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Singh N, Bhatnagar S. Machine Learning for Prediction of Drug Targets in Microbe Associated Cardiovascular Diseases by Incorporating Host-pathogen Interaction Network Parameters. Mol Inform 2021; 41:e2100115. [PMID: 34676983 DOI: 10.1002/minf.202100115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Host-pathogen interactions play a crucial role in invasion, infection, and induction of immune response in humans. In this work, four machine learning algorithms, namely Logistic regression, K-nearest neighbor, Support Vector Machine, and Random Forest were implemented for the classification of drug targets. The algorithms were trained using 3400 hosts and 3800 pathogen drug and non-drug target proteins as learning instances. For each protein, 68 pathogen and 73 host features were computed that included sequence, structure, biological and host-pathogen network centrality characteristics. The Random Forest classifier model achieved the best accuracy after 10-fold cross-validation. 99 % accuracy was achieved with a ROC-AUC score of 0.99±0.01 for both pathogen and host training sets. The Eigenvector Centrality of host-pathogen interactions and host-host interactions was the top feature in performing classification of pathogen and host targets respectively. Other features important for classification were the presence of catalytic and binding sites, low instability/aliphatic index, and cellular location. The Random Forest classifier was then used for prediction of drug targets involved in Microbe Associated Cardiovascular Diseases. 331 host and 743 pathogen proteins were predicted as drug targets by the random forest model and can be validated experimentally for therapeutic intervention in Microbe Associated Cardiovascular Diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirupma Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology, Dwarka, New Delhi, 110078, India
| | - Sonika Bhatnagar
- Department of Biotechnology, Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology, Dwarka, New Delhi, 110078, India.,Computational and Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Netaji Subhas University of Technology Dwarka, New Delhi, 110078, India
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Algowhary M. Association between age and infection in patients with acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Egypt Heart J 2021; 73:12. [PMID: 33515355 PMCID: PMC7847417 DOI: 10.1186/s43044-021-00137-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) in young patients has a unique risk profile. We aimed to detect bacteria in aspirate of infarct artery in young versus old patients. Results Aspirates of consecutive 140 patients who underwent a primary coronary intervention were taken for bacteriological, microscopical, and immunohistochemical (for bacterial pneumolysin) examinations. Their results were calculated in young (≤ 50 years) versus old (> 50 years) patients. Median age (interquartile range) was 45 (38–48) years in young (60 patients) and 59 (55–65) years in old (80 patients) patients, p < 0.0001. Both groups had similar baseline data except age, males, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, family history, lesion length, and ectatic vessel. Different bacteria were cultured in 11.3% of all patients involving 22.6% of young and 2.8% of old patients [hazard ratio 8.03 (95% CI 1.83–51.49), p = 0.002]. By multivariate analyses, age groups and leukocytic count were independent predictors of infection (bacteria and pneumolysin), p = 0.027 and p < 0.0001, respectively. Optimal cutoff value of leukocytic count was 12,250 cells/μl [ROC curve sensitivity 85.7%, specificity 86.4%, and AUC 0.97 (95% CI 0.95–1.0), p < 0.001]. Infection was an independent predictor of STEMI in young versus old patients, p < 0.001. Nevertheless, in-hospital events occurred insignificantly different and neither age groups nor infection was predictor of in-hospital events. Conclusions Young patients had significantly higher percentage of bacteria in their infarcted artery than old patients. High leukocytic count in patients below 50 predicts infection that causes acute myocardial infarction. Antibacterial trials directed toward this group are required for secondary prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdy Algowhary
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Assiut University Heart Hospital, Assiut University, Asyut, 71515, Egypt.
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Luo JW, Lin CH, Zhu YB, Zheng XY, Wu YX, Chen WW, Yang X. Association of Tongue Bacterial Flora and Subtypes of Liver-Fire Hyperactivity Syndrome in Hypertensive Patients. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2018; 2018:9536924. [PMID: 29541146 PMCID: PMC5818919 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9536924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Structural changes in symbiotic human microorganisms can affect host phenotype. Liver-fire hyperactivity syndrome (LFHS) presents as bitter taste, halitosis, xerostomia, odontalgia, and other oral symptoms. LFHS is associated with hypertension (EH). In this study, tongue flora was analyzed to further understand the intrinsic relationship between tongue flora and LFHS. Samples of tongue coating, from 16 patients with EH-LFHS, 16 with EH-non-LFHS, and 16 controls, were obtained; then, 16S rRNA variable (V3-V4) regions were amplified and sequenced by MiSeq PE300 Sequencing. Tag clustering and Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) abundance analysis were used to compare the OTU sequence with the 16S database. The species were classified, and diversity and structure of the bacterial flora were compared between the three groups. Alpha diversity analysis, including Observed Species index and Chao index, indicated significantly higher richness of species in patients with EH-LFHS (p < 0.05). Higher phylogenetic diversity, in patients with EH-non-LFHS, indicates greater differences in evolutionary history than in patients with EH-LFHS. Streptococcus, Rothia, Neisseria, and Sphingomonas were the most prevalent in patients with EH-LFHS, differed from the other two groups. This indicates that richer bacterial diversity, and structure associated with EH-LFHS, may affect the occurrence, development, and outcome of hypertension and syndrome subtypes recognized by TCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-wei Luo
- Provincial Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, China
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Cong-huai Lin
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Yao-bin Zhu
- Provincial Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, China
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China
| | - Xing-yu Zheng
- Provincial Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, China
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Yong-xi Wu
- Provincial Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, China
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Wei-wei Chen
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- Teaching and Research Office of Medical Cosmetology, Department of Management, Fujian Health College, Fuzhou 350101, China
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Kim HJ. Role of Nucleotide-binding and Oligomerization Domain 2 Protein (NOD2) in the Development of Atherosclerosis. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2015; 19:479-84. [PMID: 26557013 PMCID: PMC4637349 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2015.19.6.479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
NOD2 (nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain 2) was initially reported as a susceptibility gene for Crohn's disease, with several studies focused on elucidating its molecular mechanism in the progression of Crohn's disease. We now know that NOD2 is an intracellular bacterial sensing receptor, and that MDP-mediated NOD2 activation drives inflammatory signaling. Various mutations in NOD2 have been reported, with NOD2 loss of function being associated with the development of Crohn's disease and other autoimmune diseases. These results suggest that NOD2 not only has an immune stimulatory function, but also an immune regulatory function. Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the arterial wall; its pathologic progression is highly dependent on the immune balance. This immune balance is regulated by infiltrating monocytes and macrophages, both of which express NOD2. These findings indicate a potential role of NOD2 in atherosclerosis. The purpose of this review is to outline the known roles of NOD2 signaling in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha-Jeong Kim
- Department of Physiology, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Tumor Heterogeneity and Network (THEN) Research Center, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
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PARK SJ, KIM JY, TEOH CL, KANG NY, CHANG YT. New Targets of Molecular Imaging in Atherosclerosis: Prehension of Current Status. ANAL SCI 2015; 31:245-55. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.31.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Jin PARK
- Laboratory of Bioimaging Probe Development, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research
| | - Jun-Young KIM
- Laboratory of Bioimaging Probe Development, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research
| | - Chai Lean TEOH
- Laboratory of Bioimaging Probe Development, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research
| | - Nam-Young KANG
- Laboratory of Bioimaging Probe Development, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research
| | - Young-Tae CHANG
- Department of Chemistry & NUS MedChem Program of Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore
- Laboratory of Bioimaging Probe Development, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research
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Kozarov E, Padro T, Badimon L. View of statins as antimicrobials in cardiovascular risk modification. Cardiovasc Res 2014; 102:362-74. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvu058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Moreno L, Gatheral T. Therapeutic targeting of NOD1 receptors. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 170:475-85. [PMID: 23848281 PMCID: PMC3791987 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 06/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 1 (NOD1) protein is an intracellular receptor for breakdown products of peptidoglycan (PGN), an essential bacterial cell wall component. NOD1 responds to γ-D-glutamyl-meso-diaminopimelic acid, which is an epitope unique to PGN structures from all Gram-negative bacteria and certain Gram-positive bacteria. Upon ligand recognition, NOD1 undergoes conformational changes and self-oligomerization mediated by the nucleotide-binding NACHT domains, followed by the recruitment and activation of the serine threonine kinase receptor-interacting protein 2 leading to the activation of NF-κB and MAPK pathways and induction of inflammatory genes. Much of our knowledge is derived from seminal studies using mice deficient in NOD1 and confirming an essential role for NOD1 in the host immune response against gastrointestinal and respiratory pathogens. In addition, recent studies have revealed a role for intracellular NOD1 receptors in the regulation of vascular inflammation and metabolism. This review will discuss our current understanding of intracellular NOD1 receptors in host immunity and chronic inflammatory disorders with a focus on cardiovascular diseases. Although therapeutic advances may have to wait until the complex interplay with pathogens, danger signals, other pattern recognition receptors and overlapping metabolic pathways is further unravelled, the steadily growing body of knowledge suggest that NOD1 antagonism might represent attractive candidate to reduce excessive inflammation associated to intestinal, cardiovascular and metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Moreno
- Ciber de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Bunyola, Spain; Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
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Amar J, Lange C, Payros G, Garret C, Chabo C, Lantieri O, Courtney M, Marre M, Charles MA, Balkau B, Burcelin R. Blood microbiota dysbiosis is associated with the onset of cardiovascular events in a large general population: the D.E.S.I.R. study. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54461. [PMID: 23372728 PMCID: PMC3555817 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim We recently described a human blood microbiome and a connection between this microbiome and the onset of diabetes. The aim of the current study was to assess the association between blood microbiota and incident cardiovascular disease. Methods and Results D.E.S.I.R. is a longitudinal study with the primary aim of describing the natural history of the metabolic syndrome and its complications. Participants were evaluated at inclusion and at 3-, 6-, and 9-yearly follow-up visits. The 16S ribosomal DNA bacterial gene sequence, that is common to the vast majority of bacteria (Eubac) and a sequence that mostly represents Proteobacteria (Pbac), were measured in blood collected at baseline from 3936 participants. 73 incident cases of acute cardiovascular events, including 30 myocardial infarctions were recorded. Eubac was positively correlated with Pbac (r = 0.59; P<0.0001). In those destined to have cardiovascular complications, Eubac was lower (0.14±0.26 vs 0.12±0.29 ng/µl; P = 0.02) whereas a non significant increase in Pbac was observed. In multivariate Cox analysis, Eubac was inversely correlated with the onset of cardiovascular complications, (hazards ratio 0.50 95% CI 0.35–0.70) whereas Pbac (1.56, 95%CI 1.12–2.15) was directly correlated. Conclusion Pbac and Eubac were shown to be independent markers of the risk of cardiovascular disease. This finding is evidence for the new concept of the role played by blood microbiota dysbiosis on atherothrombotic disease. This concept may help to elucidate the relation between bacteria and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Amar
- INSERM U1048, Institute of Research on Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France.
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Kozarov E. Bacterial invasion of vascular cell types: vascular infectology and atherogenesis. Future Cardiol 2012; 8:123-38. [PMID: 22185451 DOI: 10.2217/fca.11.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
To portray the chronic inflammation in atherosclerosis, leukocytic cell types involved in the immune response to invading pathogens are often the focus. However, atherogenesis is a complex pathological deterioration of the arterial walls, where vascular cell types are participants with regards to deterioration and disease. Since other recent reviews have detailed the role of both the innate and adaptive immune response in atherosclerosis, herein we will summarize the latest developments regarding the association of bacteria with vascular cell types: infections as a risk factor for atherosclerosis; bacterial invasion of vascular cell types; the atherogenic sequelae of bacterial presence such as endothelial activation and blood clotting; and the identification of the species that are able to colonize this niche. The evidence of a polybacterial infectious component of the atheromatous lesions opens the doors for exploration of the new field of vascular infectology and for the study of atherosclerosis microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil Kozarov
- Section of Oral & Diagnostic Sciences, Columbia University Medical Center, 630 West 168 Street, P&S Box 20, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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10
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Rafferty B, Jönsson D, Kalachikov S, Demmer RT, Nowygrod R, Elkind MS, Bush H, Kozarov E. Impact of monocytic cells on recovery of uncultivable bacteria from atherosclerotic lesions. J Intern Med 2011; 270:273-80. [PMID: 21366733 PMCID: PMC3133811 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2011.02373.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Epidemiological evidence suggests that infections may contribute to atherogenesis. However, with the exception of Chlamydophila pneumoniae, cultivable bacteria have not been recovered from atherosclerotic lesions. Therefore, we aimed at developing an approach to recover uncultivable bacteria from atherectomy tissues. METHODS We cultured homogenates from atherectomy specimens from seven nonseptic patients undergoing surgery for arterial obstruction either alone or together with THP-1 monocyte-like cells. We performed 16S rDNA analysis, biochemical tests, random amplification of polymorphic DNA PCR analysis, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and immunohistofluorescence to identify the cultivated bacteria. Wilcoxon signed-rank tests were used to determine whether THP-1 treatment yielded a higher number of isolates than did the untreated controls. RESULTS We recovered more bacteria from cocultures of atherectomy specimens with THP-1 cells than atherectomy specimens cultured alone. On average, tissue homogenates incubated with THP-1 cells versus control yielded 124 vs. 22 colony-forming units, a median of 140 vs. 7, respectively (P = 0.02). We recovered 872 isolates of limited number of species, including Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Streptococcus infantis and the fastidious anaerobe Porphyromonas gingivalis, and confirmed its presence in tissue using double immunofluorescence imaging. qPCR demonstrated the presence of ≥3.5 × 10(3) P. gingivalis genomes per gram of atheromatous tissue. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that viable previously uncultivable bacterial species are present within atheromas. Our results suggest revisiting the hypothesis that infections may have a causative role in atherosclerotic inflammation and have implications for research regarding novel diagnostics and treatments for cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Rafferty
- Section of Oral and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, 630 West 168 Street, New York, NY 10032
| | - Daniel Jönsson
- Section of Oral and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, 630 West 168 Street, New York, NY 10032
| | - Sergey Kalachikov
- Columbia Genome Center, Columbia University Medical Center, 630 West 168 Street, New York, NY 10032
| | - Ryan T. Demmer
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University Medical Center, 630 West 168 Street, New York, NY 10032
| | - Roman Nowygrod
- Department of Surgery, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, 630 West 168 Street, New York, NY 10032
| | - Mitchell S.V. Elkind
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, 630 West 168 Street, New York, NY 10032
| | - Harry Bush
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, 445 East 69th Street, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Emil Kozarov
- Section of Oral and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, 630 West 168 Street, New York, NY 10032
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Rafferty B, Dolgilevich S, Kalachikov S, Morozova I, Ju J, Whittier S, Nowygrod R, Kozarov E. Cultivation of Enterobacter hormaechei from human atherosclerotic tissue. J Atheroscler Thromb 2010; 18:72-81. [PMID: 20972353 DOI: 10.5551/jat.5207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To determine whether culturable bacterial strains are present in human atheromatous tissue and to investigate their properties using culture, quantitative PCR, metagenomic screening, genomic and biochemical methods. METHODS We analyzed femoral atherosclerotic plaque and five pairs of diseased and healthy arterial tissue for the presence of culturable bacteria using cell cultures and genomic analysis. RESULTS Gram negative aerobic bacilli were cultivated from the plaque tissue. Ribosomal 16S DNA amplification and sequencing identified the isolates as Enterobacter hormaechei. The isolate was resistant to ampicillin, cefazolin, and erythromycin. A circular 10 kb plasmid was isolated from the strain. Antibiotic protection assays of the isolate demonstrated invasive ability in a human monocytic cell line. To extend the study, five matched pairs of diseased and healthy aortic tissue were analyzed via quantitative PCR. Eubacterial 16S rDNA was detected in all specimens, however, E. hormaechei DNA was detected in surprisingly high numbers in two of the diseased tissues only. CONCLUSIONS While it is well documented that inflammation is an important risk factor for vascular pathophysiology, the association of bacteria with atherosclerosis has not been clearly established, in large part due to the inability to isolate live bacteria from atheromatous tissue. This is the first study providing direct evidence of Enterobacter spp. associated with atheromatous tissues. The data suggest that chronic infection with bacteria may be an under-reported etiologic factor in vascular pathogenesis. Importantly, characterization of the clinical isolate supports a model of atherogenesis where systemic dissemination of bacteria to atherosclerotic sites may occur via internalization in phagocytic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Rafferty
- Section of Oral and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York 10032, USA
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Bohnstedt S, Cullinan M, Ford P, Palmer J, Leishman S, Westerman B, Marshall R, West M, Seymour G. High Antibody Levels to P. gingivalis in Cardiovascular Disease. J Dent Res 2010; 89:938-42. [DOI: 10.1177/0022034510370817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that strain variation in the serum IgG response to Porphyromonas gingivalis occurs in periodontal disease and cardiovascular disease (CVD). This study aimed to test the hypothesis that different P. gingivalis strains would elicit different levels of IgG, depending on a patient’s cardiovascular (CV) and periodontal health. For CVD patients, serum antibody levels increased significantly with increasing numbers of deep pockets for all strains of P. gingivalis, except W50 (p < 0.001). We used a two-way analysis of variance to examine differences in antibody responses across several CV and periodontal groups simultaneously. There was a significant interaction effect (p < 0.05) between periodontal status and CV status for antibody levels to ATCC33277, UQD605, and Su63. This study shows variation in strain type with respect to serum IgG response in several CV and periodontal categories, providing further support for the role of the immune response to P. gingivalis in the relationship between periodontal disease and CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Bohnstedt
- The University of Queensland, School of Dentistry, Brisbane, Qld 4000, Australia
| | - M.P. Cullinan
- The University of Queensland, School of Medicine, Brisbane, Qld 4000, Australia
- Department of Oral Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, NZ
| | - P.J. Ford
- The University of Queensland, School of Dentistry, Brisbane, Qld 4000, Australia
| | - J.E. Palmer
- The University of Queensland, School of Medicine, Brisbane, Qld 4000, Australia
| | - S.J. Leishman
- The University of Queensland, School of Dentistry, Brisbane, Qld 4000, Australia
- The University of Queensland, School of Medicine, Brisbane, Qld 4000, Australia
| | - B. Westerman
- The University of Queensland, School of Medicine, Brisbane, Qld 4000, Australia
| | - R.I. Marshall
- The University of Queensland, School of Dentistry, Brisbane, Qld 4000, Australia
| | - M.J. West
- The University of Queensland, School of Medicine, Brisbane, Qld 4000, Australia
| | - G.J. Seymour
- The University of Queensland, School of Medicine, Brisbane, Qld 4000, Australia
- Department of Oral Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, NZ
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Higuchi MDL, Kawakami J, Ikegami R, Clementino MBM, Kawamoto FM, Reis MM, Bocchi E. Do Archaea and bacteria co-infection have a role in the pathogenesis of chronic chagasic cardiopathy? Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2010; 104 Suppl 1:199-207. [PMID: 19753475 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762009000900026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2009] [Accepted: 06/01/2009] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Chronic cardiopathy (CC) in Chagas disease is a fibrotic myocarditis with C5b-9 complement deposition. Mycoplasma and Chlamydia may interfere with the complement response. Proteolytic enzymes and archaeal genes that have been described in Trypanosoma cruzi may increase its virulence. Here we tested the hypothesis that different ratios of Mycoplasma, Chlamydia and archaeal organisms, which are frequent symbionts, may be associated with chagasic clinical forms. MATERIALS AND METHODS eight indeterminate form (IF) and 20 CC chagasic endomyocardial biopsies were submitted to in situ hybridization, electron and immunoelectron microscopy and PCR techniques for detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP), Chlamydia pneumoniae(CP), C5b-9 and archaeal-like bodies. RESULTS MP and CP-DNA were always present at lower levels in CC than in IF (p < 0.001) and were correlated with each other only in CC. Electron microscopy revealed Mycoplasma, Chlamydia and two types of archaeal-like bodies. One had electron dense lipid content (EDL) and was mainly present in IF. The other had electron lucent content (ELC) and was mainly present in CC. In this group, ELC correlated negatively with the other microbes and EDL and positively with C5b-9. The CC group was positive for Archaea and T. cruzi DNA. In conclusion, different amounts of Mycoplasma, Chlamydia and archaeal organisms may be implicated in complement activation and may have a role in Chagas disease outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria de Lourdes Higuchi
- Laboratório de Anatomia Patológica, Instituto do Coração, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.
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Damy SB, Higuchi ML, Timenetsky J, Reis MM, Palomino SP, Ikegami RN, Santos FP, Osaka JT, Figueiredo LP. Mycoplasma pneumoniae and/or Chlamydophila pneumoniae inoculation causing different aggravations in cholesterol-induced atherosclerosis in apoE KO male mice. BMC Microbiol 2009; 9:194. [PMID: 19744321 PMCID: PMC2755007 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-9-194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2008] [Accepted: 09/10/2009] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chamydophila pneumoniae (CP) and/or Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) are two bacteria detected in vulnerable atheromas. In this study we aimed to analyze whether CP and/or MP aggravates atherosclerosis induced by cholesterol-enriched diet in C57BL/6 apoE KO male mice. Thirty male apoE KO mice aged eight weeks fed by a diet containing 1% cholesterol until 32 weeks of age were divided into four groups: the first was inoculated with CP (n = 7), the second with MP (n = 12), the third with both CP + MP (n = 5), and the fourth with saline (sham n = 6). The animals were re-inoculated at 36 weeks of age, and sacrificed at 40 weeks of age. Two ascending aorta and one aortic arch segments were sampled. In the most severely obstructed segment, vessel diameter, plaque height, percentage of luminal obstruction and the degree of adventitial inflammation were analyzed. The plaque area/intimal surface ratio was obtained by measuring all three segments. The adventitial inflammation was semiquantified (0 absent, 1 mild, 2 moderate, and 3 diffuse). RESULTS The mean and standard deviation of plaque height, % luminal obstruction, external diameter, the plaque area/intimal surface ratio and the adventitial inflammation values are the following for each group: MP (0.20 +/- 0.12 mm, 69 +/- 26%, 0.38 +/- 0.11 mm, 0.04 +/- 0.04 and 0.22 +/- 0.67), CP (0.23 +/- 0.08 mm, 90 +/- 26%, 0.37 +/- 0.08 mm, 0.04 +/- 0.03, and 0.44 +/- 0.53), MP + CP (18 +/- 0.08 mm, 84 +/- 4.0%, 0.35 +/- 0.25 mm, 0.03 +/- 0.03 and 1.33 +/- 0.82) and sham (0.08 +/- 0.09 mm, 42 +/- 46%, 0.30 +/- 0.10 mm, 0.02 +/- 0.03 and 0.71 +/- 0.76). A wider area of plaque/intimal surface was observed in MP + CP inoculated groups (p = 0.07 and 0.06) as well as an increased plaque height in CP (p = 0.01) in comparison with sham group. There was also an increased luminal obstruction (p = 0.047) in CP inoculated group in comparison to sham group. Adventitial inflammation in MP + CP inoculated group was higher than MP, CP and the sham groups (p = 0.02). CONCLUSION Inoculation of CP, MP or both agents in C57BL/6 apoE KO male mice caused aggravation of experimental atherosclerosis induced by cholesterol-enriched diet, with distinct characteristics. CP inoculation increased the plaque height with positive vessel remodeling and co-inoculation of MP + CP caused the highest adventitial inflammation measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sueli B Damy
- Heart Institute (InCor) of Clinical Hospital, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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Spagnoli LG, Pucci S, Bonanno E, Cassone A, Sesti F, Ciervo A, Mauriello A. Persistent Chlamydia pneumoniae infection of cardiomyocytes is correlated with fatal myocardial infarction. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2007; 170:33-42. [PMID: 17200180 PMCID: PMC1762683 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2007.051353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) associated with unfavorable prognosis is likely to be the consequence of a diffuse active chronic inflammatory process that destabilizes the whole coronary tree and myocardium, suggesting a possible common causal agent underlying both conditions. The main objective of this study was to investigate whether Chlamydia pneumoniae (CP) infection occurred beyond the coronary plaques, namely in the myocardium of individuals who died of AMI. The presence of CP cell wall antigen (OMP-2) and CP-HSP60 was investigated in the myocardium and coronary plaques of 10 AMI and 10 age-matched control patients by immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy, and molecular biology. OMP-2 antigens were found in the unaffected myocardium of 9 of 10 AMI patients. Conversely, only 1 of 10 control patients exhibited a positive staining for CP. Moreover, OMP-2 and CP-HSP60 were detected in the whole coronary tree. CP presence was strongly associated with a T-cell inflammatory infiltrate. Our results suggest that CP may underlie both coronary and myocardial vulnerabilities in patients who died of AMI and corroborate the notion that CP may act by reducing cardiac reserves, thus worsening the ischemic burden of myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Giusto Spagnoli
- Cattedra di Anatomia ed Istologia Patologica, Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Diagnostica per Immagini, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, Rome, Italy.
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Higuchi ML, Santos MH, Roggério A, Kawakami JT, Bezerra HG, Canzian M. A role for archaeal organisms in development of atherosclerotic vulnerable plaques and myxoid matrices. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2006; 61:473-8. [PMID: 17072447 DOI: 10.1590/s1807-59322006000500016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2006] [Accepted: 08/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Vulnerable plaques are characterized by a myxoid matrix, necrotic lipidic core, reactive oxygen species, and high levels of microorganisms. Aerobic microbes such as Chlamydophila pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae usually do not survive in oxidative stress media. Archaea are anaerobic microbes with powerful anti-oxidative enzymes that allow detoxification of free radicals whose presence might favor the survival of aerobic microorganisms. We searched for archaeal organisms in vulnerable plaques, and possible associations with myxoid matrix, chlamydia, and mycoplasma bodies. METHODS Twenty-nine tissue samples from 13 coronary artherectomies from large excentric ostial or bifurcational lesions were studied using optical and electron microscopy. Infectious agents compatible with archaea, chlamydia, and mycoplasma were semiquantified using electron micrographs and correlated with the amounts of fibromuscular tissue, myxoid matrix, and foam cells, as determined from semi-thin sections. Six of the cases were also submitted to polymerase chain reaction with archaeal primers. RESULTS All 13 specimens showed archaeal-compatible structures and chlamydial and mycoplasmal bodies in at least 1 sample. There was a positive correlation between extent of the of myxoid matrix and archaeal bodies (r = 0.44, P = 0.02); between archaeal and mycoplasmal bodies (r = 0.41, P = 0.03), and between chlamydial bodies and foam cells (r = 0.42; P = 0.03). The PCR test was positive for archaeal DNA in 4 of the 6 fragments. DISCUSSION DNA and forms suggestive of archaea are present in vulnerable plaques and may have a fundamental role in the proliferation of mycoplasma and chlamydia. This seems to be the first description of apparently pathogenic archaea in human internal organ lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L Higuchi
- Heart Institute, Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo University Medical School, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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