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Rajendrakumar AL, Arbeev KG, Bagley O, Yashin AI, Ukraintseva S. The SNP rs6859 in NECTIN2 gene is associated with underlying heterogeneous trajectories of cognitive changes in older adults. BMC Neurol 2024; 24:78. [PMID: 38408961 PMCID: PMC10898142 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-024-03577-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Functional decline associated with dementia, including in Alzheimer's disease (AD), is not uniform across individuals, and respective heterogeneity is not yet fully explained. Such heterogeneity may in part be related to genetic variability among individuals. In this study, we investigated whether the SNP rs6859 in nectin cell adhesion molecule 2 (NECTIN2) gene (a major risk factor for AD) influences trajectories of cognitive decline in older participants from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI). METHODS We retrospectively analyzed records on 1310 participants from the ADNI database for the multivariate analysis. We used longitudinal measures of Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores in participants, who were cognitively normal, or having AD, or other cognitive deficits to investigate the trajectories of cognitive changes. Multiple linear regression, linear mixed models and latent class analyses were conducted to investigate the association of the SNP rs6859 with MMSE. RESULTS The regression coefficient per one allele dose of the SNP rs6859 was independently associated with MMSE in both cross-sectional (-2.23, p < 0.01) and linear mixed models (-2.26, p < 0.01) analyses. The latent class model with three distinct subgroups (class 1: stable and gradual decline, class 2: intermediate and late decline, and class 3: lowest and irregular) performed best in the posterior classification, 42.67% (n = 559), 21.45% (n = 281), 35.88% (n = 470) were classified as class 1, class 2, and class 3. In the heterogeneous linear mixed model, the regression coefficient per one allele dose of rs6859 - A risk allele was significantly associated with MMSE class 1 and class 2 memberships and related decline; Class 1 (-2.28, 95% CI: -4.05, -0.50, p < 0.05), Class 2 (-5.56, 95% CI: -9.61, -1.51, p < 0.01) and Class 3 (-0.37, 95% CI: -1.62, 0.87, p = 0.55). CONCLUSIONS This study found statistical evidence supporting the classification of three latent subclass groups representing complex MMSE trajectories in the ADNI cohort. The SNP rs6859 can be suggested as a candidate genetic predictor of variation in modeling MMSE trajectory, as well as for identifying latent classes with higher baseline MMSE. Functional studies may help further elucidate this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aravind Lathika Rajendrakumar
- Biodemography of Aging Research Unit, Social Science Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708-0408, USA
| | - Konstantin G Arbeev
- Biodemography of Aging Research Unit, Social Science Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708-0408, USA.
| | - Olivia Bagley
- Biodemography of Aging Research Unit, Social Science Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708-0408, USA
| | - Anatoliy I Yashin
- Biodemography of Aging Research Unit, Social Science Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708-0408, USA
| | - Svetlana Ukraintseva
- Biodemography of Aging Research Unit, Social Science Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708-0408, USA
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Lu G, Li J, Gao T, Liu Q, Chen O, Zhang X, Xiao M, Guo Y, Wang J, Tang Y, Gu J. Integration of dietary nutrition and TRIB3 action into diabetes mellitus. Nutr Rev 2024; 82:361-373. [PMID: 37226405 PMCID: PMC10859691 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuad056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite intensive studies for decades, the common mechanistic correlations among the underlying pathology of diabetes mellitus (DM), its complications, and effective clinical treatments remain poorly characterized. High-quality diets and nutrition therapy have played an indispensable role in the management of DM. More importantly, tribbles homolog 3 (TRIB3), a nutrient-sensing and glucose-responsive regulator, might be an important stress-regulatory switch, linking glucose homeostasis and insulin resistance. Therefore, this review aimed to introduce the latest research progress on the crosstalk between dietary nutrition intervention and TRIB3 in the development and treatment of DM. This study also summarized the possible mechanisms involved in the signaling pathways of TRIB3 action in DM, in order to gain an in-depth understanding of dietary nutrition intervention and TRIB3 in the pathogenesis of DM at the organism level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangping Lu
- School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jiahao Li
- School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ting Gao
- School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Qingbo Liu
- School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ou Chen
- School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Mengjie Xiao
- School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yuanfang Guo
- School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jie Wang
- School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yufeng Tang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Junlian Gu
- School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Ma ZG, Yuan YP, Fan D, Zhang X, Teng T, Song P, Kong CY, Hu C, Wei WY, Tang QZ. IRX2 regulates angiotensin II-induced cardiac fibrosis by transcriptionally activating EGR1 in male mice. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4967. [PMID: 37587150 PMCID: PMC10432509 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40639-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis is a common feature of chronic heart failure. Iroquois homeobox (IRX) family of transcription factors plays important roles in heart development; however, the role of IRX2 in cardiac fibrosis has not been clarified. Here we report that IRX2 expression is significantly upregulated in the fibrotic hearts. Increased IRX2 expression is mainly derived from cardiac fibroblast (CF) during the angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced fibrotic response. Using two CF-specific Irx2-knockout mouse models, we show that deletion of Irx2 in CFs protect against pathological fibrotic remodelling and improve cardiac function in male mice. In contrast, Irx2 gain of function in CFs exaggerate fibrotic remodelling. Mechanistically, we find that IRX2 directly binds to the promoter of the early growth response factor 1 (EGR1) and subsequently initiates the transcription of several fibrosis-related genes. Our study provides evidence that IRX2 regulates the EGR1 pathway upon Ang II stimulation and drives cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Guo Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 430060, Wuhan, PR China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, 430060, Wuhan, PR China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, 430060, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Yu-Pei Yuan
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 430060, Wuhan, PR China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, 430060, Wuhan, PR China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, 430060, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Di Fan
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 430060, Wuhan, PR China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, 430060, Wuhan, PR China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, 430060, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 430060, Wuhan, PR China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, 430060, Wuhan, PR China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, 430060, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Teng Teng
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 430060, Wuhan, PR China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, 430060, Wuhan, PR China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, 430060, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Peng Song
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 430060, Wuhan, PR China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, 430060, Wuhan, PR China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, 430060, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Chun-Yan Kong
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 430060, Wuhan, PR China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, 430060, Wuhan, PR China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, 430060, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Can Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 430060, Wuhan, PR China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, 430060, Wuhan, PR China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, 430060, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Wen-Ying Wei
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 430060, Wuhan, PR China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, 430060, Wuhan, PR China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, 430060, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Qi-Zhu Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 430060, Wuhan, PR China.
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, 430060, Wuhan, PR China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, 430060, Wuhan, PR China.
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Abstract
Nectins are immunoglobulin-like cell adhesion molecules constituting a family with four members, nectin-1, nectin-2, nectin-3, and nectin-4. In the brain, nectin-2 as well as nectin-1 and nectin-3 are expressed whereas nectin-4 is hardly expressed. In the nervous system, physiological functions of nectin-1 and nectin-3, such as synapse formation, mossy fiber trajectory regulation, interneurite affinity, contextual fear memory formation, and stress-related mental disorders, have been revealed. Nectin-2 is ubiquitously expressed in non-neuronal tissues and various nectin-2 functions in non-nervous systems have been extensively investigated, but nectin-2 functions in the brain have not been revealed until recently. Recent findings have revealed that nectin-2 is expressed in the specific areas of the brain and plays important roles, such as homeostasis of astrocytes and neurons and the formation of synapses. Moreover, a single nucleotide polymorphism in the human NECTIN2 gene is associated with Alzheimer's disease. We here summarize recent progress in our understanding of nectin-2 functions in the brain.
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Integrated bioinformatics analysis reveals novel key biomarkers and potential candidate small molecule drugs in gestational diabetes mellitus. Biosci Rep 2021; 41:228450. [PMID: 33890634 PMCID: PMC8145272 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20210617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is the metabolic disorder that appears during pregnancy. The current investigation aimed to identify central differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in GDM. The transcription profiling by array data (E-MTAB-6418) was obtained from the ArrayExpress database. The DEGs between GDM samples and non-GDM samples were analyzed. Functional enrichment analysis were performed using ToppGene. Then we constructed the protein–protein interaction (PPI) network of DEGs by the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes database (STRING) and module analysis was performed. Subsequently, we constructed the miRNA–hub gene network and TF–hub gene regulatory network. The validation of hub genes was performed through receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC). Finally, the candidate small molecules as potential drugs to treat GDM were predicted by using molecular docking. Through transcription profiling by array data, a total of 869 DEGs were detected including 439 up-regulated and 430 down-regulated genes. Functional enrichment analysis showed these DEGs were mainly enriched in reproduction, cell adhesion, cell surface interactions at the vascular wall and extracellular matrix organization. Ten genes, HSP90AA1, EGFR, RPS13, RBX1, PAK1, FYN, ABL1, SMAD3, STAT3 and PRKCA were associated with GDM, according to ROC analysis. Finally, the most significant small molecules were predicted based on molecular docking. This investigation identified hub genes, signal pathways and therapeutic agents, which might help us, enhance our understanding of the mechanisms of GDM and find some novel therapeutic agents for GDM.
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6
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Shiotani H, Miyata M, Kameyama T, Mandai K, Yamasaki M, Watanabe M, Mizutani K, Takai Y. Nectin‐2α is localized at cholinergic neuron dendrites and regulates synapse formation in the medial habenula. J Comp Neurol 2020; 529:450-477. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.24958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Shiotani
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine Kobe Japan
| | - Muneaki Miyata
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine Kobe Japan
| | - Takeshi Kameyama
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine Kobe Japan
| | - Kenji Mandai
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine Kobe Japan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences Sagamihara Japan
- Department of Biochemistry Kitasato University School of Medicine Sagamihara Japan
| | - Miwako Yamasaki
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine Hokkaido University Sapporo Japan
| | - Masahiko Watanabe
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine Hokkaido University Sapporo Japan
| | - Kiyohito Mizutani
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine Kobe Japan
| | - Yoshimi Takai
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine Kobe Japan
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DNAM-1 Activating Receptor and Its Ligands: How Do Viruses Affect the NK Cell-Mediated Immune Surveillance during the Various Phases of Infection? Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20153715. [PMID: 31366013 PMCID: PMC6695959 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural Killer (NK) cells play a critical role in host defense against viral infections. The mechanisms of recognition and killing of virus-infected cells mediated by NK cells are still only partially defined. Several viruses induce, on the surface of target cells, the expression of molecules that are specifically recognized by NK cell-activating receptors. The main NK cell-activating receptors involved in the recognition and killing of virus-infected cells are NKG2D and DNAM-1. In particular, ligands for DNAM-1 are nectin/nectin-like molecules involved also in mechanisms allowing viral infection. Viruses adopt several immune evasion strategies, including those affecting NK cell-mediated immune surveillance, causing persistent viral infection and the development of virus-associated diseases. The virus's immune evasion efficacy depends on molecules differently expressed during the various phases of infection. In this review, we overview the molecular strategies adopted by viruses, specifically cytomegalovirus (CMV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1), herpes virus (HSV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV), aiming to evade NK cell-mediated surveillance, with a special focus on the modulation of DNAM-1 activating receptor and its ligands in various phases of the viral life cycle. The increasing understanding of mechanisms involved in the modulation of activating ligands, together with those mediating the viral immune evasion strategies, would provide critical tools leading to design novel NK cell-based immunotherapies aiming at viral infection control, thus improving cure strategies of virus-associated diseases.
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8
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Abstract
The introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitors have greatly improved clinical outcomes in several cancer types, revolutionizing the management of a wide variety of tumors endowed with poor prognosis. Despite its success, high grade immune related adverse events were observed in patients treated with checkpoint inhibitors. While cardiotoxicity was largely underestimated in initial studies, numerous reports of fulminant myocarditis and fatal heart failure (HF) have been recently described. In this review we discuss possible mechanisms involved in cardiac toxicity triggered by inhibition of cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) pathway, the most prominent checkpoint inhibitors available in the clinic. Major cardiovascular events associated with checkpoint inhibitors adds another layer of complexity in cancer therapy and urges for an interdisciplinary approach between oncologists, cardiologists, and immunologist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murilo Delgobo
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Frantz
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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9
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Manring HR, Dorn LE, Ex-Willey A, Accornero F, Ackermann MA. At the heart of inter- and intracellular signaling: the intercalated disc. Biophys Rev 2018; 10:961-971. [PMID: 29876873 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-018-0430-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper cardiac function requires the synchronous mechanical and electrical coupling of individual cardiomyocytes. The intercalated disc (ID) mediates coupling of neighboring myocytes through intercellular signaling. Intercellular communication is highly regulated via intracellular signaling, and signaling pathways originating from the ID control cardiomyocyte remodeling and function. Herein, we present an overview of the inter- and intracellular signaling that occurs at and originates from the intercalated disc in normal physiology and pathophysiology. This review highlights the importance of the intercalated disc as an integrator of signaling events regulating homeostasis and stress responses in the heart and the center of several pathophysiological processes mediating the development of cardiomyopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather R Manring
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Lisa E Dorn
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Aidan Ex-Willey
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Federica Accornero
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
| | - Maegen A Ackermann
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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10
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Shiotani H, Miyata M, Itoh Y, Wang S, Kaito A, Mizoguchi A, Yamasaki M, Watanabe M, Mandai K, Mochizuki H, Takai Y. Localization of nectin-2α at the boundary between the adjacent somata of the clustered cholinergic neurons and its regulatory role in the subcellular localization of the voltage-gated A-type K+channel Kv4.2 in the medial habenula. J Comp Neurol 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.24425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Shiotani
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine; Kobe Hyogo 650-0047 Japan
- Department of Neurology; Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine; Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Muneaki Miyata
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine; Kobe Hyogo 650-0047 Japan
| | - Yu Itoh
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine; Kobe Hyogo 650-0047 Japan
| | - Shujie Wang
- Department of Neural Regeneration and Cell Communication; Mie University Graduate School of Medicine; Tsu Mie 514-8507 Japan
| | - Aika Kaito
- Department of Neural Regeneration and Cell Communication; Mie University Graduate School of Medicine; Tsu Mie 514-8507 Japan
| | - Akira Mizoguchi
- Department of Neural Regeneration and Cell Communication; Mie University Graduate School of Medicine; Tsu Mie 514-8507 Japan
| | - Miwako Yamasaki
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine; Hokkaido University; Sapporo Hokkaido 060-8638 Japan
| | - Masahiko Watanabe
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine; Hokkaido University; Sapporo Hokkaido 060-8638 Japan
| | - Kenji Mandai
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine; Kobe Hyogo 650-0047 Japan
| | - Hideki Mochizuki
- Department of Neurology; Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine; Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Yoshimi Takai
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine; Kobe Hyogo 650-0047 Japan
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Hichri E, Abriel H, Kucera JP. Distribution of cardiac sodium channels in clusters potentiates ephaptic interactions in the intercalated disc. J Physiol 2018; 596:563-589. [PMID: 29210458 DOI: 10.1113/jp275351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS It has been proposed that ephaptic conduction, relying on interactions between the sodium (Na+ ) current and the extracellular potential in intercalated discs, might contribute to cardiac conduction when gap junctional coupling is reduced, but this mechanism is still controversial. In intercalated discs, Na+ channels form clusters near gap junction plaques, but the functional significance of these clusters has never been evaluated. In HEK cells expressing cardiac Na+ channels, we show that restricting the extracellular space modulates the Na+ current, as predicted by corresponding simulations accounting for ephaptic effects. In a high-resolution model of the intercalated disc, clusters of Na+ channels that face each other across the intercellular cleft facilitate ephaptic impulse transmission when gap junctional coupling is reduced. Thus, our simulations reveal a functional role for the clustering of Na+ channels in intercalated discs, and suggest that rearrangement of these clusters in disease may influence cardiac conduction. ABSTRACT It has been proposed that ephaptic interactions in intercalated discs, mediated by extracellular potentials, contribute to cardiac impulse propagation when gap junctional coupling is reduced. However, experiments demonstrating ephaptic effects on the cardiac Na+ current (INa ) are scarce. Furthermore, Na+ channels form clusters around gap junction plaques, but the electrophysiological significance of these clusters has never been investigated. In patch clamp experiments with HEK cells stably expressing human Nav 1.5 channels, we examined how restricting the extracellular space modulates INa elicited by an activation protocol. In parallel, we developed a high-resolution computer model of the intercalated disc to investigate how the distribution of Na+ channels influences ephaptic interactions. Approaching the HEK cells to a non-conducting obstacle always increased peak INa at step potentials near the threshold of INa activation and decreased peak INa at step potentials far above threshold (7 cells, P = 0.0156, Wilcoxon signed rank test). These effects were consistent with corresponding control simulations with a uniform Na+ channel distribution. In the intercalated disc computer model, redistributing the Na+ channels into a central cluster of the disc potentiated ephaptic effects. Moreover, ephaptic impulse transmission from one cell to another was facilitated by clusters of Na+ channels facing each other across the intercellular cleft when gap junctional coupling was reduced. In conclusion, our proof-of-principle experiments demonstrate that confining the extracellular space modulates cardiac INa , and our simulations reveal the functional role of the aggregation of Na+ channels in the perinexus. These findings highlight novel concepts in the physiology of cardiac excitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Echrak Hichri
- Department of Physiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hugues Abriel
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jan P Kucera
- Department of Physiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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12
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Nagao M, Toh R, Irino Y, Nakajima H, Oshita T, Tsuda S, Hara T, Shinohara M, Ishida T, Hirata KI. High-density lipoprotein protects cardiomyocytes from oxidative stress via the PI3K/mTOR signaling pathway. FEBS Open Bio 2017; 7:1402-1409. [PMID: 28904868 PMCID: PMC5586351 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Low levels of plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol are associated with an increased risk of heart failure, regardless of the presence or absence of coronary artery disease. However, the direct effects of HDL on failing myocardium have not been fully elucidated. We found that HDL treatment resulted in improved cell viability in H9c2 cardiomyocytes under oxidative stress. This cardioprotective effect of HDL was regulated via the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. mTOR signaling promotes cell survival through the inactivation of the BCL2-associated agonist of cell death via phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 kinase. Modulation of cardiac PI3K/mTOR signaling by HDL could represent a novel therapeutic strategy for heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Nagao
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine Japan
| | - Ryuji Toh
- Division of Evidence-Based Laboratory Medicine Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Irino
- Division of Evidence-Based Laboratory Medicine Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine Japan
| | - Hideto Nakajima
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine Japan
| | - Toshihiko Oshita
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine Japan
| | - Shigeyasu Tsuda
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine Japan
| | - Tetsuya Hara
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine Japan
| | - Masakazu Shinohara
- Division of Epidemiology Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine Japan
| | - Tatsuro Ishida
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Hirata
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine Japan.,Division of Evidence-Based Laboratory Medicine Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine Japan
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13
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Yamana S, Tokiyama A, Fujita H, Terao Y, Horibe S, Sasaki N, Satomi-Kobayashi S, Hirata KI, Rikitake Y. Necl-4 enhances the PLCγ–c-Raf–MEK–ERK pathway without affecting internalization of VEGFR2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 490:169-175. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.05.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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15
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Cortex Mori Radicis extract attenuates myocardial damages in diabetic rats by regulating ERS. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 90:777-785. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.03.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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Zankov DP, Shimizu A, Tanaka-Okamoto M, Miyoshi J, Ogita H. Protective effects of intercalated disk protein afadin on chronic pressure overload-induced myocardial damage. Sci Rep 2017; 7:39335. [PMID: 28045017 PMCID: PMC5206728 DOI: 10.1038/srep39335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Adhesive intercellular connections at cardiomyocyte intercalated disks (IDs) support contractile force and maintain structural integrity of the heart muscle. Disturbances of the proteins at IDs deteriorate cardiac function and morphology. An adaptor protein afadin, one of the components of adherens junctions, is expressed ubiquitously including IDs. At present, the precise role of afadin in cardiac physiology or disease is unknown. To explore this, we generated conditional knockout (cKO) mice with cardiomyocyte-targeted deletion of afadin. Afadin cKO mice were born according to the expected Mendelian ratio and have no detectable changes in cardiac phenotype. On the other hand, chronic pressure overload induced by transverse aortic constriction (TAC) caused systolic dysfunction, enhanced fibrogenesis and apoptosis in afadin cKO mice. Afadin deletion increased macrophage infiltration and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expression, and suppressed transforming growth factor (TGF) β receptor signaling early after TAC procedure. Afadin also associated with TGFβ receptor I at IDs. Pharmacological antagonist of TGFβ receptor I (SB431542) augmented mononuclear infiltration and fibrosis in the hearts of TAC-operated control mice. In conclusion, afadin is a critical molecule for cardiac protection against chronic pressure overload. The beneficial effects are likely to be a result from modulation of TGFβ receptor signaling pathways by afadin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitar P Zankov
- Division of Molecular Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta Tsukinowa-cho, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Akio Shimizu
- Division of Molecular Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta Tsukinowa-cho, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Miki Tanaka-Okamoto
- Department of Molecular Biology, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease, 1-3-3 Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-8511, Japan
| | - Jun Miyoshi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease, 1-3-3 Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-8511, Japan
| | - Hisakazu Ogita
- Division of Molecular Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta Tsukinowa-cho, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
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Taniguchi T, Maruyama N, Ogata T, Kasahara T, Nakanishi N, Miyagawa K, Naito D, Hamaoka T, Nishi M, Matoba S, Ueyama T. PTRF/Cavin-1 Deficiency Causes Cardiac Dysfunction Accompanied by Cardiomyocyte Hypertrophy and Cardiac Fibrosis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162513. [PMID: 27612189 PMCID: PMC5017623 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the PTRF/Cavin-1 gene cause congenital generalized lipodystrophy type 4 (CGL4) associated with myopathy. Additionally, long-QT syndrome and fatal cardiac arrhythmia are observed in patients with CGL4 who have homozygous PTRF/Cavin-1 mutations. PTRF/Cavin-1 deficiency shows reductions of caveolae and caveolin-3 (Cav3) protein expression in skeletal muscle, and Cav3 deficiency in the heart causes cardiac hypertrophy with loss of caveolae. However, it remains unknown how loss of PTRF/Cavin-1 affects cardiac morphology and function. Here, we present a characterization of the hearts of PTRF/Cavin-1-null (PTRF−/−) mice. Electron microscopy revealed the reduction of caveolae in cardiomyocytes of PTRF−/− mice. PTRF−/− mice at 16 weeks of age developed a progressive cardiomyopathic phenotype with wall thickening of left ventricles and reduced fractional shortening evaluated by echocardiography. Electrocardiography revealed that PTRF−/− mice at 24 weeks of age had low voltages and wide QRS complexes in limb leads. Histological analysis showed cardiomyocyte hypertrophy accompanied by progressive interstitial/perivascular fibrosis. Hypertrophy-related fetal gene expression was also induced in PTRF−/− hearts. Western blotting analysis and quantitative RT-PCR revealed that Cav3 expression was suppressed in PTRF−/− hearts compared with that in wild-type (WT) ones. ERK1/2 was activated in PTRF−/− hearts compared with that in WT ones. These results suggest that loss of PTRF/Cavin-1 protein expression is sufficient to induce a molecular program leading to cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and cardiomyopathy, which is partly attributable to Cav3 reduction in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Taniguchi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602–8566, Japan
| | - Naoki Maruyama
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602–8566, Japan
| | - Takehiro Ogata
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602–8566, Japan
| | - Takeru Kasahara
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602–8566, Japan
| | - Naohiko Nakanishi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602–8566, Japan
| | - Kotaro Miyagawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602–8566, Japan
| | - Daisuke Naito
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602–8566, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Hamaoka
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602–8566, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nishi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602–8566, Japan
| | - Satoaki Matoba
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602–8566, Japan
| | - Tomomi Ueyama
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602–8566, Japan
- * E-mail:
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18
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Miyata M, Mandai K, Maruo T, Sato J, Shiotani H, Kaito A, Itoh Y, Wang S, Fujiwara T, Mizoguchi A, Takai Y, Rikitake Y. Localization of nectin-2δ at perivascular astrocytic endfoot processes and degeneration of astrocytes and neurons in nectin-2 knockout mouse brain. Brain Res 2016; 1649:90-101. [PMID: 27545667 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Nectins are Ca2+-independent immunoglobulin-like cell-cell adhesion molecules. In the nervous system, among four members (nectin-1, -2, -3, and -4), nectin-1 and -3 are asymmetrically localized at puncta adherentia junctions formed between the mossy fiber terminals and the dendrites of CA3 pyramidal neurons in the mouse hippocampus and heterophilic trans-interactions between nectin-1 and nectin-3 are involved in the selective interaction of axons and dendrites of cultured neurons. By contrast, nectin-2, which has two splicing variants, nectin-2α and -2δ, has not been well characterized in the brain. We showed here that nectin-2α was expressed in both cultured mouse neurons and astrocytes whereas nectin-2δ was selectively expressed in the astrocytes. Nectin-2δ was localized at the adhesion sites between adjacent cultured astrocytes, but in the brain it was localized on the plasma membranes of astrocytic perivascular endfoot processes facing the basement membrane of blood vessels. Genetic ablation of nectin-2 caused degeneration of astrocytic perivascular endfoot processes and neurons in the cerebral cortex. These results uncovered for the first time the localization and critical functions of nectin-2 in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muneaki Miyata
- Division of Signal Transduction, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan; Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Kenji Mandai
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0047, Japan; CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kobe, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Maruo
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0047, Japan; CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kobe, Japan
| | - Junya Sato
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Hajime Shiotani
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0047, Japan; Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Aika Kaito
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kobe, Japan; Department of Neural Regeneration and Cell Communication, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu 514-8507, Japan
| | - Yu Itoh
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kobe, Japan; Department of Neural Regeneration and Cell Communication, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu 514-8507, Japan
| | - Shujie Wang
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kobe, Japan; Department of Neural Regeneration and Cell Communication, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu 514-8507, Japan
| | - Takeshi Fujiwara
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kobe, Japan; Department of Neural Regeneration and Cell Communication, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu 514-8507, Japan
| | - Akira Mizoguchi
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kobe, Japan; Department of Neural Regeneration and Cell Communication, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu 514-8507, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Takai
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0047, Japan; CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kobe, Japan.
| | - Yoshiyuki Rikitake
- Division of Signal Transduction, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan; CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kobe, Japan; Department of Medical Pharmaceutics, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe 658-8558, Japan.
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Nagao M, Toh R, Irino Y, Mori T, Nakajima H, Hara T, Honjo T, Satomi-Kobayashi S, Shinke T, Tanaka H, Ishida T, Hirata KI. β-Hydroxybutyrate elevation as a compensatory response against oxidative stress in cardiomyocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 475:322-8. [PMID: 27216458 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.05.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that the ketone body β-hydroxybutyrate (βOHB) acts not only as a carrier of energy but also as a signaling molecule that has a role in diverse cellular functions. Circulating levels of ketone bodies have been previously reported to be increased in patients with congestive heart failure (HF). In this study, we investigated regulatory mechanism and pathophysiological role of βOHB in HF. First, we revealed that βOHB level was elevated in failing hearts, but not in blood, using pressure-overloaded mice. We also measured cellular βOHB levels in both cardiomyocytes and non-cardiomyocytes stimulated with or without H2O2 and revealed that increased myocardial βOHB was derived from cardiomyocytes but not non-cardiomyocytes under pathological states. Next, we sought to elucidate the mechanisms of myocardial βOHB elevation and its implication under pathological states. The gene and protein expression levels of CoA transferase (SCOT), a key enzyme involved in ketone body oxidation, was decreased in failing hearts. In cardiomyocytes, H2O2 stimulation caused βOHB accumulation concomitantly with SCOT downregulation, implying that the accumulation of myocardial βOHB occurs because of the decline in its utilization. Finally, we checked the effects of βOHB on cardiomyocytes under oxidative stress. We found that βOHB induced FOXO3a, an oxidative stress resistance gene, and its target enzyme, SOD2 and catalase. Consequently, βOHB attenuated reactive oxygen species production and alleviated apoptosis induced by oxidative stress. It has been reported that hyperadrenergic state in HF boost lipolysis and result in elevation of circulating free fatty acids, which can lead hepatic ketogenesis for energy metabolism alteration. The present findings suggest that the accumulation of βOHB also occurs as a compensatory response against oxidative stress in failing hearts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Nagao
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University, Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Ryuji Toh
- Division of Evidence-Based Laboratory Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan.
| | - Yasuhiro Irino
- Division of Evidence-Based Laboratory Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Takeshige Mori
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University, Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Hideto Nakajima
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University, Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Hara
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University, Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Honjo
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University, Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Seimi Satomi-Kobayashi
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University, Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Toshiro Shinke
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University, Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Tanaka
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University, Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Ishida
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University, Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Hirata
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University, Graduate School of Medicine, Japan; Division of Evidence-Based Laboratory Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
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20
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Zhang L, Ding WY, Wang ZH, Tang MX, Wang F, Li Y, Zhong M, Zhang Y, Zhang W. Early administration of trimetazidine attenuates diabetic cardiomyopathy in rats by alleviating fibrosis, reducing apoptosis and enhancing autophagy. J Transl Med 2016; 14:109. [PMID: 27121077 PMCID: PMC4848862 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-016-0849-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trimetazidine, as an anti-ischemic and antioxidant agent, has been demonstrated to have many cardioprotective effects. However, whether early administration of trimetazidine has an effect on diabetic cardiomyopathy and the mechanisms underlying the effect have not yet been elucidated. METHODS We established a type 2 DCM rat model by high-fat diet and low-dose streptozotocin. Rats were separated into different groups: control, diabetes, and diabetes + trimetazidine (n = 6, each). Cardiac autophagy, cardiac functions, and cardiomyocyte apoptosis were monitored. RESULTS Rats with type 2 DCM showed severe insulin resistance, left ventricular dysfunction, increased cardiomyocyte apoptosis, and reduced cardiac autophagy. Collagen volume fraction (CVF) and perivascular collagen area/luminal area (PVCA/LA) ratio were significantly higher in the diabetic group than the control group. We found that trimetazidine treatment ameliorated metabolic disturbance and insulin resistance, reduced cardiomyocyte apoptosis, and restored cardiac autophagy. CVF and PVCA/LA ratio were also lower in the diabetes + trimetazidine group than the diabetic group (CVF, 4.75 ± 0.52 % vs. 11.04 ± 1.67 %, p < 0.05; PVCA/LA, 8.37 ± 0.51 vs. 17.97 ± 2.66, p < 0.05). Furthermore, trimetazidine inhibited phosphorylation of ERK and P38 MAPK to reduce myocardial fibrosis. Inhibited phosphorylation of AMPK was restored and the interaction between Bcl-2 and Beclin1 was enhanced in diabetes + trimetazidine group, resulting in the initiation of autophagy and alleviation of apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Early administration of trimetazidine could ameliorate diabetic cardiomyopathy by inhibiting myocardial fibrosis and cardiomyocyte apoptosis and enhancing autophagy. Therefore, trimetazidine may be a good choice in the prevention of diabetic cardiomyopathy if applied at the early stage of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, the State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Jinan, People's Republic of China.,Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, No.107 Wenhua West Road, Jinan, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Yuan Ding
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Hao Wang
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng-Xiong Tang
- Department of Emergency, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, the State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Jinan, People's Republic of China.,Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, No.107 Wenhua West Road, Jinan, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya Li
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, the State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Jinan, People's Republic of China.,Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, No.107 Wenhua West Road, Jinan, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Zhong
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, the State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Jinan, People's Republic of China.,Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, No.107 Wenhua West Road, Jinan, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, the State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Jinan, People's Republic of China.,Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, No.107 Wenhua West Road, Jinan, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, the State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Jinan, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, No.107 Wenhua West Road, Jinan, 250012, People's Republic of China.
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21
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Abstract
Stress-response kinases, the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are activated in response to the challenge of a myriad of stressors. c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs), and p38 MAPKs are the predominant members of the MAPK family in the heart. Extensive studies have revealed critical roles of activated MAPKs in the processes of cardiac injury and heart failure and many other cardiovascular diseases. Recently, emerging evidence suggests that MAPKs also promote the development of cardiac arrhythmias. Thus, understanding the functional impact of MAPKs in the heart could shed new light on the development of novel therapeutic approaches to improve cardiac function and prevent arrhythmia development in the patients. This review will summarize the recent findings on the role of MAPKs in cardiac remodeling and arrhythmia development and point to the critical need of future studies to further elucidate the fundamental mechanisms of MAPK activation and arrhythmia development in the heart.
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22
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A soluble form of human nectin-2 impairs exocrine secretion of pancreas and formation of zymogen granules in transgenic mice. Biochem Biophys Rep 2015; 5:196-202. [PMID: 28955824 PMCID: PMC5600445 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Transgenic mouse lines expressing a soluble form of human nectin-2 (hNectin-2Ig Tg) exhibited distinctive elevation of amylase and lipase levels in the sera. In this study, we aimed to clarify the histopathology and to propose the transgenic mouse lines as new animal model for characteristic pancreatic exocrine defects. The significant increase of amylase and lipase levels in sera of the transgenic lines approximately peaked at 8 weeks old and thereafter, plateaued or gradually decreased. The histopathology in transgenic acinar cells was characterized by intracytoplasmic accumulation of abnormal proteins with decrease of normal zymogen granules. The hNectin-2Ig expression was observed in the cytoplasm of pancreatic acinar cells, which was consistent with zymogen granules. However, signals of hNectin-2Ig were very weak in the transgenic acinar cells with the abnormal cytoplasmic accumulaion. The PCNA-positive cells increased in the transgenic pancreas, which suggested the affected acinar cells were regenerated. Acinar cells of hNectin-2Ig Tg had markedly small number of zymogen granules with remarkable dilation of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen containing abundant abnormal proteins. In conclusion, hNectin-2Ig Tg is proposed as a new animal model for characteristic pancreatic exocrine defects, which are due to the ER stress induced by expression of mutated cell adhesion molecule that is a soluble form of human nectin-2. We generated transgenic mice expressing a soluble nectin-2 (hNectin-2Ig Tg). hNectin-2Ig Tg exhibited abnormal formation of zymogen granules. Abnormal proteins were accumulated in dilated ER of acinar cells of hNectin-2Ig Tg. hNectin-2Ig Tg is new animal model for exocrine defects associated with ER stress.
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Inoue T, Fujiwara T, Rikitake Y, Maruo T, Mandai K, Kimura K, Kayahara T, Wang S, Itoh Y, Sai K, Mori M, Mori K, Mizoguchi A, Takai Y. Nectin-1 spots as a novel adhesion apparatus that tethers mitral cell lateral dendrites in a dendritic meshwork structure of the developing mouse olfactory bulb. J Comp Neurol 2015; 523:1824-39. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.23762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takahito Inoue
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine; Kobe Hyogo 650-0017 Japan
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine; Kobe Hyogo 650-0047 Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency; Kobe Japan
| | - Takeshi Fujiwara
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency; Kobe Japan
- Department of Neural Regeneration and Cell Communication; Mie University Graduate School of Medicine; Tsu Mie 514-8507 Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Rikitake
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine; Kobe Hyogo 650-0017 Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency; Kobe Japan
- Division of Signal Transduction; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine; Kobe Hyogo 650-0017 Japan
| | - Tomohiko Maruo
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine; Kobe Hyogo 650-0017 Japan
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine; Kobe Hyogo 650-0047 Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency; Kobe Japan
| | - Kenji Mandai
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine; Kobe Hyogo 650-0017 Japan
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine; Kobe Hyogo 650-0047 Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency; Kobe Japan
| | - Kazushi Kimura
- Department of Physical Therapy; Faculty of Human Science; Hokkaido Bunkyo University; Eniwa Hokkaido 061-1449 Japan
| | - Tetsuro Kayahara
- Department of Medical Rehabilitation; Faculty of Rehabilitation; Kobe Gakuin University; Kobe Hyogo 651-2180 Japan
| | - Shujie Wang
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency; Kobe Japan
- Department of Neural Regeneration and Cell Communication; Mie University Graduate School of Medicine; Tsu Mie 514-8507 Japan
| | - Yu Itoh
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency; Kobe Japan
- Department of Neural Regeneration and Cell Communication; Mie University Graduate School of Medicine; Tsu Mie 514-8507 Japan
| | - Kousyoku Sai
- Department of Neural Regeneration and Cell Communication; Mie University Graduate School of Medicine; Tsu Mie 514-8507 Japan
| | - Masahiro Mori
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency; Kobe Japan
- Faculty of Health Sciences; Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences; Kobe Hyogo 654-0142 Japan
| | - Kensaku Mori
- Department of Physiology; Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency; Tokyo Japan
| | - Akira Mizoguchi
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency; Kobe Japan
- Department of Neural Regeneration and Cell Communication; Mie University Graduate School of Medicine; Tsu Mie 514-8507 Japan
| | - Yoshimi Takai
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine; Kobe Hyogo 650-0017 Japan
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine; Kobe Hyogo 650-0047 Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency; Kobe Japan
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24
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Kondo K, Ishida T, Yasuda T, Nakajima H, Mori K, Tanaka N, Mori T, Monguchi T, Shinohara M, Irino Y, Toh R, Rikitake Y, Kiyomizu K, Tomiyama Y, Yamamoto J, Hirata KI. Trans-fatty acid promotes thrombus formation in mice by aggravating antithrombogenic endothelial functions via Toll-like receptors. Mol Nutr Food Res 2015; 59:729-40. [PMID: 25546502 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201400537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Since excessive intake of trans-fatty acid (TFA) increases the risk of myocardial infarction, we investigated the effects of TFA on thrombus formation using animal and cell culture experiments. METHODS AND RESULTS C57BL/6 mice were fed a diet containing TFA or cis-fatty acid (5% each of total calories) or a chow diet for 4 weeks, and thrombus formation was induced in the carotid artery by He-Ne laser irradiation. The high-TFA diet significantly promoted thrombus formation in the carotid artery compared to the chow or cis-fatty acid diet. TFA activated the inflammatory signaling pathway in cultured endothelial cells and in mice; aortic gene expression levels of antithrombogenic molecules, including thrombomodulin and tissue factor pathway inhibitor, were decreased, and the expression levels of prothrombogenic molecules were increased in TFA-treated mice. TFA markedly upregulated the prothrombogenic molecules and downregulated the antithrombogenic molecules in endothelial cells. In addition, TFA induced phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and nuclear factor-κB. The TFA-activated signal pathways and prothrombogenic phenotypic changes of endothelial cells were inhibited by genetic or pharmacological inactivation of Toll-like receptors 2 and 4. CONCLUSION TFA aggravates the antithrombogenic phenotypes of vascular endothelial cells via Toll-like receptors and promotes thrombus formation in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Kondo
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
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25
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Mou Y, Zhou J, Xiong F, Li H, Sun H, Han Y, Gu N, Wang C. Effects of 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid modified Fe2O3 nanoparticles on microstructure and biological activity of cardiomyocytes. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra11079j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron oxide nanoparticles did not interfere with the microstructure, but decreased the intracellular ROS content of cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchao Mou
- School of Life Science and Technology
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150001
- P.R. China
- Department of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies
| | - Jin Zhou
- Department of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Tissue Engineering Research Center
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences
- Beijing 100850
- P.R. China
| | - Fei Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics
- Southeast University
- Nanjing 210096
- P.R. China
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Tissue Engineering Research Center
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences
- Beijing 100850
- P.R. China
| | - Hongyu Sun
- Department of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Tissue Engineering Research Center
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences
- Beijing 100850
- P.R. China
| | - Yao Han
- Department of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Tissue Engineering Research Center
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences
- Beijing 100850
- P.R. China
| | - Ning Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics
- Southeast University
- Nanjing 210096
- P.R. China
| | - Changyong Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150001
- P.R. China
- Department of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies
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26
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Kinugasa M, Amano H, Satomi-Kobayashi S, Nakayama K, Miyata M, Kubo Y, Nagamatsu Y, Kurogane Y, Kureha F, Yamana S, Hirata KI, Miyoshi J, Takai Y, Rikitake Y. Necl-5/poliovirus receptor interacts with VEGFR2 and regulates VEGF-induced angiogenesis. Circ Res 2012; 110:716-26. [PMID: 22282193 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.111.256834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a major proangiogenic agent, exerts its proangiogenic action by binding to VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2), the activity of which is regulated by direct interactions with other cell surface proteins, including integrin α(V)β(3). However, how the interaction between VEGFR2 and integrin α(V)β(3) is regulated is not clear. OBJECTIVE To investigate whether Necl-5/poliovirus receptor, an immunoglobulin-like molecule that is known to bind integrin α(V)β(3), regulates the interaction between VEGFR2 and integrin α(V)β(3), and to clarify the role of Necl-5 in the VEGF-induced angiogenesis. METHODS AND RESULTS Necl-5-knockout mice displayed no obvious defect in vascular development; however, recovery of blood flow after hindlimb ischemia and the VEGF-induced neovascularization in implanted Matrigel plugs were impaired in Necl-5-knockout mice. To clarify the mechanism of the regulation of angiogenesis by Necl-5, we investigated the roles of Necl-5 in the VEGF-induced angiogenic responses in vitro. Knockdown of Necl-5 by siRNAs in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) inhibited the VEGF-induced capillary-like network formation on Matrigel, migration, and proliferation, and conversely, enhanced apoptosis. Coimmunoprecipitation assays showed the interaction of Necl-5 with VEGFR2, and knockdown of Necl-5 prevented the VEGF-induced interaction of integrin α(V)β(3) with VEGFR2. Knockdown of Necl-5 suppressed the VEGFR2-mediated activation of downstream proangiogenic and survival signals, including Rap1, Akt, and endothelial nitric oxide synthase. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate the critical role of Necl-5 in angiogenesis and suggest that Necl-5 may regulate the VEGF-induced angiogenesis by controlling the interaction of VEGFR2 with integrin α(v)β(3), and the VEGFR2-mediated Rap1-Akt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuo Kinugasa
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
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27
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Boggetti B, Niessen CM. Adherens junctions in mammalian development, homeostasis and disease: lessons from mice. Subcell Biochem 2012; 60:321-55. [PMID: 22674078 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-4186-7_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Mice have proven to be a particularly powerful model to study molecular mechanisms of development and disease. The reason for this is the close evolutionary relationship between rodents and humans, similarities in physiological mechanisms in mice and human, and the large number of techniques available to study gene functions in mice. A large number of mice mutations, either germ line, conditional or inducible, have been generated in the past years for adherens junctions components, and the number is still increasing. In this review we will discuss mice models that have contributed to understanding the developmental and physiological role of adherens junctions and their components in mammals and have revealed novel mechanistic aspects of how adherens junctions regulate morphogenesis and tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Boggetti
- Department of Dermatology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Room 4A.05, Robert Kochstrasse 21, 50931, Cologne, Germany
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28
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Ti Y, Xie GL, Wang ZH, Bi XL, Ding WY, Wang J, Jiang GH, Bu PL, Zhang Y, Zhong M, Zhang W. TRB3 gene silencing alleviates diabetic cardiomyopathy in a type 2 diabetic rat model. Diabetes 2011; 60:2963-74. [PMID: 21933987 PMCID: PMC3198078 DOI: 10.2337/db11-0549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tribbles 3 (TRB3) is associated with insulin resistance, an important trigger in the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM). We sought to determine whether TRB3 plays a major role in modulating DCM and the mechanisms involved. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The type 2 diabetic rat model was induced by high-fat diet and low-dose streptozotocin. We evaluated the characteristics of type 2 DCM by serial echocardiography and metabolite tests, Western blot analysis for TRB3 expression, and histopathologic analyses of cardiomyocyte density, lipids accumulation, cardiac inflammation, and fibrosis area. We then used gene silencing to investigate the role of TRB3 in the pathophysiologic features of DCM. RESULTS Rats with DCM showed severe insulin resistance, left ventricular dysfunction, aberrant lipids deposition, cardiac inflammation, fibrosis, and TRB3 overexpression. We found that the silencing of TRB3 ameliorated metabolic disturbance and insulin resistance; myocardial hypertrophy, lipids accumulation, inflammation, fibrosis, and elevated collagen I-to-III content ratio in DCM rats were significantly decreased. These anatomic findings were accompanied by significant improvements in cardiac function. Furthermore, with TRB3 gene silencing, the inhibited phosphorylation of Akt was restored and the increased phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase in DCM was significantly decreased. CONCLUSIONS TRB3 gene silencing may exert a protective effect on DCM by improving selective insulin resistance, implicating its potential role for treatment of human DCM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ming Zhong
- Corresponding author: Wei Zhang, , or Ming Zhong,
| | - Wei Zhang
- Corresponding author: Wei Zhang, , or Ming Zhong,
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29
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Molecular distinction between physiological and pathological cardiac hypertrophy: experimental findings and therapeutic strategies. Pharmacol Ther 2010; 128:191-227. [PMID: 20438756 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2010.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 604] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac hypertrophy can be defined as an increase in heart mass. Pathological cardiac hypertrophy (heart growth that occurs in settings of disease, e.g. hypertension) is a key risk factor for heart failure. Pathological hypertrophy is associated with increased interstitial fibrosis, cell death and cardiac dysfunction. In contrast, physiological cardiac hypertrophy (heart growth that occurs in response to chronic exercise training, i.e. the 'athlete's heart') is reversible and is characterized by normal cardiac morphology (i.e. no fibrosis or apoptosis) and normal or enhanced cardiac function. Given that there are clear functional, structural, metabolic and molecular differences between pathological and physiological hypertrophy, a key question in cardiovascular medicine is whether mechanisms responsible for enhancing function of the athlete's heart can be exploited to benefit patients with pathological hypertrophy and heart failure. This review summarizes key experimental findings that have contributed to our understanding of pathological and physiological heart growth. In particular, we focus on signaling pathways that play a causal role in the development of pathological and physiological hypertrophy. We discuss molecular mechanisms associated with features of cardiac hypertrophy, including protein synthesis, sarcomeric organization, fibrosis, cell death and energy metabolism and provide a summary of profiling studies that have examined genes, microRNAs and proteins that are differentially expressed in models of pathological and physiological hypertrophy. How gender and sex hormones affect cardiac hypertrophy is also discussed. Finally, we explore how knowledge of molecular mechanisms underlying pathological and physiological hypertrophy may influence therapeutic strategies for the treatment of cardiovascular disease and heart failure.
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie R. McMullen
- From the Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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