pressure, low-resistance, highly compliant vasculature. In contrast to the systemic circulation, it is not primarily regulated by a central nervous control mechanism. The regulation of resting membrane potential due to ion channels is of integral importance in the physiology and pathophysiology of the pulmonary vasculature. RECENT ADVANCES Redox-driven ion conductance changes initiated by direct oxidation, nitration, and S-nitrosylation of the cysteine thiols and indirect phosphorylation of the threonine and serine residues directly affect pulmonary vascular tone. CRITICAL ISSUES Molecular mechanisms of changes in ion channel conductance, especially the identification of the sites of action, are still not fully elucidated. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Further investigation of the interaction between redox status and ion channel gating, especially the physiological significance of S-glutathionylation and S-nitrosylation, could result in a better understanding of the physiological and pathophysiological importance of these mediators in general and the implications of such modifications in cellular functions and related diseases and their importance for targeted treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Olschewski
- 1 Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research , Graz, Austria
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Guignabert C, Tu L, Girerd B, Ricard N, Huertas A, Montani D, Humbert M. New Molecular Targets of Pulmonary Vascular Remodeling in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Chest 2015; 147:529-537. [DOI: 10.1378/chest.14-0862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
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Kagota S, Maruyama K, Wakuda H, McGuire JJ, Yoshikawa N, Nakamura K, Shinozuka K. Disturbance of vasodilation via protease-activated receptor 2 in SHRSP.Z-Leprfa/IzmDmcr rats with metabolic syndrome. Vascul Pharmacol 2014; 63:46-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Antoniak S, Sparkenbaugh E, Pawlinski R. Tissue factor, protease activated receptors and pathologic heart remodelling. Thromb Haemost 2014; 112:893-900. [PMID: 25104210 DOI: 10.1160/th14-03-0243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tissue factor is the primary initiator of coagulation cascade and plays an essential role in haemostasis and thrombosis. In addition, tissue factor and coagulation proteases contribute to many cellular responses via activation of protease activated receptors. The heart is an organ with high levels of constitutive tissue factor expression. This review focuses on the role of tissue factor, coagulation proteases and protease activated receptors in heart haemostasis and the pathological heart remodelling associated with myocardial infarction, viral myocarditis and hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rafal Pawlinski
- Rafal Pawlinski, PhD, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, 320A Mary Ellen Jones Bldg, 98 Manning Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA, Tel: 919 843 8387, Fax: 919 843 4896, E-mail:
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to evaluate whether an uncontrolled activation of mast cells and macrophages through protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) during acute pancreatitis could develop lung injury. METHODS Pancreatitis was induced in rats by intraductal infusion of sodium taurocholate. In a group of animals, PAR-2 antagonist or trypsin (TRP) inhibitor was intravenously administered before the pancreatitis induction. In additional groups, the animals were treated with PAR-2-activating peptide or pancreatic TRP. The myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity was measured to evaluate the progression of inflammation. RESULTS Plasma from the animals with pancreatitis and pancreatic TRP induced the secretion of mast cells and alveolar macrophages as well as increased the density of PAR-2 in the plasma membrane. The treatment of alveolar macrophages with TRP, tryptase, as well as PAR-1- and PAR-2-activating peptide led to an increase in calcium-triggered exocytosis. Similar results were obtained in acinar cells. The intravenous injection of PAR-2-activating peptide and TRP induced an increase in MPO activity in the lung. The intravenous injection of PAR-2 antagonist or TRP inhibitor before the pancreatitis induction could prevent the increase in MPO activity in the pancreas and the lung. CONCLUSIONS The TRP generated during acute pancreatitis could be involved in the progression of lung injury through the activation of PAR-2 in alveolar macrophages.
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Endothelin-1 driven proliferation of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells is c-fos dependent. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 54:137-48. [PMID: 25016214 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 06/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is characterized by enhanced pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell (PASMC) proliferation leading to vascular remodeling. Although, multiple factors have been associated with pathogenesis of PH the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Here, we hypothesize that already very short exposure to hypoxia may activate molecular cascades leading to vascular remodeling. Microarray studies from lung homogenates of mice exposed to only 3h of hypoxia revealed endothelin-1 (ET-1) and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) as the most upregulated genes, and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway as the most differentially regulated pathway. Evaluation of these results in vitro showed that ET-1 but not CTGF stimulation of human PASMCs increased DNA synthesis and expression of proliferation markers such as Ki67 and cell cycle regulator, cyclin D1. Moreover, ET-1 treatment elevated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk)-dependent c-fos expression and phosphorylation of c-fos and c-jun transcription factors. Silencing of c-fos with siRNA abrogated the ET-1-induced proliferation of PASMCs. Expression and immunohistochemical analyses revealed higher levels of total and phosphorylated c-fos and c-jun in the vessel wall of lung samples of human idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension patents, hypoxia-exposed mice and monocrotaline-treated rats as compared to control subjects. These findings shed the light on the involvement of c-fos/c-jun in the proliferative response of PASMCs to ET-1 indicating that already very short hypoxia exposure leads to the regulation of mediators involved in vascular remodeling underlying PH.
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15-PGDH/15-KETE plays a role in hypoxia-induced pulmonary vascular remodeling through ERK1/2-dependent PAR-2 pathway. Cell Signal 2014; 26:1476-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Koyama M, Furuhashi M, Ishimura S, Mita T, Fuseya T, Okazaki Y, Yoshida H, Tsuchihashi K, Miura T. Reduction of endoplasmic reticulum stress by 4-phenylbutyric acid prevents the development of hypoxia-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2014; 306:H1314-23. [PMID: 24610918 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00869.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is characterized by vasoconstriction and vascular remodeling of the pulmonary artery (PA). Recently, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and inappropriate adaptation through the unfolded protein response (UPR) have been disclosed in various types of diseases. Here we examined whether ER stress is involved in the pathogenesis of PAH. Four weeks of chronic normobaric hypoxia increased right ventricular (RV) systolic pressure by 63% compared with that in normoxic controls and induced RV hypertrophy and medial thickening of the PA in C57BL/6J mice. Treatment with 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA), a chemical chaperone, significantly reduced RV systolic pressure by 30%, attenuated RV hypertrophy and PA muscularization, and increased total running distance in a treadmill test by 70% in hypoxic mice. The beneficial effects of 4-PBA were associated with suppressed expression of inflammatory cytokines and ER stress markers, including Grp78 and Grp94 in the activating transcription factor-6 branch, sXbp1 and Pdi in the inositol-requiring enzyme-1 branch and Atf4 in the PKR-like ER kinase branch, and reduced phosphorylation of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase and eukaryotic translation initiation factor-2α in the lung. The pattern of changes in ER stress and inflammatory markers by 4-PBA in the lung of the PAH model was reproduced in PA smooth muscle cells by chronic stimulation of platelet-derived growth factor-BB or hypoxia. Furthermore, knockdown of each UPR branch sensor activated other branches and promoted proliferation of PA smooth muscle cells. The findings indicate that activation of all branches of the UPR and accompanying inflammation play a major role in the pathogenesis of PAH, and that chemical chaperones are potentially therapeutic agents for PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Koyama
- Department of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan; and
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Biasin V, Marsh LM, Egemnazarov B, Wilhelm J, Ghanim B, Klepetko W, Wygrecka M, Olschewski H, Eferl R, Olschewski A, Kwapiszewska G. Meprinβ, a novel mediator of vascular remodelling underlying pulmonary hypertension. J Pathol 2014; 233:7-17. [DOI: 10.1002/path.4303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Biasin
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research; Graz Austria
| | - Leigh M Marsh
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research; Graz Austria
| | | | - Jochen Wilhelm
- Department of Internal Medicine II; Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Centre (UGMLC), Justus-Liebig University; Giessen Germany
| | - Bahil Ghanim
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research; Graz Austria
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery; Medical University of Vienna; Austria
| | - Walter Klepetko
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery; Medical University of Vienna; Austria
| | | | | | - Robert Eferl
- Institute for Cancer Research of the Medical University Vienna; Austria
| | - Andrea Olschewski
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research; Graz Austria
- Department of Experimental Anaesthesiology; Medical University of Graz; Austria
| | - Grazyna Kwapiszewska
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research; Graz Austria
- Department of Experimental Anaesthesiology; Medical University of Graz; Austria
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Differential contribution of FXa and thrombin to vascular inflammation in a mouse model of sickle cell disease. Blood 2014; 123:1747-56. [PMID: 24449213 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2013-08-523936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of coagulation and vascular inflammation are prominent features of sickle cell disease (SCD). Previously, we have shown that inhibition of tissue factor (TF) attenuates activation of coagulation and vascular inflammation in mouse models of SCD. In this study, we examined the mechanism by which coagulation proteases enhance vascular inflammation in sickle BERK mice. To specifically investigate the contribution of FXa and thrombin, mice were fed chow containing either rivaroxaban or dabigatran, respectively. In addition, we used bone marrow transplantation to generate sickle mice deficient in either protease activated receptor-1 (PAR-1) or protease activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) on nonhematopoietic cells. FXa inhibition and PAR-2 deficiency in nonhematopoietic cells attenuated systemic inflammation, measured by plasma levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6). In contrast, neither thrombin inhibition nor PAR-1 deficiency in nonhematopoietic cells affected plasma levels of IL-6 in sickle mice. However, thrombin did contribute to neutrophil infiltration in the lung, independently of PAR-1 expressed by nonhematopoietic cells. Furthermore, the TF-dependent increase in plasma levels of soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 in sickle mice was not mediated by FXa or thrombin. Our data indicate that TF, FXa, and thrombin differentially contribute to vascular inflammation in a mouse model of SCD.
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46
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Ogawa A, Firth AL, Ariyasu S, Yamadori I, Matsubara H, Song S, Fraidenburg DR, Yuan JXJ. Thrombin-mediated activation of Akt signaling contributes to pulmonary vascular remodeling in pulmonary hypertension. Physiol Rep 2013; 1:e00190. [PMID: 24744867 PMCID: PMC3970741 DOI: 10.1002/phy2.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) has been increasingly recognized as a common source of elevated pulmonary vascular resistance and pulmonary hypertension. It is clear that development of pulmonary thromboemboli is the inciting event for this process, yet it remains unclear why some patients have persistent pulmonary artery occlusion leading to distal pulmonary vascular remodeling and CTEPH. Thrombin, a serine protease, is an integral part of the common coagulation cascade, yet thrombin also has direct cellular effects through interaction with the family of PAR membrane receptors. This study is designed to determine the effects of thrombin on Akt signaling in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMC) from normal humans and pulmonary hypertension patients. Thrombin treatment of PASMC resulted in a transient increase in Akt phosphorylation and had similar effects on the downstream targets of the Akt/mTOR pathway. Ca2+ is shown to be required for Akt phosphorylation as well as serum starvation, a distinct effect compared to platelet‐derived growth factor. Thrombin treatment was associated with a rise in intracellular [Ca2+] and enhanced store‐operated calcium entry (SOCE). These effects lead to enhanced proliferation, which is more dramatic in both IPAH and CTEPH PASMC. Enhanced proliferation is also shown to be attenuated by inhibition of Akt/mTOR in CTEPH PASMC. Thrombin has direct effects on PASMC increasing intracellular [Ca2+] and PASMC proliferation, an effect attributed to Akt phosphorylation. The current results implicate the effects of thrombin in the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH) and CTEPH, which may potentially be a novel therapeutic target. Thrombin is known to play an important role in thrombotic events including pulmonary embolism. In this manuscript, we show a direct effect of thrombin on pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells in both normal and diseased states through Akt signaling, which leads to increased store‐operated calcium entry and cellular proliferation. These direct effects of thrombin may play a role in the development and progression of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiko Ogawa
- Department of Clinical Science, National Hospital Organization Okayama Medical CenterTamasu, Kita-kuOkayama, Japan
| | - Amy L Firth
- The Salk Institute of Biological Studies, La Jolla, California
| | - Sanae Ariyasu
- Clinical Pathology, National Hospital Organization Okayama Medical Center, TamasuKita-kuOkayama, Japan
| | - Ichiro Yamadori
- Clinical Pathology, National Hospital Organization Okayama Medical Center, TamasuKita-kuOkayama, Japan
| | - Hiromi Matsubara
- Department of Clinical Science, National Hospital Organization Okayama Medical CenterTamasu, Kita-kuOkayama, Japan
| | - Shanshan Song
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois ; Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Dustin R Fraidenburg
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois ; Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jason X-J Yuan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois ; Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois ; Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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Nickel KF, Laux V, Heumann R, von Degenfeld G. Thrombin has biphasic effects on the nitric oxide-cGMP pathway in endothelial cells and contributes to experimental pulmonary hypertension. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63504. [PMID: 23785394 PMCID: PMC3681801 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A potential role for coagulation factors in pulmonary arterial hypertension has been recently described, but the mechanism of action is currently not known. Here, we investigated the interactions between thrombin and the nitric oxide-cGMP pathway in pulmonary endothelial cells and experimental pulmonary hypertension. Principal Findings Chronic treatment with the selective thrombin inhibitor melagatran (0.9 mg/kg daily via implanted minipumps) reduced right ventricular hypertrophy in the rat monocrotaline model of experimental pulmonary hypertension. In vitro, thrombin was found to have biphasic effects on key regulators of the nitric oxide-cGMP pathway in endothelial cells (HUVECs). Acute thrombin stimulation led to increased expression of the cGMP-elevating factors endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) subunits, leading to increased cGMP levels. By contrast, prolonged exposition of pulmonary endothelial cells to thrombin revealed a characteristic pattern of differential expression of the key regulators of the nitric oxide-cGMP pathway, in which specifically the factors contributing to cGMP elevation (eNOS and sGC) were reduced and the cGMP-hydrolyzing PDE5 was elevated (qPCR and Western blot). In line with the differential expression of key regulators of the nitric oxide-cGMP pathway, a reduction of cGMP by prolonged thrombin stimulation was found. The effects of prolonged thrombin exposure were confirmed in endothelial cells of pulmonary origin (HPAECs and HPMECs). Similar effects could be induced by activation of protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1). Conclusion These findings suggest a link between thrombin generation and cGMP depletion in lung endothelial cells through negative regulation of the nitric oxide-cGMP pathway, possibly mediated via PAR-1, which could be of relevance in pulmonary arterial hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin F. Nickel
- Cardiology Research, Bayer HealthCare AG, Wuppertal, Germany
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Volker Laux
- Cardiology Research, Bayer HealthCare AG, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Rolf Heumann
- Biochemistry II – Molecular Neurobiochemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Georges von Degenfeld
- Common Mechanism Research, Bayer HealthCare AG, Wuppertal, Germany, and Institute for Research in Operative Medicine, University of Witten/Herdecke, Cologne, Germany
- * E-mail:
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48
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Papke CL, Cao J, Kwartler CS, Villamizar C, Byanova KL, Lim SM, Sreenivasappa H, Fischer G, Pham J, Rees M, Wang M, Chaponnier C, Gabbiani G, Khakoo AY, Chandra J, Trache A, Zimmer W, Milewicz DM. Smooth muscle hyperplasia due to loss of smooth muscle α-actin is driven by activation of focal adhesion kinase, altered p53 localization and increased levels of platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 22:3123-37. [PMID: 23591991 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in ACTA2, encoding the smooth muscle cell (SMC)-specific isoform of α-actin (α-SMA), cause thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissections and occlusive vascular diseases, including early onset coronary artery disease and stroke. We have shown that occlusive arterial lesions in patients with heterozygous ACTA2 missense mutations show increased numbers of medial or neointimal SMCs. The contribution of SMC hyperplasia to these vascular diseases and the pathways responsible for linking disruption of α-SMA filaments to hyperplasia are unknown. Here, we show that the loss of Acta2 in mice recapitulates the SMC hyperplasia observed in ACTA2 mutant SMCs and determine the cellular pathways responsible for SMC hyperplasia. Acta2(-/-) mice showed increased neointimal formation following vascular injury in vivo, and SMCs explanted from these mice demonstrated increased proliferation and migration. Loss of α-SMA induced hyperplasia through focal adhesion (FA) rearrangement, FA kinase activation, re-localization of p53 from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and increased expression and ligand-independent activation of platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (Pdgfr-β). Disruption of α-SMA in wild-type SMCs also induced similar cellular changes. Imatinib mesylate inhibited Pdgfr-β activation and Acta2(-/-) SMC proliferation in vitro and neointimal formation with vascular injury in vivo. Loss of α-SMA leads to SMC hyperplasia in vivo and in vitro through a mechanism involving FAK, p53 and Pdgfr-β, supporting the hypothesis that SMC hyperplasia contributes to occlusive lesions in patients with ACTA2 missense mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina L Papke
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin, MSB 6.100, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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49
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Veith C, Schmitt S, Veit F, Dahal BK, Wilhelm J, Klepetko W, Marta G, Seeger W, Schermuly RT, Grimminger F, Ghofrani HA, Fink L, Weissmann N, Kwapiszewska G. Cofilin, a hypoxia-regulated protein in murine lungs identified by 2DE: Role of the cytoskeletal protein cofilin in pulmonary hypertension. Proteomics 2013; 13:75-88. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201200206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Veith
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC); Giessen Germany
| | - Sigrid Schmitt
- Department of Biochemistry; University of Giessen; Giessen Germany
| | - Florian Veit
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC); Giessen Germany
| | - Bhola Kumar Dahal
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC); Giessen Germany
| | - Jochen Wilhelm
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC); Giessen Germany
| | - Walter Klepetko
- Department of Cardiac Surgery; University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Gabriel Marta
- Department of Cardiac Surgery; University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Werner Seeger
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC); Giessen Germany
| | | | | | | | - Ludger Fink
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC); Giessen Germany
| | - Norbert Weissmann
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC); Giessen Germany
| | - Grazyna Kwapiszewska
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC); Giessen Germany
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research; Graz Austria
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50
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Kwapiszewska G, Chwalek K, Marsh LM, Wygrecka M, Wilhelm J, Best J, Egemnazarov B, Weisel FC, Osswald SL, Schermuly RT, Olschewski A, Seeger W, Weissmann N, Eickelberg O, Fink L. BDNF/TrkB Signaling Augments Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation in Pulmonary Hypertension. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012; 181:2018-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Revised: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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