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Jiang J, Hiron TK, Agbaedeng TA, Malhotra Y, Drydale E, Bancroft J, Ng E, Reschen ME, Davison LJ, O’Callaghan CA. A Novel Macrophage Subpopulation Conveys Increased Genetic Risk of Coronary Artery Disease. Circ Res 2024; 135:6-25. [PMID: 38747151 PMCID: PMC11191562 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.123.324172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronary artery disease (CAD), the leading cause of death worldwide, is influenced by both environmental and genetic factors. Although over 250 genetic risk loci have been identified through genome-wide association studies, the specific causal variants and their regulatory mechanisms are still largely unknown, particularly in disease-relevant cell types such as macrophages. METHODS We utilized single-cell RNA-seq and single-cell multiomics approaches in primary human monocyte-derived macrophages to explore the transcriptional regulatory network involved in a critical pathogenic event of coronary atherosclerosis-the formation of lipid-laden foam cells. The relative genetic contribution to CAD was assessed by partitioning disease heritability across different macrophage subpopulations. Meta-analysis of single-cell RNA-seq data sets from 38 human atherosclerotic samples was conducted to provide high-resolution cross-referencing to macrophage subpopulations in vivo. RESULTS We identified 18 782 cis-regulatory elements by jointly profiling the gene expression and chromatin accessibility of >5000 macrophages. Integration with CAD genome-wide association study data prioritized 121 CAD-related genetic variants and 56 candidate causal genes. We showed that CAD heritability was not uniformly distributed and was particularly enriched in the gene programs of a novel CD52-hi lipid-handling macrophage subpopulation. These CD52-hi macrophages displayed significantly less lipoprotein accumulation and were also found in human atherosclerotic plaques. We investigated the cis-regulatory effect of a risk variant rs10488763 on FDX1, implicating the recruitment of AP-1 and C/EBP-β in the causal mechanisms at this locus. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide genetic evidence of the divergent roles of macrophage subsets in atherogenesis and highlight lipid-handling macrophages as a key subpopulation through which genetic variants operate to influence disease. These findings provide an unbiased framework for functional fine-mapping of genome-wide association study results using single-cell multiomics and offer new insights into the genotype-environment interactions underlying atherosclerotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahao Jiang
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics (J.J., T.K.H., T.A.A., Y.M., E.D., J.B., L.J.D., C.A.O.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas K. Hiron
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics (J.J., T.K.H., T.A.A., Y.M., E.D., J.B., L.J.D., C.A.O.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas A. Agbaedeng
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics (J.J., T.K.H., T.A.A., Y.M., E.D., J.B., L.J.D., C.A.O.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Yashaswat Malhotra
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics (J.J., T.K.H., T.A.A., Y.M., E.D., J.B., L.J.D., C.A.O.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Edward Drydale
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics (J.J., T.K.H., T.A.A., Y.M., E.D., J.B., L.J.D., C.A.O.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - James Bancroft
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics (J.J., T.K.H., T.A.A., Y.M., E.D., J.B., L.J.D., C.A.O.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Esther Ng
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences (E.N.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Michael E. Reschen
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, United Kingdom (M.E.R.)
| | - Lucy J. Davison
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics (J.J., T.K.H., T.A.A., Y.M., E.D., J.B., L.J.D., C.A.O.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom (L.J.D.)
| | - Chris A. O’Callaghan
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics (J.J., T.K.H., T.A.A., Y.M., E.D., J.B., L.J.D., C.A.O.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom
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Macrophage polarization in THP-1 cell line and primary monocytes: A systematic review. Differentiation 2022; 128:67-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2022.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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3
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Tomonari Y, Iwaki T, Arakawa T, Umemura K. Inhibition of plasminogen suppresses fibrosis and macrophage foaming in a nonalcoholic steatohepatitis mouse model. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2022; 36:827-836. [DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Tomonari
- Department of Pharmacology Hamamatsu University School of Medicine Hamamatsu Japan
| | - Takayuki Iwaki
- Department of Pharmacology Hamamatsu University School of Medicine Hamamatsu Japan
| | - Tomohiro Arakawa
- Department of Pharmacology Hamamatsu University School of Medicine Hamamatsu Japan
| | - Kazuo Umemura
- Department of Pharmacology Hamamatsu University School of Medicine Hamamatsu Japan
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Decoding Functional High-Density Lipoprotein Particle Surfaceome Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169506. [PMID: 36012766 PMCID: PMC9409371 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is a mixture of complex particles mediating reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) and several cytoprotective activities. Despite its relevance for human health, many aspects of HDL-mediated lipid trafficking and cellular signaling remain elusive at the molecular level. During HDL’s journey throughout the body, its functions are mediated through interactions with cell surface receptors on different cell types. To characterize and better understand the functional interplay between HDL particles and tissue, we analyzed the surfaceome-residing receptor neighborhoods with which HDL potentially interacts. We applied a combination of chemoproteomic technologies including automated cell surface capturing (auto-CSC) and HATRIC-based ligand–receptor capturing (HATRIC-LRC) on four different cellular model systems mimicking tissues relevant for RCT. The surfaceome analysis of EA.hy926, HEPG2, foam cells, and human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) revealed the main currently known HDL receptor scavenger receptor B1 (SCRB1), as well as 155 shared cell surface receptors representing potential HDL interaction candidates. Since vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) was recently found as a regulatory factor of transendothelial transport of HDL, we next analyzed the VEGF-modulated surfaceome of HAEC using the auto-CSC technology. VEGF-A treatment led to the remodeling of the surfaceome of HAEC cells, including the previously reported higher surfaceome abundance of SCRB1. In total, 165 additional receptors were found on HAEC upon VEGF-A treatment representing SCRB1 co-regulated receptors potentially involved in HDL function. Using the HATRIC-LRC technology on human endothelial cells, we specifically aimed for the identification of other bona fide (co-)receptors of HDL beyond SCRB1. HATRIC-LRC enabled, next to SCRB1, the identification of the receptor tyrosine-protein kinase Mer (MERTK). Through RNA interference, we revealed its contribution to endothelial HDL binding and uptake. Furthermore, subsequent proximity ligation assays (PLAs) demonstrated the spatial vicinity of MERTK and SCRB1 on the endothelial cell surface. The data shown provide direct evidence for a complex and dynamic HDL receptome and that receptor nanoscale organization may influence binding and uptake of HDL.
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Zhang X, Rotllan N, Canfrán-Duque A, Sun J, Toczek J, Moshnikova A, Malik S, Price NL, Araldi E, Zhong W, Sadeghi MM, Andreev OA, Bahal R, Reshetnyak YK, Suárez Y, Fernández-Hernando C. Targeted Suppression of miRNA-33 Using pHLIP Improves Atherosclerosis Regression. Circ Res 2022; 131:77-90. [PMID: 35534923 PMCID: PMC9640270 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.121.320296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND miRNA therapeutics have gained attention during the past decade. These oligonucleotide treatments can modulate the expression of miRNAs in vivo and could be used to correct the imbalance of gene expression found in human diseases such as obesity, metabolic syndrome, and atherosclerosis. The in vivo efficacy of current anti-miRNA technologies hindered by physiological and cellular barriers to delivery into targeted cells and the nature of miRNAs that allows one to target an entire pathway that may lead to deleterious off-target effects. For these reasons, novel targeted delivery systems to inhibit miRNAs in specific tissues will be important for developing effective therapeutic strategies for numerous diseases including atherosclerosis. METHODS We used pH low-insertion peptide (pHLIP) constructs as vehicles to deliver microRNA-33-5p (miR-33) antisense oligonucleotides to atherosclerotic plaques. Immunohistochemistry and histology analysis was performed to assess the efficacy of miR-33 silencing in atherosclerotic lesions. We also assessed how miR-33 inhibition affects gene expression in monocytes/macrophages by single-cell RNA transcriptomics. RESULTS The anti-miR-33 conjugated pHLIP constructs are preferentially delivered to atherosclerotic plaque macrophages. The inhibition of miR-33 using pHLIP-directed macrophage targeting improves atherosclerosis regression by increasing collagen content and decreased lipid accumulation within vascular lesions. Single-cell RNA sequencing analysis revealed higher expression of fibrotic genes (Col2a1, Col3a1, Col1a2, Fn1, etc) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 3 (Timp3) and downregulation of Mmp12 in macrophages from atherosclerotic lesions targeted by pHLIP-anti-miR-33. CONCLUSIONS This study provides proof of principle for the application of pHLIP for treating advanced atherosclerosis via pharmacological inhibition of miR-33 in macrophages that avoid the deleterious effects in other metabolic tissues. This may open new therapeutic opportunities for atherosclerosis-associated cardiovascular diseases via selective delivery of other protective miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinbo Zhang
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism Program, Department of Comparative Medicine and Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Noemi Rotllan
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism Program, Department of Comparative Medicine and Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Alberto Canfrán-Duque
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism Program, Department of Comparative Medicine and Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jonathan Sun
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism Program, Department of Comparative Medicine and Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jakub Toczek
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Cardiovascular Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine and Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Section of Cardiology, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Anna Moshnikova
- Department Physics, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Shipra Malik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Nathan L. Price
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism Program, Department of Comparative Medicine and Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Elisa Araldi
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism Program, Department of Comparative Medicine and Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Wen Zhong
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism Program, Department of Comparative Medicine and Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Mehran M. Sadeghi
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Cardiovascular Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine and Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Section of Cardiology, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Oleg A. Andreev
- Department Physics, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Raman Bahal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Yana K. Reshetnyak
- Department Physics, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Yajaira Suárez
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism Program, Department of Comparative Medicine and Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Carlos Fernández-Hernando
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism Program, Department of Comparative Medicine and Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Corresponding author: - Carlos Fernandez-Hernando, PhD. 10 Amistad Street, Room 337c, New Haven, CT 06520. Tel: 203.737.4615. Fax: 203.737.2290.
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Inflammation as a mechanism and therapeutic target in peripheral artery disease. Can J Cardiol 2022; 38:588-600. [PMID: 35114347 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2022.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral artery disease is one of three major clinical manifestations of atherosclerosis, the other two being coronary artery and cerebrovascular disease. Despite progress in surgery, antithrombotic therapy and therapies that modify conventional risk factors (lipid-, blood pressure-, and glucose-lowering interventions), patients with peripheral artery disease have unacceptably high risk of vascular complications. Additional strategies to reduce this residual risk are needed. The accumulated evidence that inflammation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis has spurred recent efforts to evaluate anti-inflammatory agents as an additional therapeutic approach for atherothrombosis prevention and treatment. In this review, we examine the evidence supporting the role of inflammation in atherosclerosis, review recent trials evaluating anti-inflammatory approaches to reduce cardiovascular complications, and offer insights into the opportunities for novel anti-inflammatory strategies to reduce the burden of cardiovascular and limb complications in patients with peripheral artery disease.
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Das M, Ithychanda SS, Plow EF. Histone 2B Facilitates Plasminogen-Enhanced Endothelial Migration through Protease-Activated Receptor 1 (PAR1) and Protease-Activated Receptor 2 (PAR2). Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12020211. [PMID: 35204713 PMCID: PMC8961594 DOI: 10.3390/biom12020211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasminogen and its multiple receptors have been implicated in the responses of many different cell types. Among these receptors, histone 2B (H2B) has been shown to play a prominent role in macrophage responses. The contribution of H2B to plasminogen-induced endothelial migration, an event relevant to wound healing and angiogenesis, is unknown. Plasminogen enhanced the migration of endothelial cells, which was inhibited by both Protease-Activated Receptor-1 (PAR1) and 2 (PAR2) antagonists. H2B was detected on viable endothelial cells of venous and arterial origin, and an antibody to H2B that blocks plasminogen binding also inhibited the plasminogen-dependent migration by these cells. The antibody blockade was as effective as PAR1 or PAR2 antagonists in inhibiting endothelial cell migration. In pull-down experiments, H2B formed a complex with both PAR1 and PAR2 but not β3 integrin, another receptor implicated in endothelial migration in the presence of plasminogen. H2B was found to be associated with clathrin adapator protein, AP2µ (clathrin AP2µ) and β-arrestin2, which are central to the internationalization/signaling machinery of the PARs. These associations with PAR1-clathrin adaptor AP2µ- and PAR2-β-arrestin2-dependent internalization/signaling pathways provide a mechanism to link plasminogen to responses such as wound healing and angiogenesis.
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Iwaki T, Arakawa T, Sandoval-Cooper MJ, Smith DL, Donahue D, Ploplis VA, Umemura K, Castellino FJ. Plasminogen Deficiency Significantly Reduces Vascular Wall Disease in a Murine Model of Type IIa Hypercholesterolemia. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9121832. [PMID: 34944648 PMCID: PMC8698429 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9121832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The fibrinolytic system has been implicated in the genesis and progression of atherosclerosis. It has been reported that a plasminogen (Pg) deficiency (Plg−/−) exacerbates the progression of atherosclerosis in Apoe−/− mice. However, the manner in which Plg functions in a low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C)-driven model has not been evaluated. To characterize the effect of Pg in an LDL-C-driven model, mice with a triple deficiency of the LDL-receptor (LDLr), along with the active component (apobec1) of the apolipoprotein B editosome complex, and Pg (L−/−/A−/−/Plg−/−), were generated. Atherosclerotic plaque formation was severely retarded in the absence of Pg. In vitro studies demonstrated that LDL uptake by macrophages was enhanced by plasmin (Pm), whereas circulating levels of LDL were enhanced, relative to L−/−/A−/− mice, and VLDL synthesis was suppressed. These results indicated that clearance of lipoproteins in the absence of LDLr may be regulated by Pg/Pm. Conclusions: The results from this study indicate that Pg exacerbates atherosclerosis in an LDL-C model of atherosclerosis and also plays a role in lipoprotein modification and clearance. Therefore, controlling the Pg system on macrophages to prevent foam cell formation would be a novel therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Iwaki
- The W. M. Keck Center for Transgene Research, The Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA; (M.J.S.-C.); (D.L.S.); (D.D.); (V.A.P.); (F.J.C.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan; (T.A.); (K.U.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-53-435-2271
| | - Tomohiro Arakawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan; (T.A.); (K.U.)
| | - Mayra J. Sandoval-Cooper
- The W. M. Keck Center for Transgene Research, The Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA; (M.J.S.-C.); (D.L.S.); (D.D.); (V.A.P.); (F.J.C.)
| | - Denise L. Smith
- The W. M. Keck Center for Transgene Research, The Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA; (M.J.S.-C.); (D.L.S.); (D.D.); (V.A.P.); (F.J.C.)
| | - Deborah Donahue
- The W. M. Keck Center for Transgene Research, The Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA; (M.J.S.-C.); (D.L.S.); (D.D.); (V.A.P.); (F.J.C.)
| | - Victoria A. Ploplis
- The W. M. Keck Center for Transgene Research, The Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA; (M.J.S.-C.); (D.L.S.); (D.D.); (V.A.P.); (F.J.C.)
| | - Kazuo Umemura
- Department of Pharmacology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan; (T.A.); (K.U.)
| | - Francis J. Castellino
- The W. M. Keck Center for Transgene Research, The Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA; (M.J.S.-C.); (D.L.S.); (D.D.); (V.A.P.); (F.J.C.)
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Miki S, Suzuki JI, Takashima M, Ishida M, Kokubo H, Yoshizumi M. S-1-Propenylcysteine promotes IL-10-induced M2c macrophage polarization through prolonged activation of IL-10R/STAT3 signaling. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22469. [PMID: 34789834 PMCID: PMC8599840 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01866-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease that may lead to the development of serious cardiovascular diseases. Aged garlic extract (AGE) has been reported to ameliorate atherosclerosis, although its mode of action remains unclear. We found that AGE increased the mRNA or protein levels of arginase1 (Arg1), interleukin-10 (IL-10), CD206 and hypoxia-inducible factor 2α (HIF2α) and decreased that of CD68, HIF1α and inducible nitric oxide synthase in the aorta and spleen of apolipoprotein E knockout mice. We also found that S-1-propenylcysteine (S1PC), a characteristic sulfur compound in AGE, increased the level of IL-10-induced Arg1 mRNA and the extent of M2c-like macrophage polarization in vitro. In addition, S1PC increased the population of M2c-like macrophages, resulting in suppressed the population of M1-like macrophages and decreased lipopolysaccharide-induced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. These effects were accompanied by prolonged phosphorylation of the IL-10 receptor α (IL-10Rα) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) that inhibited the interaction between IL-10Rα and Src homology-2-containing inositol 5’-phosphatase 1 (SHIP1). In addition, administration of S1PC elevated the M2c/M1 macrophage ratio in senescence-accelerated mice. These findings suggest that S1PC may help improve atherosclerosis due to its anti-inflammatory effect to promote IL-10-induced M2c macrophage polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satomi Miki
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology and Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima-shi, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan. .,Central Research Institute, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1624 Shimokotachi, Koda-cho, Akitakata-shi, Hiroshima, 739-1195, Japan.
| | - Jun-Ichiro Suzuki
- Central Research Institute, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1624 Shimokotachi, Koda-cho, Akitakata-shi, Hiroshima, 739-1195, Japan
| | - Miyuki Takashima
- Central Research Institute, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1624 Shimokotachi, Koda-cho, Akitakata-shi, Hiroshima, 739-1195, Japan
| | - Mari Ishida
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology and Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima-shi, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kokubo
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology and Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima-shi, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Masao Yoshizumi
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology and Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima-shi, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan.
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Qian Z, Yang H, Li H, Liu C, Yang L, Qu Z, Li X. The Cholinergic Anti-Inflammatory Pathway Attenuates the Development of Atherosclerosis in Apoe-/- Mice through Modulating Macrophage Functions. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9091150. [PMID: 34572339 PMCID: PMC8464862 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9091150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAP) has been implicated in the regulation of various diseases, including chronic inflammatory cardiovascular disorders such as atherosclerosis (AS). This study aims to explore the underlying regulatory mechanisms of CAP activity in the progression of AS. (2) Methods: The Apoe-/- mice were subjected to sham, bilateral cervical vagotomy surgery (VGX), and VGX supplemented with Gainesville Tokushima scientists (GTS)-21 (4 mg/kg/d) and then fed with a high-fat diet for 10 weeks. Atherosclerotic lesion size and inflammation levels were investigated by histology and inflammatory cytokines analysis. The blood M1/M2 macrophages were analyzed by flow cytometry. Primary mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM), peritoneal macrophages, and RAW264.7 cells were treated with CAP agonists acetylcholine (Ach) and GTS-21 to study their effects on macrophage functions. (3) Results: Compared with the sham group, inhibition of CAP by the VGX resulted in growing aortic lipid plaque area, deteriorated inflammatory levels, and aberrant quantity of M1/M2 macrophages in Apoe-/- mice. However, these detrimental effects of VGX were significantly ameliorated by the reactivation of CAP through GTS-21 treatment. The in vitro study using macrophages revealed that stimulation with CAP agonists suppressed M1, but promoted M2 macrophage polarization through the upregulation of TNFAIP3 and phosphorylation STAT3 levels, respectively. Moreover, the activation of CAP inhibited the formation of macrophage foam cells in the peritoneal cavity by regulating genes related to cholesterol metabolism. (4) Conclusions: This study provides novel evidence and mechanisms that the CAP plays an important role in the regulation of AS development by controlling macrophage functions, implying a potential use of CAP activation as a therapeutic strategy for AS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengjiang Qian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI), Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; (H.Y.); (H.L.); (C.L.); (L.Y.); (Z.Q.)
- Correspondence: (Z.Q.); (X.L.)
| | - Haiyang Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI), Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; (H.Y.); (H.L.); (C.L.); (L.Y.); (Z.Q.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hongchao Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI), Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; (H.Y.); (H.L.); (C.L.); (L.Y.); (Z.Q.)
| | - Chunhua Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI), Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; (H.Y.); (H.L.); (C.L.); (L.Y.); (Z.Q.)
| | - Liang Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI), Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; (H.Y.); (H.L.); (C.L.); (L.Y.); (Z.Q.)
| | - Zehui Qu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI), Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; (H.Y.); (H.L.); (C.L.); (L.Y.); (Z.Q.)
| | - Xiang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI), Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; (H.Y.); (H.L.); (C.L.); (L.Y.); (Z.Q.)
- Correspondence: (Z.Q.); (X.L.)
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11
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12-Hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid inhibits foam cell formation and ameliorates high-fat diet-induced pathology of atherosclerosis in mice. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10426. [PMID: 34001916 PMCID: PMC8129127 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89707-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease associated with macrophage aggregate and transformation into foam cells. In this study, we sought to investigate the impact of dietary intake of ω3 fatty acid on the development of atherosclerosis, and demonstrate the mechanism of action by identifying anti-inflammatory lipid metabolite. Mice were exposed to a high-fat diet (HFD) supplemented with either conventional soybean oil or α-linolenic acid-rich linseed oil. We found that as mice became obese they also showed increased pulsatility and resistive indexes in the common carotid artery. In sharp contrast, the addition of linseed oil to the HFD improved pulsatility and resistive indexes without affecting weight gain. Histological analysis revealed that dietary linseed oil inhibited foam cell formation in the aortic valve. Lipidomic analysis demonstrated a particularly marked increase in the eicosapentaenoic acid-derived metabolite 12-hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid (12-HEPE) in the serum from mice fed with linseed oil. When we gave 12-HEPE to mice with HFD, the pulsatility and resistive indexes was improved. Indeed, 12-HEPE inhibited the foamy transformation of macrophages in a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ-dependent manner. These results demonstrate that the 12-HEPE-PPARγ axis ameliorates the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis by inhibiting foam cell formation.
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12
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Izem L, Bialkowska K, Pluskota E, Das M, Das R, Nieman MT, Plow EF. Plasminogen-induced foam cell formation by macrophages occurs through a histone 2B (H2B)-PAR1 pathway and requires integrity of clathrin-coated pits. J Thromb Haemost 2021; 19:941-953. [PMID: 33492784 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Plasminogen/plasmin is a serine protease system primarily responsible for degrading fibrin within blood clots. Plasminogen mediates its functions by interacting with plasminogen receptors on the cell surface. H2B, one such plasminogen receptor, is found on the surface of several cell types including macrophages. Both basic and clinical studies support the role of plasminogen in the process of foam cell formation (FCF), a hallmark of atherosclerosis. Growing evidence also implicates serine protease-activated receptors (PARs) in atherosclerosis. These receptors are also found on macrophages, and plasmin is capable of activating PAR1 and PAR4. The goal of this study was to determine the extent of H2B's contribution to plasminogen-mediated FCF by macrophages and if PARs are involved in this process. APPROACH AND RESULTS Treating macrophages with plasminogen increases their oxidized low-density lipoprotein uptake and plasminogen-mediated foam cell formation (Plg-FCF) significantly. The magnitude of Plg-FCF correlates with cell-surface expression of the H2B level. H2B blockade or downregulation reduces Plg-FCF, whereas its overexpression or high endogenous levels increases Plg-FCF. Modulating PAR1 level in mouse macrophages affects Plg-FCF. Activation/overexpression of PAR1 increases and its blockade/knockdown reduces this response. Confocal imaging indicates that both H2B and PAR1 colocalize with clathrin coated pits on the surface of macrophages, and reducing expression of clathrin or interfering with the clathrin-coated pits integrity reduces Plg-FCF. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that the magnitude of Plg-FCF by macrophages is proportional to the H2B levels and demonstrate for the first time that PAR1 is involved in this process and that the integrity of clathrin-coated pits is required for the full effect of Plg-induced FCF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lahoucine Izem
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Katarzyna Bialkowska
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Elzbieta Pluskota
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Mitali Das
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Riku Das
- Roberts J. Tomsich Pathology & Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Marvin T Nieman
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Edward F Plow
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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13
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Medcalf RL, Keragala CB. Fibrinolysis: A Primordial System Linked to the Immune Response. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3406. [PMID: 33810275 PMCID: PMC8037105 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The fibrinolytic system provides an essential means to remove fibrin deposits and blood clots. The actual protease responsible for this is plasmin, formed from its precursor, plasminogen. Fibrin is heralded as it most renowned substrate but for many years plasmin has been known to cleave many other substrates, and to also activate other proteolytic systems. Recent clinical studies have shown that the promotion of plasmin can lead to an immunosuppressed phenotype, in part via its ability to modulate cytokine expression. Almost all immune cells harbor at least one of a dozen plasminogen receptors that allows plasmin formation on the cell surface that in turn modulates immune cell behavior. Similarly, a multitude of pathogens can also express their own plasminogen activators, or contain surface proteins that provide binding sites host plasminogen. Plasmin formed under these circumstances also empowers these pathogens to modulate host immune defense mechanisms. Phylogenetic studies have revealed that the plasminogen activating system predates the appearance of fibrin, indicating that plasmin did not evolve as a fibrinolytic protease but perhaps has its roots as an immune modifying protease. While its fibrin removing capacity became apparent in lower vertebrates these primitive under-appreciated immune modifying functions still remain and are now becoming more recognised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L. Medcalf
- Molecular Neurotrauma and Haemostasis Laboratory, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Central Clinical School Melbourne, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia;
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14
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Baker SK, Strickland S. A critical role for plasminogen in inflammation. J Exp Med 2020; 217:133866. [PMID: 32159743 PMCID: PMC7144526 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20191865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasminogen and its active form, plasmin, have diverse functions related to the inflammatory response in mammals. Due to these roles in inflammation, plasminogen has been implicated in the progression of a wide range of diseases with an inflammatory component. In this review, we discuss the functions of plasminogen in inflammatory regulation and how this system plays a role in the pathogenesis of diseases spanning organ systems throughout the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Baker
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Sidney Strickland
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
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15
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Vitamin D and Cardiovascular Disease, with Emphasis on Hypertension, Atherosclerosis, and Heart Failure. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186483. [PMID: 32899880 PMCID: PMC7555466 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency is the most common nutritional deficiency, affecting almost one billion people worldwide. Vitamin D is mostly known for its role in intestinal calcium absorption and bone mineralization. However, the observation of seasonal changes in blood pressure and the subsequent identification of vitamin D receptor (VDR) and 1α-hydroxylase in cardiomyocytes, as well as endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells, implicated a role of vitamin D in the cardiovascular system. Animal studies provided compelling evidence that vitamin D signaling is essential for cardiovascular integrity, especially for the regulation of vascular tone and as an antifibrotic and antihypertrophic signaling pathway in the heart. In addition, observational studies reported an association between vitamin D deficiency and risk of hypertension, atherosclerosis, and heart failure. However, recent clinical intervention studies failed to prove the causal relationship between vitamin D supplementation and beneficial effects on cardiovascular health. In this review, we aim to highlight our current understanding of the role of vitamin D in the cardiovascular system and to find potential explanations for the large discrepancies between the outcome of experimental studies and clinical intervention trials.
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16
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Kumar A, Gupta P, Rana M, Chandra T, Dikshit M, Barthwal MK. Role of pyruvate kinase M2 in oxidized LDL-induced macrophage foam cell formation and inflammation. J Lipid Res 2020; 61:351-364. [PMID: 31988148 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.ra119000382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) links metabolic and inflammatory dysfunction in atherosclerotic coronary artery disease; however, its role in oxidized LDL (Ox-LDL)-induced macrophage foam cell formation and inflammation is unknown and therefore was studied. In recombinant mouse granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor-differentiated murine bone marrow-derived macrophages, early (1-6 h) Ox-LDL treatment induced PKM2 tyrosine 105 phosphorylation and promotes its nuclear localization. PKM2 regulates aerobic glycolysis and inflammation because PKM2 shRNA or Shikonin abrogated Ox-LDL-induced hypoxia-inducible factor-1α target genes lactate dehydrogenase, glucose transporter member 1, interleukin 1β (IL-1β) mRNA expression, lactate, and secretory IL-1β production. PKM2 inhibition significantly increased Ox-LDL-induced ABCA1 and ABCG1 protein expression and NBD-cholesterol efflux to apoA1 and HDL. PKM2 shRNA significantly inhibited Ox-LDL-induced CD36, FASN protein expression, DiI-Ox-LDL binding and uptake, and cellular total cholesterol, free cholesterol, and cholesteryl ester content. Therefore, PKM2 regulates lipid uptake and efflux. DASA-58, a PKM2 activator, downregulated LXR-α, ABCA1, and ABCG1, and augmented FASN and CD36 protein expression. Peritoneal macrophages showed similar results. Ox-LDL induced PKM2- SREBP-1 interaction and FASN expression in a PKM2-dependent manner. Therefore, this study suggests a role for PKM2 in Ox-LDL-induced aerobic glycolysis, inflammation, and macrophage foam cell formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Pharmacology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Priya Gupta
- Pharmacology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Minakshi Rana
- Pharmacology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Tulika Chandra
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Madhu Dikshit
- Pharmacology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Manoj Kumar Barthwal
- Pharmacology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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17
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Wang D, Yang Y, Lei Y, Tzvetkov NT, Liu X, Yeung AWK, Xu S, Atanasov AG. Targeting Foam Cell Formation in Atherosclerosis: Therapeutic Potential of Natural Products. Pharmacol Rev 2019; 71:596-670. [PMID: 31554644 DOI: 10.1124/pr.118.017178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Foam cell formation and further accumulation in the subendothelial space of the vascular wall is a hallmark of atherosclerotic lesions. Targeting foam cell formation in the atherosclerotic lesions can be a promising approach to treat and prevent atherosclerosis. The formation of foam cells is determined by the balanced effects of three major interrelated biologic processes, including lipid uptake, cholesterol esterification, and cholesterol efflux. Natural products are a promising source for new lead structures. Multiple natural products and pharmaceutical agents can inhibit foam cell formation and thus exhibit antiatherosclerotic capacity by suppressing lipid uptake, cholesterol esterification, and/or promoting cholesterol ester hydrolysis and cholesterol efflux. This review summarizes recent findings on these three biologic processes and natural products with demonstrated potential to target such processes. Discussed also are potential future directions for studying the mechanisms of foam cell formation and the development of foam cell-targeted therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China (D.W., X.L.); Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland (D.W., Y.Y., Y.L., A.G.A.); Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (A.G.A.); Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland (D.W.); Institute of Molecular Biology "Roumen Tsanev," Department of Biochemical Pharmacology and Drug Design, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (N.T.T.); Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany (N.T.T.); Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York (S.X.); Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (A.W.K.Y.); and Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (A.G.A.)
| | - Yang Yang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China (D.W., X.L.); Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland (D.W., Y.Y., Y.L., A.G.A.); Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (A.G.A.); Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland (D.W.); Institute of Molecular Biology "Roumen Tsanev," Department of Biochemical Pharmacology and Drug Design, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (N.T.T.); Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany (N.T.T.); Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York (S.X.); Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (A.W.K.Y.); and Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (A.G.A.)
| | - Yingnan Lei
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China (D.W., X.L.); Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland (D.W., Y.Y., Y.L., A.G.A.); Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (A.G.A.); Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland (D.W.); Institute of Molecular Biology "Roumen Tsanev," Department of Biochemical Pharmacology and Drug Design, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (N.T.T.); Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany (N.T.T.); Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York (S.X.); Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (A.W.K.Y.); and Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (A.G.A.)
| | - Nikolay T Tzvetkov
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China (D.W., X.L.); Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland (D.W., Y.Y., Y.L., A.G.A.); Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (A.G.A.); Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland (D.W.); Institute of Molecular Biology "Roumen Tsanev," Department of Biochemical Pharmacology and Drug Design, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (N.T.T.); Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany (N.T.T.); Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York (S.X.); Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (A.W.K.Y.); and Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (A.G.A.)
| | - Xingde Liu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China (D.W., X.L.); Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland (D.W., Y.Y., Y.L., A.G.A.); Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (A.G.A.); Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland (D.W.); Institute of Molecular Biology "Roumen Tsanev," Department of Biochemical Pharmacology and Drug Design, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (N.T.T.); Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany (N.T.T.); Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York (S.X.); Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (A.W.K.Y.); and Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (A.G.A.)
| | - Andy Wai Kan Yeung
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China (D.W., X.L.); Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland (D.W., Y.Y., Y.L., A.G.A.); Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (A.G.A.); Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland (D.W.); Institute of Molecular Biology "Roumen Tsanev," Department of Biochemical Pharmacology and Drug Design, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (N.T.T.); Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany (N.T.T.); Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York (S.X.); Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (A.W.K.Y.); and Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (A.G.A.)
| | - Suowen Xu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China (D.W., X.L.); Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland (D.W., Y.Y., Y.L., A.G.A.); Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (A.G.A.); Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland (D.W.); Institute of Molecular Biology "Roumen Tsanev," Department of Biochemical Pharmacology and Drug Design, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (N.T.T.); Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany (N.T.T.); Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York (S.X.); Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (A.W.K.Y.); and Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (A.G.A.)
| | - Atanas G Atanasov
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China (D.W., X.L.); Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland (D.W., Y.Y., Y.L., A.G.A.); Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (A.G.A.); Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland (D.W.); Institute of Molecular Biology "Roumen Tsanev," Department of Biochemical Pharmacology and Drug Design, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (N.T.T.); Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany (N.T.T.); Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York (S.X.); Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (A.W.K.Y.); and Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (A.G.A.)
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18
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Echeverría-Valencia G, Silva-Miranda M, Ekaza E, Vallecillo AJ, Parada C, Sada-Ovalle I, Altare F, Espitia C. Interaction of mycobacteria with Plasmin(ogen) affects phagocytosis and granuloma development. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2019; 117:36-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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19
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Luyendyk JP, Schoenecker JG, Flick MJ. The multifaceted role of fibrinogen in tissue injury and inflammation. Blood 2019; 133:511-520. [PMID: 30523120 PMCID: PMC6367649 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2018-07-818211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The canonical role of the hemostatic and fibrinolytic systems is to maintain vascular integrity. Perturbations in either system can prompt primary pathological end points of hemorrhage or thrombosis with vessel occlusion. However, fibrin(ogen) and proteases controlling its deposition and clearance, including (pro)thrombin and plasmin(ogen), have powerful roles in driving acute and reparative inflammatory pathways that affect the spectrum of tissue injury, remodeling, and repair. Indeed, fibrin(ogen) deposits are a near-universal feature of tissue injury, regardless of the nature of the inciting event, including injuries driven by mechanical insult, infection, or immunological derangements. Fibrin can modify multiple aspects of inflammatory cell function by engaging leukocytes through a variety of cellular receptors and mechanisms. Studies on the role of coagulation system activation and fibrin(ogen) deposition in models of inflammatory disease and tissue injury have revealed points of commonality, as well as context-dependent contributions of coagulation and fibrinolytic factors. However, there remains a critical need to define the precise temporal and spatial mechanisms by which fibrinogen-directed inflammatory events may dictate the severity of tissue injury and coordinate the remodeling and repair events essential to restore normal organ function. Current research trends suggest that future studies will give way to the identification of novel hemostatic factor-targeted therapies for a range of tissue injuries and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Luyendyk
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, and
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - Jonathan G Schoenecker
- Department of Orthopaedics
- Department of Pharmacology
- Department of Pediatrics, and
- Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; and
| | - Matthew J Flick
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
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20
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Szpak D, Izem L, Verbovetskiy D, Soloviev DA, Yakubenko VP, Pluskota E. α Mβ 2 Is Antiatherogenic in Female but Not Male Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 200:2426-2438. [PMID: 29459405 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a complex inflammatory process characterized by monocyte recruitment into the arterial wall, their differentiation into macrophages, and lipid accumulation. Because integrin αMβ2 (CD11b/CD18) mediates multiple diverse functions of leukocytes, we examined its role in atherogenesis. αM-/-/ApoE-/- and ApoE-/- mice were fed a control or high fat diet for 3 or 16 wk to induce atherogenesis. Unexpectedly, αM deficiency accelerated development of atherosclerosis in female but not in male mice. The size of aortic root lesions was 3-4.5-fold larger in female αM-/-/ApoE-/- than in ApoE-/- mice. Monocyte and macrophage content within the lesions was increased 2.5-fold in female αM-/-/ApoE-/- mice due to enhanced proliferation. αMβ2 elimination promoted gender-dependent foam cell formation due to enhanced uptake of cholesterol by αM-/-/ApoE-/- macrophages. This difference was attributed to enhanced expression of lipid uptake receptors, CD36 and scavenger receptor A1 (SR-A1), in female mice. Macrophages from female αM-/-/ApoE-/- mice showed dramatically reduced expression of FoxM1 transcription factor and estrogen receptors (ER) α and β. As their antagonists inhibited the effect of 17β-estradiol (E2), E2 decreased CD36, SR-A1, and foam cell formation in ApoE-/- macrophages in an ERα- and ERβ-dependent manner. However, female αM-/-/ApoE-/- macrophages failed to respond to E2 and maintained elevated CD36, SR-A1, and lipid accumulation. FoxM1 inhibition in ApoE-/- macrophages reduced ERs and enhanced CD36 and SR-A1 expression, whereas FoxM1 overexpression in αM-/-/ApoE-/- macrophages reversed their proatherogenic phenotype. We demonstrate a new, surprising atheroprotective role of αMβ2 in female ApoE-/- mice. αMβ2 maintains ER expression in macrophages and E2-dependent inhibition of foam cell formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Szpak
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Lahoucine Izem
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195; and
| | | | - Dmitry A Soloviev
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Valentin P Yakubenko
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, Johnson City, TN 37614
| | - Elzbieta Pluskota
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195;
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Wen G, An W, Chen J, Maguire EM, Chen Q, Yang F, Pearce SWA, Kyriakides M, Zhang L, Ye S, Nourshargh S, Xiao Q. Genetic and Pharmacologic Inhibition of the Neutrophil Elastase Inhibits Experimental Atherosclerosis. J Am Heart Assoc 2018; 7:JAHA.117.008187. [PMID: 29437605 PMCID: PMC5850208 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.117.008187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background To investigate whether neutrophil elastase (NE) plays a causal role in atherosclerosis, and the molecular mechanisms involved. Methods and Results NE genetic–deficient mice (Apolipoprotein E−/−/NE−/− mice), bone marrow transplantation, and a specific NE inhibitor (GW311616A) were employed in this study to establish the causal role of NE in atherosclerosis. Aortic expression of NE mRNA and plasma NE activity was significantly increased in high‐fat diet (HFD)–fed wild‐type (WT) (Apolipoprotein E−/−) mice but, as expected, not in NE‐deficient mice. Selective NE knockout markedly reduced HFD‐induced atherosclerosis and significantly increased indicators of atherosclerotic plaque stability. While plasma lipid profiles were not affected by NE deficiency, decreased levels of circulating proinflammatory cytokines and inflammatory monocytes (Ly6Chi/CD11b+) were observed in NE‐deficient mice fed with an HFD for 12 weeks as compared with WT. Bone marrow reconstitution of WT mice with NE−/− bone marrow cells significantly reduced HFD‐induced atherosclerosis, while bone marrow reconstitution of NE−/− mice with WT bone marrow cells restored the pathological features of atherosclerotic plaques induced by HFD in NE‐deficient mice. In line with these findings, pharmacological inhibition of NE in WT mice through oral administration of NE inhibitor GW311616A also significantly reduced atherosclerosis. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that NE promotes foam cell formation by increasing ATP‐binding cassette transporter ABCA1 protein degradation and inhibiting macrophage cholesterol efflux. Conclusions We outlined a pathogenic role for NE in foam cell formation and atherosclerosis development. Consequently, inhibition of NE may represent a potential therapeutic approach to treating cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanmei Wen
- Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom.,Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Weiwei An
- Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jiangyong Chen
- Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Eithne M Maguire
- Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Qishan Chen
- Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Feng Yang
- Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Stuart W A Pearce
- Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Kyriakides
- Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shu Ye
- Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Sussan Nourshargh
- Centre for Microvascular Research, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Qingzhong Xiao
- Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom .,Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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22
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Sulniute R, Shen Y, Guo YZ, Fallah M, Ahlskog N, Ny L, Rakhimova O, Broden J, Boija H, Moghaddam A, Li J, Wilczynska M, Ny T. Plasminogen is a critical regulator of cutaneous wound healing. Thromb Haemost 2017; 115:1001-9. [DOI: 10.1160/th15-08-0653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
SummaryWound healing is a complicated biological process that consist of partially overlapping inflammatory, proliferation and tissue remodelling phases. A successful wound healing depends on a proper activation and subsequent termination of the inflammatory phase. The failure to terminate the inflammation halts the completion of wound healing and is a known reason for formation of chronic wounds. Previous studies have shown that wound closure is delayed in plasminogendeficient mice, and a role for plasminogen in dissection of extracellular matrix was suggested. However, our finding that plasminogen is transported to the wound by inflammatory cells early during the healing process, where it potentiates inflammation, indicates that plasminogen may also have other roles in the wound healing process. Here we report that plasminogen-deficient mice have extensive fibrin and neutrophil depositions in the wounded area long after re-epithelialisation, indicating inefficient debridement and chronic inflammation. Delayed formation of granulation tissue suggests that fibroblast function is impaired in the absence of plasminogen. Therefore, in addition to its role in the activation of inflammation, plasminogen is also crucial for subsequent steps, including resolution of inflammation and activation of the proliferation phase. Importantly, supplementation of plasminogen-deficient mice with human plasminogen leads to a restored healing process that is comparable to that in wild-type mice. Besides of being an activator of the inflammatory phase during wound healing, plasminogen is also required for the subsequent termination of inflammation. Based on these results, we propose that plasminogen may be an important future therapeutic agent for wound treatment.Supplementary Material to this article is available online at www.thrombosis-online.com.
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Age-related diagnostic value of D-dimer testing and the role of inflammation in patients with suspected deep vein thrombosis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4591. [PMID: 28676651 PMCID: PMC5496875 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04843-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous reports have investigated the impact of age on D-Dimer testing in elderly individuals with suspected deep vein thrombosis (DVT), but data on the age-related diagnostic value of D-dimer in a sample covering a broad age range are limited. The present study determined age-specifically the diagnostic accuracy of D-dimer and compared it to C-reactive protein (CRP), a marker of inflammation, in 500 patients with suspected DVT from the VTEval project (NCT02156401). Sensitivity of D-dimer was lower in patients < 60 years in comparison to patients ≥ 60 years (∆-16.8%), whereas specificity was 27.9% higher. Lowest levels of sensitivity were detected for female sex, unprovoked DVT, low thrombotic burden, and distal DVT. A fixed D-dimer threshold of 0.25 mg/L FEU resulted in elevated sensitivity for patients < 60 with a reduction of false negatives by 40.0% for proximal DVT and by 50.0% for distal DVT. In patients < 60 years, D-dimer and CRP demonstrated comparable diagnostic performance for both proximal and distal DVT (p > 0.05). In conclusion, these data outline a clinically-relevant limitation of D-dimer testing among younger patients with suspected DVT indicating a necessity for age-adapted cut-off values. Further research is required to decrypt the role of inflammation in the pathophysiology and diagnosis of venous thrombosis.
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Du M, Wang X, Tan X, Li X, Huang D, Huang K, Yang L, Zhang F, Wang Y, Huang D, Huang K. Nkx2-5 Is Expressed in Atherosclerotic Plaques and Attenuates Development of Atherosclerosis in Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice. J Am Heart Assoc 2016; 5:e004440. [PMID: 27993833 PMCID: PMC5210424 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.116.004440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND NK2 homeobox 5 (Nkx2-5) is a cardiac homeobox transcription factor that is expressed in a broad range of cardiac sublineages. Embryos lacking Nkx2-5 are nonviable attributed to growth retardation and gross abnormalities of the heart. However, the role of Nkx2-5 in atherosclerosis remains elusive. This study aims to elucidate the specific functions of Nkx2-5 during atherogenesis and in established atherosclerotic plaques. METHODS AND RESULTS Two types of atherosclerotic lesions were created in ApoE-/- mice through 2 different dietary manipulations. Mice fed a standard chow diet were sacrificed at 20 weeks old, a time point at which mice developed early-stage atherosclerotic lesions. The other half of mice were fed a western diet from 6 to 22 weeks old and then sacrificed. These mice demonstrated advanced atherosclerosis. No Nkx2-5 was detected in normal arteries; however, it was abundantly present in the intima of atherosclerotic lesions and localized in macrophages and smooth muscle cells. Adenovirus gene transfer of Nkx2-5 markedly ameliorated and stabilized the atherosclerotic plaques, and knockdown of Nkx2-5 significantly exacerbated the disease. Molecular studies indicated that expression of specific members of matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases, which play a crucial role in the progression of atherosclerosis, were directly regulated by Nkx2-5. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the compromised endothelial function, which was considered as a hallmark of early atherosclerosis, could be improved by Nkx2-5 gene transfer. CONCLUSIONS Nkx2-5 exerts antiatherogenic effects, which may partly be attributed to regulation on matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases, thus stabilizing atherosclerotic plaque; besides, it improves endothelial function by inhibiting leukocyte adhesion to the endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Du
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Clinic Center of Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaojing Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Clinic Center of Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Tan
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Clinic Center of Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiangrao Li
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Clinic Center of Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dandan Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Clinic Center of Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kun Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Clinic Center of Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Clinic Center of Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fengxiao Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Clinic Center of Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Clinic Center of Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dan Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Clinic Center of Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kai Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Clinic Center of Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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25
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Hamza MS, Kumar C, Chia SM, Anandalakshmi V, Boo N, Strapps W, Robinson M, Caguyong M, Bartz S, Tadin-Strapps M, van Gool A, Shih SJ. Alterations in the hepatic transcriptional landscape after RNAi mediated ApoB silencing in cynomolgus monkeys. Atherosclerosis 2015; 242:383-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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26
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Yin K, You Y, Swier V, Tang L, Radwan MM, Pandya AN, Agrawal DK. Vitamin D Protects Against Atherosclerosis via Regulation of Cholesterol Efflux and Macrophage Polarization in Hypercholesterolemic Swine. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015; 35:2432-42. [PMID: 26381871 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.306132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Prevalence of vitamin D (VD) deficiency and its association with the risk of cardiovascular disease prompted us to evaluate the effect of VD status on lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic microswine. APPROACH AND RESULTS Yucatan microswine were fed with VD-deficient (0 IU/d), VD-sufficient (1000 IU/d), or VD-supplemented (3000 IU/d) high-cholesterol diet for 48 weeks. Serum lipids and 25(OH)-cholecalciferol levels were measured biweekly. Histology and biochemical parameters of liver and arteries were analyzed. Effect of 1,25(OH)2D3 on cholesterol metabolism was examined in human hepatocyte carcinoma cell line (HepG2) and human monocytic cell line (THP-1) macrophage-derived foam cells. VD deficiency decreased plasma high-density lipoprotein levels, expression of liver X receptors, ATP-binding membrane cassette transporter A1, and ATP-binding membrane cassette transporter G1 and promoted cholesterol accumulation and atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic microswine. VD promoted nascent high-density lipoprotein formation in HepG2 cells via ATP-binding membrane cassette transporter A1-mediated cholesterol efflux. Cytochrome P450 (CYP)27B1 and VD receptor were predominantly present in the CD206(+) M2 macrophage foam cell-accumulated cores in coronary artery plaques. 1,25(OH)2D3 increased the expression of liver X receptors, ATP-binding membrane cassette transporter A1, and ATP-binding membrane cassette transporter G1 and promoted cholesterol efflux in THP-1 macrophage-derived foam cells. 1,25(OH)2D3 decreased intracellular free cholesterol and polarized macrophages to M2 phenotype with decreased expression of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, interleukin-6 under lipopolysaccharide stimulation. 1,25(OH)2D3 markedly induced CYP27A1 expression via a VD receptor-dependent c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) 1/2 signaling pathway and increased 27-hydroxycholesterol levels, which induced liver X receptors, ATP-binding membrane cassette transporter A1, and ATP-binding membrane cassette transporter G1 expression and stimulated cholesterol efflux that was inhibited by VD receptor antagonist and JNK1/2 signaling inhibitor in THP-1 macrophage-derived foam cell. CONCLUSIONS VD protects against atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic swine via controlling cholesterol efflux and macrophage polarization via increased CYP27A1 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yin
- From the Center for Clinical & Translational Science, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE
| | - Yong You
- From the Center for Clinical & Translational Science, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE
| | - Vicki Swier
- From the Center for Clinical & Translational Science, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE
| | - Lin Tang
- From the Center for Clinical & Translational Science, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE
| | - Mohamed M Radwan
- From the Center for Clinical & Translational Science, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE
| | - Amit N Pandya
- From the Center for Clinical & Translational Science, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE
| | - Devendra K Agrawal
- From the Center for Clinical & Translational Science, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE.
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Qu SL, Fan WJ, Zhang C, Guo F, Han D, Pan WJ, Li W, Feng DM, Jiang ZS. Mipu1 overexpression protects macrophages from oxLDL-induced foam cell formation and cell apoptosis. DNA Cell Biol 2015; 33:839-46. [PMID: 25141035 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2014.2501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Mipu1 (myocardial ischemic preconditioning upregulated protein 1) is a novel N-terminal Kruppel-associated box (KRAB)/C2H2 zinc finger superfamily protein, that displays a powerful effect in protecting H9c2 cells from oxidative stress-induced cell apoptosis. The present study aims to investigate the effect of Mipu1 overexpression on oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL)-induced foam cell formation, cell apoptosis, and its possible mechanisms. New Zealand healthy rabbits were used to establish atherosclerosis model, and serum levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were detected by an automatic biochemical analyzer. Sudan IV staining was used to detect atherosclerotic lesions. The RAW264.7 macrophage cell line was selected as the experimental material. Oil red O staining, high-performance liquid chromatography, and Dil-labeled lipoprotein were used to detect cholesterol accumulation qualitatively and quantitatively, respectively. Flow cytometry was used to determine cell apoptosis. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect the mRNA expression of the main proteins that are associated with the transport of cholesterol, such as ABCA1, ABCG1, SR-BI, and CD36. Western blot analysis was used to detect the protein expression of Mipu1. There were atherosclerotic lesions in the high-fat diet group with Sudan IV staining. High-fat diet decreased Mipu1 expression and increased CD36 expression significantly at the 10th week compared with standard-diet rabbits. Mipu1 overexpression decreased oxLDL-induced cholesterol accumulation, oxLDL uptake, cell apoptosis, and cleaved caspase-3. Mipu1 overexpression inhibited the oxLDL-induced CD36 mRNA and protein expression, but it did not significantly inhibit the mRNA expression of ABCA1, ABCG1, and SR-BI. Mipu1 overexpression inhibits oxLDL-induced foam cell formation and cell apoptosis. Mipu1 overexpression reduces the lipid intake of macrophages and might be associated with the downregulation of CD36 expression in the presence of oxLDL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun-Lin Qu
- 1 Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Post-Doctoral Mobile Stations for Basic Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, University of South China , Hengyang City, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China
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Hu JH, Touch P, Zhang J, Wei H, Liu S, Lund IK, Høyer-Hansen G, Dichek DA. Reduction of mouse atherosclerosis by urokinase inhibition or with a limited-spectrum matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor. Cardiovasc Res 2015; 105:372-82. [PMID: 25616415 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvv007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Elevated activity of urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and MMPs in human arteries is associated with accelerated atherosclerosis, aneurysms, and plaque rupture. We used Apoe-null mice with macrophage-specific uPA overexpression (SR-uPA mice; a well-characterized model of protease-accelerated atherosclerosis) to investigate whether systemic inhibition of proteolytic activity of uPA or a subset of MMPs can reduce protease-induced atherosclerosis and aortic dilation. METHODS AND RESULTS SR-uPA mice were fed a high-fat diet for 10 weeks and treated either with an antibody inhibiting mouse uPA (mU1) or a control antibody. mU1-treated mice were also compared with PBS-treated non-uPA-overexpressing Apoe-null mice. Other SR-uPA mice were treated with one of three doses of a limited-spectrum synthetic MMP inhibitor (XL784) or vehicle. mU1 reduced aortic root intimal lesion area (20%; P = 0.05) and aortic root circumference (12%; P = 0.01). All XL784 doses reduced aortic root intimal lesion area (22-29%) and oil-red-O-positive lesion area (36-42%; P < 0.05 for all doses and both end points), with trends towards reduced aortic root circumference (6-10%). Neither mU1 nor XL784 significantly altered percent aortic surface lesion coverage. Several lines of evidence identified MMP-13 as a mediator of uPA-induced aortic MMP activity. CONCLUSIONS Pharmacological inhibition of either uPA or selected MMPs decreased atherosclerosis in SR-uPA mice. uPA inhibition decreased aortic dilation. Differential effects of both agents on aortic root vs. distal aortic atherosclerosis suggest prevention of atherosclerosis progression vs. initiation. Systemic inhibition of uPA or a subset of MMPs shows promise for treating atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Hong Hu
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Phanith Touch
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jingwan Zhang
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Hao Wei
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Shihui Liu
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ida K Lund
- The Finsen Laboratory, Copenhagen University Hospital and Biotech Research & Innovation Centre, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gunilla Høyer-Hansen
- The Finsen Laboratory, Copenhagen University Hospital and Biotech Research & Innovation Centre, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David A Dichek
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To review progress over the past 5 years in relating extracellular proteinases to plaque rupture, the cause of most myocardial infarctions, and consider the most promising prospects for developing related treatments. RECENT FINDINGS Cysteinyl cathepsins have been implicated in multiple macrophage functions that could promote plaque rupture. Cathepsin K is an attractive target because it is a collagenase and selective inhibitors are already being used in phase III clinical trials. Several serine proteinases clearly influence vascular remodelling and atherogenesis but important, unrelated actions limit their value as therapeutic targets. Among the metalloproteinases, new evidence supports roles for A Disintigrin and Metalloproteinases (ADAMs), including ADAM-10, ADAM-17 and ADAM-33, which suggest that selective inhibitors might be effective treatments. For ADAMs with ThromboSpondin domains (ADAMTSs), there are biological and genome-wide association data linking ADAMTS-7 to incidence of coronary heart disease but not increased risk of myocardial infarctions. In the case of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), selective inhibitors of MMP-12 and MMP-13 are available and may be appropriate for development as therapies. Novel targets, including MMP-8, MMP-10, MMP-14, MMP-19, MMP-25 and MMP-28, are also being considered. SUMMARY New opportunities exist to exploit proteinases as therapeutic targets in plaque rupture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Newby
- University of Bristol and Bristol Heart Institute, Bristol, UK
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30
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Abstract
In this issue of Blood, Das et al assign a very novel and unanticipated function to plasminogen by showing that it is an enhancer of the phagocytic function of macrophages.
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Genetic variants in PLG, LPA, and SIGLEC 14 as well as smoking contribute to plasma plasminogen levels. Blood 2014; 124:3155-64. [PMID: 25208887 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-03-560086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasminogen is the precursor of the serine protease plasmin, a central enzyme of the fibrinolytic system. Plasma levels of plasminogen vary by almost 2-fold among healthy individuals, yet little is known about its heritability or genetic determinants in the general population. In order to identify genetic factors affecting the natural variation of plasminogen levels, we performed a genome-wide association study and linkage analysis in a sample of 3456 young healthy individuals who participated in the Genes and Blood Clotting Study (GABC) or the Trinity Student Study (TSS). Heritability of plasminogen levels was 48.1% to 60.0%. Tobacco smoking and female sex were associated with higher levels of plasminogen. In the meta-analysis, 11 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 2 regions reached genome-wide significance (P < 5.0E-8). Of these, 9 SNPs were near the PLG or LPA genes on Chr6q26, whereas 2 were on Chr19q13 and 5' upstream of SIGLEC14. These 11 SNPs represented 4 independent signals and collectively explained 6.8% of plasminogen level variation in the study populations. The strongest association was observed for a nonsynonymous SNP in the PLG gene (R523W). Individuals bearing an additional copy of this allele had an average decrease of 13.4% in plasma plasminogen level.
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Abstract
The phagocytic function of macrophages plays a pivotal role in eliminating apoptotic cells and invading pathogens. Evidence implicating plasminogen (Plg), the zymogen of plasmin, in phagocytosis is extremely limited with the most recent in vitro study showing that plasmin acts on prey cells rather than on macrophages. Here, we use apoptotic thymocytes and immunoglobulin opsonized bodies to show that Plg exerts a profound effect on macrophage-mediated phagocytosis in vitro and in vivo. Plg enhanced the uptake of these prey by J774A.1 macrophage-like cells by 3.5- to fivefold Plg receptors and plasmin proteolytic activity were required for phagocytosis of both preys. Compared with Plg(+/+) mice, Plg(-/-) mice exhibited a 60% delay in clearance of apoptotic thymocytes by spleen and an 85% reduction in uptake by peritoneal macrophages. Phagocytosis of antibody-mediated erythrocyte clearance by liver Kupffer cells was reduced by 90% in Plg(-/-) mice compared with Plg(+/+) mice. A gene array of splenic and hepatic tissues from Plg(-/-) and Plg(+/+) mice showed downregulation of numerous genes in Plg(-/-) mice involved in phagocytosis and regulation of phagocytic gene expression was confirmed in macrophage-like cells. Thus, Plg may play an important role in innate immunity by changing expression of genes that contribute to phagocytosis.
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Iwata H, Aikawa M. Liver-artery interactions via the plasminogen-CD36 axis in macrophage foam cell formation: new evidence for the role of remote organ crosstalk in atherosclerosis. Circulation 2013; 127:1173-6. [PMID: 23509031 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.113.001461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Björkbacka H. Atherosclerosis: cell biology and lipoproteins. Curr Opin Lipidol 2013; 24:279-80. [PMID: 23652474 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0b013e328361632b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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