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Cheng HS, Besla R, Li A, Chen Z, Shikatani EA, Nazari-Jahantigh M, Hammoutène A, Nguyen MA, Geoffrion M, Cai L, Khyzha N, Li T, MacParland SA, Husain M, Cybulsky MI, Boulanger CM, Temel RE, Schober A, Rayner KJ, Robbins CS, Fish JE. Paradoxical Suppression of Atherosclerosis in the Absence of microRNA-146a. Circ Res 2017. [PMID: 28637783 PMCID: PMC5542783 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.310529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Inflammation is a key contributor to atherosclerosis. MicroRNA-146a (miR-146a) has been identified as a critical brake on proinflammatory nuclear factor κ light chain enhancer of activated B cells signaling in several cell types, including endothelial cells and bone marrow (BM)-derived cells. Importantly, miR-146a expression is elevated in human atherosclerotic plaques, and polymorphisms in the miR-146a precursor have been associated with risk of coronary artery disease. OBJECTIVE To define the role of endogenous miR-146a during atherogenesis. METHODS AND RESULTS Paradoxically, Ldlr-/- (low-density lipoprotein receptor null) mice deficient in miR-146a develop less atherosclerosis, despite having highly elevated levels of circulating proinflammatory cytokines. In contrast, cytokine levels are normalized in Ldlr-/-;miR-146a-/- mice receiving wild-type BM transplantation, and these mice have enhanced endothelial cell activation and elevated atherosclerotic plaque burden compared with Ldlr-/- mice receiving wild-type BM, demonstrating the atheroprotective role of miR-146a in the endothelium. We find that deficiency of miR-146a in BM-derived cells precipitates defects in hematopoietic stem cell function, contributing to extramedullary hematopoiesis, splenomegaly, BM failure, and decreased levels of circulating proatherogenic cells in mice fed an atherogenic diet. These hematopoietic phenotypes seem to be driven by unrestrained inflammatory signaling that leads to the expansion and eventual exhaustion of hematopoietic cells, and this occurs in the face of lower levels of circulating low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in mice lacking miR-146a in BM-derived cells. Furthermore, we identify sortilin-1(Sort1), a known regulator of circulating low-density lipoprotein levels in humans, as a novel target of miR-146a. CONCLUSIONS Our study reveals that miR-146a regulates cholesterol metabolism and tempers chronic inflammatory responses to atherogenic diet by restraining proinflammatory signaling in endothelial cells and BM-derived cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry S Cheng
- From the Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany (M.N.-J., A.S.); INSERM, Unit 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center-PARCC, France (A.H., C.M.B.); University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ontario, Canada (M.-A.N., M.G., K.J.R.); and Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington (L.C., T.L., R.E.T.)
| | - Rickvinder Besla
- From the Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany (M.N.-J., A.S.); INSERM, Unit 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center-PARCC, France (A.H., C.M.B.); University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ontario, Canada (M.-A.N., M.G., K.J.R.); and Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington (L.C., T.L., R.E.T.)
| | - Angela Li
- From the Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany (M.N.-J., A.S.); INSERM, Unit 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center-PARCC, France (A.H., C.M.B.); University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ontario, Canada (M.-A.N., M.G., K.J.R.); and Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington (L.C., T.L., R.E.T.)
| | - Zhiqi Chen
- From the Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany (M.N.-J., A.S.); INSERM, Unit 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center-PARCC, France (A.H., C.M.B.); University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ontario, Canada (M.-A.N., M.G., K.J.R.); and Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington (L.C., T.L., R.E.T.)
| | - Eric A Shikatani
- From the Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany (M.N.-J., A.S.); INSERM, Unit 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center-PARCC, France (A.H., C.M.B.); University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ontario, Canada (M.-A.N., M.G., K.J.R.); and Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington (L.C., T.L., R.E.T.)
| | - Maliheh Nazari-Jahantigh
- From the Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany (M.N.-J., A.S.); INSERM, Unit 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center-PARCC, France (A.H., C.M.B.); University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ontario, Canada (M.-A.N., M.G., K.J.R.); and Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington (L.C., T.L., R.E.T.)
| | - Adel Hammoutène
- From the Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany (M.N.-J., A.S.); INSERM, Unit 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center-PARCC, France (A.H., C.M.B.); University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ontario, Canada (M.-A.N., M.G., K.J.R.); and Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington (L.C., T.L., R.E.T.)
| | - My-Anh Nguyen
- From the Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany (M.N.-J., A.S.); INSERM, Unit 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center-PARCC, France (A.H., C.M.B.); University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ontario, Canada (M.-A.N., M.G., K.J.R.); and Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington (L.C., T.L., R.E.T.)
| | - Michele Geoffrion
- From the Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany (M.N.-J., A.S.); INSERM, Unit 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center-PARCC, France (A.H., C.M.B.); University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ontario, Canada (M.-A.N., M.G., K.J.R.); and Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington (L.C., T.L., R.E.T.)
| | - Lei Cai
- From the Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany (M.N.-J., A.S.); INSERM, Unit 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center-PARCC, France (A.H., C.M.B.); University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ontario, Canada (M.-A.N., M.G., K.J.R.); and Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington (L.C., T.L., R.E.T.)
| | - Nadiya Khyzha
- From the Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany (M.N.-J., A.S.); INSERM, Unit 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center-PARCC, France (A.H., C.M.B.); University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ontario, Canada (M.-A.N., M.G., K.J.R.); and Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington (L.C., T.L., R.E.T.)
| | - Tong Li
- From the Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany (M.N.-J., A.S.); INSERM, Unit 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center-PARCC, France (A.H., C.M.B.); University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ontario, Canada (M.-A.N., M.G., K.J.R.); and Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington (L.C., T.L., R.E.T.)
| | - Sonya A MacParland
- From the Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany (M.N.-J., A.S.); INSERM, Unit 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center-PARCC, France (A.H., C.M.B.); University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ontario, Canada (M.-A.N., M.G., K.J.R.); and Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington (L.C., T.L., R.E.T.)
| | - Mansoor Husain
- From the Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany (M.N.-J., A.S.); INSERM, Unit 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center-PARCC, France (A.H., C.M.B.); University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ontario, Canada (M.-A.N., M.G., K.J.R.); and Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington (L.C., T.L., R.E.T.)
| | - Myron I Cybulsky
- From the Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany (M.N.-J., A.S.); INSERM, Unit 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center-PARCC, France (A.H., C.M.B.); University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ontario, Canada (M.-A.N., M.G., K.J.R.); and Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington (L.C., T.L., R.E.T.)
| | - Chantal M Boulanger
- From the Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany (M.N.-J., A.S.); INSERM, Unit 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center-PARCC, France (A.H., C.M.B.); University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ontario, Canada (M.-A.N., M.G., K.J.R.); and Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington (L.C., T.L., R.E.T.)
| | - Ryan E Temel
- From the Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany (M.N.-J., A.S.); INSERM, Unit 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center-PARCC, France (A.H., C.M.B.); University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ontario, Canada (M.-A.N., M.G., K.J.R.); and Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington (L.C., T.L., R.E.T.)
| | - Andreas Schober
- From the Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany (M.N.-J., A.S.); INSERM, Unit 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center-PARCC, France (A.H., C.M.B.); University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ontario, Canada (M.-A.N., M.G., K.J.R.); and Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington (L.C., T.L., R.E.T.)
| | - Katey J Rayner
- From the Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany (M.N.-J., A.S.); INSERM, Unit 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center-PARCC, France (A.H., C.M.B.); University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ontario, Canada (M.-A.N., M.G., K.J.R.); and Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington (L.C., T.L., R.E.T.)
| | - Clinton S Robbins
- From the Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany (M.N.-J., A.S.); INSERM, Unit 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center-PARCC, France (A.H., C.M.B.); University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ontario, Canada (M.-A.N., M.G., K.J.R.); and Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington (L.C., T.L., R.E.T.)
| | - Jason E Fish
- From the Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., S.A.M., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.S.C, R.B., A.L., Z.C., E.A.S., N.K., M.H., M.I.C., C.S.R., J.E.F.); Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany (M.N.-J., A.S.); INSERM, Unit 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center-PARCC, France (A.H., C.M.B.); University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ontario, Canada (M.-A.N., M.G., K.J.R.); and Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington (L.C., T.L., R.E.T.).
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