1
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Pløen GG, Sørensen CB, Bentzon JF. Smooth muscle cells clonally expand in a murine carotid allograft model complicated by immune reactions to reporter transgenes. Transpl Immunol 2024; 87:102129. [PMID: 39260676 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2024.102129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2024] [Revised: 08/27/2024] [Accepted: 09/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Most experimental studies of allograft vasculopathy (AV) have relied on transplantation between major histocompatibility complex-mismatched inbred mouse strains, but this leads to the complete eradication of donor smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and lesions formed by recipient cells. This is unlike human AV which is thought to form mainly by donor SMCs. Here, we studied sources of neointimal cells in a minor histocompatibility antigen-mismatched AV model by combining male-to-female orthotopic carotid transplantations and lineage tracing by SMC-specific expression of fluorescent proteins. METHODS To track SMC-derived cells in allograft vasculopathy, we used male donor mice with SMC-restricted Cre recombination of the mT/mG reporter transgene, which switches expression of membrane-bound red fluorescent protein (RFP) to green fluorescent protein (GFP), or the stochastically recombining Confetti reporter transgene, which yields a mosaic expression of four fluorescent proteins. Donor carotid segments were harvested and orthotopically allografted to female recipients that were wildtype or had non-recombined reporter transgenes. Inhibition of T cell responses by CTLA4Ig was used in some experiments. Sections of lesions harvested after 4 weeks were analyzed by fluorescence microscopy. RESULTS Donor-derived SMCs survived and gave rise to part of the neointimal cells in experiments where carotid segments from recombined mT/mG male mice were transplanted into wild-type or non-recombined mT/mG female mice. Sex-mismatched transplants developed significant lesions, increasing the intimal and medial area 4.6-fold (p = 0.038) and 2.0-fold (p = 0.024) compared to sex- and fluorescence-matched controls, respectively. Interestingly, sex-matched fluorescence-positive transplants developed intimal lesions in 50 % of fluorescence-naïve recipient controls. To study the clonal structure of the neointimal donor-derived SMC lineage cells, we then transplanted male carotids with heterozygous or homozygous recombined Confetti transgenes into female recipients. These transplants developed lesions with few surviving donor SMCs, indicating that expression of the Confetti reporter increased rejection and donor-specific SMC death. Some of the few remaining donor SMCs underwent clonal expansion. CTLA4Ig administration at the time of surgery did not improve SMC survival in mT/mG or Confetti transplants. CONCLUSION Male-to-female transplant models feature donor-derived SMCs, some of which undergo clonal expansion, but immune rejection to fluorescence reporters appears to bias results in lineage tracing models. Overcoming these challenges with alternative reporter transgenes or tolerant recipients is necessary to study the mechanisms by which donor SMCs contribute to allograft vasculopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jacob Fog Bentzon
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain.
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2
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Lee CAA, Wang D, Kauke-Navarro M, Russell-Goldman E, Xu S, Mucciarone KN, Sohrabi S, Lian CG, Pomahac B, Murphy GF. Insights from Immunoproteomic Profiling of a Rejected Full Face Transplant. Am J Transplant 2023:S1600-6135(23)00405-7. [PMID: 37037378 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajt.2023.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
Vascularized composite allografts (VCAs) of faces and extremities are subject to chronic rejection that is incompletely understood. Here we report on immunoproteomic evaluation of a full facial VCA removed 88 months after transplantation due to chronic rejection. CD8-positive T cells of donor (graft) origin infiltrating deep intragraft arteries in apposition to degenerating endothelium of chimeric recipient origin in association with arteriosclerotic alterations. Digital spatial proteomic profiling highlighted proteins expressed by activated cytotoxic T cells and macrophages as well as pathway components involved in atherogenic responses, including IDO1 and STING. Chronic facial VCA rejection thus involves T cell/macrophage-mediated accelerated arteriosclerosis not normally represented in punch biopsies and potentially driven by persistent graft-resident effector T cells and recipient target endothelium that chimerically repopulates graft arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A A Lee
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Diana Wang
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | | | - Shuyun Xu
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kyla N Mucciarone
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sadaf Sohrabi
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Christine G Lian
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Bohdan Pomahac
- Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - George F Murphy
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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3
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Chen H, Lu D, Yang X, Hu Z, He C, Li H, Lin Z, Yang M, Xu X. One Shoot, Two Birds: Alleviating Inflammation Caused by Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury to Reduce the Recurrence of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Front Immunol 2022; 13:879552. [PMID: 35634295 PMCID: PMC9130551 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.879552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is crucial to tumorigenesis and the development of metastasis. Hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) is an unresolved problem in liver resection and transplantation which often establishes and remodels the inflammatory microenvironment in liver. More and more experimental and clinical evidence unmasks the role of hepatic IRI and associated inflammation in promoting the recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Meanwhile, approaches aimed at alleviating hepatic IRI, such as machine perfusion, regulating the gut-liver axis, and targeting key inflammatory components, have been proved to prevent HCC recurrence. This review article highlights the underlying mechanisms and promising therapeutic strategies to reduce tumor recurrence through alleviating inflammation induced by hepatic IRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Oncology and Intelligent Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Di Lu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Oncology and Intelligent Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinyu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Oncology and Intelligent Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhihang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Oncology and Intelligent Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chiyu He
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Oncology and Intelligent Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huigang Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Oncology and Intelligent Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zuyuan Lin
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Oncology and Intelligent Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Modan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Oncology and Intelligent Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Oncology and Intelligent Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
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4
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Mullan CW, Pober JS. Mitochondrial fission in allograft endothelial cells: A novel actionable target. Am J Transplant 2022; 22:337-338. [PMID: 34865296 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.16911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Clancy W Mullan
- The Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jordan S Pober
- The Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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5
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Failing Heart Transplants and Rejection-A Cellular Perspective. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2021; 8:jcdd8120180. [PMID: 34940535 PMCID: PMC8708043 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd8120180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The median survival of patients with heart transplants is relatively limited, implying one of the most relevant questions in the field—how to expand the lifespan of a heart allograft? Despite optimal transplantation conditions, we do not anticipate a rise in long-term patient survival in near future. In order to develop novel strategies for patient monitoring and specific therapies, it is critical to understand the underlying pathological mechanisms at cellular and molecular levels. These events are driven by innate immune response and allorecognition driven inflammation, which controls both tissue damage and repair in a spatiotemporal context. In addition to immune cells, also structural cells of the heart participate in this process. Novel single cell methods have opened new avenues for understanding the dynamics driving the events leading to allograft failure. Here, we review current knowledge on the cellular composition of a normal heart, and cellular mechanisms of ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), acute rejection and cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) in the transplanted hearts. We highlight gaps in current knowledge and suggest future directions, in order to improve cellular and molecular understanding of failing heart allografts.
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6
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Pober JS, Chih S, Kobashigawa J, Madsen JC, Tellides G. Cardiac allograft vasculopathy: current review and future research directions. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 117:2624-2638. [PMID: 34343276 PMCID: PMC8783389 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) is a pathologic immune-mediated remodelling of the vasculature in transplanted hearts and, by impairing perfusion, is the major cause of late graft loss. Although best understood following cardiac transplantation, similar forms of allograft vasculopathy occur in other vascularized organ grafts and some features of CAV may be shared with other immune-mediated vasculopathies. Here, we describe the incidence and diagnosis, the nature of the vascular remodelling, immune and non-immune contributions to pathogenesis, current therapies, and future areas of research in CAV.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptive Immunity
- Animals
- Coronary Artery Disease/epidemiology
- Coronary Artery Disease/immunology
- Coronary Artery Disease/metabolism
- Coronary Artery Disease/pathology
- Coronary Vessels/immunology
- Coronary Vessels/metabolism
- Coronary Vessels/pathology
- Endothelial Cells/immunology
- Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Endothelial Cells/pathology
- Graft Rejection/epidemiology
- Graft Rejection/immunology
- Graft Rejection/metabolism
- Graft Rejection/pathology
- Graft Survival
- Heart Transplantation/adverse effects
- Humans
- Immunity, Innate
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/immunology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/immunology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Risk Factors
- Signal Transduction
- Treatment Outcome
- Vascular Remodeling
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan S Pober
- Department of Immunobiology, Pathology and Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, 10 Amistad Street, New Haven CT 06520-8089, USA
| | - Sharon Chih
- Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Jon Kobashigawa
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Smidt Heart Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Joren C Madsen
- Division of Cardiac Surgery and Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - George Tellides
- Department of Surgery (Cardiac Surgery), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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7
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Kovina MV, Dyuzheva TG, Krasheninnikov ME, Yakovenko SA, Khodarovich YM. Co-growth of Stem Cells With Target Tissue Culture as an Easy and Effective Method of Directed Differentiation. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:591775. [PMID: 34222206 PMCID: PMC8242343 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.591775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The long-term co-culture of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESC) with rat endothelial cells (EC) was tested for contact differentiation into the endothelial lineage. Serial passaging of rat ECs mixed with mESC in ratio 10:1 resulted in the emergence of a homogeneous cell population expressing mouse endothelial surface markers CD102, CD29, CD31. Rat endothelial surface marker RECA-1 completely disappeared from the co-cultured population after 2 months of weekly passaging. Co-incubation of mESC with rat ECs without cell-to-cell contact did not result in the conversion of mESC into ECs. After co-cultivation of adult mesenchymal stem cells from human endometrium (eMSC) with pre-hepatocyte-like cells of human hepatocarcinoma Huh7 the resulting co-culture expressed mature liver markers (oval cell antigen and cytokeratin 7), none of which were expressed by any of co-cultivated cultures, thus proving that even an immature (proliferating) pre-hepatocyte-like line can induce hepatic differentiation of stem cells. In conclusion, we have developed conditions where long-term co-proliferation of embryonic or adult SC with fully or partially differentiated cells results in stem cell progeny expressing markers of target tissue. In the case of endothelial differentiation, the template population quickly disappeared from the resulted culture and the pure endothelial population of stem cell progeny emerged. This approach demonstrates the expected fate of stem cells during various in vivo SC-therapies and also might be used as an effective in vitro differentiation method to develop the pure endothelium and, potentially, other tissue types of desirable genetic background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Valentinovna Kovina
- Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia
- AltraVita IVF Clinic, Moscow, Russia
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Medical School, Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, Houston, TX, United States
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8
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Herweg B, Nellaiyappan M, Welter-Frost AM, Tran T, Mabry G, Weston K, Tobón C, Saiz J, Noujaim S, Weston MW. Immuno-Electrophysiological Mechanisms of Functional Electrical Connections Between Recipient and Donor Heart in Patients With Orthotopic Heart Transplantation Presenting With Atrial Arrhythmias. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2021; 14:e008751. [PMID: 33724864 DOI: 10.1161/circep.120.008751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Bengt Herweg
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences (B.H., M.N., A.M.W.-F., T.T., G.M., K.W., S.N., M.W.W.), University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine.,Tampa General Hospital, Florida (B.H., T.T., M.W.W.)
| | - Madhan Nellaiyappan
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences (B.H., M.N., A.M.W.-F., T.T., G.M., K.W., S.N., M.W.W.), University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine
| | - Allan M Welter-Frost
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences (B.H., M.N., A.M.W.-F., T.T., G.M., K.W., S.N., M.W.W.), University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine
| | - Thanh Tran
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences (B.H., M.N., A.M.W.-F., T.T., G.M., K.W., S.N., M.W.W.), University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine.,Tampa General Hospital, Florida (B.H., T.T., M.W.W.)
| | - George Mabry
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences (B.H., M.N., A.M.W.-F., T.T., G.M., K.W., S.N., M.W.W.), University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine
| | - Kathryn Weston
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences (B.H., M.N., A.M.W.-F., T.T., G.M., K.W., S.N., M.W.W.), University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine
| | - Catalina Tobón
- Nanostructured Materials and Bio-modeling (MATBIOM), Universidad de Medellín, Colombia (C.T.)
| | - Javier Saiz
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación en Bioingeniería (Ci2B), Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain (J.S.)
| | - Sami Noujaim
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences (B.H., M.N., A.M.W.-F., T.T., G.M., K.W., S.N., M.W.W.), University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine.,Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology (S.N.), University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine
| | - Mark W Weston
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences (B.H., M.N., A.M.W.-F., T.T., G.M., K.W., S.N., M.W.W.), University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine.,Tampa General Hospital, Florida (B.H., T.T., M.W.W.)
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9
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Kasinath V, Yilmam OA, Uehara M, Yonar M, Jiang L, Li X, Qiu W, Eskandari S, Ichimura T, Abdi R. Urine podoplanin heralds the onset of ischemia-reperfusion injury of the kidney. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2019; 316:F957-F965. [PMID: 30864839 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00538.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion injury represents one of the most common causes of acute kidney injury, a serious and often deadly condition that affects up to 20% of all hospitalized patients in the United States. However, the current standard assay used universally for the diagnosis of acute kidney injury, serum creatinine, does not detect renal damage early in its course. Serendipitously, we found that the immunofluorescent signal of the constitutive podocyte marker podoplanin fades in the glomerulus and intensifies in the tubulointerstitial compartment of the kidney shortly after ischemia-reperfusion injury in 8- to 10-wk-old male C57Bl/6j mice. Therefore, we sought to define the appearance and course of the podoplanin-positive signal in the kidney after ischemia-reperfusion injury. The tubulointerstitial podoplanin-positive signal increased as early as 2 h but persisted for 7 days after ischemia-reperfusion injury. In addition, the strength of this tubulointerstitial signal was directly proportional to the severity of ischemia, and its location shifted from the tubules to interstitial cells over time. Finally, we detected podoplanin in the urine of mice after ischemia, and we observed that an increase in the urine podoplanin-to-creatinine ratio correlated strongly with the onset of renal ischemia-reperfusion injury. Our findings indicate that the measurement of urine podoplanin harbors promising potential for use as a novel biomarker for the early detection of ischemia-reperfusion injury of the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Kasinath
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Renal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Osman Arif Yilmam
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mayuko Uehara
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Renal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Merve Yonar
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Liwei Jiang
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Xiaofei Li
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Weiliang Qiu
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Siawosh Eskandari
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Takaharu Ichimura
- Division of Renal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Reza Abdi
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Renal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts
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10
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Rey K, Manku S, Enns W, Van Rossum T, Bushell K, Morin RD, Brinkman FSL, Choy JC. Disruption of the Gut Microbiota With Antibiotics Exacerbates Acute Vascular Rejection. Transplantation 2019. [PMID: 29538261 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000002169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gut microbiota influences many immunological processes but how its disruption affects transplant rejection is poorly understood. METHODS Interposition grafting of aortic segments was used to examine vascular rejection. The gut microbiota was disrupted in graft recipients using an antibiotic cocktail (ampicillin, vancomycin, metronidazole, neomycin sulfate) in their drinking water. RESULTS Treatment of mice with antibiotics severely reduced total bacterial content in the intestine and disrupted the bacterial composition. Short-term treatment of mice for only the first 3 weeks of life resulted in the population of the intestine in mature mice with bacterial communities that were mildly different from untreated mice, containing slightly more Clostridia and less Bacteroides. Antibiotic disruption of the gut microbiota of graft recipients, either for their entire life or only during the first 3 weeks of life, resulted in increased medial injury of allograft arteries that is reflective of acute vascular rejection but did not affect intimal thickening reflective of transplant arteriosclerosis. Exacerbated vascular rejection resulting from disruption of the gut microbiota was related to increased infiltration of allograft arteries by neutrophils. CONCLUSIONS Disruption of the gut microbiota early in life results in exacerbation of immune responses that cause acute vascular rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Rey
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sukhbir Manku
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Winnie Enns
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Thea Van Rossum
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kevin Bushell
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ryan D Morin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Fiona S L Brinkman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jonathan C Choy
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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11
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Abstract
Death of adult cardiac myocytes and supportive tissues resulting from cardiovascular diseases such as myocardial infarction is the proximal driver of pathological ventricular remodeling that often culminates in heart failure. Unfortunately, no currently available therapeutic barring heart transplantation can directly replenish myocytes lost from the injured heart. For decades, the field has struggled to define the intrinsic capacity and cellular sources for endogenous myocyte turnover in pursuing more innovative therapeutic strategies aimed at regenerating the injured heart. Although controversy persists to this day as to the best therapeutic regenerative strategy to use, a growing consensus has been reached that the very limited capacity for new myocyte formation in the adult mammalian heart is because of proliferation of existing cardiac myocytes but not because of the activity of an endogenous progenitor cell source of some sort. Hence, future therapeutic approaches should take into consideration the fundamental biology of myocyte renewal in designing strategies to potentially replenish these cells in the injured heart.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeffery D Molkentin
- From the Department of Pediatrics (R.J.V., J.D.M.)
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (J.D.M.)
| | - Steven R Houser
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH; and the Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (S.R.H.)
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12
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Despite considerable advances in controlling acute rejection, the longevity of cardiac and renal allografts remains significantly limited by chronic rejection in the form of allograft vasculopathy. This review discusses recently reported mechanistic insights of allograft vasculopathy pathogenesis as well as recent clinical evaluations of new therapeutic approaches. RECENT FINDINGS Although adaptive immunity is the major driver of allograft vasculopathy, natural killer cells mediate vasculopathic changes in a transplanted mouse heart following treatment with donor-specific antibody (DSA). However, natural killer cells may also dampen chronic inflammatory responses by killing donor-derived tissue-resident CD4 T cells that provide help to host B cells, the source of DSA. DSA may directly contribute to vascular inflammation by inducing intracellular signaling cascades that upregulate leukocyte adhesion molecules, facilitating recruitment of neutrophils and monocytes. DSA-mediated complement activation additionally enhances endothelial alloimmunogenicity through activation of noncanonical NF-κB signaling. New clinical studies evaluating mammalian target of rapamycin and proteasome inhibitors to target these pathways have been reported. SUMMARY Allograft vasculopathy is a disorder resulting from several innate and adaptive alloimmune responses. Mechanistic insights from preclinical studies have identified agents that are currently being investigated in clinical trials.
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13
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Graft-Derived IL-6 Amplifies Proliferation and Survival of Effector T Cells That Drive Alloimmune-Mediated Vascular Rejection. Transplantation 2016; 100:2332-2341. [DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000001227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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14
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Abstract
Cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) has a high prevalence among patients that have undergone heart transplantation. Cardiac allograft vasculopathy is a multifactorial process in which the immune system is the driving force. In this review, the data on the immunological and fibrotic processes that are involved in the development of CAV are summarized. Areas where a lack of knowledge exists and possible additional research can be completed are pinpointed. During the pathogenesis of CAV, cells from the innate and the adaptive immune system cooperate to reject the foreign heart. This inflammatory response results in dysfunction of the endothelium and migration and proliferation of smooth muscle cells (SMCs). Apoptosis and factors secreted by both the endothelium as well as the SMCs lead to fibrosis. The migration of SMCs together with fibrosis provoke concentric intimal thickening of the coronary arteries, which is the main characteristic of CAV.
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15
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Abrahimi P, Liu R, Pober JS. Blood Vessels in Allotransplantation. Am J Transplant 2015; 15:1748-54. [PMID: 25807965 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.13242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Human vascularized allografts are perfused through blood vessels composed of cells (endothelium, pericytes, and smooth muscle cells) that remain largely of graft origin and are thus subject to host alloimmune responses. Graft vessels must be healthy to maintain homeostatic functions including control of perfusion, maintenance of permselectivity, prevention of thrombosis, and participation in immune surveillance. Vascular cell injury can cause dysfunction that interferes with these processes. Graft vascular cells can be activated by mediators of innate and adaptive immunity to participate in graft inflammation contributing to both ischemia/reperfusion injury and allograft rejection. Different forms of rejection may affect graft vessels in different ways, ranging from thrombosis and neutrophilic inflammation in hyperacute rejection, to endothelialitis/intimal arteritis and fibrinoid necrosis in acute cell-mediated or antibody-mediated rejection, respectively, and to diffuse luminal stenosis in chronic rejection. While some current therapies targeting the host immune system do affect graft vascular cells, direct targeting of the graft vasculature may create new opportunities for preventing allograft injury and loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Abrahimi
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - R Liu
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - J S Pober
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
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16
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Enns W, von Rossum A, Choy J. Mouse model of alloimmune-induced vascular rejection and transplant arteriosclerosis. J Vis Exp 2015:e52800. [PMID: 26066300 DOI: 10.3791/52800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular rejection that leads to transplant arteriosclerosis (TA) is the leading representation of chronic heart transplant failure. In TA, the immune system of the recipient causes damage of the arterial wall and dysfunction of endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells. This triggers a pathological repair response that is characterized by intimal thickening and luminal occlusion. Understanding the mechanisms by which the immune system causes vasculature rejection and TA may inform the development of novel ways to manage graft failure. Here, we describe a mouse aortic interposition model that can be used to study the pathogenic mechanisms of vascular rejection and TA. The model involves grafting of an aortic segment from a donor animal into an allogeneic recipient. Rejection of the artery segment involves alloimmune reactions and results in arterial changes that resemble vascular rejection. The basic technical approach we describe can be used with different mouse strains and targeted interventions to answer specific questions related to vascular rejection and TA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winnie Enns
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University
| | - Anna von Rossum
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University
| | - Jonathan Choy
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University;
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17
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Cooke JP, Losordo DW. Modulating the vascular response to limb ischemia: angiogenic and cell therapies. Circ Res 2015; 116:1561-78. [PMID: 25908729 PMCID: PMC4869986 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.115.303565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The age-adjusted prevalence of peripheral arterial disease in the US population has been estimated to approach 12%. The clinical consequences of occlusive peripheral arterial disease include pain on walking (claudication), pain at rest, and loss of tissue integrity in the distal limbs; the latter may ultimately lead to amputation of a portion of the lower extremity. Surgical bypass techniques and percutaneous catheter-based interventions may successfully reperfuse the limbs of certain patients with peripheral arterial disease. In many patients, however, the anatomic extent and distribution of arterial occlusion is too severe to permit relief of pain and healing of ischemic ulcers. No effective medical therapy is available for the treatment of such patients, for many of whom amputation represents the only hope for alleviation of symptoms. The ultimate failure of medical treatment and procedural revascularization in significant numbers of patients has led to attempts to develop alternative therapies for ischemic disease. These strategies include administration of angiogenic cytokines, either as recombinant protein or as gene therapy, and more recently, to investigations of stem/progenitor cell therapy. The purpose of this review is to provide an outline of the preclinical basis for angiogenic and stem cell therapies, review the clinical research that has been done, summarize the lessons learned, identify gaps in knowledge, and suggest a course toward successfully addressing an unmet medical need in a large and growing patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Cooke
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, TX (J.P.C.); and NeoStem Inc, New York, NY (D.W.L.).
| | - Douglas W Losordo
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, TX (J.P.C.); and NeoStem Inc, New York, NY (D.W.L.).
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18
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Deb A. Stem Cells. Atherosclerosis 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/9781118828533.ch14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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19
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Cardiac allograft vasculopathy: a donor or recipient induced pathology? J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2015; 8:106-16. [PMID: 25652948 PMCID: PMC4382530 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-015-9612-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) is one of the main causes of late-stage heart failure after heart transplantation. CAV is characterized by concentric luminal narrowing of the coronary arteries, but the exact pathogenesis of CAV is still not unraveled. Many researchers show evidence of an allogeneic immune response of the recipient, whereas others show contrasting results in which donor-derived cells induce an immune response against the graft. In addition, fibrosis of the neo-intima can be induced by recipient-derived circulating cells or donor-derived cells. In this review, both donor and recipient sides of the story are described to obtain better insight in the pathogenesis of CAV. Dual outcomes were found regarding the contribution of donor and recipient cells in the initiation of the immune response and the development of fibrosis during CAV. Future research could focus more on the potential synergistic interaction of donor and recipient cells leading to CAV.
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20
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Vecchiati A, Tellatin S, Angelini A, Iliceto S, Tona F. Coronary microvasculopathy in heart transplantation: Consequences and therapeutic implications. World J Transplant 2014; 4:93-101. [PMID: 25032098 PMCID: PMC4094955 DOI: 10.5500/wjt.v4.i2.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 01/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the progress made in the prevention and treatment of rejection of the transplanted heart, cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) remains the main cause of death in late survival transplanted patients. CAV consists of a progressive diffuse intimal hyperplasia and the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells, ending in wall thickening of epicardial vessels, intramyocardial arteries (50-20 μm), arterioles (20-10 μm), and capillaries (< 10 μm). The etiology of CAV remains unclear; both immunologic and non-immunologic mechanisms contribute to endothelial damage with a sustained inflammatory response. The immunological factors involved are Human Leukocyte Antigen compatibility between donor and recipient, alloreactive T cells and the humoral immune system. The non-immunological factors are older donor age, ischemia-reperfusion time, hyperlipidemia and CMV infections. Diagnostic techniques that are able to assess microvascular function are lacking. Intravascular ultrasound and fractional flow reserve, when performed during coronary angiography, are able to detect epicardial coronary artery disease but are not sensitive enough to assess microvascular changes. Some authors have proposed an index of microcirculatory resistance during maximal hyperemia, which is calculated by dividing pressure by flow (distal pressure multiplied by the hyperemic mean transit time). Non-invasive methods to assess coronary physiology are stress echocardiography, coronary flow reserve by transthoracic Doppler echocardiography, single photon emission computed tomography, and perfusion cardiac magnetic resonance. In this review, we intend to analyze the mechanisms, consequences and therapeutic implications of microvascular dysfunction, including an extended citation of relevant literature data.
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21
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Pober JS, Jane-wit D, Qin L, Tellides G. Interacting mechanisms in the pathogenesis of cardiac allograft vasculopathy. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34:1609-14. [PMID: 24903097 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.302818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac allograft vasculopathy is the major cause of late graft loss in heart transplant recipients. Histological studies of characteristic end-stage lesions reveal arterial changes consisting of a diffuse, confluent, and concentric intimal expansion containing graft-derived cells expressing smooth muscle markers, extracellular matrix, penetrating microvessels, and a host mononuclear cell infiltrate concentrated subjacent to an intact graft-derived luminal endothelial cell lining with little evidence of acute injury. This intimal expansion combined with inadequate compensatory outward remodeling produces severe generalized stenosis extending throughout the epicardial and intramyocardial arterial tree that causes ischemic graft failure. Cardiac allograft vasculopathy lesions affect ≥50% of transplant recipients and are both progressive and refractory to treatment, resulting in ≈5% graft loss per year through the first 10 years after transplant. Lesions typically stop at the suture line, implicating alloimmunity as the primary driver, but pathogenesis may be multifactorial. Here, we will discuss 6 potential contributors to lesion formation (1) conventional risk factors of atherosclerosis; (2) pre- or peritransplant injuries; (3) infection; (4) innate immunity; (5) T-cell-mediated immunity; and (6) B-cell-mediated immunity through production of donor-specific antibody. Finally, we will consider how these various mechanisms may interact with each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan S Pober
- From the Departments of Immunobiology (J.S.P.), Internal Medicine (D.J.-w.), and Surgery (L.Q. and G.T.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.
| | - Dan Jane-wit
- From the Departments of Immunobiology (J.S.P.), Internal Medicine (D.J.-w.), and Surgery (L.Q. and G.T.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Lingfeng Qin
- From the Departments of Immunobiology (J.S.P.), Internal Medicine (D.J.-w.), and Surgery (L.Q. and G.T.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - George Tellides
- From the Departments of Immunobiology (J.S.P.), Internal Medicine (D.J.-w.), and Surgery (L.Q. and G.T.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
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22
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Wang X, Zachman AL, Haglund NA, Maltais S, Sung HJ. Combined Usage of Stem Cells in End-Stage Heart Failure Therapies. J Cell Biochem 2014; 115:1217-24. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xintong Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Vanderbilt University; Nashville Tennessee
| | - Angela L. Zachman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Vanderbilt University; Nashville Tennessee
| | | | - Simon Maltais
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery; Vanderbilt University; Nashville Tennessee
| | - Hak-Joon Sung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Vanderbilt University; Nashville Tennessee
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23
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von Rossum A, Enns W, Shi YP, MacEwan GE, Malekesmaeli M, Brinkman R, Choy JC. Bim regulates alloimmune-mediated vascular injury through effects on T-cell activation and death. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34:1290-7. [PMID: 24700126 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.303649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Bim is a proapoptotic Bcl-2 protein known to downregulate immune responses and to also be required for antigen-induced T-cell activation. However, it is not known how the effect of Bim on these offsetting processes determines the outcome of allogeneic immune responses. We have defined the role of Bim in regulating alloantigen-driven T-cell responses in a model of vascular rejection. APPROACH AND RESULTS Bim was required for proliferation of CD4 and CD8 T cells, and for interleukin-2 production, in T cells stimulated with alloantigen in vitro. Moreover, a partial reduction in Bim expression was sufficient to attenuate T-cell activation, whereas a complete elimination of Bim was required to prevent CD4 T-cell death in response to cytokine withdrawl. When alloimmune-mediated vascular rejection was examined using an aortic interposition model, there was significantly less intimal thickening in Bim(+/-), but not Bim(-/-), graft recipients. T-cell proliferation in response to allograft arteries was significantly reduced in both Bim(+/-) and Bim(-/-) mice, but cell death was attenuated only in Bim(-/-) animals. CONCLUSIONS Bim controls both T-cell activation and death in response to alloantigen stimulation. These processes act cooperatively to determine the outcome of immune responses in allograft arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna von Rossum
- From the Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada (A.v.R., W.E., Y.P.S., G.E.M., J.C.C.); and Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (M.M., R.B.)
| | - Winnie Enns
- From the Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada (A.v.R., W.E., Y.P.S., G.E.M., J.C.C.); and Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (M.M., R.B.)
| | - Yu P Shi
- From the Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada (A.v.R., W.E., Y.P.S., G.E.M., J.C.C.); and Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (M.M., R.B.)
| | - Grace E MacEwan
- From the Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada (A.v.R., W.E., Y.P.S., G.E.M., J.C.C.); and Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (M.M., R.B.)
| | - Mehrnoush Malekesmaeli
- From the Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada (A.v.R., W.E., Y.P.S., G.E.M., J.C.C.); and Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (M.M., R.B.)
| | - Ryan Brinkman
- From the Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada (A.v.R., W.E., Y.P.S., G.E.M., J.C.C.); and Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (M.M., R.B.)
| | - Jonathan C Choy
- From the Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada (A.v.R., W.E., Y.P.S., G.E.M., J.C.C.); and Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (M.M., R.B.).
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24
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Cai X. Regulation of smooth muscle cells in development and vascular disease: current therapeutic strategies. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2014; 4:789-800. [PMID: 17173496 DOI: 10.1586/14779072.4.6.789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) exhibit extensive phenotypic diversity and rapid growth during embryonic development, but maintain a quiescent, differentiated state in adult. The pathogenesis of vascular proliferative diseases involves the proliferation and migration of medial vascular SMCs into the vessel intima, possibly reinstating their embryonic gene expression programs. Multiple mitogenic stimuli induce vascular SMC proliferation through cell cycle progression. Therapeutic strategies targeting cell cycle progression and mitogenic stimuli have been developed and evaluated in animal models of atherosclerosis and vascular injury, and several clinical studies. Recent discoveries on the recruitment of vascular progenitor cells to the sites of vascular injury suggest new therapeutic potentials of progenitor cell-based therapies to accelerate re-endothelialization and prevent engraftment of SMC-lineage progenitor cells. Owing to the complex and multifactorial nature of SMC regulation, combinatorial antiproliferative approaches are likely to be used in the future in order to achieve maximal efficacy and reduce toxicity.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation
- Cellular Senescence
- Clinical Trials as Topic
- Disease Progression
- Drug Delivery Systems
- Gene Expression
- Genetic Therapy
- Humans
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/embryology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/cytology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Phenotype
- Stents
- Vascular Diseases/drug therapy
- Vascular Diseases/genetics
- Vascular Diseases/metabolism
- Vascular Diseases/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjiang Cai
- Duke University Medical Center, Departments of Medicine (Cardiology) & Cell Biology, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.
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25
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Benatti RD, Taylor DO. Evolving concepts and treatment strategies for cardiac allograft vasculopathy. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINE 2013; 16:278. [PMID: 24346852 DOI: 10.1007/s11936-013-0278-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT The central event in the development of allograft vasculopathy is the inflammatory response to immune-mediated and nonimmune-mediated endothelial damage. This response is characterized by the release of inflammatory cytokines, upregulation of cell-surface adhesion molecules, and subsequent binding of leukocytes. Growth factors stimulate smooth muscle cell proliferation and circulating progenitor cells are recruited to sites of arterial injury leading to neointima formation. Because of its diffuse nature, intravascular ultrasound is more sensitive than angiography for early diagnosis. Proliferation signal inhibitors (PSIs) have the capacity to slow vasculopathy progression by inhibiting smooth muscle cell proliferation, but its side effects profile makes its use as a first line agent difficult. Retransplantation is still the only definitive therapy but is available only in selected cases. The current hope is that immunomodulation at the time of transplant could induce long-term tolerance and graft accommodation, leading to less vasculopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo Denadai Benatti
- Kaufman Center for Heart Failure, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave, J3-4 desk, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
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26
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Abstract
Seminal studies in rabbits and rodent transplantation models by Peter Medawar revealed that cellular processes, rather than humoral antibodies, are central to the acute rejection of transplanted organs, and much of basic transplantation research continues to be focused on the biology and control of these cells, which were subsequently shown to be T cells. However, the success of current immunosuppression at controlling T-cell-mediated rejection has resulted in an increasing awareness of antibody-mediated rejection in the clinic. This, in turn, has fueled an emerging interest in the biology of allospecific antibodies, the B cells that produce these antibodies, and the development of mouse models that allow their investigation. Here we summarize some of the more widely used mouse models that have been developed to study the immunobiology of alloreactivity, transplantation rejection and tolerance, and used to identify therapeutic strategies that modulate these events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita S Chong
- Section of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
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27
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Effect of reverse chimerism on rejection in clinical transplantation. Ann Plast Surg 2013; 71:615-20. [PMID: 24126344 DOI: 10.1097/01.sap.0000437314.05306.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Chimerism may enable allografts to survive when immunosuppressive therapy is administered at low levels or is even absent. Reverse chimerism (RC) is focused on intragraft chimerism that repopulates the allograft with cells of recipient origin. We aimed to identify and analyze current clinical evidence on RC and the presence of endothelial RC and tissue-specific RC. A total of 33 clinical reports on cardiac, kidney, liver, and lung transplants published between 1972 and 2012 that focused on RC were included in a systematic review. Liver allografts presented with the highest percentage of endothelial RC and lung allografts by far the lowest. Tissue-specific RC was present in most of the recipients, but at very low levels. There were also cardiac and kidney allografts with chimerism, but the functionality of the cells of recipient origin was questionable. We were unable to determine whether RC was a trigger for or a result of acute rejection. Further clinical research should focus on outcomes to evaluate the clinical relevance of this form of chimerism in transplantation.
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28
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Mitchell RN. Learning from rejection: What transplantation teaches us about (other) vascular pathologies. J Autoimmun 2013; 45:80-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2013.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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29
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Abstract
Graft arteriosclerois (GA), also called allograft vasculopathy, is a pathologic lesion that develops over months to years in transplanted organs characterized by diffuse, circumferential stenosis of the entire graft vascular tree. The most critical component of GA pathogenesis is the proliferation of smooth muscle-like cells within the intima. When a human coronary artery segment is interposed into the infra-renal aortae of immunodeficient mice, the intimas could be expand in response to adoptively transferred human T cells allogeneic to the artery donor or exogenous human IFN-γ in the absence of human T cells. Interposition of a mouse aorta from one strain into another mouse strain recipient is limited as a model for chronic rejection in humans because the acute cell-mediated rejection response in this mouse model completely eliminates all donor-derived vascular cells from the graft within two-three weeks. We have recently developed two new mouse models to circumvent these problems. The first model involves interposition of a vessel segment from a male mouse into a female recipient of the same inbred strain (C57BL/6J). Graft rejection in this case is directed only against minor histocompatibility antigens encoded by the Y chromosome (present in the male but not the female) and the rejection response that ensues is sufficiently indolent to preserve donor-derived smooth muscle cells for several weeks. The second model involves interposing an artery segment from a wild type C57BL/6J mouse donor into a host mouse of the same strain and gender that lacks the receptor for IFN-γ followed by administration of mouse IFN-γ (delivered via infection of the mouse liver with an adenoviral vector. There is no rejection in this case as both donor and recipient mice are of the same strain and gender but donor smooth muscle cells proliferate in response to the cytokine while host-derived cells, lacking receptor for this cytokine, are unresponsive. By backcrossing additional genetic changes into the vessel donor, both models can be used to assess the effect of specific genes on GA progression. Here, we describe detailed protocols for our mouse GA models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingfeng Qin
- Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, USA
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30
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Scarlett CJ. Contribution of bone marrow derived cells to the pancreatic tumor microenvironment. Front Physiol 2013; 4:56. [PMID: 23531764 PMCID: PMC3607802 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a complex, aggressive, and heterogeneous malignancy driven by the multifaceted interactions within the tumor microenvironment. While it is known that the tumor microenvironment accommodates many cell types, each playing a key role in tumorigenesis, the major source of these stromal cells is not well-understood. This review examines the contribution of bone marrow-derived cells (BMDC) to pancreatic carcinogenesis, with respect to their role in constituting the tumor microenvironment. In particular, their role in supporting fibrosis, immunosuppression, and neovascularization will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Scarlett
- Food Bioactives and Pancreatic Cancer Biology Group, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle Ourimbah, NSW, Australia ; Cancer Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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31
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Abstract
Graft arteriosclerosis (GA), the major cause of late cardiac allograft failure, is characterized by a diffuse, concentric arterial intimal hyperplasia composed of infiltrating host T cells, macrophages, and predominantly graft-derived smooth muscle-like cells that proliferate and elaborate extracellular matrix, resulting in luminal obstruction and allograft ischemia. Interferon-γ (IFN-γ), a proinflammatory cytokine produced by effector T cells, is a critical mediator for smooth muscle-like cell proliferation. We have exploited the power of mouse genetics to examine the function of AIP1, a signaling adaptor molecule involved in vascular inflammation, in two newly established IFN-γ-mediated models of GA. Our data suggest that AIP1 inhibits intimal formation in GA by downregulating IFN-γ-activated migratory and proliferative signaling pathways in smooth muscle-like cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Min
- Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Therapeutics and the Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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32
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Colvin-Adams M, Harcourt N, Duprez D. Endothelial dysfunction and cardiac allograft vasculopathy. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2012; 6:263-77. [PMID: 23135991 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-012-9414-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac allograft vasculopathy remains a major challenge to long-term survival after heart transplantation. Endothelial injury and dysfunction, as a result of multifactorial immunologic and nonimmunologic insults in the donor and the recipient, are prevalent early after transplant and may be precursors to overt cardiac allograft vasculopathy. Current strategies for managing cardiac allograft vasculopathy, however, rely on the identification and treatment of established disease. Improved understanding of mechanisms leading to endothelial dysfunction in heart transplant recipients may provide the foundation for the development of sensitive screening techniques and preventive therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Colvin-Adams
- Cardiovascular Division, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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33
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Fabbri-Arrigoni FI, Clarke L, Wang G, Charakida M, Ellins E, Halliday N, Brogan PA, Deanfield JE, Halcox JP, Klein N. Levels of circulating endothelial cells and colony-forming units are influenced by age and dyslipidemia. Pediatr Res 2012; 72:299-304. [PMID: 22785446 PMCID: PMC3604683 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2012.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The balance between endothelial injury and repair in childhood is poorly understood. We examined this relationship in healthy children, in adults, and in children with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH). METHODS Circulating endothelial cells (CECs) were measured as a marker of vascular injury, with vascular repair assessed by counting colony-forming units (CFUs), also known as endothelial progenitor cells. RESULTS CEC number increased with age. Children with FH had elevated CECs as compared with healthy children, with similar levels numerically to those found in healthy adults. CFU numbers were higher in healthy children than either healthy adults or children with FH. Endothelium-dependent vascular function, measured by flow-mediated dilatations, was positively associated with CFU number, even after adjustment for confounding risk variables. CONCLUSION Levels of CECs increase and CFUs decrease with age. In childhood, before the onset of clinically detectable cardiovascular dysfunction, children with a major risk factor for atherosclerotic disease have levels of these indexes of vascular injury and repair approaching those seen in adults.
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Kajstura J, Bai Y, Cappetta D, Kim J, Arranto C, Sanada F, D'Amario D, Matsuda A, Bardelli S, Ferreira-Martins J, Hosoda T, Leri A, Rota M, Loscalzo J, Anversa P. Tracking chromatid segregation to identify human cardiac stem cells that regenerate extensively the infarcted myocardium. Circ Res 2012; 111:894-906. [PMID: 22851539 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.112.273649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE According to the immortal DNA strand hypothesis, dividing stem cells selectively segregate chromosomes carrying the old template DNA, opposing accumulation of mutations resulting from nonrepaired replication errors and attenuating telomere shortening. OBJECTIVE Based on the premise of the immortal DNA strand hypothesis, we propose that stem cells retaining the old DNA would represent the most powerful cells for myocardial regeneration. METHODS AND RESULTS Division of human cardiac stem cells (hCSCs) by nonrandom and random segregation of chromatids was documented by clonal assay of bromodeoxyuridine-tagged hCSCs. Additionally, their growth properties were determined by a series of in vitro and in vivo studies. We report that a small class of hCSCs retain during replication the mother DNA and generate 2 daughter cells, which carry the old and new DNA, respectively. hCSCs with immortal DNA form a pool of nonsenescent cells with longer telomeres and higher proliferative capacity. The self-renewal and long-term repopulating ability of these cells was shown in serial-transplantation assays in the infarcted heart; these cells created a chimeric organ, composed of spared rat and regenerated human cardiomyocytes and coronary vessels, leading to a remarkable restoration of cardiac structure and function. The documentation that hCSCs divide by asymmetrical and symmetrical chromatid segregation supports the view that the human heart is a self-renewing organ regulated by a compartment of resident hCSCs. CONCLUSIONS The impressive recovery in ventricular hemodynamics and anatomy mediated by clonal hCSCs carrying the "mother" DNA underscores the clinical relevance of this stem cell class for the management of heart failure in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Kajstura
- Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Cardiac Fibrosis in Human Transplanted Hearts Is Mainly Driven by Cells of Intracardiac Origin. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012; 59:1008-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2011.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2011] [Revised: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Association of CD14+ monocyte-derived progenitor cells with cardiac allograft vasculopathy. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2011; 142:1246-53. [PMID: 22014346 PMCID: PMC3202640 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2011.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Revised: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The pathogenesis of cardiac allograft vasculopathy after heart transplant remains controversial. Histologically, cardiac allograft vasculopathy is characterized by intimal hyperplasia of the coronary arteries induced by infiltrating cells. The origin of these infiltrating cells in cardiac allograft vasculopathy is unclear. Endothelial progenitor cells are reportedly involved in cardiac allograft vasculopathy; however, the role of CD14(+) monocyte-derived progenitor cells in cardiac allograft vasculopathy pathogenesis remains unknown. METHODS Monocyte-derived progenitor cells were isolated from blood mononuclear cell fractions obtained from 25 patients with cardiac allograft vasculopathy and 25 patients without cardiac allograft vasculopathy. RESULTS Both patients with cardiac allograft vasculopathy and those without cardiac allograft vasculopathy had CD45(+), CD34(+), CD14(+), CD141(-), CD31(-) monocyte-derived progenitor cells that differentiated into mesenchymal lineages. Monocyte-derived progenitor cells formed significantly higher numbers of colonies in patients with cardiac allograft vasculopathy than in those without cardiac allograft vasculopathy; this correlated with posttransplant follow-up time. Importantly, monocyte-derived progenitor cells from patients with cardiac allograft vasculopathy expressed significantly more α smooth muscle actin and proliferated at a higher rate than did monocyte-derived progenitor cells of patients without cardiac allograft vasculopathy. In vitro experiments suggested a paracrine control mechanism in proliferation of monocyte-derived progenitor cells in cardiac allograft vasculopathy. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that monocyte-derived progenitor cells are associated with cardiac allograft vasculopathy, have the ability to transdifferentiate into smooth muscle cells, and thus may contribute to intimal hyperplasia of coronary arteries in cardiac allograft vasculopathy. Targeting monocyte-derived progenitor cell recruitment could be beneficial in cardiac allograft vasculopathy treatment.
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Kim SW, Kim H, Yoon YS. Advances in bone marrow-derived cell therapy: CD31-expressing cells as next generation cardiovascular cell therapy. Regen Med 2011; 6:335-49. [PMID: 21548739 DOI: 10.2217/rme.11.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past few years, bone marrow (BM)-derived cells have been used to regenerate damaged cardiovascular tissues post-myocardial infarction. Recent clinical trials have shown controversial results in recovering damaged cardiac tissue. New progress has shown that the underlying mechanisms of cell-based therapy relies more heavily on humoral and paracrine effects rather than on new tissue generation. However, studies have also reported the potential of new endothelial cell generation from BM cells. Thus, efforts have been made to identify cells having higher humoral or therapeutic effects as well as their surface markers. Specifically, BM-derived CD31+ cells were isolated by a surface marker and demonstrated high angio-vasculogenic effects. This article will describe recent advances in the therapeutic use of BM-derived cells and the usefulness of CD31+ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Whan Kim
- Department of Cardiology, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan, South Korea
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Scarlett CJ, Colvin EK, Pinese M, Chang DK, Morey AL, Musgrove EA, Pajic M, Apte M, Henshall SM, Sutherland RL, Kench JG, Biankin AV. Recruitment and activation of pancreatic stellate cells from the bone marrow in pancreatic cancer: a model of tumor-host interaction. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26088. [PMID: 22022519 PMCID: PMC3193536 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2010] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims Chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer are characterised by extensive stellate cell mediated fibrosis, and current therapeutic development includes targeting pancreatic cancer stroma and tumor-host interactions. Recent evidence has suggested that circulating bone marrow derived stem cells (BMDC) contribute to solid organs. We aimed to define the role of circulating haematopoietic cells in the normal and diseased pancreas. Methods Whole bone marrow was harvested from male β-actin-EGFP donor mice and transplanted into irradiated female recipient C57/BL6 mice. Chronic pancreatitis was induced with repeat injections of caerulein, while carcinogenesis was induced with an intrapancreatic injection of dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA). Phenotype of engrafted donor-derived cells within the pancreas was assessed by immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence and in situ hybridisation. Results GFP positive cells were visible in the exocrine pancreatic epithelia from 3 months post transplantation. These exhibited acinar morphology and were positive for amylase and peanut agglutinin. Mice administered caerulein developed chronic pancreatitis while DMBA mice exhibited precursor lesions and pancreatic cancer. No acinar cells were identified to be donor-derived upon cessation of cerulein treatment, however rare occurrences of bone marrow-derived acinar cells were observed during pancreatic regeneration. Increased recruitment of BMDC was observed within the desmoplastic stroma, contributing to the activated pancreatic stellate cell (PaSC) population in both diseases. Expression of stellate cell markers CELSR3, PBX1 and GFAP was observed in BMD cancer-associated PaSCs, however cancer-associated, but not pancreatitis-associated BMD PaSCs, expressed the cancer PaSC specific marker CELSR3. Conclusions This study demonstrates that BMDC can incorporate into the pancreas and adopt the differentiated state of the exocrine compartment. BMDC that contribute to the activated PaSC population in chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer have different phenotypes, and may play important roles in these diseases. Further, bone marrow transplantation may provide a useful model for the study of tumor-host interactions in cancer and pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Scarlett
- Cancer Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, Australia
| | - Emily K. Colvin
- Cancer Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mark Pinese
- Cancer Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, Australia
| | - David K. Chang
- Cancer Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, Australia
- Division of Surgery, Bankstown Hospital, Eldridge Road, Bankstown, Sydney, Australia
| | - Adrienne L. Morey
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - Elizabeth A. Musgrove
- Cancer Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, Australia
| | - Marina Pajic
- Cancer Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, Australia
| | - Minoti Apte
- South Western Sydney Clinical School, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Susan M. Henshall
- Cancer Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, Australia
| | - Robert L. Sutherland
- Cancer Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, Australia
| | - James G. Kench
- Cancer Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Sydney, Australia
| | - Andrew V. Biankin
- Cancer Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, Australia
- Division of Surgery, Bankstown Hospital, Eldridge Road, Bankstown, Sydney, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
It has been 10 years since the role of a chemokine receptor, CXCR4, in breast cancer metastasis was first documented. Since then, the field of chemokines and cancer has grown significantly, so it is timely to review the progress, analyse the studies to date and identify future challenges facing this field. Metastasis is the major factor that limits survival in most patients with cancer. Therefore, understanding the molecular mechanisms that control the metastatic behaviour of tumour cells is pivotal for treating cancer successfully. Substantial experimental and clinical evidence supports the conclusion that molecular mechanisms control organ-specific metastasis. One of the most important mechanisms operating in metastasis involves homeostatic chemokines and their receptors. Here, we review this field and propose a model of 'cellular highways' to explain the effects of homeostatic chemokines on cancer cells and how they influence metastasis.
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Zhu Z, Fu C, Li X, Song Y, Li C, Zou M, Guan Y, Zhu Y. Prostaglandin E2 promotes endothelial differentiation from bone marrow-derived cells through AMPK activation. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23554. [PMID: 21876756 PMCID: PMC3158081 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) has been reported to modulate angiogenesis, the process of new blood vessel formation, by promoting proliferation, migration and tube formation of endothelial cells. Endothelial progenitor cells are known as a subset of circulating bone marrow mononuclear cells that have the capacity to differentiate into endothelial cells. However, the mechanism underlying the stimulatory effects of PGE2 and its specific receptors on bone marrow-derived cells (BMCs) in angiogenesis has not been fully characterized. Treatment with PGE2 significantly increased the differentiation and migration of BMCs. Also, the markers of differentiation to endothelial cells, CD31 and von Willebrand factor, and the genes associated with migration, matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9, were significantly upregulated. This upregulation was abolished by dominant-negative AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and AMPK inhibitor but not protein kinase, a inhibitor. As a functional consequence of differentiation and migration, the tube formation of BMCs was reinforced. Along with altered BMCs functions, phosphorylation and activation of AMPK and endothelial nitric oxide synthase, the target of activated AMPK, were both increased which could be blocked by EP4 blocking peptide and simulated by the agonist of EP4 but not EP1, EP2 or EP3. The pro-angiogenic role of PGE2 could be repressed by EP4 blocking peptide and retarded in EP4+/− mice. Therefore, by promoting the differentiation and migration of BMCs, PGE2 reinforced their neovascularization by binding to the receptor of EP4 in an AMPK-dependent manner. PGE2 may have clinical value in ischemic heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenjiu Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of Education Ministry, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Chenglai Fu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of Education Ministry, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxia Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of Education Ministry, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yimeng Song
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of Education Ministry, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Chenghong Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of Education Ministry, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Minghui Zou
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Youfei Guan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of Education Ministry, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (YZ); (YG)
| | - Yi Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of Education Ministry, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (YZ); (YG)
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Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that the mobilization and recruitment of circulating or tissue-resident progenitor cells that give rise to endothelial cells (ECs) and smooth muscle cells (SMCs) can participate in atherosclerosis, neointima hyperplasia after arterial injury, and transplant arteriosclerosis. It is believed that endothelial progenitor cells do exist and can repair and rejuvenate the arteries under physiologic conditions; however, they may also contribute to lesion formation by influencing plaque stability in advanced atherosclerotic plaque under specific pathologic conditions. At the same time, smooth muscle progenitors, despite their capacity to expedite lesion formation during restenosis, may serve to promote atherosclerotic plaque stabilization by producing extracellular matrix proteins. This profound evidence provides support to the hypothesis that both endothelial and smooth muscle progenitors may act as a double-edged sword in the pathogenesis of arteriosclerosis. Therefore, the understanding of the regulatory networks that control endothelial and smooth muscle progenitor differentiation is undoubtedly fundamental both for basic research and for improving current therapeutic avenues for atherosclerosis. We update the progress in progenitor cell study related to the development of arteriosclerosis, focusing specifically on the role of progenitor cells in lesion formation and discuss the controversial issues that regard the origins, frequency, and impact of the progenitors in the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Campagnolo
- Cardiovascular Division, King's College London BHF Centre, London, England
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42
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White AJ, Smith RR, Matsushita S, Chakravarty T, Czer LSC, Burton K, Schwarz ER, Davis DR, Wang Q, Reinsmoen NL, Forrester JS, Marbán E, Makkar R. Intrinsic cardiac origin of human cardiosphere-derived cells. Eur Heart J 2011; 34:68-75. [PMID: 21659438 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehr172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Cardiosphere-derived cells (CDCs) are in clinical development as a regenerative cell product which can be expanded ex vivo from patient cardiac biopsies. Cardiosphere-derived cells are clonogenic, exhibit multilineage differentiation, and exert functional benefits in preclinical models of heart failure. The origin of CDCs remains unclear: are these cells endogenous to the heart, or do they arise from cells that populate the heart via blood-borne seeding? METHODS AND RESULTS Right ventricular endomyocardial biopsies were obtained from cardiac transplant recipients (n = 10, age 57 ± 15 years), and CDCs expanded from each biopsy. Donor-recipient mismatches were used to probe the origin of CDCs in three complementary ways. First, DNA analysis of short-tandem nucleotide repeats (STRs) was performed on genomic DNA from donor and recipient, then compared with the STR pattern of CDCs. Second, in two cases where the donor was male and the recipient female, CDCs were examined for the presence of X and Y chromosomes by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Finally, in two cases, quantitative PCR (qPCR) was performed for individual-specific polymorphisms of a major histocompatability locus to quantify the contribution of recipient cells to CDCs. In no case was recipient DNA detectable in the CDCs by STR analysis. In the two cases in which a female patient had received a male heart, all CDCs examined had an X and Y chromosome, similarly indicating exclusively donor origin. Likewise, qPCR on CDCs did not detect any recipient DNA. CONCLUSION Cardiosphere-derived cells are of endogenous cardiac origin, with no detectable contribution from extra-cardiac seeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J White
- Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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Bone marrow-derived cells serve as proangiogenic macrophages but not endothelial cells in wound healing. Blood 2011; 117:5264-72. [PMID: 21411758 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-01-330720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow-derived cells (BMDCs) contribute to postnatal vascular growth by differentiating into endothelial cells or secreting angiogenic factors. However, the extent of their endothelial differentiation highly varies according to the angiogenic models used. Wound healing is an intricate process in which the skin repairs itself after injury. As a process also observed in cancer progression, neoangiogenesis into wound tissues is profoundly involved in this healing process, suggesting the contribution of BMDCs. However, the extent of the differentiation of BMDCs to endothelial cells in wound healing is unclear. In this study, using the green fluorescent protein-bone marrow chim-eric experiment and high resolution confocal microscopy at a single cell level, we observed no endothelial differentiation of BMDCs in 2 acute wound healing models (dorsal excisional wound and ear punch) and a chronic wound healing model (decubitus ulcer). Instead, a major proportion of BMDCs were macrophages. Indeed, colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1) inhibition depleted approximately 80% of the BMDCs at the wound healing site. CSF-1-mutant (CSF-1(op/op)) mice showed significantly reduced neoangiogenesis into the wound site, supporting the substantial role of BMDCs as macrophages. Our data show that the proangiogenic effects of macrophages, but not the endothelial differentiation, are the major contribution of BMDCs in wound healing.
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Hagensen MK, Shim J, Falk E, Bentzon JF. Flanking recipient vasculature, not circulating progenitor cells, contributes to endothelium and smooth muscle in murine allograft vasculopathy. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2011; 31:808-13. [PMID: 21233450 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.110.221184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The prevailing view assumes that circulating endothelial and smooth muscle progenitor cells participate in allograft vasculopathy (AV), although the seminal studies in the field were not designed to distinguish between circulating and migrating cells of recipient origin. We developed a double-transplantation technique to overcome this problem and reinvestigated the origin of endothelial cells (ECs) and smooth muscle cells (SMCs) in murine AV. METHODS AND RESULTS Carotid artery segments from BALB/c mice were allografted to apolipoprotein E(-/-) B6 mice with or without a "flanking" isograft interpositioned between the allograft and the recipient artery. Either recipient mice or interpositioned isografts expressed enhanced green fluorescent protein, and consequently, cells migrating into the allograft from the flanking vasculature could easily be tracked and distinguished from recruited circulating cells. Without immunosuppression, allograft donor cells vanished as expected, and AV developed by replacement and accumulation of ECs and SMCs of recipient origin. The double transplantation models revealed that all ECs and SMCs in AV had migrated into the allograft from the flanking vasculature without any contribution from putative progenitor cells in the blood. CONCLUSIONS Migrating cells from the flanking vasculature, not circulating progenitor cells, are the source of recipient-derived ECs and SMCs in murine AV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette K Hagensen
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Cardiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby, Denmark.
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Castellani C, Padalino M, China P, Fedrigo M, Frescura C, Milanesi O, Stellin G, Thiene G, Angelini A. Bone-marrow-derived CXCR4-positive tissue-committed stem cell recruitment in human right ventricular remodeling. Hum Pathol 2010; 41:1566-76. [PMID: 20621330 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2009.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2009] [Revised: 11/12/2009] [Accepted: 12/29/2009] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The epicardium contributes to cardiac formation, particularly during embryogenesis. It remains to be seen if it is also involved in postnatal myocardial homeostasis. This study evaluates the topographic distribution of stem cells (c-Kit) and extracardiac progenitor cells (CXCR4+) and their contribution to ventricular remodeling in a model of pressure volume overload leading to right ventricle hypertrophy. Eleven specimens with hypoplastic left heart syndrome were evaluated and compared with 6 normal hearts from subjects matched for age and weight. All underwent Norwood procedure with the right ventricle becoming a systemic one, with pressure and volume overload leading to right ventricle remodeling. Transmural cardiac tissue samples from the right ventricle were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and morphometry. This is the first study to demonstrate that c-Kit-positive progenitor cells and tissue-committed stem cells (CXCR4+/CD45-) are higher in children with systemic right ventricle remodeling. We also show that the localization of cardiac progenitor and recruited CXCR4+ stem cells in the myocardium is site specific in hearts with right ventricle hypertrophy. These cells are mainly scattered in the interstitium of the epicardial layer. In contrast, myocyte proliferation is not a key process in right ventricular hypertrophy. Induced by the overexpression of SDF-1α by the myocardium, CXCR4 cell mobilization resembles SDF-1 homing factor distribution, showing transmural enhanced expression from the endocardium toward the epicardium. The study provides evidences of the site-specific epicardial localization of stem cells in a model of pressure/volume overload and suggests that the epicardium acts as a permissive niche in normal and pathologic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Castellani
- Department of Medical-Diagnostic Sciences and Special Therapies, University of Padua, Medical School, 35121 Padua, Italy
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Kajstura J, Hosoda T, Bearzi C, Rota M, Maestroni S, Urbanek K, Leri A, Anversa P. The human heart: a self-renewing organ. Clin Transl Sci 2010; 1:80-6. [PMID: 20443822 DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-8062.2008.00030.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The dogma that the heart is a static organ which contains an irreplaceable population of cardiomyocytes prevailed in the cardiovascular field for the last several decades. However, the recent identification of progenitor cells that give rise to differentiated myocytes has prompted a re-interpretation of cardiac biology. The heart cannot be viewed any longer as a postmitotic organ characterized by a predetermined number of myocytes that is defined at birth and is preserved throughout life. The myocardium constitutes a dynamic entity in which new young parenchymal cells are formed to substitute old damaged dying myocytes. The regenerative ability of the heart was initially documented with a classic morphometric approach and more recently with the demonstration that DNA synthesis, mitosis, and cytokinesis take place in the newly formed myocytes of the normal and pathologic heart. Importantly, replicating myocytes correspond to the differentiated progeny of cardiac stem cells. These findings point to the possibility of novel therapeutic strategies for the diseased heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Kajstura
- Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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Choi YH, Saric T, Nasseri B, Hühn S, Van Linthout S, Hetzer R, Tschöpe C, Stamm C. Cardiac cell therapies: the next generation. Cardiovasc Ther 2010; 29:2-16. [PMID: 20946322 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-5922.2010.00191.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Although significant advances have been made in terms of pharmacological, catheter-based, and surgical palliation, heart failure remains a fatal disease. As a curative concept, regenerative medicine aims at the restoration of the physiologic cellular composition of diseased organs. So far, clinical cardiac regeneration attempts have only been moderately successful, but a better understanding of myocardial cell homeostasis and somatic as well as embryonic stem cell biology has opened the door for the development of more potent therapeutic cardiac regeneration strategies. Accumulating evidence indicates that the postnatal mammalian heart retains a pool of tissue-specific progenitor cells and is also repopulated by cells from extracardiac sources. However, this intrinsic myocardial regeneration potential clearly needs to be augmented by either manipulation of the cell cycle of differentiated cells, activation of resident cardiac progenitor cells, and/or the transplantation of exogenous cells. This review summarizes the recent developments in cardiac regenerative medicine, many of which may find their way into the clinical setting in the foreseeable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeong-Hoon Choi
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Heart Center and Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Krause K, Schneider C, Kuck KH, Jaquet K. REVIEW: Stem Cell Therapy in Cardiovascular Disorders. Cardiovasc Ther 2010; 28:e101-10. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-5922.2010.00208.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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Low-dose radiation augments vasculogenesis signaling through HIF-1-dependent and -independent SDF-1 induction. Blood 2010; 116:3669-76. [PMID: 20631377 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-03-213629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The inflammatory response to ionizing radiation (IR) includes a proangiogenic effect that could be counterproductive in cancer but can be exploited for treating impaired wound healing. We demonstrate for the first time that IR stimulates hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) up-regulation in endothelial cells (ECs), a HIF-1α-independent up-regulation of stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1), as well as endothelial migration, all of which are essential for angiogenesis. 5 Gray IR-induced EC HIF-1α and SDF-1 expression was greater when combined with hypoxia suggesting an additive effect. While small interfering RNA silencing of HIF-1α mRNA and abolition of HIF-1α protein induction down-regulated SDF-1 induction by hypoxia alone, it had little effect on SDF-1 induction by IR, demonstrating an independent pathway. SDF-1-mediated EC migration in hypoxic and/or radiation-treated media showed IR induced strong SDF-1-dependent migration of ECs, augmented by hypoxia. IR activates a novel pathway stimulating EC migration directly through the expression of SDF-1 independent of HIF-1α induction. These observations might be exploited for stimulation of wound healing or controlling tumor angiogenesis.
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Li Calzi S, Neu MB, Shaw LC, Grant MB. Endothelial progenitor dysfunction in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy: treatment concept to correct diabetes-associated deficits. EPMA J 2010; 1:88-100. [PMID: 21494317 PMCID: PMC3008583 DOI: 10.1007/s13167-010-0011-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Progressive obliteration of the retinal microvessels is a characteristic of diabetic retinopathy and the resultant retinal ischemia can lead to sight-threatening macular edema, macular ischemia and ultimately preretinal neovascularization. Bone marrow derived endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) play a critical role in vascular maintenance and repair. There is still great debate about the most appropriate markers that define an EPC. EPCs can be isolated using cell sorting by surface phenotype selection or in vitro cell culture. For freshly isolated cells, EPC cell sorting is heavily dependent on the surface markers used; EPCs can also be isolated by in vitro propagation of heterogeneous mixtures of cells in culture using adhesion to specific substrates and cell growth characteristics. in vitro isolation enables consistent reproducibility and using this approach at least two distinct types of EPCs with different angiogenic properties have been identified from adult peripheral and umbilical cord blood; early EPCs (eEPCs) and late outgrowth endothelial progenitor cells (OECs). Emerging studies demonstrate the potential of these cells in revascularization of ischemic/injured retina in animal models of retinal disease. Since ischemic retinopathies are leading causes of blindness, they are a potential disease target for EPC-based therapy. In this chapter, we summarize the current knowledge about EPCs and discuss the possibility of cellular therapy for treatment of diabetic macular ischemia and the vasodegenerative phase of diabetic retinopathy. We also report current pharmacological options that can be utilized to correct diabetes associated defects in EPCs so as to enhance the therapeutic utility of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Li Calzi
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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