The Tobacco Endgame-Eradicating a Worsening Epidemic: A Joint Opinion From the American Heart Association, World Heart Federation, American College of Cardiology, and the European Society of Cardiology

The American Heart Association at 100: A Century of Scientific Progress and the Future of Cardiovascular Science: A Presidential Advisory From the American Heart Association

In 1924, the founders of the American Heart Association (AHA) envisioned an international society focused on the heart and aimed at facilitating research, disseminating information, increasing public awareness, and developing public health policy related to heart disease. This presidential advisory provides a comprehensive review of the past century of cardiovascular and stroke science, with a focus on the AHA's contributions, as well as informed speculation about the future of cardiovascular science into the next century of the organization's history. The AHA is a leader in fundamental, translational, clinical, and population science, and it promotes the concept of the "learning health system," in which a continuous cycle of evidence-based practice leads to practice-based evidence, permitting an iterative refinement in clinical evidence and care. This advisory presents the AHA's journey over the past century from instituting professional membership to establishing extraordinary research funding programs; translating evidence to practice through clinical practice guidelines; affecting systems of care through quality programs, certification, and implementation; leading important advocacy efforts at the federal, state and local levels; and building global coalitions around cardiovascular and stroke science and public health. Recognizing an exciting potential future for science and medicine, the advisory offers a vision for even greater impact for the AHA's second century in its continued mission to be a relentless force for longer, healthier lives.

Effects of smoking intensity trajectory, cumulative smoking exposure, and the number of years since quitting on the subsequent risk of hypertension

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of smoking intensity trajectory, cumulative smoking exposure, and the number of years since quitting on the subsequent risk of hypertension in Chinese adults. The study included 2783 men and 3416 women who participated in at least three waves of the China Health and Nutrition Survey. Information regarding smoking behavior was obtained using a standardized questionnaire. The trajectory of smoking intensity was determined using a group‐based trajectory model. The number of pack‐years of smoking and the number of years since quitting were calculated. The incidence of hypertension was 18.2% and 15.5% in men and women, respectively, during a median follow‐up duration of 4 years. Male participants with trajectories denoting light and moderate smoking had increased risks of hypertension compared with those with trajectories denoting non‐smoking (P_s < .05). Compared with male participants with 0 pack‐years, those with < 5.5 pack‐years had a higher risk of hypertension (P < .05). Male participants with ≥5.5 pack‐years and weight gain had a higher risk of hypertension compared with those with 0 pack‐years and weight loss (P < .05). However, smoking was not related to an increased risk of hypertension in women. Additionally, similar to never smoking, having quit within 2–5 years or ≥5 years was not associated with the incidence of hypertension in men. The results of this study showed that light/moderate smoking or high cumulative smoking exposure accompanied by weight gain increased the risk of hypertension in Chinese men and smoking cessation decreased this effect.