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Patel B, D'Souza S, Sahni T, Yehya A. Pulmonary hypertension secondary to valvular heart disease: a state-of-the-art review. Heart Fail Rev 2024; 29:277-286. [PMID: 38017225 DOI: 10.1007/s10741-023-10372-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a common disease affecting up to 1% of the population and at least 50% of patients diagnosed with heart failure (HF) (Hoeper et al. in Lancet Respir Med 4(4):306-322, 2016). It is estimated that PH is present in 15% to 60% of patients with valvular heart disease (VHD) which can result from an increase in pulmonary blood flow and subsequently in pulmonary venous congestion and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR). It is important to identify the severity of PH in patients with VHD to appropriately risk stratify and manage these patients (Magne et al. in JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 8(1):83-99, 2015). In this review, we examine the diagnostic criteria for PH and its pathophysiology. We also focus on the growing evidence supporting the presence of PH secondary to VHD and describe the contemporary surgical and medical therapeutic interventions in this patient population (Fig. 1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bansi Patel
- Virginia Hospital Center, Arlington, VA, USA
| | | | - Tamanna Sahni
- Kaiser Permanente Internal Medicine Residency, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Amin Yehya
- Sentara Advanced Heart Failure Center, Norfolk, VA, USA.
- Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA.
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2
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Schmidt KH, Bikou O, Blindt R, Bruch L, Felgendreher R, Hohenforst-Schmidt W, Holt S, Ladage D, Pfeuffer-Jovic E, Rieth A, Schmeisser A, Schnitzler K, Stadler S, Steringer-Mascherbauer R, Yogeswaran A, Kuebler WM. [Pulmonary hypertension associated with left heart disease (group 2)]. Pneumologie 2023; 77:926-936. [PMID: 37963482 DOI: 10.1055/a-2145-4792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension associated with left heart disease (PH-LHD) corresponds to group two of pulmonary hypertension according to clinical classification. Haemodynamically, this group includes isolated post-capillary pulmonary hypertension (IpcPH) and combined post- and pre-capillary pulmonary hypertension (CpcPH). PH-LHD is defined by an mPAP > 20 mmHg and a PAWP > 15 mmHg, pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) with a cut-off value of 2 Wood Units (WU) is used to differentiate between IpcPH and CpcPH. A PVR greater than 5 WU indicates a dominant precapillary component. PH-LHD is the most common form of pulmonary hypertension, the leading cause being left heart failure with preserved (HFpEF) or reduced ejection fraction (HFmrEF, HFrEF), valvular heart disease and, less commonly, congenital heart disease. The presence of pulmonary hypertension is associated with increased symptom burden and poorer outcome across the spectrum of left heart disease. Differentiating between group 1 pulmonary hypertension with cardiac comorbidities and PH-LHD, especially due to HFpEF, is a particular challenge. Therapeutically, no general recommendation for the use of PDE5 inhibitors in HFpEF-associated CpcPH can be made at this time. There is currently no reliable rationale for the use of PAH drugs in IpcPH, nor is therapy with endothelin receptor antagonists or prostacyclin analogues recommended for all forms of PH-LHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Helge Schmidt
- Zentrum für Kardiologie, Kardiologie I, Universitätsmedizin Mainz, Mainz, Deutschland
- Centrum für Thrombose und Hämostase (CTH), Universitätsmedizin Mainz, Mainz, Deutschland
| | - Olympia Bikou
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Klinikum der Universität München, München, Deutschland
| | - Rüdiger Blindt
- Kardio Bremen, Rotes Kreuz Krankenhaus Bremen, Bremen, Deutschland
| | - Leonhard Bruch
- Klinik für Innere Medizin und Kardiologie, BG Klinikum Unfallkrankenhaus Berlin, Berlin, Deutschland
| | | | | | - Stephan Holt
- Praxis am Steintor, Recklinghausen, Recklinghausen, Deutschland
| | - Dennis Ladage
- Klinik für Pneumologie, Kliniken Maria Hilf Mönchengladbach, Mönchengladbach, Deutschland
| | | | - Andreas Rieth
- Abteilung für Kardiologie, Kerckhoff-Klinik Bad Nauheim, Bad Nauheim, Deutschland
| | - Alexander Schmeisser
- Zentrum für Innere Medizin, Universitätsklinik für Kardiologie und Angiologie Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Deutschland
| | - Katharina Schnitzler
- Zentrum für Kardiologie, Kardiologie I, Universitätsmedizin Mainz, Mainz, Deutschland
| | - Stefan Stadler
- Klinik für Innere Medizin II, Universitätsklinikum Regensburg, Regensburg, Deutschland
| | | | - Athiththan Yogeswaran
- Department of Internal Medicine, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Deutschland
| | - Wolfgang M Kuebler
- Institute of Physiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Deutschland
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3
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Mollace R, Scarano F, Bava I, Carresi C, Maiuolo J, Tavernese A, Gliozzi M, Musolino V, Muscoli S, Palma E, Muscoli C, Salvemini D, Federici M, Macrì R, Mollace V. Modulation of the nitric oxide/cGMP pathway in cardiac contraction and relaxation: Potential role in heart failure treatment. Pharmacol Res 2023; 196:106931. [PMID: 37722519 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Evidence exists that heart failure (HF) has an overall impact of 1-2 % in the global population being often associated with comorbidities that contribute to increased disease prevalence, hospitalization, and mortality. Recent advances in pharmacological approaches have significantly improved clinical outcomes for patients with vascular injury and HF. Nevertheless, there remains an unmet need to clarify the crucial role of nitric oxide/cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (NO/cGMP) signalling in cardiac contraction and relaxation, to better identify the key mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of myocardial dysfunction both with reduced (HFrEF) as well as preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Indeed, NO signalling plays a crucial role in cardiovascular homeostasis and its dysregulation induces a significant increase in oxidative and nitrosative stress, producing anatomical and physiological cardiac alterations that can lead to heart failure. The present review aims to examine the molecular mechanisms involved in the bioavailability of NO and its modulation of downstream pathways. In particular, we focus on the main therapeutic targets and emphasize the recent evidence of preclinical and clinical studies, describing the different emerging therapeutic strategies developed to counteract NO impaired signalling and cardiovascular disease (CVD) development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocco Mollace
- Pharmacology Laboratory, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health IRC-FSH, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro 88100, Italy; Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy
| | - Federica Scarano
- Pharmacology Laboratory, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health IRC-FSH, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro 88100, Italy
| | - Irene Bava
- Pharmacology Laboratory, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health IRC-FSH, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro 88100, Italy
| | - Cristina Carresi
- Veterinary Pharmacology Laboratory, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health IRC-FSH, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro 88100, Italy
| | - Jessica Maiuolo
- Pharmaceutical Biology Laboratory, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health IRC-FSH, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro 88100, Italy
| | - Annamaria Tavernese
- Pharmacology Laboratory, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health IRC-FSH, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro 88100, Italy
| | - Micaela Gliozzi
- Pharmacology Laboratory, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health IRC-FSH, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro 88100, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Musolino
- Pharmaceutical Biology Laboratory, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health IRC-FSH, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro 88100, Italy
| | - Saverio Muscoli
- Division of Cardiology, Foundation PTV Polyclinic Tor Vergata, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Ernesto Palma
- Veterinary Pharmacology Laboratory, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health IRC-FSH, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro 88100, Italy
| | - Carolina Muscoli
- Pharmacology Laboratory, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health IRC-FSH, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro 88100, Italy
| | - Daniela Salvemini
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Massimo Federici
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy
| | - Roberta Macrì
- Pharmacology Laboratory, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health IRC-FSH, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro 88100, Italy.
| | - Vincenzo Mollace
- Pharmacology Laboratory, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health IRC-FSH, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro 88100, Italy; Renato Dulbecco Institute, Lamezia Terme, Catanzaro 88046, Italy.
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4
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Desai K, Di Lorenzo M, Zuckerman WA, Emeruwa E, Krishnan US. Safety and Efficacy of Sildenafil for Group 2 Pulmonary Hypertension in Left Heart Failure. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:children10020270. [PMID: 36832399 PMCID: PMC9955063 DOI: 10.3390/children10020270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a multifactorial, progressive disease with poor outcomes. Group 2 PH is defined by pulmonary vascular disease with elevated pulmonary capillary wedge pressure including both left-sided obstructive lesions and diastolic heart failure (HF). Sildenafil was historically discouraged in this population as pulmonary vasodilation can lead to pulmonary edema. However, evidence suggests that sildenafil can help to treat the precapillary component of PH. This is a single center, retrospective pilot study of pediatric PH patients with left-sided HF who were treated with sildenafil for ≥ 4 weeks. HF patients without mechanical support (HF group) and HF patients with a left ventricular assist device (HF-VAD) were analyzed. The exploratory analysis described the safety and side effects of the drug. Echocardiographic parameters were compared before and after sildenafil treatment in a paired analysis. The changes in medical therapy during treatment, mechanical support, and mortality was reported; 19/22 patients tolerated sildenafil. Pulmonary edema in two patients resolved upon discontinuation of sildenafil. In the HF group, both the right atrial volume and right ventricular diastolic area decreased, and the tricuspid regurgitation (TR) S/D ratio decreased after therapy (p = 0.02). Across both the groups, four patients weaned off milrinone and seven weaned off inhaled nitric oxide. Of the thirteen HF patients, four received a transplant, and all of the nine HF-VAD patients received a transplant. Sildenafil can be safely used in carefully selected patients with HF and mixed pre/postcapillary PH with judicious titration and inpatient surveillance, with patients showing improvements in echocardiographic parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinjal Desai
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, New York Presbyterian Morgan Stanley Children’s Hospital, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Michael Di Lorenzo
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, New York Presbyterian Morgan Stanley Children’s Hospital, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Warren A. Zuckerman
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, New York Presbyterian Morgan Stanley Children’s Hospital, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Ezinne Emeruwa
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, New York Presbyterian Morgan Stanley Children’s Hospital, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Usha S. Krishnan
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, New York Presbyterian Morgan Stanley Children’s Hospital, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Correspondence:
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Maeder MT, Rickli H, Weber L, Weilenmann D, Ammann P, Joerg L, Haager PK, Rigger J, Chronis J, Brenner R. Systemic blood pressure in severe aortic stenosis: Haemodynamic correlates and long-term prognostic impact. ESC Heart Fail 2022; 10:274-283. [PMID: 36205069 PMCID: PMC9871666 DOI: 10.1002/ehf2.14192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Blood pressure (BP) targets in patients with aortic stenosis (AS) are controversial. This study sought to describe the haemodynamic profile and the clinical outcome of severe AS patients with low versus high central meaarterial pressure (MAP). METHODS AND RESULTS Patients with severe AS (n = 477) underwent right and left heart catheterization prior to aortic valve replacement (AVR). The population was divided into MAP quartiles. The mean systolic BP, diastolic BP, and MAP in the entire population were 149 ± 25, 68 ± 11, and 98 ± 14 mmHg. Patients in the lowest MAP quartile had the lowest left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), systemic vascular resistance, and valvulo-arterial impedance, whereas there were no significant differences in mean right atrial pressure, mean pulmonary artery wedge pressure, pulmonary vascular resistance, and stroke volume index across MAP quartiles. However, left ventricular stroke work index (LVSWI) was lowest in patients in the lowest and highest in those in the highest MAP quartile. After a median (interquartile range) post-AVR follow-up of 3.7 (2.6-5.2) years, mortality was highest in patients in the lowest MAP quartile [hazard ratio 3.08 (95% confidence interval 1.21-7.83); P = 0.02 for lowest versus highest quartile]. In the multivariate analysis, lower MAP [hazard ratio 0.78 (95% confidence interval 0.62-0.99) per 10 mmHg increase; P = 0.04], higher mean right atrial pressure and lower LVEF were independent predictors of death. CONCLUSIONS In severe AS patients, lower MAP reflects lower systemic vascular resistance and valvulo-arterial impedance, which may help to preserve stroke volume and filling pressures despite reduced left ventricular performance, and lower MAP is a predictor of higher long-term post-AVR mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micha T. Maeder
- Cardiology DepartmentKantonsspital St. GallenSt. GallenSwitzerland
| | - Hans Rickli
- Cardiology DepartmentKantonsspital St. GallenSt. GallenSwitzerland
| | - Lukas Weber
- Cardiology DepartmentKantonsspital St. GallenSt. GallenSwitzerland
| | | | - Peter Ammann
- Cardiology DepartmentKantonsspital St. GallenSt. GallenSwitzerland
| | - Lucas Joerg
- Cardiology DepartmentKantonsspital St. GallenSt. GallenSwitzerland
| | | | - Johannes Rigger
- Cardiology DepartmentKantonsspital St. GallenSt. GallenSwitzerland
| | - Joannis Chronis
- Cardiology DepartmentKantonsspital St. GallenSt. GallenSwitzerland
| | - Roman Brenner
- Cardiology DepartmentKantonsspital St. GallenSt. GallenSwitzerland
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6
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Evaluating Medical Therapy for Calcific Aortic Stenosis: JACC State-of-the-Art Review. J Am Coll Cardiol 2021; 78:2354-2376. [PMID: 34857095 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2021.09.1367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Despite numerous promising therapeutic targets, there are no proven medical treatments for calcific aortic stenosis (AS). Multiple stakeholders need to come together and several scientific, operational, and trial design challenges must be addressed to capitalize on the recent and emerging mechanistic insights into this prevalent heart valve disease. This review briefly discusses the pathobiology and most promising pharmacologic targets, screening, diagnosis and progression of AS, identification of subgroups that should be targeted in clinical trials, and the need to elicit the patient voice earlier rather than later in clinical trial design and implementation. Potential trial end points and tools for assessment and approaches to implementation and design of clinical trials are reviewed. The efficiencies and advantages offered by a clinical trial network and platform trial approach are highlighted. The objective is to provide practical guidance that will facilitate a series of trials to identify effective medical therapies for AS resulting in expansion of therapeutic options to complement mechanical solutions for late-stage disease.
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7
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Shimozono K, Fukumoto Y. Effectiveness and Safety of Tolvaptan in Patients with Aortic Stenosis. Kurume Med J 2021; 67:11-16. [PMID: 34840201 DOI: 10.2739/kurumemedj.ms671001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heart failure in severe aortic stenosis (AS) before aortic valve has a poor prognosis with high risk. Although the overuse of loop diuretics may induce hypovolemia, cardiac output reduction, and critical hypotension in severe AS, tolvaptan is characterized by its ability to help maintain hemodynamics and seems to be appropriate for use in heart failure caused by AS. Therefore, we retrospectively examined the effects and safety of tolvaptan use in patients with heart failure caused by severe AS. METHODS AND RESULTS Ten patients with heart failure caused by severe AS were enrolled. Tolvaptan administration did not cause blood pressure decrease significantly, whereas urine volume increased significantly from 896±318 to 1322±502 mL/day (P<0.05). Although there was no statistical significance, functional classes tended to be improved. Blood tests indicated no worsening of kidney function and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide levels after the use of tolvaptan. Echocardiography also showed no hypovolemia and no worsening of aortic valve flow (18.3±3.8 to 15.5±5.5 cm/s, n.s). CONCLUSIONS Tolvaptan use in AS patients with heart failure is effective and safe before aortic valve intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koutatsu Shimozono
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine
| | - Yoshihiro Fukumoto
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine
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8
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Arterial Hypertension in Aortic Valve Stenosis: A Critical Update. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10235553. [PMID: 34884254 PMCID: PMC8658702 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10235553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Aortic stenosis (AS) is a very common valve disease and is associated with high mortality once it becomes symptomatic. Arterial hypertension (HT) has a high prevalence among patients with AS leading to worse left ventricle remodeling and faster degeneration of the valve. HT also interferes with the assessment of the severity of AS, leading to an underestimation of the real degree of stenosis. Treatment of HT in AS has not historically been pursued due to the fear of excess reduction in afterload without a possibility of increasing stroke volume due to the fixed aortic valve, but most recent evidence shows that several drugs are safe and effective in reducing BP in patients with HT and AS. RAAS inhibitors and beta-blockers provide benefit in selected populations based on their profile of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Different drugs, on the other hand, have proved to be unsafe, such as calcium channel blockers, or simply not easy enough to handle to be recommended in clinical practice, such as PDE5i, MRA or sodium nitroprusside. The present review highlights all available studies on HT and AS to guide antihypertensive treatment.
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9
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Gopal A, Sharma T, Calkins JB. Safety of Phosphodiesterase-5 Inhibitors in Valvular Heart Disease. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2021; 78:372-376. [PMID: 34074904 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000001071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Erectile dysfunction is a common entity in clinical practice. Primary erectile dysfunction, not related to vasculopathy or psychiatric disorder, can be readily treated with phosphodiesterase inhibitors. These drugs have many physiologic effects that can alter a patient's hemodynamic profile considerably, especially in the presence of concomitant structural heart disease, specifically valvular heart disease. Although some contraindications to the use of PDE5 inhibitors in patients with cardiovascular disease are defined, the effect of these drugs in the presence of valvular heart disease is not well documented. The purpose of this review is to analyze the data regarding the safety of PDE5 inhibitors in patients with valvular heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Gopal
- Division of Cardiology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University
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10
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Leite S, Moreira-Costa L, Cerqueira R, Sousa-Mendes C, Angélico-Gonçalves A, Fontoura D, Vasques-Nóvoa F, Leite-Moreira AF, Lourenço AP. Chronic Sildenafil Therapy in the ZSF1 Obese Rat Model of Metabolic Syndrome and Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2021; 26:690-701. [PMID: 34328815 DOI: 10.1177/10742484211034253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Although decreased protein kinase G (PKG) activity was proposed as potential therapeutic target in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), randomized clinical trials (RCTs) with type-5 phosphodiesterase inhibitors (PDE5i) showed neutral results. Whether specific subgroups of HFpEF patients may benefit from PDE5i remains to be defined. Our aim was to test chronic sildenafil therapy in the young male ZSF1 obese rat model of HFpEF with severe hypertension and metabolic syndrome. Sixteen-week-old ZSF1 obese rats were randomly assigned to receive sildenafil 100 mg·Kg-1·d-1 dissolved in drinking water (ZSF1 Ob SIL, n = 8), or placebo (ZSF1 Ob PL, n = 8). A group of Wistar-Kyoto rats served as control (WKY, n = 8). Four weeks later animals underwent effort tests, glucose metabolism studies, hemodynamic evaluation, and samples were collected for aortic ring preparation, left ventricular (LV) myocardial adenosine triphosphate (ATP) quantification, immunoblotting and histology. ZSF1 Ob PL rats showed systemic hypertension, aortic stiffening, impaired LV relaxation and increased LV stiffness, with preserved ejection fraction and cardiac index. Their endurance capacity was decreased as assessed by maximum workload and peak oxygen consumption (V˙O2) and respiratory quotient were increased, denoting more reliance on anaerobic metabolism. Additionally, ATP levels were decreased. Chronic sildenafil treatment attenuated hypertension and decreased LV stiffness, modestly enhancing effort tolerance with a concomitant increase in peak, ATP levels and VASP phosphorylation. Chronic sildenafil therapy in this model of HFpEF of the young male with extensive and poorly controlled comorbidities has beneficial cardiovascular effects which support RCTs in HFpEF patient subgroups with similar features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Leite
- Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, 26705University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Anta Family Health Unit, Espinho/Gaia Healthcare Centre, Espinho, Portugal
| | - Liliana Moreira-Costa
- Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, 26705University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Cerqueira
- Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, 26705University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, São João Hospital Centre, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Sousa-Mendes
- Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, 26705University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Dulce Fontoura
- Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, 26705University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Francisco Vasques-Nóvoa
- Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, 26705University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Internal Medicine, São João Hospital Centre, Porto, Portugal
| | - Adelino F Leite-Moreira
- Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, 26705University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, São João Hospital Centre, Porto, Portugal
| | - André P Lourenço
- Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, 26705University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Anesthesiology, São João Hospital Centre, Porto, Portugal
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2020 ACC/AHA guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2021; 162:e183-e353. [PMID: 33972115 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2021.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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12
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Otto CM, Nishimura RA, Bonow RO, Carabello BA, Erwin JP, Gentile F, Jneid H, Krieger EV, Mack M, McLeod C, O'Gara PT, Rigolin VH, Sundt TM, Thompson A, Toly C. 2020 ACC/AHA Guideline for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation 2021; 143:e72-e227. [PMID: 33332150 DOI: 10.1161/cir.0000000000000923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 527] [Impact Index Per Article: 175.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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13
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Otto CM, Nishimura RA, Bonow RO, Carabello BA, Erwin JP, Gentile F, Jneid H, Krieger EV, Mack M, McLeod C, O'Gara PT, Rigolin VH, Sundt TM, Thompson A, Toly C. 2020 ACC/AHA Guideline for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 2021; 77:e25-e197. [PMID: 33342586 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 721] [Impact Index Per Article: 240.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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14
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Ghaffar FA, Redzuan AM, Makmor-Bakry M. Effectiveness of Sildenafil in Pulmonary Hypertension Secondary to Valvular Heart Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. ARCHIVES OF PHARMACY PRACTICE 2021. [DOI: 10.51847/tcievrcfgf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Donato M, Ferri N, Lupo MG, Faggin E, Rattazzi M. Current Evidence and Future Perspectives on Pharmacological Treatment of Calcific Aortic Valve Stenosis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218263. [PMID: 33158204 PMCID: PMC7663524 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcific aortic valve stenosis (CAVS), the most common heart valve disease, is characterized by the slow progressive fibro-calcific remodeling of the valve leaflets, leading to progressive obstruction to the blood flow. CAVS is an increasing health care burden and the development of an effective medical treatment is a major medical need. To date, no effective pharmacological therapies have proven to halt or delay its progression to the severe symptomatic stage and aortic valve replacement represents the only available option to improve clinical outcomes and to increase survival. In the present report, the current knowledge and latest advances in the medical management of patients with CAVS are summarized, placing emphasis on lipid-lowering agents, vasoactive drugs, and anti-calcific treatments. In addition, novel potential therapeutic targets recently identified and currently under investigation are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maristella Donato
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy; (M.D.); (N.F.); (M.G.L.)
| | - Nicola Ferri
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy; (M.D.); (N.F.); (M.G.L.)
| | - Maria Giovanna Lupo
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy; (M.D.); (N.F.); (M.G.L.)
| | - Elisabetta Faggin
- Department of Medicine—DIMED, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy;
| | - Marcello Rattazzi
- Department of Medicine—DIMED, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0498-211-867 or +39-0422-322-207
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16
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Nuis RJ, Goudzwaard JA, de Ronde-Tillmans MJAG, Kroon H, Ooms JF, van Wiechen MP, Geleijnse ML, Zijlstra F, Daemen J, Van Mieghem NM, Mattace-Raso FUS, Lenzen MJ, de Jaegere PPT. Impact of Valvulo-Arterial Impedance on Long-Term Quality of Life and Exercise Performance After Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement. Circ Cardiovasc Interv 2020; 13:e008372. [PMID: 31937136 DOI: 10.1161/circinterventions.119.008372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In aortic stenosis, valvulo-arterial impedance (Zva) estimates the overall left ventricular afterload (valve and arterial component). We investigated the association of Zva (≥5 versus <5 mm Hg mL-1 m-2) on quality of life (QOL) and exercise performance (EP) ≥1 year after transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). METHODS The study population consists of 250 TAVR patients in whom baseline Zva and follow-up QOL was prospectively assessed using EuroQOL-5-dimensions instruments; EP was assessed in 192 patients who survived ≥1 year after TAVR using questionnaires related to daily activities. In 124 patients, Zva at 1-year was also available and was used to study the change in Zva (baseline to 1 year) on QOL/EP. RESULTS Elevated baseline Zva was present in 125 patients (50%). At a median of 28 (IQR, 17-40) months, patients with elevated baseline Zva were more limited in mobility (88% versus 71%; P=0.004), self-care (40% versus 25%; P=0.019), and independent daily activities (taking a shower: 53% versus 38%, P=0.030; walking 100 meter: 76% versus 54%, P=0.001; and walking stairs: 74% versus 54%, P=0.011). By multivariable analysis, elevated Zva predicted unfavorable QOL (lower EuroQOL-5-dimensions-Utility Index, odds ratio, 1.98; CI, 1.15-3.41) and unfavorable EP (any limitation in ≥3 daily activities, odds ratio, 2.55; CI, 1.41-4.62). After TAVR, the proportion of patients with elevated Zva fell from 50% to 21% and remained 21% at 1 year and was found to be associated with more limitations in mobility, self-care, and daily activities compared with patients with Zva <5 mm Hg mL-1 m-2. CONCLUSIONS Elevated Zva was seen in half of patients and predicted unfavorable long-term QOL and EP. At 1 year after TAVR, the prevalence of elevated Zva was 21% but remained associated with poor QOL/EP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rutger-Jan Nuis
- Department of Cardiology (R.-J.N., M.J.A.G.d.R.T., H.K., J.F.O., M.P.v.W., M.L.G., F.Z., J.D., N.M.V.M., M.J.L., P.P.T.d.J.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jeannette A Goudzwaard
- Section of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine (J.A.G., F.U.S.M.-R.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marjo J A G de Ronde-Tillmans
- Department of Cardiology (R.-J.N., M.J.A.G.d.R.T., H.K., J.F.O., M.P.v.W., M.L.G., F.Z., J.D., N.M.V.M., M.J.L., P.P.T.d.J.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Herbert Kroon
- Department of Cardiology (R.-J.N., M.J.A.G.d.R.T., H.K., J.F.O., M.P.v.W., M.L.G., F.Z., J.D., N.M.V.M., M.J.L., P.P.T.d.J.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joris F Ooms
- Department of Cardiology (R.-J.N., M.J.A.G.d.R.T., H.K., J.F.O., M.P.v.W., M.L.G., F.Z., J.D., N.M.V.M., M.J.L., P.P.T.d.J.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maarten P van Wiechen
- Department of Cardiology (R.-J.N., M.J.A.G.d.R.T., H.K., J.F.O., M.P.v.W., M.L.G., F.Z., J.D., N.M.V.M., M.J.L., P.P.T.d.J.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marcel L Geleijnse
- Department of Cardiology (R.-J.N., M.J.A.G.d.R.T., H.K., J.F.O., M.P.v.W., M.L.G., F.Z., J.D., N.M.V.M., M.J.L., P.P.T.d.J.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Felix Zijlstra
- Department of Cardiology (R.-J.N., M.J.A.G.d.R.T., H.K., J.F.O., M.P.v.W., M.L.G., F.Z., J.D., N.M.V.M., M.J.L., P.P.T.d.J.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joost Daemen
- Department of Cardiology (R.-J.N., M.J.A.G.d.R.T., H.K., J.F.O., M.P.v.W., M.L.G., F.Z., J.D., N.M.V.M., M.J.L., P.P.T.d.J.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nicolas M Van Mieghem
- Department of Cardiology (R.-J.N., M.J.A.G.d.R.T., H.K., J.F.O., M.P.v.W., M.L.G., F.Z., J.D., N.M.V.M., M.J.L., P.P.T.d.J.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Francesco U S Mattace-Raso
- Section of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine (J.A.G., F.U.S.M.-R.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mattie J Lenzen
- Department of Cardiology (R.-J.N., M.J.A.G.d.R.T., H.K., J.F.O., M.P.v.W., M.L.G., F.Z., J.D., N.M.V.M., M.J.L., P.P.T.d.J.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Peter P T de Jaegere
- Department of Cardiology (R.-J.N., M.J.A.G.d.R.T., H.K., J.F.O., M.P.v.W., M.L.G., F.Z., J.D., N.M.V.M., M.J.L., P.P.T.d.J.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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17
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Bermejo J, Yotti R, García-Orta R, Sánchez-Fernández PL, Castaño M, Segovia-Cubero J, Escribano-Subías P, San Román JA, Borrás X, Alonso-Gómez A, Botas J, Crespo-Leiro MG, Velasco S, Bayés-Genís A, López A, Muñoz-Aguilera R, de Teresa E, González-Juanatey JR, Evangelista A, Mombiela T, González-Mansilla A, Elízaga J, Martín-Moreiras J, González-Santos JM, Moreno-Escobar E, Fernández-Avilés F. Sildenafil for improving outcomes in patients with corrected valvular heart disease and persistent pulmonary hypertension: a multicenter, double-blind, randomized clinical trial. Eur Heart J 2019; 39:1255-1264. [PMID: 29281101 PMCID: PMC5905634 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims We aimed to determine whether treatment with sildenafil improves outcomes of patients with persistent pulmonary hypertension (PH) after correction of valvular heart disease (VHD). Methods and results The sildenafil for improving outcomes after valvular correction (SIOVAC) study was a multricentric, randomized, parallel, and placebo-controlled trial that enrolled stable adults with mean pulmonary artery pressure ≥ 30 mmHg who had undergone a successful valve replacement or repair procedure at least 1 year before inclusion. We assigned 200 patients to receive sildenafil (40 mg three times daily, n = 104) or placebo (n = 96) for 6 months. The primary endpoint was the composite clinical score combining death, hospital admission for heart failure (HF), change in functional class, and patient global self-assessment. Only 27 patients receiving sildenafil improved their composite clinical score, as compared with 44 patients receiving placebo; in contrast 33 patients in the sildenafil group worsened their composite score, as compared with 14 in the placebo group [odds ratio 0.39; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.22–0.67; P < 0.001]. The Kaplan–Meier estimates for survival without admission due to HF were 0.76 and 0.86 in the sildenafil and placebo groups, respectively (hazard ratio 2.0, 95% CI = 1.0–4.0; log-rank P = 0.044). Changes in 6-min walk test distance, natriuretic peptides, and Doppler-derived systolic pulmonary pressure were similar in both groups. Conclusion Treatment with sildenafil in patients with persistent PH after successfully corrected VHD is associated to worse clinical outcomes than placebo. Off-label usage of sildenafil for treating this source of left heart disease PH should be avoided. The trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00862043.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Bermejo
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, and CIBERCV. Dr Esquerdo 46. 28007 Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Yotti
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, and CIBERCV. Dr Esquerdo 46. 28007 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xavier Borrás
- Hospital Santa Creu i San Pau and CIBERCV, Barcelona
| | | | - Javier Botas
- Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, Alcorcón
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Teresa Mombiela
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, and CIBERCV. Dr Esquerdo 46. 28007 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana González-Mansilla
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, and CIBERCV. Dr Esquerdo 46. 28007 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaime Elízaga
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, and CIBERCV. Dr Esquerdo 46. 28007 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Francisco Fernández-Avilés
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, and CIBERCV. Dr Esquerdo 46. 28007 Madrid, Spain
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18
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary hypertension (PH) comprises a group of complex and heterogenous conditions, characterised by elevated pulmonary artery pressure, and which left untreated leads to right-heart failure and death. PH includes World Health Organisation (WHO) Group 1 pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH); Group 2 consists of PH due to left-heart disease (PH-LHD); Group 3 comprises PH as a result of lung diseases or hypoxia, or both; Group 4 includes PH due to chronic thromboembolic occlusion of pulmonary vasculature (CTEPH), and Group 5 consists of cases of PH due to unclear and/or multifactorial mechanisms including haematological, systemic, or metabolic disorders. Phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors increase vasodilation and inhibit proliferation. OBJECTIVES To determine the efficacy of PDE5 inhibitors for pulmonary hypertension in adults and children. SEARCH METHODS We performed searches of CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, and Web of Science up to 26 September 2018. We handsearched review articles, clinical trial registries, and reference lists of retrieved articles. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised controlled trials that compared any PDE5 inhibitor versus placebo, or any other PAH disease-specific therapies, for at least 12 weeks. We include separate analyses for each PH group. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We imported studies identified by the search into a reference manager database. We retrieved the full-text versions of relevant studies, and two review authors independently extracted data. Primary outcomes were: change in WHO functional class, six-minute walk distance (6MWD), and mortality. Secondary outcomes were haemodynamic parameters, quality of life/health status, dyspnoea, clinical worsening (hospitalisation/intervention), and adverse events. When appropriate, we performed meta-analyses and subgroup analyses by severity of lung function, connective tissue disease diagnosis, and radiological pattern of fibrosis. We assessed the evidence using the GRADE approach and created 'Summary of findings' tables. MAIN RESULTS We included 36 studies with 2999 participants (with pulmonary hypertension from all causes) in the final review. Trials were conducted for 14 weeks on average, with some as long as 12 months. Two trials specifically included children.Nineteen trials included group 1 PAH participants. PAH participants treated with PDE5 inhibitors were more likely to improve their WHO functional class (odds ratio (OR) 8.59, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.95 to 18.72; 4 trials, 282 participants), to walk 48 metres further in 6MWD (95% CI 40 to 56; 8 trials, 880 participants), and were 22% less likely to die over a mean duration of 14 weeks (95% CI 0.07 to 0.68; 8 trials, 1119 participants) compared to placebo (high-certainty evidence). The number needed to treat to prevent one additional death was 32 participants. There was an increased risk of adverse events with PDE5 inhibitors, especially headache (OR 1.97, 95% CI 1.33 to 2.92; 5 trials, 848 participants), gastrointestinal upset (OR 1.63, 95% CI 1.07 to 2.48; 5 trials, 848 participants), flushing (OR 4.12, 95% CI 1.83 to 9.26; 3 trials, 748 participants), and muscle aches and joint pains (OR 2.52, 95% CI 1.59 to 3.99; 4 trials, 792 participants).Data comparing PDE5 inhibitors to placebo whilst on other PAH-specific therapy were limited by the small number of included trials. Those PAH participants on PDE5 inhibitors plus combination therapy walked 19.66 metres further in six minutes (95% CI 9 to 30; 4 trials, 509 participants) compared to placebo (moderate-certainty evidence). There were limited trials comparing PDE5 inhibitors directly with other PAH-specific therapy (endothelin receptor antagonists (ERAs)). Those on PDE5 inhibitors walked 49 metres further than on ERAs (95% CI 4 to 95; 2 trials, 36 participants) (low-certainty evidence). There was no evidence of a difference in WHO functional class or mortality across both treatments.Five trials compared PDE5 inhibitors to placebo in PH secondary to left-heart disease (PH-LHD). The quality of data were low due to imprecision and inconsistency across trials. In those with PH-LHD there were reduced odds of an improvement in WHO functional class using PDE5 inhibitors compared to placebo (OR 0.53, 95% CI 0.32 to 0.87; 3 trials, 285 participants), and those using PDE5 inhibitors walked 34 metres further compared to placebo (95% CI 23 to 46; 3 trials, 284 participants). There was no evidence of a difference in mortality. Five trials compared PDE5 inhibitors to placebo in PH secondary to lung disease/hypoxia, mostly in COPD. Data were of low quality due to imprecision of effect and inconsistency across trials. There was a small improvement of 27 metres in 6MWD using PDE5 inhibitors compared to placebo in those with PH due to lung disease. There was no evidence of worsening hypoxia using PDE5 inhibitors, although data were limited. Three studies compared PDE5 inhibitors to placebo or other PAH-specific therapy in chronic thromboembolic disease. There was no significant difference in any outcomes. Data quality was low due to imprecision of effect and heterogeneity across trials. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS PDE5 inhibitors appear to have clear beneficial effects in group 1 PAH. Sildenafil, tadalafil and vardenafil are all efficacious in this clinical setting, and clinicians should consider the side-effect profile for each individual when choosing which PDE5 inhibitor to prescribe.While there appears to be some benefit for the use of PDE5 inhibitors in PH-left-heart disease, it is not clear based on the mostly small, short-term studies, which type of left-heart disease stands to benefit. These data suggest possible harm in valvular heart disease. There is no clear benefit for PDE5 inhibitors in pulmonary hypertension secondary to lung disease or chronic thromboembolic disease. Further research is required into the mechanisms of pulmonary hypertension secondary to left-heart disease, and cautious consideration of which subset of these patients may benefit from PDE5 inhibitors. Future trials in PH-LHD should be sufficiently powered, with long-term follow-up, and should include invasive haemodynamic data, WHO functional class, six-minute walk distance, and clinical worsening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley Barnes
- The Alfred HospitalDepartment of Respiratory MedicineCommercial RdMelbourneAustralia3004
| | - Zoe Brown
- St Vincent's HospitalMelbourneAustralia
| | | | - Trevor Williams
- The Alfred HospitalDepartment of Respiratory MedicineCommercial RdMelbourneAustralia3004
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19
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Zhu S, Tang S, Su F. Dioscin inhibits ischemic stroke‑induced inflammation through inhibition of the TLR4/MyD88/NF‑κB signaling pathway in a rat model. Mol Med Rep 2017; 17:660-666. [PMID: 29115455 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Diosgenin, as an essential natural steroidal saponin, can be extracted from numerous sources, primarily from fenugreek. It is an important raw material for the synthesis of steroid hormone drugs. It exhibits antitumor, anti‑inflammatory, antioxidation and several other significant pharmacologic actions, and is of high pharmaceutical value. In the present study, the activities and underlying mechanisms of dioscin in the inhibition of ischemic stroke in rats were investigated. Inflammatory responses wer analyzed using ELISA kits and caspase‑3 and caspase‑9 activity was analyzed using Caspase‑3 and caspase‑9 activity kits. Western blot analysis was used to measure Toll‑like receptor 4 (TLR4), myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), nuclear factor‑κB (NF‑κB), transforming growth factor‑β1 (TGF‑β1), high‑mobility group protein 1 (HMGB‑1), interleukin‑1 receptor‑associated kinase 1 (IRAK1), and tumor necrosis factor receptor‑associated factor 6 (TRAF6) protein expression. Dioscin inhibited infarct volume and neurological scores in the ischemic stroke rat model. The results demonstrated that dioscin reduced inflammatory responses, and suppressed the expression of TLR4, MyD88, NF‑κB, TGF‑β1, HMGB‑1, IRAK1, and TRAF6 in the rat ischemic stroke model. Taken together, these findings suggested that dioscin inhibited ischemic stroke‑induced inflammation through inhibition of the TLR4/MyD88/NF‑kB‑induced inflammation the rat model, which provided novel insights into the mechanisms underlying the effect of dioscin as an anti‑inflammatory candidate for the treatment of ischemic stroke in in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilin Zhu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410005, P.R. China
| | - Siyuan Tang
- Xiang Ya Nursing School of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Feng Su
- Department of Emergency, Xiang Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
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Carabello BA. Evaluating Resistance in Our Assessing Patients With Aortic Stenosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017; 70:1349-1350. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.07.737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Shafiee-Nick R, Afshari AR, Mousavi SH, Rafighdoust A, Askari VR, Mollazadeh H, Fanoudi S, Mohtashami E, Rahimi VB, Mohebbi M, Vahedi MM. A comprehensive review on the potential therapeutic benefits of phosphodiesterase inhibitors on cardiovascular diseases. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 94:541-556. [PMID: 28779712 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.07.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2017] [Revised: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphodiesterases are a group of enzymes that hydrolyze cyclic nucleotides, which assume a key role in directing intracellular levels of the second messengers' cAMP and cGMP, and consequently cell function. The disclosure of 11 isoenzyme families and our expanded knowledge of their functions at the cell and molecular level stimulate the improvement of isoenzyme selective inhibitors for the treatment of various diseases, particularly cardiovascular diseases. Hence, future and new mechanistic investigations and carefully designed clinical trials could help reap additional benefits of natural/synthetic PDE inhibitors for cardiovascular disease in patients. This review has concentrated on the potential therapeutic benefits of phosphodiesterase inhibitors on cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Shafiee-Nick
- Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir R Afshari
- Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Hadi Mousavi
- Medical Toxicology Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Abbasali Rafighdoust
- Department of Cardiology, Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Vahid Reza Askari
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamid Mollazadeh
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Sahar Fanoudi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Elmira Mohtashami
- Department of Pharmacodynamic and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Vafa Baradaran Rahimi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Moein Mohebbi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mahdi Vahedi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.
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22
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Lindman BR, Otto CM, Douglas PS, Hahn RT, Elmariah S, Weissman NJ, Stewart WJ, Ayele GM, Zhang F, Zajarias A, Maniar HS, Jilaihawi H, Blackstone E, Chinnakondepalli KM, Tuzcu EM, Leon MB, Pibarot P. Blood Pressure and Arterial Load After Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement for Aortic Stenosis. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2017; 10:CIRCIMAGING.116.006308. [DOI: 10.1161/circimaging.116.006308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background—
After aortic valve replacement, left ventricular afterload is often characterized by the residual valve obstruction. Our objective was to determine whether higher systemic arterial afterload—as reflected in blood pressure, pulsatile and resistive load—is associated with adverse clinical outcomes after transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR).
Methods and Results—
Total, pulsatile, and resistive arterial load were measured in 2141 patients with severe aortic stenosis treated with TAVR in the PARTNER I trial (Placement of Aortic Transcatheter Valve) who had systolic blood pressure (SBP) and an echocardiogram obtained 30 days after TAVR. The primary end point was 30-day to 1-year all-cause mortality. Lower SBP at 30 days after TAVR was associated with higher mortality (20.0% for SBP 100–129 mm Hg versus 12.0% for SBP 130–170 mm Hg;
P
<0.001). This association remained significant after adjustment, was consistent across subgroups, and confirmed in sensitivity analyses. In adjusted models that included SBP, higher total and pulsatile arterial load were associated with increased mortality (
P
<0.001 for all), but resistive load was not. Patients with low 30-day SBP and high pulsatile load had a 3-fold higher mortality than those with high 30-day SBP and low pulsatile load (26.1% versus 8.1%; hazard ratio, 3.62; 95% confidence interval, 2.36–5.55).
Conclusions—
Even after relief of valve obstruction in patients with aortic stenosis, there is an independent association between post-TAVR blood pressure, systemic arterial load, and mortality. Blood pressure goals in patients with a history of aortic stenosis may need to be redefined. Increased pulsatile arterial load, rather than blood pressure, may be a target for adjunctive medical therapy to improve outcomes after TAVR.
Clinical Trial Registration—
URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT00530894
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R. Lindman
- From the Structural Heart and Valve Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (B.R.L.); Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (B.R.L., A.Z., H.S.M.); University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (C.M.O.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (P.S.D.); Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (R.T.H., M.B.L.); Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (S.E.); Medstar Health Research Institute, Georgetown
| | - Catherine M. Otto
- From the Structural Heart and Valve Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (B.R.L.); Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (B.R.L., A.Z., H.S.M.); University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (C.M.O.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (P.S.D.); Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (R.T.H., M.B.L.); Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (S.E.); Medstar Health Research Institute, Georgetown
| | - Pamela S. Douglas
- From the Structural Heart and Valve Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (B.R.L.); Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (B.R.L., A.Z., H.S.M.); University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (C.M.O.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (P.S.D.); Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (R.T.H., M.B.L.); Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (S.E.); Medstar Health Research Institute, Georgetown
| | - Rebecca T. Hahn
- From the Structural Heart and Valve Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (B.R.L.); Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (B.R.L., A.Z., H.S.M.); University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (C.M.O.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (P.S.D.); Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (R.T.H., M.B.L.); Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (S.E.); Medstar Health Research Institute, Georgetown
| | - Sammy Elmariah
- From the Structural Heart and Valve Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (B.R.L.); Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (B.R.L., A.Z., H.S.M.); University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (C.M.O.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (P.S.D.); Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (R.T.H., M.B.L.); Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (S.E.); Medstar Health Research Institute, Georgetown
| | - Neil J. Weissman
- From the Structural Heart and Valve Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (B.R.L.); Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (B.R.L., A.Z., H.S.M.); University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (C.M.O.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (P.S.D.); Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (R.T.H., M.B.L.); Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (S.E.); Medstar Health Research Institute, Georgetown
| | - William J. Stewart
- From the Structural Heart and Valve Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (B.R.L.); Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (B.R.L., A.Z., H.S.M.); University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (C.M.O.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (P.S.D.); Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (R.T.H., M.B.L.); Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (S.E.); Medstar Health Research Institute, Georgetown
| | - Girma M. Ayele
- From the Structural Heart and Valve Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (B.R.L.); Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (B.R.L., A.Z., H.S.M.); University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (C.M.O.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (P.S.D.); Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (R.T.H., M.B.L.); Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (S.E.); Medstar Health Research Institute, Georgetown
| | - Feifan Zhang
- From the Structural Heart and Valve Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (B.R.L.); Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (B.R.L., A.Z., H.S.M.); University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (C.M.O.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (P.S.D.); Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (R.T.H., M.B.L.); Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (S.E.); Medstar Health Research Institute, Georgetown
| | - Alan Zajarias
- From the Structural Heart and Valve Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (B.R.L.); Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (B.R.L., A.Z., H.S.M.); University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (C.M.O.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (P.S.D.); Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (R.T.H., M.B.L.); Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (S.E.); Medstar Health Research Institute, Georgetown
| | - Hersh S. Maniar
- From the Structural Heart and Valve Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (B.R.L.); Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (B.R.L., A.Z., H.S.M.); University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (C.M.O.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (P.S.D.); Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (R.T.H., M.B.L.); Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (S.E.); Medstar Health Research Institute, Georgetown
| | - Hasan Jilaihawi
- From the Structural Heart and Valve Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (B.R.L.); Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (B.R.L., A.Z., H.S.M.); University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (C.M.O.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (P.S.D.); Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (R.T.H., M.B.L.); Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (S.E.); Medstar Health Research Institute, Georgetown
| | - Eugene Blackstone
- From the Structural Heart and Valve Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (B.R.L.); Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (B.R.L., A.Z., H.S.M.); University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (C.M.O.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (P.S.D.); Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (R.T.H., M.B.L.); Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (S.E.); Medstar Health Research Institute, Georgetown
| | - Khaja M. Chinnakondepalli
- From the Structural Heart and Valve Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (B.R.L.); Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (B.R.L., A.Z., H.S.M.); University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (C.M.O.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (P.S.D.); Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (R.T.H., M.B.L.); Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (S.E.); Medstar Health Research Institute, Georgetown
| | - E. Murat Tuzcu
- From the Structural Heart and Valve Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (B.R.L.); Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (B.R.L., A.Z., H.S.M.); University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (C.M.O.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (P.S.D.); Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (R.T.H., M.B.L.); Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (S.E.); Medstar Health Research Institute, Georgetown
| | - Martin B. Leon
- From the Structural Heart and Valve Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (B.R.L.); Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (B.R.L., A.Z., H.S.M.); University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (C.M.O.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (P.S.D.); Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (R.T.H., M.B.L.); Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (S.E.); Medstar Health Research Institute, Georgetown
| | - Philippe Pibarot
- From the Structural Heart and Valve Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (B.R.L.); Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (B.R.L., A.Z., H.S.M.); University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (C.M.O.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (P.S.D.); Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (R.T.H., M.B.L.); Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (S.E.); Medstar Health Research Institute, Georgetown
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Abstract
Untreated, severe, symptomatic aortic stenosis is associated with a dismal prognosis. The only treatment shown to improve survival is aortic valve replacement; however, before symptoms occur, aortic stenosis is preceded by a silent, latent phase characterized by a slow progression at the molecular, cellular, and tissue levels. In theory, specific medical therapy should halt aortic stenosis progression, reduce its hemodynamic repercussions on left ventricular function and remodeling, and improve clinical outcomes. In the present report, we performed a systematic review of studies focusing on the medical treatment of patients with aortic stenosis. Lipid-lowering therapy, antihypertensive drugs, and anticalcific therapy have been the main drug classes studied in this setting and are reviewed in depth. A critical appraisal of the preclinical and clinical evidence is provided, and future research avenues are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Marquis-Gravel
- From Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada (G.M.-G., P.G.); Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York, NY (B.R., M.B.L., P.G.); Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (B.R.); Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (M.B.L., P.G.); and Morristown Medical Center, Morristown, NJ (P.G.)
| | - Björn Redfors
- From Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada (G.M.-G., P.G.); Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York, NY (B.R., M.B.L., P.G.); Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (B.R.); Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (M.B.L., P.G.); and Morristown Medical Center, Morristown, NJ (P.G.)
| | - Martin B Leon
- From Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada (G.M.-G., P.G.); Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York, NY (B.R., M.B.L., P.G.); Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (B.R.); Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (M.B.L., P.G.); and Morristown Medical Center, Morristown, NJ (P.G.)
| | - Philippe Généreux
- From Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada (G.M.-G., P.G.); Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York, NY (B.R., M.B.L., P.G.); Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (B.R.); Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (M.B.L., P.G.); and Morristown Medical Center, Morristown, NJ (P.G.).
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Tang M, Liu X, Lin C, He Y, Cai X, Xu Q, Hu P, Gao F, Jiang J, Lin X, Zhu Q, Wang L, Kong H, Yu Y, Wang J. Meta-Analysis of Outcomes and Evolution of Pulmonary Hypertension Before and After Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation. Am J Cardiol 2017; 119:91-99. [PMID: 27788934 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2016.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a common entity in patients with severe aortic stenosis (AS) who underwent transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI), but its role on clinical outcomes remains undetermined. We evaluated the impact of baseline and postprocedural PH on clinical outcomes and changes in pulmonary artery systolic pressure after TAVI by performing a meta-analysis of 16 studies enrolling 9,204 patients with AS who underwent TAVI. In patients with baseline PH, all-cause mortality was significantly increased, as shown by pooled odds ratio (ORs) for overall 30-day (OR 1.52, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.28 to 1.80), 1-year (OR 1.39, 95% CI 1.27 to 1.51), and 2-year all-cause mortality (OR 2.00, 95% CI 1.49 to 2.69), compared with those without PH, independent of different methods of PH assessment. The presence of post-TAVI PH was associated with a significant increase in 2-year all-cause mortality (OR 2.32, 95% CI 1.43 to 3.74). Nevertheless, pulmonary artery systolic pressure decreased at 3-month to 1-year follow-up (standardized mean difference -1.12, 95% CI -1.46 to -0.78). Baseline PH was associated with higher 30-day and 1-year cardiovascular mortality. Patients with baseline PH had higher risk of stroke at 1 year and acute kidney injury at 30 days. But the risk of major vascular complications was significantly lower in patients with baseline PH. In conclusion, the presence of PH is associated with increased short- and long-term mortality, also higher risk of stroke and acute kidney injury after TAVI. A significant decrease in PSAP is detected in patients with AS in midterm follow-up after TAVI.
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Naing P, Kuppusamy H, Scalia G, Hillis GS, Playford D. Non-Invasive Assessment of Pulmonary Vascular Resistance in Pulmonary Hypertension: Current Knowledge and Future Direction. Heart Lung Circ 2016; 26:323-330. [PMID: 27939746 DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary Hypertension (PHT) is relatively common, dangerous and under-recognised. Pulmonary hypertension is not a diagnosis in itself; it is caused by a number of differing diseases each with different treatments and prognoses. Therefore, timely and accurate recognition of the underlying cause for PHT is essential for appropriate management. This is especially true for patients with Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) in the current era of disease-specific drug therapy. Measurement of Pulmonary Vascular Resistance (PVR) helps separate pre-capillary from post-capillary PHT, and is measured with right heart catheterisation (RHC). Echocardiography has been used to derive a number of non-invasive surrogates for PVR, with varying accuracy. Ultimately, the goal of non-invasive assessment of PVR is to separate PHT due to left heart disease from PHT due to increased PVR, to help streamline investigation and subsequent treatment. In this review, we summarise the physiology and pathophysiology of pulmonary blood flow, the various causes of pulmonary hypertension, and non-invasive surrogates for PVR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pyi Naing
- University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, WA, Australia; Mount Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia.
| | - Harveen Kuppusamy
- University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, WA, Australia; Mount Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
| | | | | | - David Playford
- University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, WA, Australia; Mount Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
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27
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objectives of this review are to discuss the clinical assessment, pathophysiology, and management of shock, with an emphasis on circulatory physiology, cardiopulmonary interactions, and pharmacologic strategies to optimize systemic oxygen delivery. These principles will then be applied to the clinical syndromes of heart failure and cardiogenic shock that are seen in children. DATA SOURCE MEDLINE, PubMed. CONCLUSION An understanding of essential circulatory physiology and the pathophysiology of shock are necessary for managing patients at risk for or in a state of shock. A timely and accurate assessment of cardiac function, cardiac output, and tissue oxygenation and the means by which to enhance the relationship between oxygen delivery and consumption are essential in order to optimize outcomes.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES In this review, we will discuss aortic stenosis, aortic regurgitation, mitral regurgitation, and mitral stenosis. We will review the etiology, anatomy, pathophysiology, presentation, and treatment of aortic and mitral valve disease. Age and lesion specific treatments are outlined based on the severity of valve disease with an aim at long-term preservation of left ventricular function. DATA SOURCE MEDLINE and PubMed. CONCLUSIONS Mitral and aortic valve disease leads to unique hemodynamic burdens that can impact left ventricular function, quality of life, and longevity. The primary challenge in the management of mitral and aortic valve disease is to apply appropriate medical management and identify that point in time at which the surgery is necessary. Although guidelines have been established for the management of aortic and mitral valve disease in adults, the challenges of early presentation, maintenance of growth potential, and apparent increased tolerance of hemodynamic burden in children makes decision making challenging.
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Quader N, Lindman BR. Shifting the Spotlight onto the Forgotten Ventricle: Role of the Right Ventricle in Low-Flow, Low-Gradient Aortic Stenosis. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2016; 29:334-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Pediatric Cardiac Intensive Care Society 2014 Consensus Statement: Pharmacotherapies in Cardiac Critical Care Treatment of Acute Heart Failure. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2016; 17:S16-9. [PMID: 26945325 DOI: 10.1097/pcc.0000000000000635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To provide an evidence-based review of pharmacotherapies to treat acute heart failure. To accomplish this objective, we will discuss circulatory physiology, vasoactive agents, and their indications in the management of acute heart failure. DATA SOURCE A MEDLINE-baseline review of the literature. CONCLUSIONS The optimal selection of vasoactive agents requires a consideration of circulatory physiology and the tailored application of pharmacotherapies to treat patients with acute heart failure.
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Pofi R, Gianfrilli D, Badagliacca R, Di Dato C, Venneri MA, Giannetta E. Everything you ever wanted to know about phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors and the heart (but never dared ask): How do they work? J Endocrinol Invest 2016; 39:131-42. [PMID: 26142740 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-015-0339-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors (PDE5i) were developed while investigating novel treatments for coronary artery disease, but their andrological side effects shifted their indication toward the management of erectile dysfunction. Although PDE5i are now also indicated for pulmonary arterial hypertension and there are mounting preclinical and clinical evidences about their potentially beneficial cardiac effects, their use remains controversial and the involved mechanisms remain unclear. MATERIALS AND METHODS This review aimed to analyze the effects of PDE5i administration in various animal and humans models of cardiovascular diseases. RESULTS Animal studies have shown that PDE5i have protective effects in several models of cardiac disease. In humans, some studies showed that PDE5i improves microvascular and endothelial dysfunction and exerts positive effects in different samples of cardiovascular (CV) impairment. In contrast, other studies found no benefit (and no harm) in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. The discrepancies in these findings are likely related to the fact that the mechanisms targeted by PDE5i in human disease are still poorly understood and the target population not yet identified. The mechanisms of actions herein reviewed suggest that hypertrophy, microvascular impairment, and inflammation, should be variably present for PDE5i to work. All these conditions frequently coexist in diabetes. A gender responsiveness has also been recently proposed. CONCLUSIONS Continuous PDE5 inhibition may exert cardioprotective effects, improving endothelial function and counteracting cardiac remodeling in some but not all conditions. A better patient selection could help to clarify the controversies on PDE5i use for CV disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Pofi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - D Gianfrilli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - R Badagliacca
- Department of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Science, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - C Di Dato
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - M A Venneri
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - E Giannetta
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161, Rome, Italy.
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Lindman BR, Zajarias A, Maniar HS, Miller DC, Suri RM, Arnold SV, Webb J, Svensson LG, Kodali S, Xu K, Ayele GM, Lin F, Wong SC, Babaliaros V, Thourani VH, Douglas PS, Lim S, Leon MB, Mack MJ. Risk stratification in patients with pulmonary hypertension undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement. Heart 2015; 101:1656-64. [PMID: 26264371 DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2015-308001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is associated with increased mortality after surgical or transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) for aortic stenosis (AS), and when the pulmonary artery pressure is particularly elevated, there may be questions about the clinical benefit of TAVR. We aimed to identify clinical and haemodynamic factors associated with increased mortality after TAVR among those with moderate/severe PH. METHODS Among patients with symptomatic AS at high or prohibitive surgical risk receiving TAVR in the Placement of Aortic Transcatheter Valves (PARTNER) I randomised trial or registry, 2180 patients with an invasive measurement of mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) recorded were included, and moderate/severe PH was defined as an mPAP ≥35 mm Hg. RESULTS Increasing severity of PH was associated with progressively worse 1-year all-cause mortality: none (n=785, 18.6%), mild (n=838, 22.7%) and moderate/severe (n=557, 25.0%) (p=0.01). The increased hazard of mortality associated with moderate/severe PH was observed in females, but not males (interaction p=0.03). In adjusted analyses, females with moderate/severe PH had an increased hazard of death at 1 year compared with females without PH (adjusted HR 2.14, 95% CI 1.44 to 3.18), whereas those with mild PH did not. Among males, there was no increased hazard of death associated with any severity of PH. In a multivariable Cox model of patients with moderate/severe PH, oxygen-dependent lung disease, inability to perform a 6 min walk, impaired renal function and lower aortic valve mean gradient were independently associated with increased 1-year mortality (p<0.05 for all), whereas several haemodynamic indices were not. A risk score, including these factors, was able to identify patients with a 15% vs 59% 1-year mortality. CONCLUSIONS The relationship between moderate/severe PH and increased mortality after TAVR is altered by sex, and clinical factors appear to be more influential in stratifying risk than haemodynamic indices. These findings may have implications for the evaluation of and treatment decisions for patients referred for TAVR with significant PH. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT00530894.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R Lindman
- Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Alan Zajarias
- Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Hersh S Maniar
- Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - D Craig Miller
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | | | | | - John Webb
- St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Susheel Kodali
- Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York, New York, USA Columbia University Medical Center/New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ke Xu
- Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York, New York, USA
| | - Girma M Ayele
- Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York, New York, USA
| | - Fay Lin
- New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Scott Lim
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Martin B Leon
- Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York, New York, USA Columbia University Medical Center/New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA
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Targeted protection of donor graft vasculature using a phosphodiesterase inhibitor increases survival and predictability of autologous fat grafts. Plast Reconstr Surg 2015; 135:488-499. [PMID: 25626795 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000000909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fat grafting is limited by unpredictable long-term graft retention. The authors postulate that injury to the donor-derived microvasculature during harvest and subsequent ischemia may account for this clinical variability. They examined the use of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor sildenafil citrate to protect graft microvasculature and its role in revascularization and survival. METHODS Inguinal fat of donor Tie2/LacZ mice was infiltrated with sildenafil or saline, harvested, and transplanted onto the dorsa of recipient FVB mice. Additional donor mice were perfused with intraarterial trypsin to inactivate the fat graft microvasculature before harvest and transplantation. Differences in graft revascularization, perfusion, volume of retention, and biochemical changes were assessed. RESULTS Surviving fat grafts were characterized by exclusively donor-derived vasculature inosculating with the recipient circulation at the graft periphery. Inactivation of donor-derived microvasculature decreased early graft perfusion and led to nearly total graft loss by 8 weeks. Sildenafil attenuated vascular ischemic injury, consistent with reductions in VCAM-1 and SDF1α expression at 48 hours and 4-fold increases in microvasculature survival by 2 weeks over controls. Compared with controls, targeted sildenafil treatment improved early graft perfusion, doubled graft retention at 12 weeks (83 percent versus 39 percent; p < 0.05), ultimately retaining 64 percent of the original graft volume by 24 weeks (compared to 4 percent; p < 0.05) with superior histologic features. CONCLUSIONS Fat graft vascularization is critically dependent on maintenance of the donor microvasculature. Sildenafil protects the donor microvasculature during transfer and revascularization, increasing long-term volume retention. These data demonstrate a rapidly translatable method of increasing predictability and durability of fat grafting in clinical practice.
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Maron BA. Emerging hemodynamic signatures of the right heart (Third International Right Heart Failure Summit, part 2). Pulm Circ 2014; 4:705-716. [PMID: 25610606 PMCID: PMC4278630 DOI: 10.1086/678544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the importance of preserved right ventricular structure and function with respect to outcome across the spectrum of lung, cardiac, and pulmonary vascular diseases, only recently have organized efforts developed to consider the pulmonary vascular-right ventricular apparatus as a specific unit within the larger context of cardiopulmonary pathophysiology. The Third International Right Heart Failure Summit (Boston, MA) was a multidisciplinary event dedicated to promoting a dialogue about the scientific and clinical basis of right heart disease. The current review provides a synopsis of key discussions presented during the section of the summit titled "Emerging Hemodynamic Signatures of the Right Heart." Specifically, topics emphasized in this element of the symposium included (1) the effects of pulmonary vascular dysfunction at rest or provoked by exercise on the right ventricular pressure-volume relationship, (2) the role of pressure-volume loop analysis as a method to characterize right ventricular inefficiency and predict right heart failure, and (3) the importance of a systems biology approach to identifying novel factors that contribute to pathophenotypes associated with pulmonary arterial hypertension and/or right ventricular dysfunction. Collectively, these concepts frame a forward-thinking paradigm shift in the approach to right heart disease by emphasizing factors that regulate the transition from adaptive to maladaptive right ventricular-pulmonary vascular (patho)physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley A Maron
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; and Department of Cardiology, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Giannetta E, Feola T, Gianfrilli D, Pofi R, Dall'Armi V, Badagliacca R, Barbagallo F, Lenzi A, Isidori AM. Is chronic inhibition of phosphodiesterase type 5 cardioprotective and safe? A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. BMC Med 2014; 12:185. [PMID: 25330139 PMCID: PMC4201993 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-014-0185-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The myocardial effects of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE5i) have recently received consideration in several preclinical studies. The risk/benefit ratio in humans remains unclear. METHODS We performed a meta-analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled trials (RCTs) to evaluate the efficacy and safety of PDE5i on cardiac morphology and function. From March 2012 to December 2013 (update: May 2014), we searched English-language studies from MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and SCOPUS-selecting RCTs of continuous PDE5i administration that reported cardiovascular outcomes: cardiac geometry and performance, afterload, endothelial function and safety. The pooled estimate of a weighted mean difference between treatment and placebo was obtained for all outcomes using a random effects model. A test for heterogeneity was performed and the I2 statistic calculated. RESULTS Overall, 1,622 subjects were treated, with 954 randomized to PDE5i and 772 to placebo in 24 RCTs. According to our analysis, sustained PDE5 inhibition produced: (1) an anti-remodeling effect by reducing cardiac mass (-12.21 g/m2, 95% confidence interval (CI): -18.85; -5.57) in subjects with left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and by increasing end-diastolic volume (5.00 mL/m2; 95% CI: 3.29; 6.71) in non-LVH patients; (2) an improvement in cardiac performance by increasing cardiac index (0.30 L/min/m2, 95% CI: 0.202; 0.406) and ejection fraction (3.56%, 95% CI: 1.79; 5.33). These effects are parallel to a decline of N-terminal-pro brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) in subjects with severe LVH (-486.7 pg/ml, 95% CI: -712; -261). PDE5i administration also produced: (3) no changes in afterload parameters and (4) an improvement in flow-mediated vasodilation (3.31%, 95% CI: 0.53; 6.08). Flushing, headache, epistaxis and gastric symptoms were the commonest side effects. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis suggests for the first time that PDE5i have anti-remodeling properties and improve cardiac inotropism, independently of afterload changes, with a good safety profile. Given the reproducibility of the findings and tolerability across different populations, PDE5i could be reasonably offered to men with cardiac hypertrophy and early stage heart failure. Given the limited gender data, a larger trial on the sex-specific response to long-term PDE5i treatment is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Giannetta
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, Rome, 00161, Italy.
| | - Tiziana Feola
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, Rome, 00161, Italy.
| | - Daniele Gianfrilli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, Rome, 00161, Italy.
| | - Riccardo Pofi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, Rome, 00161, Italy.
| | - Valentina Dall'Armi
- Unit of Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana of Rome, Via della Pisana 235, Rome, 00163, Italy.
| | - Roberto Badagliacca
- Department of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Science, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, Rome, 00185, Italy.
| | - Federica Barbagallo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, Rome, 00161, Italy.
| | - Andrea Lenzi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, Rome, 00161, Italy.
| | - Andrea M Isidori
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, Rome, 00161, Italy.
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Tunks RD, Barker PCA, Benjamin DK, Cohen-Wolkowiez M, Fleming GA, Laughon M, Li JS, Hill KD. Sildenafil exposure and hemodynamic effect after Fontan surgery. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2014; 15:28-34. [PMID: 24201857 PMCID: PMC3887448 DOI: 10.1097/pcc.0000000000000007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Determine sildenafil exposure and hemodynamic effect in children after Fontan single-ventricle surgery. DESIGN Prospective dose-escalation trial. SETTING Single-center pediatric catheterization laboratory. PATIENTS Nine children post Fontan single-ventricle surgical palliation and undergoing elective cardiac catheterization: median (range) age and weight, 5.2 years (2.5-9.4 yr) and 16.3 kg (9.5-28.1 kg). Five children (55%) were boys, and six of nine (67%) had a systemic right ventricle. INTERVENTIONS Catheterization and echocardiography performed before and immediately after single-dose IV sildenafil (0.25, 0.35, or 0.45 mg/kg over 20 min). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Peak sildenafil and desmethyl sildenafil concentration, change in hemodynamic variables measured by cardiac catheterization and echocardiography. Maximum sildenafil concentrations ranged from 124 to 646 ng/mL and were above the in vitro threshold needed for 77% phosphodiesterase type-5 inhibition in eight of nine children and 90% inhibition in seven of seven children with doses more than or equal to 0.35 mg/kg. Sildenafil improved stroke volume (+22%, p = 0.05) and cardiac output (+10%, p = 0.01) with no significant change in heart rate in eight of nine children. Sildenafil also lowered systemic (-16%, p = 0.01) and pulmonary vascular resistance index in all nine children (median baseline pulmonary vascular resistance index 2.4 [range, 1.3-3.7]; decreased to 1.9 [0.8-2.7] Wood Units × m; p = 0.01) with no dose-response effect. Pulmonary arterial pressures decreased (-10%, p = 0.02) and pulmonary blood flow increased (9%, p = 0.02). There was no change in myocardial performance index and no adverse events. CONCLUSIONS After Fontan surgery, sildenafil infusion acutely improves cardiopulmonary hemodynamics, increasing cardiac index. For the range of doses studied, exposure was within the acute safety range reported in adult subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D. Tunks
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Piers C. A. Barker
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Daniel K. Benjamin
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michael Cohen-Wolkowiez
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Gregory A. Fleming
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Matthew Laughon
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jennifer S. Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kevin D. Hill
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Wu X, Yang T, Zhou Q, Li S, Huang L. Additional use of a phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor in patients with pulmonary hypertension secondary to chronic systolic heart failure: a meta-analysis. Eur J Heart Fail 2013; 16:444-53. [PMID: 24464734 DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 11/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Increased indiscriminate use of pulmonary artery hypertension-targeted drugs has been observed in patients with pulmonary hypertension (PH) secondary to heart failure. We performed a meta-analysis to evaluate the chronic effects of using phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) inhibitors to treat patients with PH secondary to chronic systolic heart failure. METHODS AND RESULTS PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library were searched up to October 2013 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing PDE5 inhibitor treatments in PH patients secondary to chronic heart failure. Six RCTs involving 206 chronic systolic heart failure patients with PH complications were included. Sildenafil was used in all trials. Sildenafil treatment resulted in fewer hospital admissions compared with the placebo treatment (3.15% vs. 12.20%; risk ratio 0.29; 95% confidence interval 0.11-0.77). Various haemodynamic parameters were improved with additional sildenafil treatment, including reduced mean pulmonary artery pressure [weighted mean difference (WMD) -5.71 mmHg, P<0.05] and pulmonary vascular resistance (WMD -81.5 dynes/cm(-5), P<0.00001), increased LVEF (WMD 3.95%, P<0.01), and unchanged heart rate and blood pressure. The exercise capacity improved (oxygen consumption at peak exercise, WMD 3.20 mL/min(-1)/kg(-1), P<0.00001; ventilation to CO2 production slope, WMD -5.89, P<0.00001), and the clinical symptoms were relieved based on the breathlessness (WMD 7.72, P<0.00001), fatigue (WMD 2.28, P<0.05), and emotional functioning (WMD 5.92, P<0.00001) scores. CONCLUSIONS Additional sildenafil treatment is a potential therapeutic method to improve pulmonary exercise capacity and quality of life by ameliorating PH in patients with chronic systolic heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Wu
- Cardiovascular Department of Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, No.183 Xinqiao Street, Chongqing, China
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Andersen A, Nielsen JM, Rasalingam S, Sloth E, Nielsen-Kudsk JE. Acute effects of sildenafil and dobutamine in the hypertrophic and failing right heart in vivo. Pulm Circ 2013; 3:599-610. [PMID: 24618544 DOI: 10.1086/674327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate whether acute intravenous administration of the phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE-5) inhibitor sildenafil in a single clinically relevant dose improves the in vivo function of the hypertrophic and failing right ventricle (RV). Wistar rats ([Formula: see text]) were subjected to pulmonary trunk banding (PTB) causing RV hypertrophy and failure. Four weeks after surgery, they were randomized to receive an intravenous bolus dose of sildenafil (1 mg/kg; [Formula: see text]), vehicle ([Formula: see text]), or dobutamine (10 μg/kg; [Formula: see text]). Invasive RV pressures were recorded continuously, and transthoracic echocardiography was performed 1, 5, 15, 25, 35, 50, 70, and 90 minutes after injecting the bolus. Cardiac function was compared to baseline measurements to evaluate the in vivo effects of each specific treatment. The PTB procedure caused significant hypertrophy, cardiac fibrosis, and reduction in RV function evaluated by echocardiography (TAPSE) and invasive pressure measurements. Sildenafil did not improve the function of the hypertrophic failing right heart in vivo, measured by TAPSE, RV systolic pressure (RVsP), and dp/dtmax. Dobutamine improved RV function 1 minute after injection measured by TAPSE ([Formula: see text] vs. [Formula: see text] cm; [Formula: see text]), RVsP ([Formula: see text] vs. [Formula: see text] mmHg; [Formula: see text]), and dp/dtmax ([Formula: see text] vs. [Formula: see text] mmHg/s; [Formula: see text]). Acute administration of the PDE-5 inhibitor sildenafil in a single clinically relevant dose did not modulate the in vivo function of the hypertrophic failing right heart of the rat measured by echocardiography and invasive hemodynamics. In the same model, dobutamine acutely improved RV function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asger Andersen
- 1 Department of Cardiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby, Aarhus, Denmark
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Abstract
Calcific aortic stenosis is a progressive disease with no effective medical therapy that ultimately requires aortic valve replacement (AVR) for severe valve obstruction. Echocardiography is the primary diagnostic approach to define valve anatomy, measure aortic stenosis severity, and evaluate the left ventricular response to chronic pressure overload. In asymptomatic patients, markers of disease progression include the degree of leaflet calcification, hemodynamic severity of stenosis, adverse left ventricular remodeling, reduced left ventricular longitudinal strain, myocardial fibrosis, and pulmonary hypertension. The onset of symptoms portends a predictably high mortality rate unless AVR is performed. In symptomatic patients, AVR improves symptoms, improves survival, and, in patients with left ventricular dysfunction, improves systolic function. Poor outcomes after AVR are associated with low-flow low-gradient aortic stenosis, severe ventricular fibrosis, oxygen-dependent lung disease, frailty, advanced renal dysfunction, and a high comorbidity score. However, in most patients with severe symptoms, AVR is lifesaving. Bioprosthetic valves are recommended for patients aged >65 years. Transcatheter AVR is now available for patients with severe comorbidities, is recommended in patients who are deemed inoperable, and is a reasonable alternative to surgical AVR in high-risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R Lindman
- Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R. Lindman
- From the Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (B.R.L.); and Division of Cardiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (C.M.O.)
| | - Catherine M. Otto
- From the Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (B.R.L.); and Division of Cardiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (C.M.O.)
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Ranek MJ, Terpstra EJM, Li J, Kass DA, Wang X. Protein kinase g positively regulates proteasome-mediated degradation of misfolded proteins. Circulation 2013; 128:365-76. [PMID: 23770744 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.113.001971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proteasome functional insufficiency is implicated in a large subset of cardiovascular diseases and may play an important role in their pathogenesis. The regulation of proteasome function is poorly understood, hindering the development of effective strategies to improve proteasome function. METHODS AND RESULTS Protein kinase G (PKG) was manipulated genetically and pharmacologically in cultured cardiomyocytes. Activation of PKG increased proteasome peptidase activities, facilitated proteasome-mediated degradation of surrogate (enhanced green fluorescence protein modified by carboxyl fusion of degron CL1) and bona fide (CryAB(R120G)) misfolded proteins, and attenuated CryAB(R120G) overexpression-induced accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins and cellular injury. PKG inhibition elicited the opposite responses. Differences in the abundance of the key 26S proteasome subunits Rpt6 and β5 between the PKG-manipulated and control groups were not statistically significant, but the isoelectric points were shifted by PKG activation. In transgenic mice expressing a surrogate substrate (GFPdgn), PKG activation by sildenafil increased myocardial proteasome activities and significantly decreased myocardial GFPdgn protein levels. Sildenafil treatment significantly increased myocardial PKG activity and significantly reduced myocardial accumulation of CryAB(R120G), ubiquitin conjugates, and aberrant protein aggregates in mice with CryAB(R120G)-based desmin-related cardiomyopathy. No discernible effect on bona fide native substrates of the ubiquitin-proteasome system was observed from PKG manipulation in vitro or in vivo. CONCLUSIONS PKG positively regulates proteasome activities and proteasome-mediated degradation of misfolded proteins, likely through posttranslational modifications to proteasome subunits. This may be a new mechanism underlying the benefit of PKG stimulation in treating cardiac diseases. Stimulation of PKG by measures such as sildenafil administration is potentially a new therapeutic strategy to treat cardiac proteinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Ranek
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, University of South Dakota, 414 E Clark St, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA
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Pfeifer A, Kilić A, Hoffmann LS. Regulation of metabolism by cGMP. Pharmacol Ther 2013; 140:81-91. [PMID: 23756133 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The second messenger cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) mediates the physiological effects of nitric oxide and natriuretic peptides in a broad spectrum of tissues and cells. So far, the major focus of research on cGMP lay on the cardiovascular system. Recent evidence suggests that cGMP also plays a major role in the regulation of cellular and whole-body metabolism. Here, we focus on the role of cGMP in adipose tissue. In addition, other organs important for the regulation of metabolism and their regulation by cGMP are discussed. Targeting the cGMP signaling pathway could be an exciting approach for the regulation of energy expenditure and the treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Pfeifer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Biomedical Center, University of Bonn, Germany.
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Schmeisser A, Schroetter H, Braun-Dulleaus RC. Management of pulmonary hypertension in left heart disease. Ther Adv Cardiovasc Dis 2013; 7:131-51. [DOI: 10.1177/1753944713477518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) due to left heart disease is classified as group II according to the Dana Point classification, which includes left ventricular systolic and/or diastolic left heart failure, and left-sided valvular disease. PH due to left heart disease is the most common cause and when present, especially with right ventricular dysfunction, is associated with a worse prognosis. Left heart disease with secondary PH is associated with increased left atrial pressure, which causes a passive increase in pulmonary pressure. Passive PH could be superimposed by an active protective, and in some patients by an ‘out of proportion’, elevated precapillary pulmonary vasoconstriction and vascular remodelling which leads to greater or lesser further increase of the pulmonary artery pressure. In this review, epidemiological and pathophysiologic mechanisms for the development of group II PH are summarized. The conflicting data about the haemodynamic and possible parameters to diagnose passive versus reactive and ‘out of proportion’ PH are presented. The different therapeutic concepts, along with novel treatment strategies, are reviewed in detail and critically discussed regarding their effectiveness and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Schmeisser
- Internal Medicine/Cardiology, Angiology and Pneumology, Magdeburg University, Leipziger Str.44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Hagen Schroetter
- Technical University Dresden, Heart Centre Dresden, University Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Dresden, Germany
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Imamura T, Kinugawa K, Hatano M, Kato N, Minatsuki S, Muraoka H, Inaba T, Maki H, Kimura M, Kinoshita O, Shiga T, Yao A, Kyo S, Ono M, Komuro I. Acute pulmonary vasoreactivity test with sildenafil or nitric monoxide before left ventricular assist device implantation. J Artif Organs 2013; 16:389-92. [PMID: 23559349 DOI: 10.1007/s10047-013-0706-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
There has been no established medical therapy to ameliorate pulmonary hypertension (PH) owing to left heart disease (LHD-PH). It has recently been shown that the left ventricular assist device (LVAD) can improve LHD-PH and therefore has the potential to become a major bridge tool for heart transplantation (HTx). However, some patients still have persistent PH even after LVAD treatment. It is essential to demonstrate the reversibility of end-organ dysfunction, including PH, prior to implantable LVAD treatment, especially in Japan, because implantable LVAD treatment is indicated only as bridge to transplantation. Here we report a patient with LHD-PH whose PH was demonstrated to be reversible by the acute pulmonary vasoreactivity test (APVT) with nitrogen monoxide (NO) and the phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor sildenafil. Both inhaled NO and sildenafil reduced pulmonary vascular resistance, but pulmonary capillary wedge pressure was increased by NO, which was conversely decreased under increased cardiac output by sildenafil. After the patient was listed as an HTx recipient, pulmonary vascular resistance recovered down to an acceptable range with LVAD treatment. Based on these findings, we suggest that the APVT with sildenafil may be a useful and safe tool to predict improvement of PH after LVAD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruhiko Imamura
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan,
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Sildenafil and Diastolic Dysfunction After Acute Myocardial Infarction in Patients With Preserved Ejection Fraction. Circulation 2013; 127:1200-8. [DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.112.000056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Vandenwijngaert S, Pokreisz P, Hermans H, Gillijns H, Pellens M, Bax NAM, Coppiello G, Oosterlinck W, Balogh A, Papp Z, Bouten CVC, Bartunek J, D'hooge J, Luttun A, Verbeken E, Herregods MC, Herijgers P, Bloch KD, Janssens S. Increased cardiac myocyte PDE5 levels in human and murine pressure overload hypertrophy contribute to adverse LV remodeling. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58841. [PMID: 23527037 PMCID: PMC3601083 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The intracellular second messenger cGMP protects the heart under pathological conditions. We examined expression of phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5), an enzyme that hydrolyzes cGMP, in human and mouse hearts subjected to sustained left ventricular (LV) pressure overload. We also determined the role of cardiac myocyte-specific PDE5 expression in adverse LV remodeling in mice after transverse aortic constriction (TAC). Methodology/Principal Findings In patients with severe aortic stenosis (AS) undergoing valve replacement, we detected greater myocardial PDE5 expression than in control hearts. We observed robust expression in scattered cardiac myocytes of those AS patients with higher LV filling pressures and BNP serum levels. Following TAC, we detected similar, focal PDE5 expression in cardiac myocytes of C57BL/6NTac mice exhibiting the most pronounced LV remodeling. To examine the effect of cell-specific PDE5 expression, we subjected transgenic mice with cardiac myocyte-specific PDE5 overexpression (PDE5-TG) to TAC. LV hypertrophy and fibrosis were similar as in WT, but PDE5-TG had increased cardiac dimensions, and decreased dP/dtmax and dP/dtmin with prolonged tau (P<0.05 for all). Greater cardiac dysfunction in PDE5-TG was associated with reduced myocardial cGMP and SERCA2 levels, and higher passive force in cardiac myocytes in vitro. Conclusions/Significance Myocardial PDE5 expression is increased in the hearts of humans and mice with chronic pressure overload. Increased cardiac myocyte-specific PDE5 expression is a molecular hallmark in hypertrophic hearts with contractile failure, and represents an important therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Pokreisz
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hadewich Hermans
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hilde Gillijns
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marijke Pellens
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Noortje A. M. Bax
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Giulia Coppiello
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Agnes Balogh
- Division of Clinical Physiology, Institute of Cardiology, Research Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen Medical and Health Science Center, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zoltan Papp
- Division of Clinical Physiology, Institute of Cardiology, Research Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen Medical and Health Science Center, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Carlijn V. C. Bouten
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jozef Bartunek
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Cardiovascular Center, OLV Hospital, Aalst, Belgium
| | - Jan D'hooge
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Aernout Luttun
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Erik Verbeken
- Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Paul Herijgers
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kenneth D. Bloch
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research, Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Stefan Janssens
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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Schwartz BG, Jackson G, Stecher VJ, Campoli-Richards DM, Kloner RA. Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors improve endothelial function and may benefit cardiovascular conditions. Am J Med 2013; 126:192-9. [PMID: 23410557 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2012.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Revised: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The effects of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors on vasodilation mediated via nitric oxide-cyclic guanosine monophosphate are well described. Less is known about other mechanisms through which phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors benefit endothelial function, including normalization of serum biomarkers, increased levels of endothelial progenitor cells, ischemia-reperfusion protection mechanisms, and other actions specific to patients with diabetes. These various mechanisms are reviewed. Their impact on several cardiovascular diseases, including erectile dysfunction, pulmonary hypertension, heart failure, high-altitude pulmonary edema, Raynaud's phenomenon, coronary artery disease, diabetes, and atherosclerosis, is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan G Schwartz
- Heart Institute, Good Samaritan Hospital, Los Angeles, Calif 90017-2395, USA
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Abstract
Despite major improvements in the treatment of virtually all cardiac disorders, heart failure (HF) is an exception, in that its prevalence is rising, and only small prolongations in survival are occurring. An increasing fraction, especially older women with diabetes, obesity, and atrial fibrillation exhibit HF with preserved systolic function. Several pathogenetic mechanisms appear to be operative in HF. These include increased hemodynamic overload, ischemia-related dysfunction, ventricular remodeling, excessive neurohumoral stimulation, abnormal myocyte calcium cycling, excessive or inadequate proliferation of the extracellular matrix, accelerated apoptosis, and genetic mutations. Biomarkers released as a consequence of myocardial stretch, imbalance between formation and breakdown of extracellular matrix, inflammation, and renal failure are useful in the identification of the pathogenetic mechanism and, when used in combination, may become helpful in estimating prognosis and selecting appropriate therapy. Promising new therapies that are now undergoing intensive investigation include an angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor, a naturally-occurring vasodilator peptide, a myofilament sensitizer and several drugs that enhance Ca++ uptake by the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Cell therapy, using autologous bone marrow and cardiac progenitor cells, appears to be promising, as does gene therapy. Chronic left ventricular assistance with continuous flow pumps is being applied more frequently and successfully as destination therapy, as a bridge to transplantation, and even as a bridge to recovery and explantation. While many of these therapies will improve the care of patients with HF, significant reductions in prevalence will require vigorous, multifaceted, preventive approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Braunwald
- TIMI Study Group, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital; and the Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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