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Liang S, Chen S, Bai Y, Ma M, Shi F, Huang L, Wang H, Xia C, Diao K, He Y. Interventricular septum involvement is related to right ventricular dysfunction in anterior STEMI patients without right ventricular infarction: a cardiovascular magnetic resonance study. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CARDIOVASCULAR IMAGING 2024; 40:1755-1765. [PMID: 39039380 PMCID: PMC11401783 DOI: 10.1007/s10554-024-03166-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
The value of cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) in assessing and predicting acute right ventricular (RV) dysfunction in patients with anterior ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) remains ascertained. Eighty eight patients with anterior STEMI were prospectively recruited and underwent CMR examinations within one week following the coronary intervention. Patients with RV ejection fraction (RVEF) less than 2 standard deviations below the average at the center (RVEF ≤ 45.0%) were defined as having RV dysfunction. The size of infarction, segmental wall motion, and T1 and T2 mapping values of global myocardium and the interventricular septum (IVS) were measured. Predictive performance was calculated using receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis and logistic regression test. Twenty two patients presented with RV dysfunction. The RV dysfunction group had a larger IVS infarct extent (54.28 ± 10.35 vs 33.95 ± 15.09%, P < 0.001) and lower left ventricle stroke volume index (33.93 ± 7.96 vs 42.46 ± 8.14 ml/m2, P < 0.001) compared to the non-RV dysfunction group. IVS infarct extent at 48.8% best predicted the presence of RV dysfunction with an area under the curve of 0.864. Left ventricular stroke volume index (LVSVI) and IVS infarct extent were selected by stepwise multivariable logistic regression analysis. Lower LVSVI (odds ratio [OR] 0.90; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.79 to 0.99; P = 0.044) and higher IVS infarct extent (OR 1.16; 95% CI 1.05 to 1.33; P = 0.01) were found to be independent predictors for RV dysfunction. In patients with anterior STEMI, those with larger IVS infarct extent and worse LV function are more likely to be associated with RV dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shichu Liang
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.37 GuoXue Alley, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Shi Chen
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.37 GuoXue Alley, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yanlin Bai
- West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Min Ma
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.37 GuoXue Alley, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Fanfan Shi
- Department of Clinical Research and Management, Center of Biostatistics, Design, Measurement and Evaluation (CBDME), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Litao Huang
- Department of Clinical Research and Management, Center of Biostatistics, Design, Measurement and Evaluation (CBDME), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.37 GuoXue Alley, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Chunchao Xia
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.37 GuoXue Alley, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Kaiyue Diao
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.37 GuoXue Alley, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Yong He
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.37 GuoXue Alley, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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Beyls C, Hermida A, Martin N, Peschanski J, Debrigode R, Vialatte A, Hanquiez T, Fournier A, Jarry G, Landemaine T, Malaquin D, Abou-Arab O, Mahjoub Y, Leborgne L. Prognostic Value of Right Ventricular Longitudinal Shortening Fraction in Patients With ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: A Prospective Echocardiography Study. Am J Cardiol 2024; 211:79-88. [PMID: 37898222 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2023.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
Right ventricular systolic dysfunction (RVsD) frequently occurs in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). However, the diagnosis depends on the echocardiographic parameters to define RVsD. The right ventricle longitudinal shortening fraction (RV-LSF) is an accurate and reproducible 2-dimensional speckle-tracking parameter associated with clinical events in various pathologies. This study aimed to evaluate the association between RVsD and major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE) occurrence in a cohort of patients with STEMI. Adult patients with STEMI admitted to Amiens University Hospital's cardiovascular intensive care unit between May 2021 and November 2022 who underwent coronary angiography and transthoracic echocardiography within 48 hours of admission were included. RVsD was defined as RV-LSF <20%. The primary outcome was MACE occurrence, including heart failure, myocardial infarction, stroke, and death within 6 months of admission. A multivariable Cox regression analysis with proportional hazard ratio models assessed the association between RVsD and MACEs. In the 164 included patients, 72 (44%) had RVsD and 92 (56%) did not. The RVsD group had a significantly higher proportion of MACEs during the 6-month follow-up (n = 23 of 72, 33%) than the group without RVsD (n = 8 of 92, 9%, p = 0.001). RVsD showed an independent association with MACEs at 6 months (hazard ratio 3.1, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.35 to 7.30, p = 0.008). Left ventricular ejection fraction <40% and Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction score >4 were independently associated with RVsD (odds ratio 2.80, 95% CI 1.34 to 5.98 and odds ratio 2.15, 95% CI 1.18 to 4.39, respectively, p = 0.015). The cumulative risk of MACEs at 6 months was 33% for RV-LSF <20% and 9% for RV-LSF ≥20% (log-rank test p <0.001). RVsD, defined by RV-LSF <20%, is associated with an increased risk of MACEs after STEMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Beyls
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Amiens University Hospital, Amiens, France; UR UPJV 7518 SSPC (Simplification of Care of Complex Surgical Patients) Research Unit, University of Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France.
| | - Alexis Hermida
- Rythmology unit, Department of Cardiology, Amiens University Hospital, Amiens, France
| | - Nicolas Martin
- Cardiac Intensive Care Unit, Department of Cardiology, Amiens University Hospital, Amiens, France
| | - Julia Peschanski
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Amiens University Hospital, Amiens, France
| | - Romain Debrigode
- Cardiac Intensive Care Unit, Department of Cardiology, Amiens University Hospital, Amiens, France
| | - Alexis Vialatte
- Cardiac Intensive Care Unit, Department of Cardiology, Amiens University Hospital, Amiens, France
| | - Thomas Hanquiez
- Cardiac Intensive Care Unit, Department of Cardiology, Amiens University Hospital, Amiens, France
| | - Alexandre Fournier
- Cardiac Intensive Care Unit, Department of Cardiology, Amiens University Hospital, Amiens, France
| | - Geneviève Jarry
- Cardiac Intensive Care Unit, Department of Cardiology, Amiens University Hospital, Amiens, France
| | - Thomas Landemaine
- Cardiac Intensive Care Unit, Department of Cardiology, Amiens University Hospital, Amiens, France
| | - Dorothée Malaquin
- Cardiac Intensive Care Unit, Department of Cardiology, Amiens University Hospital, Amiens, France
| | - Osama Abou-Arab
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Amiens University Hospital, Amiens, France
| | - Yazine Mahjoub
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Amiens University Hospital, Amiens, France; UR UPJV 7518 SSPC (Simplification of Care of Complex Surgical Patients) Research Unit, University of Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Laurent Leborgne
- Cardiac Intensive Care Unit, Department of Cardiology, Amiens University Hospital, Amiens, France
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Tello K, Naeije R, de Man F, Guazzi M. Pathophysiology of the right ventricle in health and disease: an update. Cardiovasc Res 2023; 119:1891-1904. [PMID: 37463510 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvad108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The contribution of the right ventricle (RV) to cardiac output is negligible in normal resting conditions when pressures in the pulmonary circulation are low. However, the RV becomes relevant in healthy subjects during exercise and definitely so in patients with increased pulmonary artery pressures both at rest and during exercise. The adaptation of RV function to loading rests basically on an increased contractility. This is assessed by RV end-systolic elastance (Ees) to match afterload assessed by arterial elastance (Ea). The system has reserve as the Ees/Ea ratio or its imaging surrogate ejection fraction has to decrease by more than half, before the RV undergoes an increase in dimensions with eventual increase in filling pressures and systemic congestion. RV-arterial uncoupling is accompanied by an increase in diastolic elastance. Measurements of RV systolic function but also of diastolic function predict outcome in any cause pulmonary hypertension and heart failure with or without preserved left ventricular ejection fraction. Pathobiological changes in the overloaded RV include a combination of myocardial fibre hypertrophy, fibrosis and capillary rarefaction, a titin phosphorylation-related displacement of myofibril tension-length relationships to higher pressures, a metabolic shift from mitochondrial free fatty acid oxidation to cytoplasmic glycolysis, toxic lipid accumulation, and activation of apoptotic and inflammatory signalling pathways. Treatment of RV failure rests on the relief of excessive loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khodr Tello
- Internal Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Klinikstrasse 36, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Robert Naeije
- Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Free University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Frances de Man
- Pulmonary Medicine, Amsterdam Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marco Guazzi
- Cardiology Division, San Paolo University Hospital, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
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Frederiksen PH, Josiassen J, Udesen NLJ, Linde L, Helgestad OK, Banke A, Jensen LO, Schmidt H, Hassager C, Ravn HB, Møller JE. Impact of Impella RP Versus Vasoactive Treatment on Right and Left Ventricular Strain in a Porcine Model of Acute Cardiogenic Shock Induced by Right Coronary Artery Embolization. J Am Heart Assoc 2023; 12:e8126. [PMID: 36734350 PMCID: PMC9973621 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.122.027831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Background The response of the left ventricle to cardiogenic shock (CS) caused by right ventricular (RV) infarction and the effect of treatment with either vasoactive treatment or Impella RP are not well described. We sought to determine RV and left ventricular longitudinal strain (LS) by echocardiography after initiation of either Impella RP or vasoactive treatment for CS induced by right coronary artery embolization. Methods and Results CS was induced with microsphere embolization in the right coronary artery in 20 pigs. Shock was defined as a reduction in cardiac output of ≥50% and/or an SvO2 <30%. At the time of CS either Impella RP or vasoactive treatment (norepinephrine and milrinone) was initiated. Echocardiography and conductance measures were obtained at baseline, when CS was present, and 30, 90, and 180 minutes after induction of CS. Of 20 animals, 14 completed the protocol and were treated with either vasoactive treatment (n=7) or Impella RP (n=7); 6 animals died (3 in each group). In the RV there was a significantly higher LS with the vasoactive treatment compared with Impella RP (-7.6% [4.5] to -6.0% [5.2] vs -4.5% [6.6] to -14.2% [10.6]; P<0.006). Left ventricular LS improved with both treatments compared with shock, but with a larger effect (-9.4% [3.2] to -17.9% [3.6]) on LS with vasoactive treatment than Impella RP (-9.8% [3.1] to -12.3% [4.6]; P<0.001). We found a significant correlation between stroke work and RV LS (r=-0.60, P<0.001) and left ventricular LS (r=-0.62, P<0.001). Conclusions We found significantly higher hemodynamic effects with vasoactive treatment compared with Impella RP in both the RV and left ventricular but at a cost of increased stroke work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter H. Frederiksen
- Department of CardiologyOdense University HospitalOdenseDenmark
- Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of Southern DenmarkOdenseDenmark
| | - Jakob Josiassen
- Department of Cardiology, Heart CenterCopenhagen University Hospital RigshospitaletCopenhagenDenmark
| | | | - Louise Linde
- Department of CardiologyOdense University HospitalOdenseDenmark
| | | | - Ann Banke
- Department of CardiologyOdense University HospitalOdenseDenmark
| | - Lisette O. Jensen
- Department of CardiologyOdense University HospitalOdenseDenmark
- Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of Southern DenmarkOdenseDenmark
| | - Henrik Schmidt
- Department of Cardiothoracic AnaesthesiologyOdense University HospitalOdenseDenmark
| | - Christian Hassager
- Department of Cardiology, Heart CenterCopenhagen University Hospital RigshospitaletCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Hanne B. Ravn
- Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of Southern DenmarkOdenseDenmark
- Department of Cardiothoracic AnaesthesiologyOdense University HospitalOdenseDenmark
| | - Jacob E. Møller
- Department of CardiologyOdense University HospitalOdenseDenmark
- Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of Southern DenmarkOdenseDenmark
- Department of Cardiology, Heart CenterCopenhagen University Hospital RigshospitaletCopenhagenDenmark
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5
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Juul AS, Kyhl K, Ekström K, Madsen JM, Sabbah M, Ahtarovski KA, Nepper-Christensen L, Vejlstrup N, Høfsten D, Kelbaek H, Køber L, Lønborg J, Engstrøm T. The Incidence and Impact of Permanent Right Ventricular Infarction on Left Ventricular Infarct Size in Patients With Inferior ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction. Am J Cardiol 2023; 186:43-49. [PMID: 36343445 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2022.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Mounting evidence shows that right ventricle (RV) function carries independent prognostic influence in various disease states. This study aimed to investigate the incidence and impact of permanent RV infarction in patients with inferior ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and culprit lesion in the right coronary artery (RCA). In this substudy of the DANAMI-3 (DANish Study of Optimal Acute Treatment of Patients with ST-segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction) trial, cardiac magnetic resonance was performed in 291 patients at day 1 and follow-up 3 months after primary percutaneous coronary intervention of 674 patients with STEMI with the culprit lesion in the RCA. Final infarct was assessed using late gadolinium enhancement on cardiac magnetic resonance at 3 months. Patients with permanent RV infarction (20%) had lower ventricular function at follow-up; RV ejection fraction (EF) 47% ±6 versus 50% ± 5 (p <0.005) and left ventricular (LV) EF 56% ± 8 versus 60% ± 9 (p <0.006). Furthermore, patients with permanent RV infarction had a higher incidence of microvascular obstruction 39 (67%) versus 81 (39%) (p <0.001), larger final LV infarct size 16% ±8 versus 10% ± 8 (p <0.001) and larger LV area at risk 33% ± 10 versus 29% ± 9 (p <0.001). Permanent RV infarction was an independent predictor of final LV infarct size (p <0.001) but was not associated with LVEF (β = -0.0; p = 0.13) in multivariable analyses. In conclusion, permanent RV infarction was seen in 20% of patients with inferior STEMI and culprit lesion in RCA and independently predicted final LV infarct size. However, permanent RV infarction did not predict overall LV function. LGE was used to detect infarct location and quantify infarct size.17 LGE in RV free wall on follow-up CMR was considered as permanent infarction. LGE images were obtained 10 minutes after intravenous injection of 0.1-mmol/kg body weight of gadolinium-based contrast (Gadovist; Bayer Schering, Berlin, Germany) using an electrocardiogram (ECG)-triggered inversion-recovery sequence. The inversion time was adjusted to null the signal from the normal myocardium. Short-axis images were acquired from the atrioventricular plane to the apex with adjacent 8-mm slices. The remaining protocol has been described previously.16.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Juul
- Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark; Faculty of Health Science, University of Copenhagen.
| | - Kasper Kyhl
- Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Kathrine Ekström
- Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark
| | | | - Muhammad Sabbah
- Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark
| | | | | | - Niels Vejlstrup
- Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Dan Høfsten
- Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Henning Kelbaek
- Department of Cardiology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Lars Køber
- Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Jacob Lønborg
- Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Thomas Engstrøm
- Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark
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Nägele MP, Flammer AJ. Heart Failure After Right Ventricular Myocardial Infarction. Curr Heart Fail Rep 2022; 19:375-385. [PMID: 36197627 DOI: 10.1007/s11897-022-00577-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/10/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Heart failure (HF) after right ventricular myocardial infarction (RVMI) is common and complicates its clinical course. This review aims to provide a current overview on the characteristic features of RV failure with focus on acute management. RECENT FINDINGS While HF after RVMI is classically seen after acute proximal right coronary artery occlusion, RV dysfunction may also occur after larger infarctions in the left coronary artery. Because of its different anatomy and physiology, the RV appears to be more resistant to permanent infarction compared to the LV with greater potential for recovery of ischemic myocardium. Hypotension and elevated jugular pressure in the presence of clear lung fields are hallmark signs of RV failure and should prompt confirmation by echocardiography. Management decisions are still mainly based on small studies and extrapolation of findings from LV failure. Early revascularization improves short- and long-term outcomes. Acute management should further focus on optimization of preload and afterload, maintenance of sufficient perfusion pressures, and prompt management of arrhythmias and concomitant LV failure, if present. In case of cardiogenic shock, use of vasopressors and/or inotropes should be considered along with timely use of mechanical circulatory support (MCS) in eligible patients. HF after RVMI is still a marker of worse outcome in acute coronary syndrome. Prompt revascularization, careful medical therapy with attention to the special physiology of the RV, and selected use of MCS provide the RV the time it needs to recover from the ischemic insult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias P Nägele
- University Heart Center Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, CH-8091, CardiologyZurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas J Flammer
- University Heart Center Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, CH-8091, CardiologyZurich, Switzerland.
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Alachkar MN, Mischke T, Mahnkopf C. [Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and the myocardium : Differentiation between vital and nonvital tissue]. Herzschrittmacherther Elektrophysiol 2022; 33:272-277. [PMID: 35781833 DOI: 10.1007/s00399-022-00874-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac magnetic resonance (cMR), a well-established imaging tool, is indispensable in the diagnosis and management of cardiovascular disease. Given its high spatial resolution and ability to characterize tissue, cMR represents the gold standard in determining myocardial viability. Gadolinium-based contrast-enhanced cMR can accurately identify myocardial scars and fibrosis in the ventricle and the atria, and differentiate it from normal myocardium. Gadolinium is an extracellular molecule which has been shown to be safe and beneficial in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Due to the larger extracellular space in myocardial scars, there is more uptake (wash-in) and slower elimination (wash-out) of gadolinium in those areas as opposed to normal myocardium. When imaged several minutes after intravenous administration of gadolinium, nonviable myocardial areas appear brighter than viable myocardium. The use of late-gadolinium enhancement (LGE) technique in assessing myocardial viability has been shown to highly correlate with histological examinations. Furthermore, this technique is highly reproducible and has very high intra- and interobserver agreement. Extent of LGE after myocardial infarction predicts the occurrence of adverse cardiovascular events. Moreover, LGE is highly accurate in predicting functional recovery of dysfunctional myocardial segments in patients undergoing revascularization and consequently has a key role in guiding revascularization procedures. In addition, use of LGE in the identification of myocardial fibrosis or myocardial damage in inflammatory myocardial disease helps to differentiate the type of cardiomyopathy and to predict sudden cardiac death among patients with heart failure. The role of LGE-MRI in the field of electrophysiology through recognition of different substrate for arrythmias and guiding the ablation therapy is steadily increasing and has fundamentally changed our understanding of atrial myopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mhd Nawar Alachkar
- Klinik für Kardiologie und Angiologie, REGIOMED Klinikum Coburg, Ketschendorfer Str. 33, 96450, Coburg, Deutschland.
| | - Thomas Mischke
- Klinik für Kardiologie und Angiologie, REGIOMED Klinikum Coburg, Ketschendorfer Str. 33, 96450, Coburg, Deutschland
| | - Christian Mahnkopf
- Klinik für Kardiologie und Angiologie, REGIOMED Klinikum Coburg, Ketschendorfer Str. 33, 96450, Coburg, Deutschland
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Borlotti A, Thomaides-Brears H, Georgiopoulos G, Banerjee R, Robson MD, Fusco DN, Masci PG. The Additive Value of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance in Convalescent COVID-19 Patients. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:854750. [PMID: 35463767 PMCID: PMC9021393 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.854750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In COVID-19 the development of severe viral pneumonia that is coupled with systemic inflammatory response triggers multi-organ failure and is of major concern. Cardiac involvement occurs in nearly 60% of patients with pre-existing cardiovascular conditions and heralds worse clinical outcome. Diagnoses carried out in the acute phase of COVID-19 rely upon increased levels of circulating cardiac injury biomarkers and transthoracic echocardiography. These diagnostics, however, were unable to pinpoint the mechanisms of cardiac injury in COVID-19 patients. Identifying the main features of cardiac injury remains an urgent yet unmet need in cardiology, given the potential clinical consequences. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) provides an unparalleled opportunity to gain a deeper insight into myocardial injury given its unique ability to interrogate the properties of myocardial tissue. This endeavor is particularly important in convalescent COVID-19 patients as many continue to experience chest pain, palpitations, dyspnea and exertional fatigue, six or more months after the acute illness. This review will provide a critical appraisal of research on cardiovascular damage in convalescent adult COVID-19 patients with an emphasis on the use of CMR and its value to our understanding of organ damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Borlotti
- Perspectum Ltd., Oxford, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Alessandra Borlotti,
| | | | - Georgios Georgiopoulos
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | - Dahlene N. Fusco
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Pier-Giorgio Masci
- Perspectum Ltd., Oxford, United Kingdom
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
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9
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Implementing the risk stratification in STEMI by cardiovascular magnetic resonance: An academic exercise or real benefit? Int J Cardiol 2022; 352:188-189. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2022.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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10
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Somuncu MU, Tatar FP, Kalayci B, Avci A, Gudul NE, Serbest NG, Demir AR, Can M. Role of N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide and troponin T in predicting right ventricular recovery in myocardial infarction. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2021; 43:27-33. [PMID: 34791860 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2021-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The determinants of right ventricular (RV) recovery after successful revascularization in ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients are not clear. Besides, the relationship between Troponin T (TnT), N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and improvement in RV function is also unknown. This study hypothesizes that a lower TnT and NT-proBNP level would be associated with RV recovery. METHODS One hundred forty-eight STEMI patients were included in our study. Echocardiography were performed before and 12-18 weeks after discharge. Patients were divided into three groups according to the changes in tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) as 53 patients with ≥10% change, 41 patients with 1-9% change, and 54 patients ≤0% change. RV recovery was accepted as ≥10% TAPSE improvement and the predictors of RV recovery were investigated. RESULTS RV recovery was detected in 35.8% of the patients. Low baseline left ventricular ejection fraction (OR: 0.91 [0.84-0.98], p=0.023), NT-proBNP (OR: 0.93 [0.89-0.98], p=0.014), TnT (OR: 0.84 [0.68-0.93], p=0.038), inferior myocardial infarction (OR: 2.66 [1.10-6.40], p=0.028), wall motion score index ratio (OR: 0.93 [0.88-0.97], p=0.002) and post-percutaneous coronary intervention TIMI flow 3 (OR: 5.84 [1.41-24.22], p=0.015) were determined as independent predictors of RV recovery. Being in the high TnT group 4.2 times, and being in the high NT-proBNP group 5.3 times could predict the failure to achieve RV recovery. Furthermore, when high TnT level was combined with high NT-proBNP level, the odds ratio of failure to achieve RV recovery was the highest (OR: 8.03 [2.59-24.89], p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Lower TnT and lower NT-proBNP level was associated with better improvement in RV function in STEMI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Umut Somuncu
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Fatih Pasa Tatar
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Belma Kalayci
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Avci
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Naile Eris Gudul
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Nail Guven Serbest
- Department of Cardiology, Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Center, Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ali Riza Demir
- Department of Cardiology, Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Center, Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Murat Can
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
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11
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Malagoli A, Albini A, Mandoli GE, Baggiano A, Vinco G, Bandera F, D'Andrea A, Esposito R, D'Ascenzi F, Sorrentino R, Santoro C, Benfari G, Contorni F, Cameli M. Multimodality imaging of the ischemic right ventricle: an overview and proposal of a diagnostic algorithm. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2021; 37:3343-3354. [PMID: 34114150 DOI: 10.1007/s10554-021-02309-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Right ventricular (RV) involvement is frequently detected in patients presenting with acute left ventricular myocardial infarction. The ischemic right ventricle carries a dismal outcome by predisposing the heart to arrhythmic events and mechanical or hemodynamic complications. A comprehensive RV evaluation by multimodality imaging could guide clinical practice but has always been a conundrum for the imagers. Two-dimensional echocardiography is the best first-line tool due to its availability of bedside capabilities. More advanced imaging techniques provide a more comprehensive evaluation of the complex RV geometry but are mostly reserved for the post-acute setting. Three-dimensional echocardiography has improved the evaluation of RV volumes and function. The recent application of speckle-tracking echocardiography to the right ventricle appears promising, allowing the earlier detection of subtle RV dysfunction. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging is considered the gold standard for the RV assessment. Cardiac multidetector computed tomography could be a reliable alternative. The aim of this review is to focus on the growing importance of multimodality imaging of the ischemic right ventricle and to propose a diagnostic algorithm, in order to reach a comprehensive assessment of this too frequently neglected chamber.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Malagoli
- Division of Cardiology, Nephro-Cardiovascular Department, Baggiovara Hospital, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
| | - A Albini
- Division of Cardiology, Nephro-Cardiovascular Department, Policlinico University Hospital of Modena, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - G E Mandoli
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - A Baggiano
- Cardiovascular Imaging Department, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - G Vinco
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - F Bandera
- Cardiology University Department, Heart Failure Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, IRCCS, Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - A D'Andrea
- Division of Cardiology, Umberto I' Hospital Nocera Inferiore (Salerno), Luigi Vanvitelli University, Caserta, Italy
| | - R Esposito
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Science, Federico II University Hospital Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - F D'Ascenzi
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - R Sorrentino
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Science, Federico II University Hospital Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - C Santoro
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Science, Federico II University Hospital Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - G Benfari
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - F Contorni
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - M Cameli
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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12
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Pascale P, Pavon AG, Bogaert J, Bennett J, Monney P, Muller O, Schwitter J, Masci PG. Acute chest pain with ST-segment elevation in lead V1-V3: when you hear hoofbeats, also look for zebras. Clin Res Cardiol 2021; 110:1516-1522. [PMID: 33547960 DOI: 10.1007/s00392-021-01803-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
ST-segment elevation (STE) in the anterior precordial leads is the hallmark of anterior myocardial infarction. In rare cases, this ECG pattern may be due to isolated infarction of the right ventricle since leads V1-V3 directly overlie the right ventricular free wall. Herein, we aimed to provide clues to recognize and understand this diagnostic pitfall through a series of 4 patients presenting with STE in the anterior leads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizio Pascale
- Cardiology Division, Heart and Vessels Department, Lausanne University Hospital, BH 10-982, Rue de Bugnon 46, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Anna Giulia Pavon
- Centre of Cardiac Magnetic Resonance, University Hospital Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jan Bogaert
- Gasthuisberg University Hospitals, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Pierre Monney
- Cardiology Division, Heart and Vessels Department, Lausanne University Hospital, BH 10-982, Rue de Bugnon 46, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Centre of Cardiac Magnetic Resonance, University Hospital Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Muller
- Cardiology Division, Heart and Vessels Department, Lausanne University Hospital, BH 10-982, Rue de Bugnon 46, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Juerg Schwitter
- Cardiology Division, Heart and Vessels Department, Lausanne University Hospital, BH 10-982, Rue de Bugnon 46, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Centre of Cardiac Magnetic Resonance, University Hospital Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pier Giorgio Masci
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital Campus, Westminster Bridge Road, London, UK
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13
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Contaldi C, Capuano F, Romano L, Ranieri B, Ferrara F, Mirto G, Rega S, Cocchia R, Stanziola AA, Ostenfeld E, Dellegrottaglie S, Bossone E, Bonow RO. Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance in Right Heart and Pulmonary Circulation Disorders. Heart Fail Clin 2021; 17:57-75. [PMID: 33220887 DOI: 10.1016/j.hfc.2020.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Right heart and pulmonary circulation disorders are generally caused by right ventricle (RV) pressure overload, volume overload, and cardiomyopathy, and they are associated with distinct clinical courses and therapeutic approaches, although they often may coexist. Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) provides a noninvasive accurate and reproducible multiplanar anatomic and functional assessment, tissue characterization, and blood flow evaluation of the right heart and pulmonary circulation. This article reviews the current status of the CMR, the most recent techniques, the new parameters and their clinical utility in diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic management in the right heart and pulmonary circulation disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Contaldi
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Salerno, Via Enrico de Marinis, Cava de' Tirreni, Salerno 84013, Italy.
| | - Francesco Capuano
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Federico II University of Naples, Via Claudio 21, Naples 80125, Italy
| | - Luigia Romano
- General and Emergency Radiology Division, A Cardarelli Hospital, Via Cardarelli 9, Naples I-80131, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Ferrara
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Salerno, Via Enrico de Marinis, Cava de' Tirreni, Salerno 84013, Italy
| | - Gaetano Mirto
- Clinical Engineering Division, A Cardarelli Hospital, Via Cardarelli 9, Naples I-80131, Italy
| | - Salvatore Rega
- Medical School, Federico II University of Naples, Via Pansini 5, Naples I-80131, Italy
| | - Rosangela Cocchia
- Cardiology Division, A Cardarelli Hospital, Via Cardarelli 9, Naples I-80131, Italy
| | - Anna Agnese Stanziola
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Monaldi Hospital, University "Federico II", Via Leonardo Bianchi, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Ellen Ostenfeld
- Department of Medical Imaging and Physiology, Cardiac Imaging, Skåne University Hospital, Entrégatan 7, Lund 222 42, Sweden
| | - Santo Dellegrottaglie
- Division of Cardiology, Clinica Villa dei Fiori, C.so Italia 157, 80011, Acerra, Naples, Italy
| | - Eduardo Bossone
- Cardiology Division, A Cardarelli Hospital, Via Cardarelli 9, Naples I-80131, Italy
| | - Robert O Bonow
- Department of Medicine-Cardiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 676 North St. Clair Street, Arkes Suite 2330, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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14
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Leiner T, Bogaert J, Friedrich MG, Mohiaddin R, Muthurangu V, Myerson S, Powell AJ, Raman SV, Pennell DJ. SCMR Position Paper (2020) on clinical indications for cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2020; 22:76. [PMID: 33161900 PMCID: PMC7649060 DOI: 10.1186/s12968-020-00682-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (SCMR) last published its comprehensive expert panel report of clinical indications for CMR in 2004. This new Consensus Panel report brings those indications up to date for 2020 and includes the very substantial increase in scanning techniques, clinical applicability and adoption of CMR worldwide. We have used a nearly identical grading system for indications as in 2004 to ensure comparability with the previous report but have added the presence of randomized controlled trials as evidence for level 1 indications. In addition to the text, tables of the consensus indication levels are included for rapid assimilation and illustrative figures of some key techniques are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Leiner
- Department of Radiology, E.01.132, Utrecht University Medical Center, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Jan Bogaert
- Department of Radiology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Imaging and Pathology, Catholic University Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Matthias G Friedrich
- Departments of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology, McGill University, 1001 Decarie Blvd., Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Raad Mohiaddin
- Department of Radiology, Royal Brompton Hospital, Sydney Street, Chelsea, London, SW3 6NP, UK
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Vivek Muthurangu
- Centre for Cardiovascular Imaging, Science & Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, UCL Institute of Cardiovascular, Great Ormond Street, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Saul Myerson
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research (OCMR), University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Andrew J Powell
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Farley, 2nd Floor, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Farley, 2nd Floor, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Subha V Raman
- Krannert Institute of Cardiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 340 West 10th Street, Fairbanks Hall, Suite 6200, Indianapolis, IN, 46202-3082, USA
| | - Dudley J Pennell
- Royal Brompton Hospital, Sydney Street, Chelsea, London, SW3 6NP, UK
- Imperial College, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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15
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Malagoli A, Fanti D, Albini A, Rossi A, Ribichini FL, Benfari G. Echocardiographic Strain Imaging in Coronary Artery Disease. Cardiol Clin 2020; 38:517-526. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccl.2020.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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16
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Josiassen J, Helgestad OKL, Møller JE, Schmidt H, Jensen LO, Holmvang L, Ravn HB, Hassager C. Cardiogenic shock due to predominantly right ventricular failure complicating acute myocardial infarction. EUROPEAN HEART JOURNAL-ACUTE CARDIOVASCULAR CARE 2020; 10:33-39. [PMID: 33620420 DOI: 10.1093/ehjacc/zuaa010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The objective was to describe patient characteristics, interventions, and outcome in acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock (AMICS), due to predominantly right ventricular (RV) failure after revascularization, in comparison with patients suffering from left ventricular (LV) failure as these patients remain sparsely characterized. METHODS AND RESULTS From 2010 to 2017, consecutive AMICS patients admitted to either of two tertiary heart centres, covering 3.9 million citizens, corresponding to two-thirds of the Danish population, were identified and individually reviewed through patient records. A total of 1716 AMICS patients were identified, of which 1482 underwent acute revascularization and included for analysis. Hereof, 101 (7%) patients developed cardiogenic shock due to predominantly RV failure, while 1381 (93%) had significant LV involvement. Female sex was the only demographic factor associated with RV failure (35% vs. 25%, P = 0.01). Despite having a preserved LV ejection fraction, patients with predominantly RV failure were comparable to patients with LV involvement, in terms of haemodynamic and metabolic profile, here among variables commonly used in the cardiogenic shock definition including blood pressure (82 mmHg vs. 83 mmHg, P = 0.90) and lactate level (5.7 mmol/L vs. 5.4 mmol/L, P = 0.70). Patients with RV AMICS had significantly lower 30-day mortality than LV AMICS, and this result persisted after multivariable adjustment (RV vs. LV; hazard ratio 0.61, 95% confidence interval 0.41-0.92, P = 0.01). CONCLUSION In contemporary AMICS patients undergoing revascularization, patients with predominantly RV failure had comparable haemodynamics and metabolic derangement on admission compared to patients with LV failure but was associated with female sex and a significantly lower 30-day mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Josiassen
- Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ole Kristian L Helgestad
- Department of Cardiology, Odense University Hospital, J. B. Winsløws Vej 4, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Jacob E Møller
- Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Cardiology, Odense University Hospital, J. B. Winsløws Vej 4, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Henrik Schmidt
- Department of Cardiothoracic Anaesthesia, Odense University Hospital, Odense, J. B. Winsløws Vej 4, 5000 Denmark
| | - Lisette O Jensen
- Department of Cardiology, Odense University Hospital, J. B. Winsløws Vej 4, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Lene Holmvang
- Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hanne B Ravn
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Cardiothoracic Anaesthesia, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Hassager
- Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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17
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Taverne YJHJ, Sadeghi A, Bartelds B, Bogers AJJC, Merkus D. Right ventricular phenotype, function, and failure: a journey from evolution to clinics. Heart Fail Rev 2020; 26:1447-1466. [PMID: 32556672 PMCID: PMC8510935 DOI: 10.1007/s10741-020-09982-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The right ventricle has long been perceived as the "low pressure bystander" of the left ventricle. Although the structure consists of, at first glance, the same cardiomyocytes as the left ventricle, it is in fact derived from a different set of precursor cells and has a complex three-dimensional anatomy and a very distinct contraction pattern. Mechanisms of right ventricular failure, its detection and follow-up, and more specific different responses to pressure versus volume overload are still incompletely understood. In order to fully comprehend right ventricular form and function, evolutionary biological entities that have led to the specifics of right ventricular physiology and morphology need to be addressed. Processes responsible for cardiac formation are based on very ancient cardiac lineages and within the first few weeks of fetal life, the human heart seems to repeat cardiac evolution. Furthermore, it appears that most cardiogenic signal pathways (if not all) act in combination with tissue-specific transcriptional cofactors to exert inductive responses reflecting an important expansion of ancestral regulatory genes throughout evolution and eventually cardiac complexity. Such molecular entities result in specific biomechanics of the RV that differs from that of the left ventricle. It is clear that sole descriptions of right ventricular contraction patterns (and LV contraction patterns for that matter) are futile and need to be addressed into a bigger multilayer three-dimensional picture. Therefore, we aim to present a complete picture from evolution, formation, and clinical presentation of right ventricular (mal)adaptation and failure on a molecular, cellular, biomechanical, and (patho)anatomical basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick J H J Taverne
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, Room Rg627, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015, GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. .,Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. .,Unit for Cardiac Morphology and Translational Electrophysiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Amir Sadeghi
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, Room Rg627, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015, GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Beatrijs Bartelds
- Division of Pediatrics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ad J J C Bogers
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, Room Rg627, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015, GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daphne Merkus
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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18
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Reindl M, Eitel I, Reinstadler SJ. Role of Cardiac Magnetic Resonance to Improve Risk Prediction Following Acute ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E1041. [PMID: 32272692 PMCID: PMC7231095 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9041041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging allows comprehensive assessment of myocardial function and tissue characterization in a single examination after acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Markers of myocardial infarct severity determined by CMR imaging, especially infarct size and microvascular obstruction, strongly predict recurrent cardiovascular events and mortality. The prognostic information provided by a comprehensive CMR analysis is incremental to conventional risk factors including left ventricular ejection fraction. As such, CMR parameters of myocardial tissue damage are increasingly recognized for optimized risk stratification to further ameliorate the burden of recurrent cardiovascular events in this population. In this review, we provide an overview of the current impact of CMR imaging on optimized risk assessment soon after acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Reindl
- University Clinic of Internal Medicine III, Cardiology and Angiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
| | - Ingo Eitel
- University Heart Center Lübeck, Medical Clinic II (Cardiology/Angiology/Intensive Care Medicine), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany;
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Sebastian Johannes Reinstadler
- University Clinic of Internal Medicine III, Cardiology and Angiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
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19
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Awad EML, Mahmoud AH, Maghrby KS, Taha NM, Ibrahim AM. Short-term prognostic value of TAPSE, RVFAC and Tricuspid S' wave peak systolic velocity after first acute myocardial infarction. BMC Res Notes 2020; 13:196. [PMID: 32238188 PMCID: PMC7333336 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-020-05040-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Right ventricular dysfunction impacts the prognosis of various heart diseases. We set-out to examine which right ventricular functional parameters after STEMI and NSTEMI have prognostic value. Of 297 eligible participants, 266 (149 STEMI and 117 NSTEMI) completed follow-up. All patients underwent Grace score and 2D-echocardiography within 24 h. Outcome was defined as occurrence of Major Adverse Cardiovascular events (MACE), such as death, recurrent ischaemia, arrhythmia, reinfarction, stroke or heart failure, within 30 days. Patients were categorized into patients with MACE and patients without MACE. Results In STEMI-patients, compared to those without MACE, patients with MACE experienced higher grace score, left ventricle (LV) end-systolic volume, LV end-systolic dimension and wall motion score index values, but lower tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion, right ventricle (RV) fractional area change, Tricuspid S’ wave peak systolic velocity and LV ejection fraction. Nevertheless, in NSTEMI-patients, those with MACE exhibited higher left atrial volume index values, but lower tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion, RV fractional area change, S’ wave peak systolic velocity and LVEF. Right ventricular fractional area change < 37.5%, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion < 15.8 mm and Tricuspid S’ peak systolic velocity < 9.67 cm/s are independent predictors of MACE within first 30 days after STEMI and NSTEMI.
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20
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Mak SM, Gopalan D. Right ventricle in adulthood: CT and MR assessment. Postgrad Med J 2020; 96:487-494. [PMID: 32184259 DOI: 10.1136/postgradmedj-2019-137220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Anatomical complexities coupled with a protracted subclinical disease course, particularly in the early stages, makes the right ventricle (RV) the less studied entity when compared with the left. RV failure is an important predictor of survival in patients with cardiovascular disease. Technological advances have made it possible to visualise and characterise a variety of diseases that affect the RV. This review article will give a broad overview of the main RV pathology to general radiologists in particular those that manifest in adulthood. Congenital heart disease is a vast topic that is beyond the scope of this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sze Mun Mak
- Radiology Department, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, London, UK
| | - Deepa Gopalan
- Radiology, Imperial College NHS Trust, London and Cambridge University Hospital, Cambridge, UK
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21
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Prognostic value of cardiovascular magnetic resonance in patients with biopsy-proven systemic sarcoidosis. Eur Radiol 2020; 30:3702-3710. [PMID: 32166494 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-020-06765-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES As prognosis in sarcoidosis is determined by cardiac involvement, the objective was to study the added value of cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) in risk stratification. METHODS In 114 patients (48 ± 12 years/52% male) with biopsy-proven sarcoidosis, we studied the value of clinical and CMR-derived parameters to predict future events, using sustained ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, aborted cardiac death, implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) placement with appropriate shocks, hospitalization for heart failure, and death as composite endpoint. Median follow-up after CMR was 3.1 years (1.1-5.7 years). RESULTS The ejection fraction (EF) was 58.2 ± 9.1% and 54.7 ± 10.8% for left ventricle (LV) and right ventricle (RV), respectively. LV late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) was present in 40 patients (35%) involving 5.1% of the LV mass (IQR, 3.0-12.0%), with concomitant RV involvement in 12 patients (11%). T2-weighting imaging and/or T2 mapping showed active disease in 14 patients. The composite endpoint was reached in 34 patients, with 7 deaths in the LGE-positive group (17.5%), versus two deaths in the LGE-negative group (2.7%) (p = 0.015). At univariate analysis, RVEF (p = 0.009), pulmonary arterial pressure (p = 0.002), and presence of LGE (p < 0.001) and LGE (% of LV) (p < 0.001) were significant. At multivariate analysis, only presence of LGE and LGE (% of LV) was significant (both p = 0.03). At Kaplan-Meier, presence of LGE and an LGE of 3% predicted event-free survival and patient survival. We found no difference in active versus inactive disease with regard to patient survival. CONCLUSION Myocardial enhancement at LGE-CMR adds independent prognostic value in risk stratification sarcoidosis patients. In contrast, clinical as well as functional cardiac parameters lack discriminative power. KEY POINTS • Sarcoidosis often affects the heart. • Comprehensive CMR, including T2 imaging and LGE enhancement CMR, allows to depict both active and inactive myocardial damage. • Patient prognosis in sarcoidosis is determined by the presence and severity of myocardial involvement at LGE CMR.
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22
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Pham V, Midey C, Georges JL, Lefevre G, Blicq E, Charbonnel C, Legriel S, Livarek B. [Isolated right ventricular acute myocardial infarction mimicking anterior infarction]. Ann Cardiol Angeiol (Paris) 2019; 68:389-393. [PMID: 31540702 DOI: 10.1016/j.ancard.2019.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Isolated right ventricular acute myocardial infarction is rare and its presentation can sometimes mimic an anterior ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. We reported two cases of isolated right ventricular acute myocardial infarction presenting with a ST-elevation in anterior leads. The first case was admitted for an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest due to ventricular fibrillation. The patient died from neurologic consequences of the cardiac arrest, despite a successful prehospital thrombolysis, followed by a percutaneous angioplasty of the right coronary artery. The second case occurred after a complex percutaneous angioplasty of the right coronary artery, complicated by a total occlusion of a right marginal branch. These two cases illustrate the limits of the ECG for the diagnosis of isolated right ventricular acute infarction, and the difficulties of the differential diagnosis with anterior infarction, which may determine the treatment and the prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Pham
- Service de cardiologie, centre hospitalier de Versailles, hôpital André Mignot, 177 rue de Versailles, 78150 Le Chesnay, France
| | - C Midey
- Service de cardiologie, centre hospitalier de Versailles, hôpital André Mignot, 177 rue de Versailles, 78150 Le Chesnay, France
| | - J L Georges
- Service de cardiologie, centre hospitalier de Versailles, hôpital André Mignot, 177 rue de Versailles, 78150 Le Chesnay, France.
| | - G Lefevre
- Service de cardiologie, centre hospitalier de Versailles, hôpital André Mignot, 177 rue de Versailles, 78150 Le Chesnay, France
| | - E Blicq
- Service de cardiologie, centre hospitalier de Versailles, hôpital André Mignot, 177 rue de Versailles, 78150 Le Chesnay, France
| | - C Charbonnel
- Service de cardiologie, centre hospitalier de Versailles, hôpital André Mignot, 177 rue de Versailles, 78150 Le Chesnay, France
| | - S Legriel
- Service de réanimation médicale, Centre Hospitalier de Versailles, Hôpital André Mignot, 78150 Le Chesnay, France
| | - B Livarek
- Service de cardiologie, centre hospitalier de Versailles, hôpital André Mignot, 177 rue de Versailles, 78150 Le Chesnay, France
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Goedemans L, Hoogslag GE, Abou R, Schalij MJ, Marsan NA, Bax JJ, Delgado V. ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction in Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Prognostic Implications of Right Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction as Assessed with Two-Dimensional Speckle-Tracking Echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2019; 32:1277-1285. [PMID: 31311703 DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2019.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Right ventricular (RV) systolic function in patients admitted with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and its impact on prognosis have not been characterized. The present study aims to compare the prevalence of RV systolic dysfunction in COPD versus non-COPD patients with STEMI and evaluate the prognostic implications. METHODS One hundred seventeen STEMI patients with COPD with transthoracic echocardiography performed within 48 hours of admission were retrospectively selected. Matched on age, gender, and infarct size (determined by cardiac biomarkers and left ventricular ejection fraction [LVEF]), 207 non-COPD patients were selected. RV dysfunction was defined based on tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion <17 mm (TAPSE), tricuspid annular systolic velocity <6 cm/s (S'), RV fractional area change <35% (FAC), and RV longitudinal free wall strain (FWSL) measured with speckle-tracking echocardiography >-20%. Patients were followed for the occurrence of all-cause mortality. RESULTS RV assessment was feasible in 112 COPD and 199 non-COPD patients (mean age, 69 ± 10; 74% male; mean, LVEF 47% ± 8%). Patients with COPD had significantly lower RV FAC (38% ± 11% vs 40% ± 9%; P = .04), equal TAPSE and S' (17.9 ± 3.7 vs 18.1 ± 3.8 mm, P = .72; and 8.4 ± 2.2 vs 8.5 ± 2.2 cm/sec, P = .605, respectively) and more impaired RV FWSL (-21.1% ± 6.6% vs -23.4% ± 6.5%, P = .005), compared with patients without COPD. RV dysfunction was more prevalent in patients with COPD, particularly when assessed with RV FWSL (46% vs 32%; P = .021). During a median follow-up of 30 (interquartile range 1.5-44) months, 49 patients died (16%). Multivariate models stratified for COPD status showed that RV FWS >-20% was independently associated with 5-year all-cause mortality (hazard ratio, 2.05; 95% CI, 1.12-3.76; P = .020), after adjusting for age, diabetes, peak troponin level, and LVEF. Interestingly, RV FAC < 35%, S'< 6 cm/sec, and TAPSE < 17 mm were not independently associated with survival. CONCLUSION In a STEMI population with relatively preserved LVEF, COPD patients had significantly worse RV FWSL compared with patients without COPD. Moreover, RV FWSL > -20% was independently associated with worse survival. In contrast, conventional parameters were not associated with survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurien Goedemans
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Georgette E Hoogslag
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rachid Abou
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Martin J Schalij
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nina Ajmone Marsan
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen J Bax
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Victoria Delgado
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Santangelo S, Fabris E, Stolfo D, Merlo M, Vitrella G, Rakar S, Barbati G, Falco L, Lardieri G, Perkan A, Sinagra G. Right Ventricular Dysfunction in Right Coronary Artery Infarction: A Primary PCI Registry Analysis. CARDIOVASCULAR REVASCULARIZATION MEDICINE 2019; 21:189-194. [PMID: 31189522 DOI: 10.1016/j.carrev.2019.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Right ventricular involvement in inferior myocardial infarction (MI) was historically associated with a poor prognosis. However, few studies addressed the impact of right ventricular (RV) dysfunction in the primary percutaneous intervention (pPCI) era. Our aim was to assess the prognostic significance of RV dysfunction in right coronary artery (RCA) related MI treated with pPCI. METHODS A total of 298 patients with a RCA related MI undergone pPCI between January 2011 and June 2015 were included. RV dysfunction was defined by a RV-FAC <35% at echocardiographic examination and further divided into mild (RV-FAC between 35 and 25%) and moderate-severe (RV-FAC <25%). RV function before discharge was reassessed in 95% of the study cohort. The primary endpoint was overall mortality. Median follow-up was 29 months. RESULTS In RCA related MI, moderate-severe (HR 5.882, p = 0.002, 95% CI 1.882-18.385) but not mild RV dysfunction independently predicted lower survival at follow-up along with age (HR 1.104, p <0.001, CI 1.045-1.167). Importantly, patients recovering RV function at discharge showed a lower mortality (p = 0.001) vs patients with persistent moderate-severe RV dysfunction) that approached the risk of patients without RV dysfunction at presentation. CONCLUSION In RCA related MI treated with pPCI, RV dysfunction was one of the strongest independent predictor of lower overall survival. However, patients with only transient RV dysfunction showed a better prognosis compared to patients who had persistent RV dysfunction. The focus on intensive support management of the RV in the first hours after pPCI may be important to overcome the acute phase and to promote RV recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Santangelo
- Cardiology Department, Azienda Sanitaria-Universitaria Integrata of Trieste "ASUITS", Trieste, Italy.
| | - Enrico Fabris
- Cardiology Department, Azienda Sanitaria-Universitaria Integrata of Trieste "ASUITS", Trieste, Italy
| | - Davide Stolfo
- Cardiology Department, Azienda Sanitaria-Universitaria Integrata of Trieste "ASUITS", Trieste, Italy
| | - Marco Merlo
- Cardiology Department, Azienda Sanitaria-Universitaria Integrata of Trieste "ASUITS", Trieste, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Vitrella
- Cardiology Department, Azienda Sanitaria-Universitaria Integrata of Trieste "ASUITS", Trieste, Italy
| | - Serena Rakar
- Cardiology Department, Azienda Sanitaria-Universitaria Integrata of Trieste "ASUITS", Trieste, Italy
| | - Giulia Barbati
- Biostatistic Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Luca Falco
- Cardiology Department, Azienda Sanitaria-Universitaria Integrata of Trieste "ASUITS", Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Perkan
- Cardiology Department, Azienda Sanitaria-Universitaria Integrata of Trieste "ASUITS", Trieste, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Sinagra
- Cardiology Department, Azienda Sanitaria-Universitaria Integrata of Trieste "ASUITS", Trieste, Italy
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Sanz J, Sánchez-Quintana D, Bossone E, Bogaard HJ, Naeije R. Anatomy, Function, and Dysfunction of the Right Ventricle. J Am Coll Cardiol 2019; 73:1463-1482. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.12.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Galea N, Dacquino GM, Ammendola RM, Coco S, Agati L, De Luca L, Carbone I, Fedele F, Catalano C, Francone M. Microvascular obstruction extent predicts major adverse cardiovascular events in patients with acute myocardial infarction and preserved ejection fraction. Eur Radiol 2018; 29:2369-2377. [PMID: 30552479 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-018-5895-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the prognostic role of early post-infarction cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) on long-term risk stratification of ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). METHODS Seventy-seven STEMI patients treated by primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and LVEF > 50% at CMR were included. The median time between STEMI and CMR was 5 days (IQR 2-8). LV volumes and function, area at risk (on T2 weighted images), infarcted myocardium (on late enhanced images), intramyocardial hemorrhage, and early and late microvascular obstruction (MVO) were detected and measured. CMR tissue determinants were correlated with the incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) over a 5-year follow-up. RESULTS During median follow-up of 4 years (range 3 to 5 years), eight (10%) patients experienced MACE, yielding an annualized event rate of 2.1%. All CMR tissue markers were not significantly different between MACE and no-MACE patients, except for the presence of late MVO (50% vs. 16%, respectively; p = 0.044) and its extent (2.30 ± 1.64 g vs. 0.18 ± 0.12 g, respectively; p = 0.000). From receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve (area under the curve 0.89; 95% confidence interval, 0.75-1.0; p = 0.000), late MVO extent > 0.385 g was a strong independent predictor of MACE at long-term follow-up (sensitivity = 87%, specificity = 90%; hazard ratio = 2.24; 95% confidence interval, 1.51-3.33; p = 0.000). CONCLUSIONS Late MVO extent after primary PCI on CMR seems to be a strong predictor of MACE at 5-year follow-up in patients with LVEF > 50%. Noticeably, late MVO extent > 0.385 g provided relevant prognostic insights leading to improved long-term risk stratification. KEY POINTS • Tissue markers provided by cardiac magnetic resonance aid in prognostic stratification after myocardial infarction • The occurrence of late microvascular obstruction after acute myocardial infarction increases risk of major adverse events at 5-year follow-up. • The greater microvascular obstruction extent on late gadolinium enhanced images is related to an increased risk of adverse events in patients with myocardial infarction and preserved left ventricular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Galea
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Pathological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome "Sapienza", Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy.,Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Gian Marco Dacquino
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Pathological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome "Sapienza", Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosa Maria Ammendola
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Pathological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome "Sapienza", Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Coco
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Pathological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome "Sapienza", Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Luciano Agati
- Department of Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Nephrologic, Anesthesiologic and Geriatric Sciences, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Laura De Luca
- Department of Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Nephrologic, Anesthesiologic and Geriatric Sciences, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Iacopo Carbone
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Pathological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome "Sapienza", Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Fedele
- Department of Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Nephrologic, Anesthesiologic and Geriatric Sciences, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Catalano
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Pathological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome "Sapienza", Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Francone
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Pathological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome "Sapienza", Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy.
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Vieillard-Baron A, Naeije R, Haddad F, Bogaard HJ, Bull TM, Fletcher N, Lahm T, Magder S, Orde S, Schmidt G, Pinsky MR. Diagnostic workup, etiologies and management of acute right ventricle failure : A state-of-the-art paper. Intensive Care Med 2018; 44:774-790. [PMID: 29744563 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-018-5172-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This is a state-of-the-art article of the diagnostic process, etiologies and management of acute right ventricular (RV) failure in critically ill patients. It is based on a large review of previously published articles in the field, as well as the expertise of the authors. RESULTS The authors propose the ten key points and directions for future research in the field. RV failure (RVF) is frequent in the ICU, magnified by the frequent need for positive pressure ventilation. While no universal definition of RVF is accepted, we propose that RVF may be defined as a state in which the right ventricle is unable to meet the demands for blood flow without excessive use of the Frank-Starling mechanism (i.e. increase in stroke volume associated with increased preload). Both echocardiography and hemodynamic monitoring play a central role in the evaluation of RVF in the ICU. Management of RVF includes treatment of the causes, respiratory optimization and hemodynamic support. The administration of fluids is potentially deleterious and unlikely to lead to improvement in cardiac output in the majority of cases. Vasopressors are needed in the setting of shock to restore the systemic pressure and avoid RV ischemia; inotropic drug or inodilator therapies may also be needed. In the most severe cases, recent mechanical circulatory support devices are proposed to unload the RV and improve organ perfusion CONCLUSION: RV function evaluation is key in the critically-ill patients for hemodynamic management, as fluid optimization, vasopressor strategy and respiratory support. RV failure may be diagnosed by the association of different devices and parameters, while echocardiography is crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Vieillard-Baron
- Service de Réanimation, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Hospital Ambroise Paré, 92100, Boulogne-Billancourt, France.
- INSERM U-1018, CESP, Team 5, University of Versailles Saint-Quentin en Yvelines, Villejuif, France.
| | - R Naeije
- Professor Emeritus at the Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - F Haddad
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford, USA
| | - H J Bogaard
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - T M Bull
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - N Fletcher
- Department of Cardiothoracic Critical Care, St Georges University Hospital NHS Trust, London, SW17 0QT, UK
| | - T Lahm
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Occupational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine and Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - S Magder
- Department of Critical Care, McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Blvd, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - S Orde
- Intensive Care Unit, Nepean Hospital, Kingswood, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - G Schmidt
- Department of Internal Medicine and Critical Care, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA
| | - M R Pinsky
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
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Foschi M, Di Mauro M, Tancredi F, Capparuccia C, Petroni R, Leonzio L, Romano S, Gallina S, Penco M, Cibelli M, Calafiore A. The Dark Side of the Moon: The Right Ventricle. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2017; 4:jcdd4040018. [PMID: 29367547 PMCID: PMC5753119 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd4040018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this review article is to summarize current knowledge of the pathophysiology underlying right ventricular failure (RVF), focusing, in particular, on right ventricular assessment and prognosis. The right ventricle (RV) can tolerate volume overload well, but is not able to sustain pressure overload. Right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH), as a response to increased afterload, can be adaptive or maladaptive. The easiest and most common way to assess the RV is by two-dimensional (2D) trans-thoracic echocardiography measuring surrogate indexes, such as tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), fractional area change (FAC), and tissue Doppler velocity of the lateral aspect of the tricuspid valvular plane. However, both volumes and function are better estimated by 3D echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR). The prognostic role of the RV in heart failure (HF), pulmonary hypertension (PH), acute myocardial infarction (AMI), and cardiac surgery has been overlooked for many years. However, several recent studies have placed much greater importance on the RV in prognostic assessments. In conclusion, RV dimensions and function should be routinely assessed in cardiovascular disease, as RVF has a significant impact on disease prognosis. In the presence of RVF, different therapeutic approaches, either pharmacological or surgical, may be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michele Di Mauro
- Chair of Cardiology, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Fabrizio Tancredi
- Department of Heart Disease, SS Annunziata Hospital, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Carlo Capparuccia
- Department of Heart Disease, SS Annunziata Hospital, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Renata Petroni
- Chair of Cardiology, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Luigi Leonzio
- Department of Heart Disease, SS Annunziata Hospital, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Silvio Romano
- Chair of Cardiology, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Sabina Gallina
- Cardiology, University "Gabriele D'Annunzio"of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Maria Penco
- Chair of Cardiology, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Mario Cibelli
- Department of Cardiothoracic Anaesthesia, University Hospitals Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK.
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Tanabe Y, Kido T, Kurata A, Kouchi T, Fukuyama N, Yokoi T, Uetani T, Yamashita N, Miyagawa M, Mochizuki T. Late iodine enhancement computed tomography with image subtraction for assessment of myocardial infarction. Eur Radiol 2017; 28:1285-1292. [DOI: 10.1007/s00330-017-5048-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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30
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Aquaro GD, Di Bella G, Castelletti S, Maestrini V, Festa P, Ait-Ali L, Masci PG, Monti L, di Giovine G, De Lazzari M, Cipriani A, Guaricci AI, Dellegrottaglie S, Pepe A, Marra MP, Pontone G. Clinical recommendations of cardiac magnetic resonance, Part I: ischemic and valvular heart disease: a position paper of the working group 'Applicazioni della Risonanza Magnetica' of the Italian Society of Cardiology. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 2017; 18:197-208. [PMID: 28072628 DOI: 10.2459/jcm.0000000000000498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) has emerged as a reliable and accurate diagnostic tool for the evaluation of patients with cardiac disease in several clinical settings and with proven additional diagnostic and prognostic value compared with other imaging modalities. This document has been developed by the working group on the 'application of CMR' of the Italian Society of Cardiology to provide a perspective on the current state of technical advances and clinical applications of CMR and to inform cardiologists on how to implement their clinical and diagnostic pathways with the inclusion of this technique in clinical practice. The writing committee consisted of members of the working group of the Italian Society of Cardiology and two external peer reviewers with acknowledged experience in the field of CMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Donato Aquaro
- aU.O.C. Risonanza Magnetica per Immagini, Fondazione G. Monasterio CNR-Regione Toscana Pisa bUO Cardiologia, Università di Messina, Messina cIstituto Auxologico Italiano, Milano dDepartment of Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Geriatric, Anesthesiologic and Nephrologic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy eCentre for Cardiac MR, Cardiology Unit, University Hospital Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland fU.O. Radiologia Diagnostica, Humanitas Hospital, Milan gDivision of Cardiology, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria 'Maggiore della Carità', Eastern Piemont University, Novara hU.O. Clinica Cardiologica, Dipartimento di Scienze Cardiologiche, Toraciche e Vascolari, Università di Padova, Padua iUnità Operativa di Cardiologia Universitaria Dipartimento di Emergenze e Trapianti di Organi (D.E.T.O.) Azienda Ospedaliera Policlinico Consorziale di Bari, Bari jLaboratorio di RM Cardiovascolare Divisione di Cardiologia Clinica Villa dei Fiori, Acerra kU.O. Cardiologia, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, Milano, Italy
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Role of Two-Dimensional Speckle-Tracking Echocardiography Strain in the Assessment of Right Ventricular Systolic Function and Comparison with Conventional Parameters. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2017; 30:937-946.e6. [PMID: 28803684 DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2017.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Despite the already well-known role the right side of the heart plays in many diseases, right ventricular (RV) function has only recently been carefully considered. Echocardiography is the first-line diagnostic technique for the assessment of the right ventricle and right atrium, whereas cardiac magnetic resonance is considered the gold standard but is limited by cost and availability. According to the current guidelines, systolic RV function should be assessed by several conventional measurements, but the efficacy of these parameters as diagnostic and prognostic tools has been questioned by many authors. The development in recent years of myocardial deformation imaging techniques and their application to the right heart chambers has allowed deeper evaluation of the importance of RV function in the pathophysiology of a large number of cardiovascular conditions, but the real value of this new tool has not been completely clarified. The aim of this review is to provide a wide and careful analysis of findings available in the literature about the assessment of RV systolic function by strain measurements, comparing them with conventional parameters and evaluating their role in several clinical settings.
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Khan JN, McCann GP. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging assessment of outcomes in acute myocardial infarction. World J Cardiol 2017; 9:109-133. [PMID: 28289525 PMCID: PMC5329738 DOI: 10.4330/wjc.v9.i2.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging uniquely characterizes myocardial and microvascular injury in acute myocardial infarction (AMI), providing powerful surrogate markers of outcomes. The last 10 years have seen an exponential increase in AMI studies utilizing CMR based endpoints. This article provides a contemporary, comprehensive review of the powerful role of CMR imaging in the assessment of outcomes in AMI. The theory, assessment techniques, chronology, importance in predicting left ventricular function and remodelling, and prognostic value of each CMR surrogate marker is described in detail. Major studies illustrating the importance of the markers are summarized, providing an up to date review of the literature base in CMR imaging in AMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamal N Khan
- Jamal N Khan, Gerry P McCann, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester and the NIHR Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester LE3 9QP, United Kingdom
| | - Gerry P McCann
- Jamal N Khan, Gerry P McCann, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester and the NIHR Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester LE3 9QP, United Kingdom
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Hamo CE, Klem I, Rao SV, Songco V, Najjar S, Lakatta EG, Raman SV, Harrington RA, Heitner JF. The Systematic Evaluation of Identifying the Infarct Related Artery Utilizing Cardiac Magnetic Resonance in Patients Presenting with ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169108. [PMID: 28060863 PMCID: PMC5218460 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identification of the infarct-related artery (IRA) in patients with STEMI using coronary angiography (CA) is often based on the ECG and can be challenging in patients with severe multi-vessel disease. The current study aimed to determine how often percutaneous intervention (PCI) is performed in a coronary artery different from the artery supplying the territory of acute infarction on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR). METHODS We evaluated 113 patients from the Reduction of infarct Expansion and Ventricular remodeling with Erythropoetin After Large myocardial infarction (REVEAL) trial, who underwent CMR within 4±2 days of revascularization. Blinded reviewers interpreted CA to determine the IRA and CMR to determine the location of infarction on a 17-segment model. In patients with multiple infarcts on CMR, acuity was determined with T2-weighted imaging and/or evidence of microvascular obstruction. RESULTS A total of 5 (4%) patients were found to have a mismatch between the IRA identified on CMR and CA. In 4/5 cases, there were multiple infarcts noted on CMR. Thirteen patients (11.5%) had multiple infarcts in separate territories on CMR with 4 patients (3.5%) having multiple acute infarcts and 9 patients (8%) having both acute and chronic infarcts. CONCLUSIONS In this select population of patients, the identification of the IRA by CA was incorrect in 4% of patients presenting with STEMI. Four patients with a mismatch had an acute infarction in more than one coronary artery territory on CMR. The role of CMR in patients presenting with STEMI with multi-vessel disease on CA deserves further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine E. Hamo
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University Hospital, Stony Brook New York, United States of America
| | - Igor Klem
- The Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sunil V. Rao
- The Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Vincent Songco
- Division of Cardiology, New York Methodist Hospital, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Samer Najjar
- MedStar Health Research Institute, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Aging, the National Institute of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Edward G. Lakatta
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Aging, the National Institute of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Subha V. Raman
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Robert A. Harrington
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - John F. Heitner
- Division of Cardiology, New York Methodist Hospital, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
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Gorter TM, Lexis CPH, Hummel YM, Lipsic E, Nijveldt R, Willems TP, van der Horst ICC, van der Harst P, van Melle JP, van Veldhuisen DJ. Right Ventricular Function After Acute Myocardial Infarction Treated With Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (from the Glycometabolic Intervention as Adjunct to Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction III Trial). Am J Cardiol 2016; 118:338-44. [PMID: 27265672 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Right ventricular (RV) dysfunction is a powerful risk marker after acute myocardial infarction (MI). Primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has markedly reduced myocardial damage of the left ventricle, but reliable data on RV damage using cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are scarce. In a recent trial of patients with acute MI treated with primary PCI, in which the primary end point was left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction after 4 months measured with MRI, we conducted a prospectively defined substudy in which we examined RV function. RV ejection fraction (RVEF) and RV scar size were measured with MRI at 4 months. Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) and RV free wall longitudinal strain (FWLS) were assessed using echocardiography before discharge and at 4 months. We studied 258 patients without diabetes mellitus; their mean age was 58 ± 11 years, 79% men and mean LV ejection fraction was 54 ± 8%. Before discharge, 5.2% of patients had TAPSE <17 mm, 32% had FWLS > -20% and 11% had FWLS > -15%. During 4 months, TAPSE increased from 22.8 ± 3.6 to 25.1 ± 3.9 mm (p <0.001) and FWLS increased from -22.6 ± 5.8 to -25.9 ± 4.7% (p <0.001). After 4 months, mean RVEF on MRI was 64.1 ± 5.2% and RV scar was detected in 5 patients (2%). There was no correlation between LV scar size and RVEF (p = 0.9), TAPSE (p = 0.1), or RV FWLS (p = 0.9). In conclusion, RV dysfunction is reversible in most patients and permanent RV ischemic injury is very uncommon 4 months after acute MI treated with primary PCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Gorter
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Chris P H Lexis
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Yoran M Hummel
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Erik Lipsic
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Robin Nijveldt
- Department of Cardiology, Vrije University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tineke P Willems
- Department of Radiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Iwan C C van der Horst
- Department of Critical Care, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Pim van der Harst
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Joost P van Melle
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Dirk J van Veldhuisen
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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Shahar K, Darawsha W, Yalonetsky S, Lessick J, Kapeliovich M, Dragu R, Mutlak D, Reisner S, Agmon Y, Aronson D. Time Dependence of the Effect of Right Ventricular Dysfunction on Clinical Outcomes After Myocardial Infarction: Role of Pulmonary Hypertension. J Am Heart Assoc 2016; 5:JAHA.116.003606. [PMID: 27402233 PMCID: PMC5015396 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.116.003606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background The clinical importance of right ventricular (RV) function in acute myocardial infarction is well recognized, but the impact of concomitant pulmonary hypertension (PH) has not been studied. Methods and Results We studied 1044 patients with acute myocardial infarction. Patients were classified into 4 groups according to the presence or absence of RV dysfunction and PH, defined as pulmonary artery systolic pressure >35 mm Hg: normal right ventricle without PH (n=509), normal right ventricle and PH (n=373), RV dysfunction without PH (n=64), and RV dysfunction and PH (n=98). A landmark analysis of early (admission to 30 days) and late (31 days to 8 years) mortality and readmission for heart failure was performed. In the first 30 days, RV dysfunction without PH was associated with a high mortality risk (adjusted hazard ratio 5.56, 95% CI 2.05–15.09, P<0.0001 compared with normal RV and no PH). In contrast, after 30 days, mortality rates among patients with RV dysfunction were increased only when PH was also present. Compared with patients having neither RV dysfunction nor PH, the adjusted hazard ratio for mortality was 1.44 (95% CI 0.68–3.04, P=0.34) in RV dysfunction without PH and 2.52 (95% CI 1.64–3.87, P<0.0001) in RV dysfunction with PH. PH with or without RV dysfunction was associated with increased risk for heart failure. Conclusion In the absence of elevated pulmonary pressures, the risk associated with RV dysfunction after acute myocardial infarction is entirely confined to the first 30 days. Beyond 30 days, PH is the stronger risk factor for long‐term mortality and readmission for heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keren Shahar
- Department of Cardiology, Rambam Medical Center and the Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Wisam Darawsha
- Department of Cardiology, Rambam Medical Center and the Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Sergey Yalonetsky
- Department of Cardiology, Rambam Medical Center and the Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Jonathan Lessick
- Department of Cardiology, Rambam Medical Center and the Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Michael Kapeliovich
- Department of Cardiology, Rambam Medical Center and the Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Robert Dragu
- Department of Cardiology, Rambam Medical Center and the Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Diab Mutlak
- Department of Cardiology, Rambam Medical Center and the Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Shimon Reisner
- Department of Cardiology, Rambam Medical Center and the Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yoram Agmon
- Department of Cardiology, Rambam Medical Center and the Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Doron Aronson
- Department of Cardiology, Rambam Medical Center and the Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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Yalonetsky S, Aronson D. Biventricular Rupture with Extracardiac Left-to-Right Shunt Complicating Acute Myocardial Infarction. Cardiology 2016; 134:389-93. [PMID: 27116600 DOI: 10.1159/000444579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Simultaneous rupture of the left and right ventricles is an extremely rare mechanical complication of acute myocardial infarction (MI). When associated with the formation of a false aneurysm, an extracardiac left-to-right shunt may occur. METHODS We summarized all published data describing this unique condition. We searched the PubMed and Google Scholar databases for case reports in peer-reviewed journals from 1 January 1980 to 1 May 2015. We identified 16 articles describing 17 cases. RESULTS In all but 1 case, biventricular wall rupture (BVWR) resulted from an inferior MI. The clinical presentations of BVWR were variable and included cardiogenic shock, congestive heart failure and an absence of any cardiac symptoms. In most cases, there was a hemodynamically significant left-to-right shunt, with pulmonary to systemic blood flow (Qp/Qs) >2. Diagnostic difficulties were reported in most cases, and some patients were initially misdiagnosed as having ventricular septal rupture (VSR). Surgical closure of the defect was successful in most cases, and some asymptomatic patients were managed conservatively. CONCLUSION BVWR with an intact interventricular septum and extracardiac left-to-right shunt is a rare mechanical complication of acute MI, often misdiagnosed as VSR. It has a variable clinical course, probably related to the magnitude of the shunt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Yalonetsky
- Department of Cardiology, Rambam Healthcare Campus and the Ruth & Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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Acute Complications of Myocardial Infarction in the Current Era: Diagnosis and Management. J Investig Med 2016; 63:844-55. [PMID: 26295381 DOI: 10.1097/jim.0000000000000232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Coronary heart disease is a major cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. The incidence of mechanical complications of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) has gone down to less than 1% since the advent of percutaneous coronary intervention, but although mortality resulting from AMI has gone down in recent years, the burden remains high. Mechanical complications of AMI include cardiogenic shock, free wall rupture, ventricular septal rupture, acute mitral regurgitation, and right ventricular infarction. Detailed knowledge of the complications and their risk factors can help clinicians in making an early diagnosis. Prompt diagnosis with appropriate medical therapy and timely surgical intervention are necessary for favorable outcomes.
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Protective Effects of Sheng-Mai-San on Right Ventricular Dysfunction during Chronic Intermittent Hypoxia in Mice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 2016:4682786. [PMID: 27073402 PMCID: PMC4814671 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4682786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Right ventricular (RV) dysfunction and failure contribute to the increasing morbidity and mortality of cardiovascular diseases; however, current treatment strategies are grossly inadequate. Sheng-Mai-San (SMS) has been used to treat heart diseases for hundreds of years in China, and its protective effects on RV have not been observed. The present study was to investigate the protective effects of SMS aqueous extract on RV dysfunction in chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) mice model. The results showed that CIH mice model presented RV dysfunction and maladaptive compensation after 28-day-CIH and SMS treatment significantly reversed these changes. Diastolic function of RV was restored and systolic dysfunction was attenuated, including elevation of RV stroke volume and fractional shortening, as well as pulmonary circulation. Structurally, SMS treatment inhibited RV dilation, cardiomyocytes vacuolization, ultrastructure abnormalities, and the expression of cleaved caspase-3. Of importance, SMS showed remarkable antioxidant activity by decreasing the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), increasing the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), as well as inhibiting the overexpression of 3-NT in RV. Our results indicate that SMS preserve RV structure and function in CIH-exposed mice by involving regulation in both ROS and Reactive Nitrogen Species (RNS) production.
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Roifman I, Ghugre N, Zia MI, Farkouh ME, Zavodni A, Wright GA, Connelly KA. Diabetes is an independent predictor of right ventricular dysfunction post ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2016; 15:34. [PMID: 26892325 PMCID: PMC4759780 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-016-0352-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes mellitus (DM) is estimated to become the 7th leading cause of death by 2030. Right ventricular dysfunction (RVD) complicating ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is independently associated with a higher mortality; however the relationship between DM and RVD is currently unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine whether DM is an independent predictor for the presence of right ventricular dysfunction (RVD) post STEMI. METHODS 106 patients post primary PCI for STEMI were enrolled in the study. Cardiac MRI was performed within 48-72 h after admission in order to assess ventricular function. Statistical analysis consisted initially of descriptive statistics including Chi square, Fisher's exact, or the Wilcoxon rank sum as appropriate. Subsequently, logistic regression analysis was performed to determine independent predictors of RVD. RESULTS The median age in the study was 58 years (IQR 53, 67). 30 % of the patients had diabetes. Of 99 patients for which RV data was available, 40 had RVD and 59 did not. Patients with DM were significantly more likely to have RVD when compared to those without diabetes (45 vs 22 %, p = 0.03). There was no significant difference in age, hypertension, smoking status, dyslipidemia, serum creatinine or peak CK levels between the two groups. After adjusting for other factors, presence of DM remained an independent predictor for the presence of RV dysfunction (OR 2.78, 95 % CI 1.12, 6.87, p = 0.03). Amongst diabetic patients, those with HbA1C ≥ 7 % had greater odds of having RVD vs those with HbA1C < 7 % (OR 5.58 (1.20, 25.78), p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS The presence of DM conferred an approximately threefold greater odds of being associated with RVD post STEMI. No other major cardiovascular risk factors were independently associated with the presence of RVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idan Roifman
- Schulich Heart Program, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Nilesh Ghugre
- Schulich Heart Program, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Physical Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Medical Biophysics, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Mohammad I Zia
- Schulich Heart Program, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Michael E Farkouh
- Division of Cardiology, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Keenan Biomedical Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Anna Zavodni
- Schulich Heart Program, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Graham A Wright
- Schulich Heart Program, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Physical Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Medical Biophysics, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Kim A Connelly
- Schulich Heart Program, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Keenan Biomedical Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Bogaert J, Eitel I. Role of cardiovascular magnetic resonance in acute coronary syndrome. Glob Cardiol Sci Pract 2016; 2015:24. [PMID: 26779508 PMCID: PMC4614331 DOI: 10.5339/gcsp.2015.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Bogaert
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ingo Eitel
- University Heart Center Lübeck, Medical Clinic II (Cardiology, Angiology, Intensive care medicine), Lübeck, Germany
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41
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Gul I, Zungur M, Aykan AC, Gokdeniz T, Alkan MB, Sayin A, Islamli A, Bilgin M, Kalaycioğlu E, Turan T. The change in right ventricular systolic function according to the revascularisation method used, following acute ST -segment elevation myocardial infarction. Cardiovasc J Afr 2016; 27:37-44. [PMID: 26956497 PMCID: PMC4817064 DOI: 10.5830/cvja-2015-077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The level of right ventricular (RV) systolic function has prognostic importance in right ventricular ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (RV-STEMI). This study aimed to evaluate the changes in RV systolic function in patients with RV-STEMI according to the revascularisation method used for their management. METHODS The first group consisted of 132 patients who received primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI). The 78 patients who had received thrombolytic therapy (TT) in external centres before referral to our centre for PCI within three to 12 hours of RV-STEMI were included in the second group. All patients were evaluated by conventional and two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography. RESULTS There were 172 male patients and their mean age was 63.7 ± 11.8 years. There were no significant differences between the two groups with regard to right ventricular systolic parameters at admission and at the one-month follow-up visit. The echocardiographic changes between admission and the one-month follow up were investigated for the patients included in the study groups. Mean values of each parameter observed at the one-month follow up were significantly increased compared to those at admission within each group. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrated that PCI within three to 12 hours following TT provided similar benefits on right ventricular systolic function compared to PPCI in patients with RV-STEMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilker Gul
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Şifa University, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Mustafa Zungur
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Şifa University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Cagri Aykan
- Department of Cardiology, Ahi Evren Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Tayyar Gokdeniz
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kafkas University, Kars, Turkey
| | | | - Ahmet Sayin
- Department of Cardiology, Tepecik Education and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Aysel Islamli
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Şifa University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Murat Bilgin
- Department of Cardiology, Dişkapi Yildirim Beyazit Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ezgi Kalaycioğlu
- Department of Cardiology, Ahi Evren Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Turhan Turan
- Department of Cardiology, Ahi Evren Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Trabzon, Turkey
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Dastidar AG, Rodrigues JCL, Baritussio A, Bucciarelli-Ducci C. MRI in the assessment of ischaemic heart disease. Heart 2015; 102:239-52. [DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2014-306963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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Andreini D, Pontone G, Mushtaq S, Pepi M, Bogaert J, Masci PG. Microvascular obstruction complicating acute right ventricular myocardial infarction. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 2015; 16 Suppl 1:S12-4. [PMID: 23442814 DOI: 10.2459/jcm.0b013e32835fa815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This case history describes a man with inferior myocardial infarction (MI) with right-ventricular involvement, treated with a right coronary artery stent. Magnetic resonance showed akinesia of left-ventricular inferior and inferolateral walls and right-ventricular inferior free wall with an impairment of global systolic function. There was late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) of left-ventricular inferior and inferolateral walls with microvascular obstruction (MVO). LGE of the right-ventricular inferior wall was seen with a hypointense core within hyperenhanced myocardium, consistent with MVO of the infarcted right-ventricular myocardium. At follow-up there was persistent akinesia of left-ventricular inferior and inferolateral walls and right-ventricular systolic dysfunction. LGE was still evident with resolution of MVO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Andreini
- aCentro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy bRadiology Department - University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium cFondazione C.N.R/Regione Toscana 'G. Monasterio', Pisa, Italy
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Tomala M, Miszalski-Jamka T, Zajdel W, Nawrotek B, Mazur W, Kereiakes DJ, Zmudka K. Angiographic result of index PCI determines the presence of right ventricular infarction in patients with acute inferior myocardial infarction. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2015. [PMID: 26208683 DOI: 10.1007/s10554-015-0717-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
It is still a matter of debate which patients with acute inferior myocardial infarction are at increased risk of developing right ventricular (RV) myocardial infarction (RVMI). Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI) with late enchancement (LE) is regarded as the gold standard for RVMI assessment. We aimed to determine the impact of initial angiographic status and salutary effect of primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) on the presence of RVMI. In 114 patients undergoing emergency angiography and primary PCI of right coronary artery, 3-5 days after index PCI, LE CMRI was performed for assessing the RVMI. Forty-eight patients (42%) demonstrated RVMI. Multivariate regression analysis identified TIMI flow <2 in at least one RV branch after PCI as an independent angiographic predictor of RVMI [odds ratio (OR) 143.00, 95% confidence interval (CI) 18.10-1130.05, p < 0.001]. ST-segment elevation ≥ 1 mm in V4R was present in 83 (73%). TIMI flow <3 in at least one RV branch before PCI (OR 4.07, 95% CI 1.24-13.33, p = 0.02) was independent angiographic predictor of ST-segment elevation ≥ 1 mm in V4R. The only predictor of RVMI was TIMI flow <2 in at least one RV branch after PCI. ST-segment elevation ≥ 1 mm in V4R is caused by TIMI <3 flow in at least one RV branch before index PCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Tomala
- Department of Interventional Cardiology, John Paul II Hospital, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Prądnicka 80, 31-202, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Miszalski-Jamka
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Diagnostics, John Paul II Hospital, Kraków, Poland.,Department of Clinical Radiology and Imaging Diagnostics, 4th Military Hospital, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Wojciech Zajdel
- Department of Interventional Cardiology, John Paul II Hospital, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Prądnicka 80, 31-202, Kraków, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Nawrotek
- Department of Interventional Cardiology, John Paul II Hospital, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Prądnicka 80, 31-202, Kraków, Poland
| | - Wojciech Mazur
- The Lindner Center for Research and Education, The Christ Hospital Heart and Vascular Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Dean J Kereiakes
- The Lindner Center for Research and Education, The Christ Hospital Heart and Vascular Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Krzysztof Zmudka
- Department of Interventional Cardiology, John Paul II Hospital, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Prądnicka 80, 31-202, Kraków, Poland
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Lemarié J, Huttin O, Girerd N, Mandry D, Juillière Y, Moulin F, Lemoine S, Beaumont M, Marie PY, Selton-Suty C. Usefulness of Speckle-Tracking Imaging for Right Ventricular Assessment after Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Magnetic Resonance Imaging/Echocardiographic Comparison within the Relation between Aldosterone and Cardiac Remodeling after Myocardial Infarction Study. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2015; 28:818-27.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2015.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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46
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Moustafa S, Patton DJ, Al Shanawani M, Al Samadi F, Mookadam F. Right ventricular ischemic insult: A comprehensive protocol with cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Anatol J Cardiol 2015; 15:420-2. [PMID: 25993715 PMCID: PMC5779181 DOI: 10.5152/akd.2015.5914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sherif Moustafa
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Prince Salman Heart Center; Riyadh-Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic; Arizona, AZ-USA.
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47
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Assessment of right ventricular functional recovery after acute myocardial infarction by 2D speckle-tracking echocardiography. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2015; 31:537-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s10554-014-0585-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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48
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Garbi M, McDonagh T, Cosyns B, Bucciarelli-Ducci C, Edvardsen T, Kitsiou A, Nieman K, Lancellotti P. Appropriateness criteria for cardiovascular imaging use in heart failure: report of literature review. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2014; 16:147-53. [PMID: 25550363 DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jeu299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The Imaging Task Force appointed by the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging (EACVI) identified the need to develop appropriateness criteria for the use of cardiovascular imaging in heart failure as a result of continuously increasing demand for imaging in diagnosis, definition of aetiology, follow-up, and treatment planning. This article presents the report of literature review performed in order to inform the process of definition of clinical indications and to aid the decisions of the appropriateness criteria voting panel. The report is structured according to identified common heart failure clinical scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madalina Garbi
- King's Health Partners, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Theresa McDonagh
- King's Health Partners, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Bernard Cosyns
- Universitair Ziekenhuis van Brussel, CHVZ and ICMI Laboratory, CHIREC, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Chiara Bucciarelli-Ducci
- Bristol NIHR Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit (BRU), Bristol Heart Institute, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Thor Edvardsen
- Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet and University of Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Koen Nieman
- Department of Cardiology and Radiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Patrizio Lancellotti
- Department of GIGA Cardiovascular Sciences, Heart Valve Clinic, Department of Cardiology, University of Liège Hospital, University Hospital SartTilman, Liège, Belgium Department of GVM Care and Research, Bologna, Italy
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Galea N, Francone M, Zaccagna F, Ciolina F, Cannata D, Algeri E, Agati L, Catalano C, Carbone I. Ultra low-dose of gadobenate dimeglumine for late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) imaging in acute myocardial infarction: A feasibility study. Eur J Radiol 2014; 83:2151-2158. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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50
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Right ventricular dysfunction: an independent and incremental predictor of cardiac deaths late after acute myocardial infarction. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2014; 31:379-87. [DOI: 10.1007/s10554-014-0559-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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