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Kong W, Liao Y, Zhao L, Hall N, Zhou H, Liu R, Persson PB, Lai E. Kidney Renin Release under Hypoxia and Its Potential Link with Nitric Oxide: A Narrative Review. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2984. [PMID: 38001984 PMCID: PMC10669676 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11112984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and hypoxia have a complex interaction: RAS is activated under hypoxia and activated RAS aggravates hypoxia in reverse. Renin is an aspartyl protease that catalyzes the first step of RAS and tightly regulates RAS activation. Here, we outline kidney renin expression and release under hypoxia and discuss the putative mechanisms involved. It is important that renin generally increases in response to acute hypoxemic hypoxia and intermittent hypoxemic hypoxia, but not under chronic hypoxemic hypoxia. The increase in renin activity can also be observed in anemic hypoxia and carbon monoxide-induced histotoxic hypoxia. The increased renin is contributed to by juxtaglomerular cells and the recruitment of renin lineage cells. Potential mechanisms regulating hypoxic renin expression involve hypoxia-inducible factor signaling, natriuretic peptides, nitric oxide, and Notch signaling-induced renin transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Kong
- Kidney Disease Center of First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China;
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Yixin Liao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China;
| | - Liang Zhao
- Department of Nephrology, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou 310052, China;
| | - Nathan Hall
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (N.H.); (R.L.)
| | - Hua Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China;
| | - Ruisheng Liu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (N.H.); (R.L.)
| | - Pontus B. Persson
- Institute of Translational Physiology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Enyin Lai
- Kidney Disease Center of First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China;
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
- Institute of Translational Physiology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany;
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2
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Gambaryan S, Mohagaonkar S, Nikolaev VO. Regulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system by cyclic nucleotides and phosphodiesterases. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1239492. [PMID: 37674612 PMCID: PMC10478253 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1239492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is one of the key players in the regulation of blood volume and blood pressure. Dysfunction of this system is connected with cardiovascular and renal diseases. Regulation of RAAS is under the control of multiple intracellular mechanisms. Cyclic nucleotides and phosphodiesterases are the major regulators of this system since they control expression and activity of renin and aldosterone. In this review, we summarize known mechanisms by which cyclic nucleotides and phosphodiesterases regulate renin gene expression, secretion of renin granules from juxtaglomerular cells and aldosterone production from zona glomerulosa cells of adrenal gland. We also discuss several open questions which deserve future attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stepan Gambaryan
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Sanika Mohagaonkar
- Institute of Experimental Cardiovascular Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Viacheslav O. Nikolaev
- Institute of Experimental Cardiovascular Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany
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3
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Rahimibashar F, Sedighi L, Shahriary A, Reiner Z, Pourhoseingholi MA, Mirmomeni G, Jouzdani AF, Vahedian-Azimi A, Jamialahmadi T, Sahebkar A. Is there any association between plasma lipid profile and severity of COVID-19? Clin Nutr ESPEN 2022; 49:191-196. [PMID: 35623812 PMCID: PMC9047402 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2022.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 is an infectious disease which caused a pandemic with many diseases and fatalities. This new variant of coronavirus called SARS-CoV-2 and is primarily characterized by respiratory symptoms. There are some data indicating that LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) as well as HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) levels are inversely correlated to disease severity and could act as a predictor for disease progression and unfavorable prognosis. However, the results of some other studies do not confirm this. This current study aimed to provide an answer to this question. METHODS This prospective, single-center study analyzed 367 confirmed COVID-19 patients to find whether there are any differences in plasma lipoproteins between survivors and non-survivors patients or between the patients with a "duration of ≤10 days intensive unit care (ICU) stay" and patients with a "duration of >10 days ICU stay". RESULTS No association between any lipid/lipoprotein parameter and the severity of COVID-19 could be found but survivors and non-survivors did differ concerning total cholesterol and LDL-C levels. CONCLUSION Multivariate cox regression analysis could not prove any association between lipids/lipoproteins and severe events in COVID-19 patients. Significantly less non-survivors with COVID-19 were taking atorvastatin than survivors which is consistent with the majority of previous findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farshid Rahimibashar
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Ladan Sedighi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Shahriary
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zeljko Reiner
- Department of Internal Diseases, University Hospital Center Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb University, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mohamad Amin Pourhoseingholi
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Golshan Mirmomeni
- Hearing Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ali Fathi Jouzdani
- Student Research Committee, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Amir Vahedian-Azimi
- Trauma Research Center, Nursing Faculty, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Corresponding author
| | - Tannaz Jamialahmadi
- Surgical Oncology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran,Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran,Department of Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran,Corresponding author. Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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4
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Broeker KAE, Schrankl J, Fuchs MAA, Kurtz A. Flexible and multifaceted: the plasticity of renin-expressing cells. Pflugers Arch 2022; 474:799-812. [PMID: 35511367 PMCID: PMC9338909 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-022-02694-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The protease renin, the key enzyme of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, is mainly produced and secreted by juxtaglomerular cells in the kidney, which are located in the walls of the afferent arterioles at their entrance into the glomeruli. When the body’s demand for renin rises, the renin production capacity of the kidneys commonly increases by induction of renin expression in vascular smooth muscle cells and in extraglomerular mesangial cells. These cells undergo a reversible metaplastic cellular transformation in order to produce renin. Juxtaglomerular cells of the renin lineage have also been described to migrate into the glomerulus and differentiate into podocytes, epithelial cells or mesangial cells to restore damaged cells in states of glomerular disease. More recently, it could be shown that renin cells can also undergo an endocrine and metaplastic switch to erythropoietin-producing cells. This review aims to describe the high degree of plasticity of renin-producing cells of the kidneys and to analyze the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina A E Broeker
- Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraβe 31, D-93053 , Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Julia Schrankl
- Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraβe 31, D-93053 , Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michaela A A Fuchs
- Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraβe 31, D-93053 , Regensburg, Germany
| | - Armin Kurtz
- Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraβe 31, D-93053 , Regensburg, Germany
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5
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Effects of Statins on Renin-Angiotensin System. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2021; 8:jcdd8070080. [PMID: 34357323 PMCID: PMC8305238 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd8070080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Statins, a class of drugs for lowering serum LDL-cholesterol, have attracted attention because of their wide range of pleiotropic effects. An important but often neglected effect of statins is their role in the renin–angiotensin system (RAS) pathway. This pathway plays an integral role in the progression of several diseases including hypertension, heart failure, and renal disease. In this paper, the role of statins in the blockade of different components of this pathway and the underlying mechanisms are reviewed and new therapeutic possibilities of statins are suggested.
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6
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Zhong J, Whitman JB, Yang HC, Fogo AB. Mechanisms of Scarring in Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis. J Histochem Cytochem 2019; 67:623-632. [PMID: 31116068 PMCID: PMC6713971 DOI: 10.1369/0022155419850170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) presents with scar in parts of some glomeruli and often progresses to global and diffuse glomerulosclerosis. Podocyte injury is the initial target in primary FSGS, induced by a circulating factor. Several gene variants, for example, APOL1, are associated with increased susceptibility to FSGS. Primary FSGS may be due to genetic mutation in key podocyte genes. Increased work stress after loss of nephrons, epigenetic mechanisms, and various profibrotic pathways can contribute to progressive sclerosis, regardless of the initial injury. The progression of FSGS lesions also involves crosstalk between podocytes and other kidney cells, such as parietal epithelial cells, glomerular endothelial cells, and even tubular epithelial cells. New insights related to these mechanisms could potentially lead to new therapeutic strategies to prevent progression of FSGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyong Zhong
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Jacob B Whitman
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Hai-Chun Yang
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Agnes B Fogo
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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7
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Schramm A, Schweda F, Sequeira-Lopez MLS, Hofmann F, Sandner P, Schlossmann J. Protein Kinase G Is Involved in Acute but Not in Long-Term Regulation of Renin Secretion. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:800. [PMID: 31379575 PMCID: PMC6657341 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacological inhibition of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) is, in combination with diuretics, the first-choice treatment for hypertension, although 10–20% of patients do not respond adequately. Next to the RAAS, the nitric oxide/cGMP/protein kinase G (PKG) system is the second fundamental blood pressure regulator. Whether both systems influence each other is not well-studied. It has been shown that nitric oxide (NO) supports renin recruitment via activation of soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) and subsequent generation of cGMP. Whether this leads to an ensuing activation of PKGs in this context is not known. PKGIα, as well as PKGII, is expressed in renin-producing cells. Hence, we analyzed whether these enzymes play a role regarding renin synthesis, secretion, or recruitment. We generated renin-cell-specific PKGI-knockout mice and either stimulated or inhibited the renin system in these mice by salt diets. To exclude the possibility that one kinase isoform can compensate the lack of the other, we also studied double-knockout animals with a conditional knockout of PKGI in juxtaglomerular cells (JG cells) and a ubiquitous knockout of PKGII. We analyzed blood pressure, renin mRNA and renal renin protein content as well as plasma renin concentration. Furthermore, we stimulated the cGMP system in these mice using BAY 41-8543, an sGC stimulator, and examined renin regulation either after acute administration or after 7 days (application once daily). We did not reveal any striking differences regarding long-term renin regulation in the studied mouse models. Yet, when we studied the acute effect of BAY 41-8543 on renin secretion in isolated perfused kidneys as well as in living animals, we found that the administration of the substance led to a significant increase in plasma renin concentration in control animals. This effect was completely abolished in double-knockout animals. However, after 7 days of once daily application, we did not detect a persistent increase in renin mRNA or protein in any studied genotype. Therefore, we conclude that in mice, cGMP and PKG are involved in the acute regulation of renin release but have no influence on long-term renin adjustment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Schramm
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Frank Schweda
- Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Franz Hofmann
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Sandner
- Bayer AG, Drug Discovery-Cardiology, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Jens Schlossmann
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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8
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Hoffmann S, Mullins L, Buckley C, Rider S, Mullins J. Investigating the RAS can be a fishy business: interdisciplinary opportunities using Zebrafish. Clin Sci (Lond) 2018; 132:2469-2481. [PMID: 30518571 PMCID: PMC6279434 DOI: 10.1042/cs20180721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is highly conserved, and components of the RAS are present in all vertebrates to some degree. Although the RAS has been studied since the discovery of renin, its biological role continues to broaden with the identification and characterization of new peptides. The evolutionarily distant zebrafish is a remarkable model for studying the kidney due to its genetic tractability and accessibility for in vivo imaging. The zebrafish pronephros is an especially useful kidney model due to its structural simplicity yet complex functionality, including capacity for glomerular and tubular filtration. Both the pronephros and mesonephros contain renin-expressing perivascular cells, which respond to RAS inhibition, making the zebrafish an excellent model for studying the RAS. This review summarizes the physiological and genetic tools currently available for studying the zebrafish kidney with regards to functionality of the RAS, using novel imaging techniques such as SPIM microscopy coupled with targeted single cell ablation and synthesis of vasoactive RAS peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Hoffmann
- University of Edinburgh/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 47, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, U.K
| | - Linda Mullins
- University of Edinburgh/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 47, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, U.K
| | - Charlotte Buckley
- University of Edinburgh/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 47, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, U.K
| | - Sebastien Rider
- University of Edinburgh/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 47, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, U.K
| | - John Mullins
- University of Edinburgh/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 47, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, U.K.
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9
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Neubauer B, Schrankl J, Steppan D, Neubauer K, Sequeira-Lopez ML, Pan L, Gomez RA, Coffman TM, Gross KW, Kurtz A, Wagner C. Angiotensin II Short-Loop Feedback: Is There a Role of Ang II for the Regulation of the Renin System In Vivo? Hypertension 2018; 71:1075-1082. [PMID: 29661841 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.117.10357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The activity of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is triggered by the release of the protease renin from the kidneys, which in turn is controlled in the sense of negative feedback loops. It is widely assumed that Ang II (angiotensin II) directly inhibits renin expression and secretion via a short-loop feedback by an effect on renin-producing cells (RPCs) mediated by AT1 (Ang II type 1) receptors. Because the concept of such a direct short-loop negative feedback control, which originates mostly from in vitro experiments, has not yet been systematically proven in vivo, we aimed to test the validity of this concept by studying the regulation of renin synthesis and secretion in mice lacking Ang II-AT1 receptors on RPCs. We found that RPCs of the kidney express Ang II-AT1 receptors. Mice with conditional deletion of Ang II-AT1 receptors in RPCs were normal with regard to the number of renin cells, renal renin mRNA, and plasma renin concentrations. Renin expression and secretion of these mice responded to Ang I (angiotensin I)-converting enzyme inhibition and to Ang II infusion like in wild-type (WT) controls. In summary, we did not obtain evidence that Ang II-AT1 receptors on RPCs are of major relevance for the normal regulation of renin expression and secretion in mice. Therefore, we doubt the existence of a direct negative feedback function of Ang II on RPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjoern Neubauer
- From the Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg, Germany (B.N., J.S., D.S., K.N., A.K., C.W.)
| | - Julia Schrankl
- From the Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg, Germany (B.N., J.S., D.S., K.N., A.K., C.W.)
| | - Dominik Steppan
- From the Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg, Germany (B.N., J.S., D.S., K.N., A.K., C.W.)
| | - Katharina Neubauer
- From the Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg, Germany (B.N., J.S., D.S., K.N., A.K., C.W.).,Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Germany (K.N.)
| | - Maria Luisa Sequeira-Lopez
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Health Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville (M.L.S.-L., R.A.G.)
| | - Li Pan
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (L.P.)
| | - R Ariel Gomez
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Health Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville (M.L.S.-L., R.A.G.)
| | - Thomas M Coffman
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Centers, Duke University, NC (T.M.C.).,and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY (K.W.G.)
| | - Kenneth W Gross
- and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY (K.W.G.)
| | - Armin Kurtz
- From the Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg, Germany (B.N., J.S., D.S., K.N., A.K., C.W.)
| | - Charlotte Wagner
- From the Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg, Germany (B.N., J.S., D.S., K.N., A.K., C.W.)
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10
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Martini AG, Danser AHJ. Juxtaglomerular Cell Phenotypic Plasticity. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev 2017; 24:231-242. [PMID: 28527017 PMCID: PMC5574949 DOI: 10.1007/s40292-017-0212-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Renin is the first and rate-limiting step of the renin-angiotensin system. The exclusive source of renin in the circulation are the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney, which line the afferent arterioles at the entrance of the glomeruli. Normally, renin production by these cells suffices to maintain homeostasis. However, under chronic stimulation of renin release, for instance during a low-salt diet or antihypertensive therapy, cells that previously expressed renin during congenital life re-convert to a renin-producing cell phenotype, a phenomenon which is known as “recruitment”. How exactly such differentiation occurs remains to be clarified. This review critically discusses the phenotypic plasticity of renin cells, connecting them not only to the classical concept of blood pressure regulation, but also to more complex contexts such as development and growth processes, cell repair mechanisms and tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Góes Martini
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Room EE1418b, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A H Jan Danser
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Room EE1418b, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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11
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Abstract
Cyclic GMP (cGMP) is a ubiquitous intracellular second messenger that mediates a wide spectrum of physiologic processes in multiple cell types within the cardiovascular and nervous systems. Synthesis of cGMP occurs either by NO-sensitive guanylyl cyclases in response to nitric oxide or by membrane-bound guanylyl cyclases in response to natriuretic peptides and has been shown to regulate blood pressure homeostasis by influencing vascular tone, sympathetic nervous system, and sodium and water handling in the kidney. Several cGMPs degrading phosphodiesterases (PDEs), including PDE1 and PDE5, play an important role in the regulation of cGMP signaling. Recent findings revealed that increased activity of cGMP-hydrolyzing PDEs contribute to the development of hypertension. In this review, we will summarize recent research findings regarding the cGMP/PDE signaling in the vasculature, the central nervous system, and the kidney which are associated with the development and maintenance of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evanthia Mergia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Johannes Stegbauer
- Department of Nephrology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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12
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Rider SA, Mullins LJ, Verdon RF, MacRae CA, Mullins JJ. Renin expression in developing zebrafish is associated with angiogenesis and requires the Notch pathway and endothelium. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2015. [PMID: 26202224 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00247.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although renin is a critical regulatory enzyme of the cardiovascular system, its roles in organogenesis and the establishment of cardiovascular homeostasis remain unclear. Mammalian renin-expressing cells are widespread in embryonic kidneys but are highly restricted, specialized endocrine cells in adults. With a functional pronephros, embryonic zebrafish are ideal for delineating the developmental functions of renin-expressing cells and the mechanisms governing renin transcription. Larval zebrafish renin expression originates in the mural cells of the juxtaglomerular anterior mesenteric artery and subsequently at extrarenal sites. The role of renin was determined by assessing responses to renin-angiotensin system blockade, salinity variation, and renal perfusion ablation. Renin expression did not respond to renal flow ablation but was modulated by inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme and altered salinity. Our data in larval fish are consistent with conservation of renin's physiological functions. Using transgenic renin reporter fish, with mindbomb and cloche mutants, we show that Notch signaling and the endothelium are essential for developmental renin expression. After inhibition of angiogenesis, renin-expressing cells precede angiogenic sprouts. Arising from separate lineages, but relying on mutual interplay with endothelial cells, renin-expressing cells are among the earliest mural cells observed in larval fish, performing both endocrine and paracrine functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastien A Rider
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Little France, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; and
| | - Linda J Mullins
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Little France, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; and
| | - Rachel F Verdon
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Little France, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; and
| | - Calum A MacRae
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - John J Mullins
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Little France, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; and
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13
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Abstract
The kidneys are important endocrine organs. They secrete humoral factors, such as calcitriol, erythropoietin, klotho, and renin into the circulation, and therefore, they are essentially involved in the regulation of a variety of processes ranging from bone formation to erythropoiesis. The endocrine functions are established by cells, such as proximal or distal tubular cells, renocortical interstitial cells, or mural cells of afferent arterioles. These endocrine cells are either fixed in number, such as tubular cells, which individually and gradually upregulate or downregulate hormone production, or they belong to a pool of cells, which display a recruitment behavior, such as erythropoietin- and renin-producing cells. In the latter case, regulation of humoral function occurs via (de)recruitment of active endocrine cells. As a consequence renin- and erythropoietin-producing cells in the kidney show a high degree of plasticity by reversibly switching between distinct cell states. In this review, we will focus on the characteristics of renin- and of erythropoietin-producing cells, especially on their origin and localization, their reversible transformations, and the mediators, which are responsible for transformation. Finally, we will discuss a possible interconversion of renin and erythropoietin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgül Kurt
- Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Armin Kurtz
- Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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Sparks MA, Crowley SD, Gurley SB, Mirotsou M, Coffman TM. Classical Renin-Angiotensin system in kidney physiology. Compr Physiol 2015; 4:1201-28. [PMID: 24944035 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c130040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 342] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system has powerful effects in control of the blood pressure and sodium homeostasis. These actions are coordinated through integrated actions in the kidney, cardiovascular system and the central nervous system. Along with its impact on blood pressure, the renin-angiotensin system also influences a range of processes from inflammation and immune responses to longevity. Here, we review the actions of the "classical" renin-angiotensin system, whereby the substrate protein angiotensinogen is processed in a two-step reaction by renin and angiotensin converting enzyme, resulting in the sequential generation of angiotensin I and angiotensin II, the major biologically active renin-angiotensin system peptide, which exerts its actions via type 1 and type 2 angiotensin receptors. In recent years, several new enzymes, peptides, and receptors related to the renin-angiotensin system have been identified, manifesting a complexity that was previously unappreciated. While the functions of these alternative pathways will be reviewed elsewhere in this journal, our focus here is on the physiological role of components of the "classical" renin-angiotensin system, with an emphasis on new developments and modern concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Sparks
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
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15
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Schweda F. Salt feedback on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Pflugers Arch 2014; 467:565-76. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-014-1668-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Tinning AR, Jensen BL, Schweda F, Machura K, Hansen PBL, Stubbe J, Gramsbergen JB, Madsen K. The water channel aquaporin-1 contributes to renin cell recruitment during chronic stimulation of renin production. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2014; 307:F1215-26. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00136.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Both the processing and release of secretory granules involve water movement across granule membranes. It was hypothesized that the water channel aquaporin (AQP)1 directly contributes to the recruitment of renin-positive cells in the afferent arteriole. AQP1−/− and AQP1+/+ mice were fed a low-salt (LS) diet [0.004% (wt/wt) NaCl] for 7 days and given enalapril [angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI), 0.1 mg/ml] in drinking water for 3 days. There were no differences in plasma renin concentration at baseline. After LS-ACEI, plasma renin concentrations increased markedly in both genotypes but was significantly lower in AQP1−/− mice compared with AQP1+/+ mice. Tissue renin concentrations were higher in AQP1−/− mice, and renin mRNA levels were not different between genotypes. Mean arterial blood pressure was not different at baseline and during LS diet but decreased significantly in both genotypes after the addition of ACEI; the response was faster in AQP1−/− mice but then stabilized at a similar level. Renin release after 200 μl blood withdrawal was not different. Isoprenaline-stimulated renin release from isolated perfused kidneys did not differ between genotypes. Cortical tissue norepinephrine concentrations were lower after LS-ACEI compared with baseline with no difference between genotypes. Plasma nitrite/nitrate concentrations were unaffected by genotype and LS-ACEI. In AQP1−/− mice, the number of afferent arterioles with recruitment was significantly lower compared with AQP1+/+ mice after LS-ACEI. We conclude that AQP1 is not necessary for acutely stimulated renin secretion in vivo and from isolated perfused kidneys, whereas recruitment of renin-positive cells in response to chronic stimulation is attenuated or delayed in AQP1−/− mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne R. Tinning
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Boye L. Jensen
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Frank Schweda
- Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Machura
- Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Pernille B. L. Hansen
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jane Stubbe
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jan Bert Gramsbergen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; and
| | - Kirsten Madsen
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
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New insights into the role of soluble guanylate cyclase in blood pressure regulation. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2014; 23:135-42. [PMID: 24419369 DOI: 10.1097/01.mnh.0000441048.91041.3a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Nitric oxide (NO)-soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC)-dependent signaling mechanisms have a profound effect on the regulation of blood pressure (BP). In this review, we will discuss recent findings in the field that support the importance of sGC in the development of hypertension. RECENT FINDINGS The importance of sGC in BP regulation was highlighted by studies using genetically modified animal models, chemical stimulators/activators and inhibitors of the NO/sGC signaling pathway, and genetic association studies in humans. Many studies further support the role of NO/sGC in vasodilation and vascular dysfunction, which is underscored by the early clinical success of synthetic sGC stimulators for the treatment of pulmonary hypertension. Recent work has uncovered more details about the structural basis of sGC activation, enabling the development of more potent and efficient modulators of sGC activity. Finally, the mechanisms involved in the modulation of sGC by signaling gases other than NO, as well as the influence of redox signaling on sGC, have been the subject of several interesting studies. SUMMARY sGC is fast becoming an interesting therapeutic target for the treatment of vascular dysfunction and hypertension, with novel sGC stimulating/activating compounds as promising clinical treatment options.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to provide an update on the current knowledge regarding the role of the intrarenal rennin-angiotensin system (RAS) in the regulation of glomerular function including glomerular dynamics and filtration rate, glomerular permeability and structural alterations during chronic increases in intrarenal angiotensin (Ang) II. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies have continued to delineate the complex interactions among the various RAS components that participate in regulating glomerular function. Although Ang II acting on AT1 receptors remains as the predominant influence on glomerular dynamics, some of these effects are indirectly mediated by Ang II modulating the sensitivity of the macula densa tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism as well as the more recently described feedback mechanism from the connecting tubule. Interestingly, the actions of Ang II on these systems cause opposite effects on glomerular function demonstrating the complexities associated with the influences of Ang II on glomerular function. When chronically elevated, Ang II also stimulates and/or interacts with other factors, including reactive oxygen species, cytokines and growth factors and other hormones or paracrine agents, to elicit structural alterations. SUMMARY Recent studies have provided further evidence for the presence of many components of the RAS in glomerular structures, which supports the importance of locally produced angiotensin peptides to regulate glomerular haemodynamics, filtration rate and macromolecular permeability and contribute to fibrosis and glomerular injury when inappropriately augmented.
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Roksnoer LCW, Hoorn EJ, Danser AHJ. Renal angiotensin-converting enzyme upregulation: a prerequisite for nitric oxide synthase inhibition-induced hypertension? J Am Soc Nephrol 2014; 25:2679-81. [PMID: 25012169 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2014060549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lodi C W Roksnoer
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ewout J Hoorn
- Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Isaksson GL, Stubbe J, Lyngs Hansen P, Jensen BL, Bie P. Salt sensitivity of renin secretion, glomerular filtration rate and blood pressure in conscious Sprague-Dawley rats. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2014; 210:446-54. [PMID: 24188244 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM We hypothesized that in normal rats in metabolic steady state, (i) the plasma renin concentration (PRC) is log-linearly related to Na(+) intake (NaI), (ii) the concurrent changes in mean arterial pressure (MABP) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) are negligible and (iii) the function PRC = f(NaI) is altered by β₁-adrenoceptor blockade (metoprolol) and surgical renal denervation (DNX). METHODS In catheterized, conscious rats on low-Na(+) diet (0.004% Na(+)), NaI was increased by up to 120-fold, in four 3-day steps, by intravenous saline infusion. MABP was recorded continuously, PRC measured in arterial blood, and GFR estimated by inulin clearance. RESULTS Steady states were achieved within 3 days. PRC [mIU L(-1)] was log-linearly related to NaI [mmol kg(-1) day(-1)]: PRC = -9.9 log (NaI) + 22. Set point (22 mIU L(-1) at NaI = 1) and slope (9.9 mIU per decade NaI) were independent of metoprolol administration and DNX. MABP and GFR were markedly salt-sensitive: MABP [mmHg] = 4.9 log (NaI) + 99 (P < 0.01), and GFR [mL min(-1)] = 1.4 log (NaI) + 8.3 (P < 0.01). MABP increased similarly (approx. 10%, P < 0.001) irrespective of pre-treatment. Metoprolol, but not DNX, reduced MABP, HR, and GFR (all P < 0.01). Salt sensitivity of GFR was not observed in DNX rats. CONCLUSION Log-linear relations to sodium intake exist not only for PRC, but also for MABP and GFR, which per 10-fold increase in sodium intake rose by 5 mmHg and 1.4 mL min(-1) respectively. Steady-state levels of PRC appear independent of renal nerves. MABP and GFR seem markedly salt sensitive in normal rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. L. Isaksson
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research; Institute of Molecular Medicine; University of Southern Denmark; Odense Denmark
| | - J. Stubbe
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research; Institute of Molecular Medicine; University of Southern Denmark; Odense Denmark
| | - P. Lyngs Hansen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy; University of Southern Denmark; Odense Denmark
| | - B. L. Jensen
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research; Institute of Molecular Medicine; University of Southern Denmark; Odense Denmark
| | - P. Bie
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research; Institute of Molecular Medicine; University of Southern Denmark; Odense Denmark
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Macgriff S, Woo RE, Ortiz-Capisano MC, Atchison DK, Beierwaltes WH. Recruited renin-containing renal microvascular cells demonstrate the calcium paradox regulatory phenotype. Integr Blood Press Control 2014; 7:9-17. [PMID: 24520203 PMCID: PMC3920457 DOI: 10.2147/ibpc.s55684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Renin is the critical regulatory enzyme for production of angiotensin (Ang)-II, a potent vasoconstrictor involved in regulating blood pressure and in the pathogenesis of hypertension. Chronic sodium deprivation enhances renin secretion from the kidney, due to recruitment of additional cells from the afferent renal microvasculature to become renin-producing rather than just increasing release from existing juxtaglomerular (JG) cells. JG cells secrete renin inversely proportional to extra- and intracellular calcium, a unique phenomenon characteristic of the JG regulatory phenotype known as the "calcium paradox." It is not known if renin secreted from recruited renin-containing cells is regulated similarly to native JG cells, and therefore acquires this JG cell phenotype. We hypothesized that non-JG cells in renal microvessels recruited to produce renin in response to chronic dietary sodium restriction would demonstrate the calcium paradox, characteristic of the JG cell phenotype. Histology showed recruitment of upstream arteriolar renin in response to sodium restriction compared to normal-diet rats. Renin fluorescence intensity increased 53% in cortices of sodium-restricted rats (P<0.001). We measured renin release from rat afferent microvessels, isolated using iron oxide nanopowder and incubated in either normal or low-calcium media. Basal renin release from normal sodium-diet rat microvessels in normal calcium media was 298.1±44.6 ng AngI/mL/hour/mg protein, and in low-calcium media increased 39% to 415.9±71.4 ng AngI/mL/hour/mg protein (P<0.025). Renin released from sodium-restricted rat microvessels increased 50% compared to samples from normal-diet rats (P<0.04). Renin release in normal calcium media was 447.0±54.3 ng AngI/mL/hour/mg protein, and in low-calcium media increased 36% to 607.6±96.1 ng AngI/mL/hour/mg protein (P<0.05). Thus, renin-containing cells recruited in the afferent microvasculature not only express and secrete renin but demonstrate the calcium paradox, suggesting renin secretion from recruited renin-containing cells share the JG phenotype for regulating renin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer Macgriff
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Richard E Woo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - M Cecilia Ortiz-Capisano
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Douglas K Atchison
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA ; Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - William H Beierwaltes
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA ; Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
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Persson PB. Nitric oxide can directly mediate renin cell recruitment. Hypertension 2013; 61:286-7. [PMID: 23297373 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.111.00483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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