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Amunugama K, Pike DP, Ford DA. The lipid biology of sepsis. J Lipid Res 2021; 62:100090. [PMID: 34087197 PMCID: PMC8243525 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2021.100090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis, defined as the dysregulated immune response to an infection leading to organ dysfunction, is one of the leading causes of mortality around the globe. Despite the significant progress in delineating the underlying mechanisms of sepsis pathogenesis, there are currently no effective treatments or specific diagnostic biomarkers in the clinical setting. The perturbation of cell signaling mechanisms, inadequate inflammation resolution, and energy imbalance, all of which are altered during sepsis, are also known to lead to defective lipid metabolism. The use of lipids as biomarkers with high specificity and sensitivity may aid in early diagnosis and guide clinical decision making. In addition, identifying the link between specific lipid signatures and their role in sepsis pathology may lead to novel therapeutics. In this review, we discuss the recent evidence on dysregulated lipid metabolism both in experimental and human sepsis focused on bioactive lipids, fatty acids, and cholesterol as well as the enzymes regulating their levels during sepsis. We highlight not only their potential roles in sepsis pathogenesis but also the possibility of using these respective lipid compounds as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaushalya Amunugama
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Daniel P Pike
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - David A Ford
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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Abd-Elrazek A, Mahmoud S, Abd ElMoneim A. The comparison between curcumin and propolis against sepsis-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in kidney of adult male rat. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s43094-020-00104-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Propolis is a honeybee product displaying an anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant effect on several tested animal models. Curcumin a polyphenol extracted from turmeric that gained interest as a potentially safe and inexpensive treatment for kidney diseases.
The present study aimed to compare the protective effects of curcumin and propolis on endotoxemia-induced renal dysfunction.
Results
Sepsis induction caused a marked decline in renal GSH, GPx, and GR, as well as antioxidant enzyme activities; CAT and SOD. Elevation in LPO, NO, IL-1β, and PGE2 contents were observed as well. A marked induction in Bax contents, Bax\Bcl2 ratio, accompanied by activation of NF-kB in the kidney of sepsis-induced rats was reported. However, Prop pretreatment of endotoxemic rats was effective in controlling the depletion of renal GSH content and its correlated enzymes; Cur was more potent in maintaining the renal CAT and SOD contents, as well as, dimensioning LPO content. Despite the renal inflammatory marker IL-1β, PGE2, NO contents, Bax\Bcl2 ratio, and NF-kB activation were greatly reduced by both curcumin and propolis, only Cur pretreatment attenuated NF-kB activation in kidney tissue of septic rat.
Conclusion
Though pretreatment of either Cur or Prop to septic rats protected their kidneys against oxidation, inflammation, and apoptosis status, Cur pretreatment was superior in protecting rats’ kidney after sepsis induction.
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Orphan G Protein–Coupled Receptor GPRC5B Controls Smooth Muscle Contractility and Differentiation by Inhibiting Prostacyclin Receptor Signaling. Circulation 2020; 141:1168-1183. [DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.119.043703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background:
G protein–coupled receptors are important regulators of contractility and differentiation in vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs), but the specific function of SMC-expressed orphan G protein–coupled receptor class C group 5 member B (GPRC5B) is unclear.
Methods:
We studied the role of GPRC5B in the regulation of contractility and dedifferentiation in human and murine SMCs in vitro and in iSM-
Gprc5b
-KO (tamoxifen-inducible, SMC-specific knockout) mice under conditions of arterial hypertension and atherosclerosis in vivo.
Results:
Mesenteric arteries from SMC-specific
Gprc5b
-KOs showed ex vivo significantly enhanced prostacyclin receptor (IP)–dependent relaxation, whereas responses to other relaxant or contractile factors were normal. In vitro, knockdown of GPRC5B in human aortic SMCs resulted in increased IP-dependent cAMP production and consecutive facilitation of SMC relaxation. In line with this facilitation of IP-mediated relaxation, iSM-
Gprc5b
-KO mice were protected from arterial hypertension, and this protective effect was abrogated by IP antagonists. Mechanistically, we show that knockdown of GPRC5B increased the membrane localization of IP both in vitro and in vivo and that GPRC5B, but not other G protein–coupled receptors, physically interacts with IP. Last, we show that enhanced IP signaling in GPRC5B-deficient SMCs not only facilitates relaxation but also prevents dedifferentiation during atherosclerosis development, resulting in reduced plaque load and increased differentiation of SMCs in the fibrous cap.
Conclusions:
Taken together, our data show that GPRC5B regulates vascular SMC tone and differentiation by negatively regulating IP signaling.
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Meurer M, Ebert K, Schweda F, Höcherl K. The renal vasodilatory effect of prostaglandins is ameliorated in isolated-perfused kidneys of endotoxemic mice. Pflugers Arch 2018; 470:1691-1703. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-018-2183-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Toki S, Zhou W, Goleniewska K, Reiss S, Dulek DE, Newcomb DC, Lawson WE, Peebles RS. Endogenous PGI 2 signaling through IP inhibits neutrophilic lung inflammation in LPS-induced acute lung injury mice model. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2018; 136:33-43. [PMID: 29660395 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous prostaglandin I2 (PGI2) has inhibitory effects on immune responses against pathogens or allergens; however, the immunomodulatory activity of endogenous PGI2 signaling in endotoxin-induced inflammation is unknown. To test the hypothesis that endogenous PGI2 down-regulates endotoxin-induced lung inflammation, C57BL/6 wild type (WT) and PGI2 receptor (IP) KO mice were challenged intranasally with LPS. Urine 6-keto-PGF1α, a stable metabolite of PGI2, was significantly increased following the LPS-challenge, suggesting that endogenous PGI2 signaling modulates the host response to LPS-challenge. IPKO mice had a significant increase in neutrophils in the BAL fluid as well as increased proteins of KC, LIX, and TNF-α in lung homogenates compared with WT mice. In contrast, IL-10 was decreased in LPS-challenged IPKO mice compared with WT mice. The PGI2 analog cicaprost significantly decreased LPS-induced KC, and TNF-α, but increased IL-10 and AREG in bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) and bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) compared with vehicle-treatment. These results indicated that endogenous PGI2 signaling attenuated neutrophilic lung inflammation through the reduced inflammatory cytokine and chemokine and enhanced IL-10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Toki
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, United States
| | - Weisong Zhou
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, United States
| | - Kasia Goleniewska
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, United States
| | - Sara Reiss
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, United States
| | - Daniel E Dulek
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, United States
| | - Dawn C Newcomb
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, United States
| | - William E Lawson
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, United States
| | - R Stokes Peebles
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, United States.
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Steven S, Dib M, Roohani S, Kashani F, Münzel T, Daiber A. Time Response of Oxidative/Nitrosative Stress and Inflammation in LPS-Induced Endotoxaemia-A Comparative Study of Mice and Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18102176. [PMID: 29057830 PMCID: PMC5666857 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a severe and multifactorial disease with a high mortality rate. It represents a strong inflammatory response to an infection and is associated with vascular inflammation and oxidative/nitrosative stress. Here, we studied the underlying time responses in the widely used lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced endotoxaemia model in mice and rats. LPS (10 mg/kg; from Salmonella Typhosa) was intraperitoneally injected into mice and rats. Animals of every species were divided into five groups and sacrificed at specific points in time (0, 3, 6, 9, 12 h). White blood cells (WBC) decreased significantly in both species after 3 h and partially recovered with time, whereas platelet decrease did not recover. Oxidative burst and iNOS-derived nitrosyl-iron hemoglobin (HbNO) increased with time (maxima at 9 or 12 h). Immune cell infiltration (CD68 and F4/80 content) showed an increase with time, which was supported by increased vascular mRNA expression of VCAM-1, P-selectin, IL-6 and TNF-α. We characterized the time responses of vascular inflammation and oxidative/nitrosative stress in LPS-induced endotoxaemic mice and rats. The results of this study will help to interpret and compare data from different animal species in LPS-induced endotoxaemia models for the identification of new drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Steven
- Center for Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, D-55131 Mainz, Germany.
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, D-55131 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Mobin Dib
- Center for Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, D-55131 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Siyer Roohani
- Center for Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, D-55131 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Fatemeh Kashani
- Center for Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, D-55131 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Thomas Münzel
- Center for Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, D-55131 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Andreas Daiber
- Center for Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, D-55131 Mainz, Germany.
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, D-55131 Mainz, Germany.
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Decreased vasorelaxation induced by iloprost during acute inflammation in human internal mammary artery. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 804:31-37. [PMID: 28373136 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.03.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) induction in human internal mammary arteries (IMA) under inflammatory conditions has been associated with attenuated norepinephrine (NE)-induced vasoconstriction. This effect was associated with increased prostaglandin (PG) E2 and prostacyclin (PGI2) releases. The present study was designed to assess the role of these PG and their receptors (EP and IP, respectively) on the vascular reactivity during acute inflammation. Isolated IMA were cultured in the absence (Control conditions) or presence (Inflammatory conditions) of both interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The vasorelaxation and the increased content of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) induced by iloprost, a PGI2 analogue, were significantly reduced under inflammatory conditions and restored in preparations cultured with the IP antagonist (CAY10441). Decreased cAMP levels under inflammatory conditions are due to at least increased phosphodiesterase (PDE) 4B expression. On the other hand, PGE2, thromboxane analogues and EP agonists-induced vasoconstrictions were not affected under inflammatory conditions. No vasorelaxation was observed with PGD2, PGE2 or the EP2/4 agonists in pre-contracted IMA. Finally, using RT-qPCR and immunohistochemistry, the COX-2, IP receptor and PGI2 synthase (PGIS) were detected. A significant increase of COX-2 and moderate increase of IP mRNA expression was observed under inflammatory conditions, whereas PGIS mRNA level was not affected. This study demonstrates that PGI2/IP receptor signalling and PGI2-induced relaxation are impaired in human IMA during acute inflammation, whereas the responses induced by other prostanoids are not affected. These results could explain some of the mechanisms of vascular dysfunction reported in inflammatory conditions.
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Busse H, Bitzinger D, Höcherl K, Seyfried T, Gruber M, Graf BM, Zausig YA. Adenosine A2A and A2B Receptor Substantially Attenuate Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Septic rat Hearts. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2017; 30:551-558. [PMID: 27757725 PMCID: PMC5156668 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-016-6693-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Mechanical and morphological ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury is reduced in septic hearts. The mechanism behind this “cardioprotection” is less well understood. As adenosine receptors play a major role for cardioprotection in non-septic hearts, we investigated the influence of adenosine receptors in a model of I/R in septic hearts. Methods SHAM operation or cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) was performed in adult male Wistar rats (n = 60). After 24 h of incubation, hearts were isolated and randomly assigned to a group with or without adenosine receptor (Ador) antagonists (SCH 58261 and MRS 1706) administered before reperfusion. Ischemia and reperfusion lasted for 40 min each. Cardiac function of the heart was determined by measuring left ventricular pressure (LVP). Results Before I/R, CLP hearts showed a significant mechanical left ventricular impairment (CLP: 63 ± 5 mmHg vs. SHAM: 104 ± 6 mmHg. After I/R, left ventricular function was significantly reduced in SHAM (24 ± 32 mmHg), but not in CLP hearts (65 ± 13 mmHg). mRNA expression for the AdorA2a and AdorA2b was significantly increased in CLP, but not in SHAM hearts. LVP of CLP hearts deteriorated when AdorA2a and AdorA2b were blocked. Conclusions The morphological and functional I/R injury in septic animals is less pronounced compared to non-septic animals. By a combined blockade of AdorA2a and AdorA2b this “cardioprotective” effect is nearly abolished in septic hearts. This is the first study showing, that AdorA2a and AdorA2b may play an important role for a reduced functional I/R injury in the septic heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Busse
- Department of Anesthesiology, University hospital of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Diane Bitzinger
- Department of Anesthesiology, University hospital of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Höcherl
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Timo Seyfried
- Department of Anesthesiology, University hospital of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michael Gruber
- Department of Anesthesiology, University hospital of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard M Graf
- Department of Anesthesiology, University hospital of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - York A Zausig
- Department of Anesthesiology, University hospital of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
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Antonucci E, Fiaccadori E, Donadello K, Taccone FS, Franchi F, Scolletta S. Myocardial depression in sepsis: From pathogenesis to clinical manifestations and treatment. J Crit Care 2014; 29:500-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2014.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Tunctan B, Korkmaz B, Cuez T, Kemal Buharalioglu C, Sahan-Firat S, Falck J, Malik KU. Contribution of vasoactive eicosanoids and nitric oxide production to the effect of selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, NS-398, on endotoxin-induced hypotension in rats. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2012; 107:877-82. [PMID: 22545970 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2010.00589.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Our previous studies with the use of non-selective cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor, indomethacin, demonstrated that prostanoids produced during endotoxaemia increase inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein expression and nitric oxide synthesis, and decrease cyctochrome P450 (CYP) 4A1 protein expression and CYP 4A activity. The results suggest that dual inhibition of iNOS and COX by indomethacin restores blood pressure presumably due to increased production of 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE) derived from CYP 4A in endotoxaemic rats. The present study examined whether increased levels of vasoconstrictor eicosanoids, 20-HETE, prostaglandin F(2α) (PGF(2α) )and thromboxane A(2) (TxA(2) ), would contribute to the effect of selective COX-2 inhibition to prevent endotoxin (ET)-induced fall in blood pressure associated with an increase in the production of vasodilator prostanoids, prostaglandin I(2) (PGI(2) ) and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2) ) and nitric oxide synthesis. Mean arterial blood pressure fell by 31 mmHg and heart rate (HR) rose by 90 beats/min. in male Wistar rats treated with ET (10 mg/kg, i.p.). The fall in mean arterial pressure and increase in HR were associated with increased levels of 6-keto-prostaglandin F(1α) (6-keto-PGF(1α) ), PGE(2) , TxB(2) , and nitrite in the serum, kidney, heart, thoracic aorta and/or superior mesenteric artery. Systemic and renal 20-HETE and PGF(2α) levels were also decreased in endotoxaemic rats. These effects of ET were prevented by a selective COX-2 inhibitor, N-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)methansulphonamide (10 mg/kg, i.p.), given 1 hr after injection of ET. These data suggest that an increase in 20-HETE and PGF(2α) levels associated with decreased production of PGI(2) , PGE(2) , and TxA(2) , and nitric oxide synthesis contributes to the effect of selective COX-2 inhibitor to prevent the hypotension during rat endotoxaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahar Tunctan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey.
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Araújo AV, Ferezin CZ, C. Pereira AD, Rodrigues GJ, Grando MD, Bonaventura D, Bendhack LM. Augmented nitric oxide production and up-regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase during cecal ligation and perforation. Nitric Oxide 2012; 27:59-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2012.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Revised: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Cyclooxygenase inhibition in sepsis: is there life after death? Mediators Inflamm 2012; 2012:696897. [PMID: 22665954 PMCID: PMC3361325 DOI: 10.1155/2012/696897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandins are important mediators and modulators of the inflammatory response to infection. The prostaglandins participate in the pathogenesis of hemodynamic collapse, organ failure, and overwhelming inflammation that characterize severe sepsis and shock. In light of this, cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibiting pharmacological agents have been extensively studied for their capacity to ameliorate the aberrant physiological and immune responses during severe sepsis. Animal models of sepsis, using the systemic administration of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) or live pathogens, have been used to examine the effectiveness of COX inhibition as a treatment for severe sepsis. These studies have largely shown beneficial effects on mortality. However, human studies have failed to show clinical utility of COX inhibitor treatment in severely septic patients. Why this approach “worked” in animals but not in humans might reflect differences in the controlled nature of animal investigations compared to human studies. This paper contrasts the impact of COX inhibitors on mortality in animal models of sepsis and human studies of sepsis and examines potential reasons for differences between these two settings.
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Cyclooxygenase-2-derived prostacyclin protective role on endotoxin-induced mouse cardiomyocyte mortality. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2012; 11:347-56. [PMID: 21769544 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-011-9127-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular dysfunction characterizes septic shock, inducing multiple organ failure and a high mortality rate. In the heart, it has been shown an up-regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expressions with subsequent overproduction of nitric oxide (NO) and eicosanoids. This study is focused on the links between these products of inflammation and cell loss of mouse cardiomyocytes during treatment by the Salmonella typhimurium lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in presence or in absence of NOS or COX inhibitors. LPS induced RelA/NF-κB p65 activation, iNOS and COX-2 up-regulations, resulting in NO and prostacyclin releases. These effects were reversed by the NO-synthase inhibitor and increased by the specific COX-2 inhibitor. Immunostainings with FITC-conjugated anti-Annexin-V and propidium iodide and caspase 3/7 activity assay showed that cardiomyocyte necrosis was inhibited by L-NA during LPS treatment challenge, while apoptosis was induced in presence of both LPS and NS-398. No effect on LPS cellular injury was observed using the specific cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) inhibitor, SC-560. These findings strongly support the hypothesis of a link between iNOS-dependent NO overproduction and LPS-induced cell loss with a selective protective role allotted to COX-2 and deriving prostacyclins.
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14
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Endothelium-derived vasoactive agents, AT1 receptors and inflammation. Pharmacol Ther 2011; 131:187-203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2010.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Myren M, Olesen J, Gupta S. Pharmacological and expression profile of the prostaglandin I(2) receptor in the rat craniovascular system. Vascul Pharmacol 2011; 55:50-8. [PMID: 21749934 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2011.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Revised: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the trigeminal nerve terminals around cerebral and meningeal arteries is thought to be an important patho-mechanism in migraine. Vasodilatation of the cranial arteries may also play a role in increasing nociception. Prostaglandin I(2) (PGI(2)) is capable of inducing a headache in healthy volunteers, a response that is likely to be mediated by the prostaglandin I(2) receptor (IP). This study investigates the functional and molecular characteristics of the IP receptor in the rat craniovascular system. In the closed cranial window model, iloprost, an IP receptor agonist, dilated the rat middle meningeal artery (MMA) (E(max)=170%±16%; pED(50)=6.5±0.2) but not the rat cerebral artery (CA) in vivo. The specific antagonist of the IP receptor, CAY10441, significantly blocked the iloprost-induced response dose-dependently, with the highest dose attenuating iloprost (1μgkg(-1)) induced dilatations by 70% (p<0.05). CAY10441 did not have any effect on the prostaglandin E(2)-induced vasodilatory response, thus suggesting no interaction with EP(2) and EP(4) receptors. IP receptor mRNA transcripts and protein were present in meningeal as well as in cerebral rat vasculature, and localized the IP receptor protein to the smooth vasculature of the cranial arteries (MMA, MCA and basilar artery). Together, these results demonstrate that the IP receptor mediates the dilatory effect of PGI(2) in the cranial vasculature in rats. Antagonism of this receptor might be of therapeutic relevance in acute migraine treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Myren
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Glostrup Research Institute, Glostrup Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2600 Glostrup, Denmark
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16
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Stæhr M, Madsen K, Vanhoutte PM, Hansen PB, Jensen BL. Disruption of COX-2 and eNOS does not confer protection from cardiovascular failure in lipopolysaccharide-treated conscious mice and isolated vascular rings. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2011; 301:R412-20. [PMID: 21543636 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00823.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
It was hypothesized that a serial stimulation of vascular cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) with subsequent activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) is responsible for decrease in blood pressure, cardiac performance, and vascular reactivity in endotoxemia caused by LPS. The hypothesis was tested in catheterized, conscious, freely moving, wild-type mice and mice (C57BL/6J background) with targeted deletion of COX-2 and eNOS that were given an intravenous LPS bolus (2 mg/kg, 055:B5). In vitro studies were performed on murine aorta rings. LPS caused a concomitant decrease in mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) that was significant after 3 h and was sustained throughout the experiment (8 h). The LPS-induced changes in MAP and HR were not different from control in COX-2(-/-) and eNOS(-/-) mice. A prostacyclin receptor antagonist (BR5064) blocked the hypotensive effect of a prostacyclin agonist (beraprost), but did not attenuate the LPS-induced decrease in MAP and HR. LPS decreased eNOS and neuronal NOS mRNA abundances in several organs, while inducible NOS mRNA was enhanced. In aortic rings, LPS suppressed α(1)-adrenoceptor-mediated vascular tone. Inhibition of COX-2 activity (NS 398), disruption of COX-2, endothelium removal, or eNOS deletion (eNOS(-/-)) did not improve vascular reactivity after LPS, while the NO synthase blockers 1400W and N(G)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester prevented loss of tone. COX-2 and eNOS activities are not necessary for LPS-induced decreases in blood pressure, heart rate, and vascular reactivity. Inducible NOS activity appears crucial. COX-2 and eNOS are not obvious therapeutic targets for cardiovascular rescue during gram-negative endotoxemic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette Stæhr
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Araújo AV, Ferezin CZ, Rodrigues GJ, Lunardi CN, Vercesi JA, Grando MD, Bonaventura D, Bendhack LM. Prostacyclin, not only nitric oxide, is a mediator of the vasorelaxation induced by acetylcholine in aortas from rats submitted to cecal ligation and perforation (CLP). Vascul Pharmacol 2011; 54:44-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2010.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Revised: 11/06/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Cureton EL, Strumwasser A, Kwan RO, Dozier KC, Curran B, Sadjadi J, Victorino GP. Endothelin-1 attenuates increases in hydraulic conductivity due to platelet-activating factor via prostacyclin release. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2010; 110:717-23. [PMID: 21183623 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00690.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously showed that endothelin-1 (ET-1) and prostacyclin (PGI(2)) similarly attenuate increases in microvascular permeability induced by platelet-activating factor (PAF). This led us to hypothesize that ET-1 attenuates trans-endothelial fluid flux during PAF through PGI(2) release. We tested this hypothesis in three phases. First, bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells were exposed to 0.008-8 μM ET-1 and assayed for PGI(2) release. Second, to determine whether increased transmonolayer flux after PAF could be attenuated by ET-1 or PGI(2) and reversed by PGI(2) synthesis inhibition or PGI(2) receptor blockade, we measured endothelial cell transmonolayer flux after cells were exposed to 10 nM PAF plus 10 μM PGI(2) or 80 pM ET-1, with or without 500 μM tranylcypromine (PGI(2) synthase inhibitor) or 20 μM CAY-10441 (PGI(2) receptor blocker). Finally, hydraulic conductivity (L(p)) was measured in rat mesenteric venules in vivo after exposure to 10 nM PAF and 80 pM ET-1 with or without tranylcypromine (100 and 500 μM) or CAY-10441 (2 and 20 μM). We found that in vitro, ET-1 stimulated a dose-dependent increase in PGI(2) production (from 126 to 217 pg/ml, P < 0.01). Compared with PAF alone, PGI(2) plus PAF and ET-1 plus PAF decreased transmonolayer flux similarly by 52 and 46%, respectively (P < 0.01), while tranylcypromine and CAY-10441 reversed these effects by 92 and 47%, respectively (P < 0.05). In vivo, PAF increased L(p) fourfold (P < 0.01) and ET-1 attenuated this effect by 83% (P < 0.01). Tranylcypromine and CAY-10441 reversed the ET-1 attenuation in L(p) during PAF by 55 and 45%, respectively (P < 0.01). We conclude that ET-1 may stimulate endothelial cell PGI(2) release to attenuate the increases in transmonolayer flux and hydraulic conductivity secondary to PAF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth L Cureton
- University of California, San Francisco-East Bay, Dept. of Surgery, 1411 East 31st St., Oakland, CA 94602, USA
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Levy B, Collin S, Sennoun N, Ducrocq N, Kimmoun A, Asfar P, Perez P, Meziani F. Vascular hyporesponsiveness to vasopressors in septic shock: from bench to bedside. Intensive Care Med 2010; 36:2019-29. [PMID: 20862451 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-010-2045-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2010] [Accepted: 08/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To delineate some of the characteristics of septic vascular hypotension, to assess the most commonly cited and reported underlying mechanisms of vascular hyporesponsiveness to vasoconstrictors in sepsis, and to briefly outline current therapeutic strategies and possible future approaches. METHODS Source data were obtained from a PubMed search of the medical literature with the following MeSH terms: Muscle, smooth, vascular/physiopathology; hypotension/etiology; shock/physiopathology; vasodilation/physiology; shock/therapy; vasoconstrictor agents. RESULTS Nitric oxide (NO) and peroxynitrite are crucial components implicated in vasoplegia and vascular hyporeactivity. Vascular ATP-sensitive and calcium-activated potassium channels are activated during shock and participate in hypotension. In addition, shock state is characterized by inappropriately low plasma glucocorticoid and vasopressin concentrations, a dysfunction and desensitization of alpha-receptors, and an inactivation of catecholamines by oxidation. Numerous other mechanisms have been individualized in animal models, the great majority of which involve NO: MEK1/2-ERK1/2 pathway, H(2)S, hyperglycemia, and cytoskeleton dysregulation associated with decreased actin expression. CONCLUSIONS Many therapeutic approaches have proven their efficiency in animal models, especially therapies directed against one particular compound, but have otherwise failed when used in human shock. Nevertheless, high doses of catecholamines, vasopressin and terlipressin, hydrocortisone, activated protein C, and non-specific shock treatment have demonstrated a partial efficiency in reversing sepsis-induced hypotension.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Levy
- Groupe Choc, Contrat Avenir INSERM 2006, Faculté de Médecine, Nancy Université, 9 Avenue de la Forêt de Haye, BP 184, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, 54505, France.
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20
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Beneficial effects of magnolol in a rodent model of endotoxin shock. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 641:67-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2009] [Revised: 04/22/2010] [Accepted: 05/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Castrop H, Höcherl K, Kurtz A, Schweda F, Todorov V, Wagner C. Physiology of Kidney Renin. Physiol Rev 2010; 90:607-73. [PMID: 20393195 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00011.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The protease renin is the key enzyme of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone cascade, which is relevant under both physiological and pathophysiological settings. The kidney is the only organ capable of releasing enzymatically active renin. Although the characteristic juxtaglomerular position is the best known site of renin generation, renin-producing cells in the kidney can vary in number and localization. (Pro)renin gene transcription in these cells is controlled by a number of transcription factors, among which CREB is the best characterized. Pro-renin is stored in vesicles, activated to renin, and then released upon demand. The release of renin is under the control of the cAMP (stimulatory) and Ca2+(inhibitory) signaling pathways. Meanwhile, a great number of intrarenally generated or systemically acting factors have been identified that control the renin secretion directly at the level of renin-producing cells, by activating either of the signaling pathways mentioned above. The broad spectrum of biological actions of (pro)renin is mediated by receptors for (pro)renin, angiotensin II and angiotensin-( 1 – 7 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayo Castrop
- Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Höcherl
- Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Armin Kurtz
- Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Frank Schweda
- Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Vladimir Todorov
- Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Charlotte Wagner
- Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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Sprague AH, Khalil RA. Inflammatory cytokines in vascular dysfunction and vascular disease. Biochem Pharmacol 2009; 78:539-52. [PMID: 19413999 PMCID: PMC2730638 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2009.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 910] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2009] [Revised: 04/23/2009] [Accepted: 04/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The vascular inflammatory response involves complex interaction between inflammatory cells (neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages), endothelial cells (ECs), vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), and extracellular matrix (ECM). Vascular injury is associated with increased expression of adhesion molecules by ECs and recruitment of inflammatory cells, growth factors, and cytokines, with consequent effects on ECs, VSMCs and ECM. Cytokines include tumor necrosis factors, interleukins, lymphokines, monokines, interferons, colony stimulating factors, and transforming growth factors. Cytokines are produced by macrophages, T-cells and monocytes, as well as platelets, ECs and VSMCs. Circulating cytokines interact with specific receptors on various cell types and activate JAK-STAT, NF-kappaB, and Smad signaling pathways leading to an inflammatory response involving cell adhesion, permeability and apoptosis. Cytokines also interact with mitochondria to increase the production of reactive oxygen species. Cytokine-induced activation of these pathways in ECs modifies the production/activity of vasodilatory mediators such as nitric oxide, prostacyclin, endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor, and bradykinin, as well as vasoconstrictive mediators such as endothelin and angiotensin II. Cytokines interact with VSMCs to activate Ca(2+), protein kinase C, Rho-kinase, and MAPK pathways, which promote cell growth and migration, and VSM reactivity. Cytokines also interact with integrins and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and modify ECM composition. Persistent increases in cytokines are associated with vascular dysfunction and vascular disease such as atherosclerosis, abdominal aortic aneurysm, varicose veins and hypertension. Genetic and pharmacological tools to decrease the production of cytokines or to diminish their effects using cytokine antagonists could provide new approaches in the management of inflammatory vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander H Sprague
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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