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He Z, Xu X, Zhao Q, Ding H, Wang DW. Vasospastic angina: Past, present, and future. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 249:108500. [PMID: 37482097 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Vasospastic angina (VSA) is characterized by episodes of rest angina that are responsive to short-acting nitrates and are attributable to coronary artery vasospasm. The condition is underdiagnosed as the provocation test is rarely performed. VSA, the most important component of non-obstructive coronary artery disease, can present with angina, be asymptomatic, or can even present with fatal arrhythmias and cardiac arrest. Although most patients with VSA respond well to vasodilating medications, prognosis does not improve as expected in most patients, suggesting the existence elusive prognostic factors and pathogenesis that warrant further exploration. Moreover, patients with either severe or refractory VSA barely respond to conventional treatment and may develop life-threatening arrhythmias or suffer sudden cardiac death during ischemic attacks, which are associated with immune-inflammatory responses and have been shown to achieve remission following glucocorticoid and immunoglobulin treatments. Our recent work revealed that inflammation plays a key role in the initiation and development of coronary spasms, and that inflammatory cytokines have predictive value for diagnosis. In contrast to the existing literature, this review both summarizes the theoretical and clinical aspects of VSA, and also discusses the relationship between inflammation, especially myocarditis and VSA, in order to provide novel insights into the etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of VSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuowen He
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Qu Zhao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Hu Ding
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Dao Wen Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan 430030, China.
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Bhardwaj S, Singh S, Ganguly I, Bhatia AK, Dixit SP. Deciphering local adaptation of native Indian cattle ( Bos indicus) breeds using landscape genomics and in-silico prediction of deleterious SNP effects on protein structure and function. 3 Biotech 2023; 13:86. [PMID: 36816754 PMCID: PMC9931982 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03493-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
India has 50 registered breeds of native cattle (Bos indicus) which are locally adapted to diverse environmental conditions. This study aimed to investigate the genomic basis of adaptation of native Indian cattle and to predict the impact of key SNPs on the amino acid changes that affect protein function. The Illumina 777 K BovineHD BeadChip was used to genotype 178 native cattle belonging to contrasting landscapes and agro-climatic conditions. The genotype-environment association was investigated with R. SamBada, using 5,74,382 QC passed SNPs and 11 predictor variables (10 multi-collinearity controlled environmental variables and 1 variable as "score of PCA" on ancestry coefficients of individuals). In total, 1,12,780 models were selected as significant (q < 0.05) based on G score. The pathway ontology of the annotated genes revealed many important pathways and genes having a direct and indirect role in cold and hot adaptation. Only ten SNP variants had a SIFT score of < 0.05 (deleterious), and only two of them, each lying in the genes CRYBA1 and USP18, were predicted to be deleterious with high confidence. RaptorX predicted the tertiary structures of proteins encoded by wild and mutant variants of these genes. The quality of the models was determined using Ramachandran plots and RaptorX parameters, indicating that they are accurate. RaptorX and I-Mutant 2.0 softwares revealed significant differences among wild and mutant proteins. Adaptive alleles identified in the present investigation might be responsible for the local adaptation of these cattle breeds. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-023-03493-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivam Bhardwaj
- Animal Genetics and Breeding Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132001 India
| | - Sanjeev Singh
- Animal Genetics Division, ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, Haryana 132001 India
| | - Indrajit Ganguly
- Animal Genetics Division, ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, Haryana 132001 India
| | - Avnish Kumar Bhatia
- Animal Genetics Division, ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, Haryana 132001 India
| | - S. P. Dixit
- Animal Genetics Division, ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, Haryana 132001 India
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3
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Czepiel M, Diviani D, Jaźwa-Kusior A, Tkacz K, Rolski F, Smolenski RT, Siedlar M, Eriksson U, Kania G, Błyszczuk P. Angiotensin II receptor 1 controls profibrotic Wnt/β-catenin signalling in experimental autoimmune myocarditis. Cardiovasc Res 2022; 118:573-584. [PMID: 33576779 PMCID: PMC8803091 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Angiotensin (Ang) II signalling has been suggested to promote cardiac fibrosis in inflammatory heart diseases; however, the underlying mechanisms remain obscure. Using Agtr1a-/- mice with genetic deletion of angiotensin receptor type 1 (ATR1) and the experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM) model, we aimed to elucidate the role of Ang II-ATR1 pathway in development of heart-specific autoimmunity and post-inflammatory fibrosis. METHODS AND RESULTS EAM was induced in wild-type (WT) and Agtr1a-/- mice by subcutaneous injections with alpha myosin heavy chain peptide emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant. Agtr1a-/- mice developed myocarditis to a similar extent as WT controls at day 21 but showed reduced fibrosis and better systolic function at day 40. Crisscross bone marrow chimaera experiments proved that ATR1 signalling in the bone marrow compartment was critical for cardiac fibrosis. Heart infiltrating, bone-marrow-derived cells produced Ang II, but lack of ATR1 in these cells reduced transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β)-mediated fibrotic responses. At the molecular level, Agtr1a-/- heart-inflammatory cells showed impaired TGF-β-mediated phosphorylation of Smad2 and TAK1. In WT cells, TGF-β induced formation of RhoA-GTP and RhoA-A-kinase anchoring protein-Lbc (AKAP-Lbc) complex. In Agtr1a-/- cells, stabilization of RhoA-GTP and interaction of RhoA with AKAP-Lbc were largely impaired. Furthermore, in contrast to WT cells, Agtr1a-/- cells stimulated with TGF-β failed to activate canonical Wnt pathway indicated by suppressed activity of glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3)β and nuclear β-catenin translocation and showed reduced expression of Wnts. In line with these in vitro findings, β-catenin was detected in inflammatory regions of hearts of WT, but not Agtr1a-/- mice and expression of canonical Wnt1 and Wnt10b were lower in Agtr1a-/- hearts. CONCLUSION Ang II-ATR1 signalling is critical for development of post-inflammatory fibrotic remodelling and dilated cardiomyopathy. Our data underpin the importance of Ang II-ATR1 in effective TGF-β downstream signalling response including activation of profibrotic Wnt/β-catenin pathway.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin II/metabolism
- Animals
- Autoimmune Diseases/genetics
- Autoimmune Diseases/immunology
- Autoimmune Diseases/metabolism
- Autoimmune Diseases/pathology
- Autoimmunity
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Disease Models, Animal
- Fibrosis
- Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Knockout
- Myocarditis/genetics
- Myocarditis/immunology
- Myocarditis/metabolism
- Myocarditis/pathology
- Myocytes, Cardiac/immunology
- Myocytes, Cardiac/metabolism
- Myocytes, Cardiac/pathology
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/metabolism
- Wnt Proteins/genetics
- Wnt Proteins/metabolism
- Wnt Signaling Pathway
- Wnt1 Protein/genetics
- Wnt1 Protein/metabolism
- beta Catenin/genetics
- beta Catenin/metabolism
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Czepiel
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka 265, 30-663, Cracow, Poland
| | - Dario Diviani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 7, 1005, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Agnieszka Jaźwa-Kusior
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Cracow, Poland
| | - Karolina Tkacz
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka 265, 30-663, Cracow, Poland
| | - Filip Rolski
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka 265, 30-663, Cracow, Poland
| | - Ryszard T Smolenski
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, M. Skłodowskiej-Curie 3a, 80-210, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Maciej Siedlar
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka 265, 30-663, Cracow, Poland
| | - Urs Eriksson
- Cardioimmunology, Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland, GZO—Zurich Regional Health Center, Spitalstrasse 66, 8620, Wetzikon, Switzerland
| | - Gabriela Kania
- Department of Rheumatology, Center of Experimental Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Wagistrasse 14, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Przemysław Błyszczuk
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka 265, 30-663, Cracow, Poland
- Department of Rheumatology, Center of Experimental Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Wagistrasse 14, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
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Regulation of myosin light-chain phosphorylation and its roles in cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology. Hypertens Res 2022; 45:40-52. [PMID: 34616031 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-021-00733-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of muscle contraction is a critical function in the cardiovascular system, and abnormalities may be life-threatening or cause illness. The common basic mechanism in muscle contraction is the interaction between the protein filaments myosin and actin. Although this interaction is primarily regulated by intracellular Ca2+, the primary targets and intracellular signaling pathways differ in vascular smooth muscle and cardiac muscle. Phosphorylation of the myosin regulatory light chain (RLC) is a primary molecular switch for smooth muscle contraction. The equilibrium between phosphorylated and unphosphorylated RLC is dynamically achieved through two enzymes, myosin light chain kinase, a Ca2+-dependent enzyme, and myosin phosphatase, which modifies the Ca2+ sensitivity of contractions. In cardiac muscle, the primary target protein for Ca2+ is troponin C on thin filaments; however, RLC phosphorylation also plays a modulatory role in contraction. This review summarizes recent advances in our understanding of the regulation, physiological function, and pathophysiological involvement of RLC phosphorylation in smooth and cardiac muscles.
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5
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Lymperopoulos A, Borges JI, Carbone AM, Cora N, Sizova A. Cardiovascular angiotensin II type 1 receptor biased signaling: Focus on non-Gq-, non-βarrestin-dependent signaling. Pharmacol Res 2021; 174:105943. [PMID: 34662735 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The physiological and pathophysiological roles of the angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor, a G protein-coupled receptor ubiquitously expressed throughout the cardiovascular system, have been the focus of intense investigations for decades. The success of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and of angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), which are AT1R-selective antagonists/inverse agonists, in the treatment of heart disease is a testament to the importance of this receptor for cardiovascular homeostasis. Given the pleiotropic signaling of the cardiovascular AT1R and, in an effort to develop yet better drugs for heart disease, the concept of biased signaling has been exploited to design and develop biased AT1R ligands that selectively activate β-arrestin transduction pathways over Gq protein-dependent pathways. However, by focusing solely on Gq or β-arrestins, studies on AT1R "biased" signaling & agonism tend to largely ignore other non-Gq-, non β-arrestin-dependent signaling modalities the very versatile AT1R employs in cardiovascular tissues, including two very important types of signal transducers/regulators: other G protein types (e.g., Gi/o, G12/13) & the Regulator of G protein Signaling (RGS) proteins. In this review, we provide a brief overview of the current state of cardiovascular AT1R biased signaling field with a special focus on the non-Gq-, non β-arrestin-dependent signaling avenues of this receptor in the cardiovascular system, which usually get left out of the conversation of "biased" AT1R signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasios Lymperopoulos
- Laboratory for the Study of Neurohormonal Control of the Circulation, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328-2018, USA.
| | - Jordana I Borges
- Laboratory for the Study of Neurohormonal Control of the Circulation, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328-2018, USA
| | - Alexandra M Carbone
- Laboratory for the Study of Neurohormonal Control of the Circulation, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328-2018, USA
| | - Natalie Cora
- Laboratory for the Study of Neurohormonal Control of the Circulation, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328-2018, USA
| | - Anastasiya Sizova
- Laboratory for the Study of Neurohormonal Control of the Circulation, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328-2018, USA
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Terada Y, Yayama K. Angiotensin II-Induced Vasoconstriction via Rho Kinase Activation in Pressure-Overloaded Rat Thoracic Aortas. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11081076. [PMID: 34439742 PMCID: PMC8391281 DOI: 10.3390/biom11081076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin II (Ang II) induces vasoconstriction through myosin light chain (MLC) kinase activation and MLC phosphatase inactivation via phosphorylation of myosin phosphatase targeting subunit 1 (MYPT1) by Rho kinase. However, the detailed mechanism underlying Rho kinase activation by Ang II is still unknown. We investigated the mechanism of Ang II-induced vasoconstriction mediated by Rho kinase in pressure-overloaded rat thoracic aortas. Pressure-overloaded rats were produced by coarctation of the suprarenal abdominal aorta in four-week-old male Wistar rats. The contractile response to Ang II was significantly enhanced in the pressure-overloaded rats. Ang II-induced vasoconstriction was attenuated by inhibitors of Rho kinase, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (Erk1/2), and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in both the sham-operated and pressure-overloaded rats. The Ang II-induced vasoconstriction was attenuated by a Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) inhibitor in only the pressure-overloaded rats. The protein levels of MYPT1 and JAK2 increased only in the pressure-overloaded rat thoracic aortas. These results suggested that Ang II-induced contraction is mediated by Rho kinase activation via EGFR, Erk1/2, and JAK2 in pressure-overloaded rat thoracic aortas. Moreover, Ang II-induced contraction was enhanced in pressure-overloaded rats probably because the protein levels of MYPT1 and JAK2 increased in the thoracic aortas.
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Eckenstaler R, Sandori J, Gekle M, Benndorf RA. Angiotensin II receptor type 1 - An update on structure, expression and pathology. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 192:114673. [PMID: 34252409 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The AT1 receptor, a major effector of the renin-angiotensin system, has been extensively studied in the context of cardiovascular and renal disease. Moreover, angiotensin receptor blockers, sartans, are among the most frequently prescribed drugs for the treatment of hypertension, chronic heart failure and chronic kidney disease. However, precise molecular insights into the structure of this important drug target have not been available until recently. In this context, seminal studies have now revealed exciting new insights into the structure and biased signaling of the receptor and may thus foster the development of novel therapeutic approaches to enhance the efficacy of pharmacological angiotensin receptor antagonism or to enable therapeutic induction of biased receptor activity. In this review, we will therefore highlight these and other seminal publications to summarize the current understanding of the tertiary structure, ligand binding properties and downstream signal transduction of the AT1 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jana Sandori
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther-University, Halle, Germany
| | - Michael Gekle
- Julius-Bernstein-Institute of Physiology, Martin-Luther-University, Halle, Germany
| | - Ralf A Benndorf
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther-University, Halle, Germany.
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Gheyouche E, Bagueneau M, Loirand G, Offmann B, Téletchéa S. Structural Design and Analysis of the RHOA-ARHGEF1 Binding Mode: Challenges and Applications for Protein-Protein Interface Prediction. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:643728. [PMID: 34109211 PMCID: PMC8181724 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.643728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction between two proteins may involve local movements, such as small side-chains re-positioning or more global allosteric movements, such as domain rearrangement. We studied how one can build a precise and detailed protein-protein interface using existing protein-protein docking methods, and how it can be possible to enhance the initial structures using molecular dynamics simulations and data-driven human inspection. We present how this strategy was applied to the modeling of RHOA-ARHGEF1 interaction using similar complexes of RHOA bound to other members of the Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor family for comparative assessment. In parallel, a more crude approach based on structural superimposition and molecular replacement was also assessed. Both models were then successfully refined using molecular dynamics simulations leading to protein structures where the major data from scientific literature could be recovered. We expect that the detailed strategy used in this work will prove useful for other protein-protein interface design. The RHOA-ARHGEF1 interface modeled here will be extremely useful for the design of inhibitors targeting this protein-protein interaction (PPI).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gervaise Loirand
- Université de Nantes, CHU Nantes, CNRS, Inserm, L'institut Du Thorax, Nantes, France
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9
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Kawarazaki W, Fujita T. Role of Rho in Salt-Sensitive Hypertension. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22062958. [PMID: 33803946 PMCID: PMC8001214 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A high amount of salt in the diet increases blood pressure (BP) and leads to salt-sensitive hypertension in individuals with impaired renal sodium excretion. Small guanosine triphosphatase (GTP)ase Rho and Rac, activated by salt intake, play important roles in the pathogenesis of salt-sensitive hypertension as key switches of intracellular signaling. Focusing on Rho, high salt intake in the central nervous system increases sodium concentrations of cerebrospinal fluid in salt-sensitive subjects via Rho/Rho kinase and renin-angiotensin system activation and causes increased brain salt sensitivity and sympathetic nerve outflow in BP control centers. In vascular smooth muscle cells, Rho-guanine nucleotide exchange factors and Rho determine sensitivity to vasoconstrictors such as angiotensin II (Ang II), and facilitate vasoconstriction via G-protein and Wnt pathways, leading to increased vascular resistance, including in the renal arteries, in salt-sensitive subjects with high salt intake. In the vascular endothelium, Rho/Rho kinase inhibits nitric oxide (NO) production and function, and high salt amounts further augment Rho activity via asymmetric dimethylarginine, an endogenous inhibitor of NO synthetase, causing aberrant relaxation and increased vascular tone. Rho-associated mechanisms are deeply involved in the development of salt-sensitive hypertension, and their further elucidation can help in developing effective protection and new therapies.
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10
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Cantin C, Jalil JE, Bulnes JF, Novoa U, MacNab P, Godoy I, Córdova S, Gabrielli L, Ocaranza MP. Effect of Early Normotension with Olmesartan on Rho-kinase Activity in Hypertensive Patients. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2020; 18:87-91. [PMID: 30663569 DOI: 10.2174/1570161117666190121103116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Angiotensin II is a potent activator of the Rho-kinase (ROCK) pathway, through which it exerts some of its adverse vasoconstrictor effects. Clinical evidence on the effects of blocking the angiotensin II receptor 1 on ROCK activity in hypertensive patients is scarce. OBJECTIVE To demonstrate that ROCK activity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PMBCs) in patients with essential hypertension is reduced earlier than previously observed, along with blood pressure (BP) lowering on treatment with olmesartan. METHODS Prospective pilot open study; 17 hypertensive patients were treated with progressive olmesartan doses starting with 20 mg qd. BP was measured at 3, 6 and 9 weeks after treatment initiation. If treatment failed to normalize BP after 3 weeks, olmesartan dose was increased to 40 mg qd, and if still hypertensive after 6 weeks, 12.5 mg of hydrochlorothiazide qd was added. ROCK activity was measured at baseline and 9 weeks after treatment as myosin phosphatase target subunit 1 phosphorylation (MYPT1-p/T ratio) in PBMC. RESULTS Mean baseline BP was 162 ± 4.9/101 ± 2.4 mmHg. After 9 weeks of treatment, both systolic and diastolic BP were reduced by 41 and 22 mmHg, respectively (p<0.05). Mean pretreatment MYPT1- p/T ratio in PMBCs was significantly reduced by 80% after 9 weeks with olmesartan (p<0.01). CONCLUSION Normotension achieved after 9 weeks in 82% of the patients treated with olmesartan was associated with a significant reduction of ROCK activity in PBMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Cantin
- Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, School of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge E Jalil
- Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, School of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan F Bulnes
- Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, School of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ulises Novoa
- Universidad de Talca, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Talca, Chile
| | - Paul MacNab
- Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, School of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Santiago, Chile
| | - Iván Godoy
- Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, School of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Santiago, Chile
| | - Samuel Córdova
- Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, School of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luigi Gabrielli
- Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, School of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Santiago, Chile
| | - María Paz Ocaranza
- Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, School of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Santiago, Chile
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11
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Molecular Regulation of the RhoGAP GRAF3 and Its Capacity to Limit Blood Pressure In Vivo. Cells 2020; 9:cells9041042. [PMID: 32331391 PMCID: PMC7226614 DOI: 10.3390/cells9041042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-hypertensive therapies are usually prescribed empirically and are often ineffective. Given the prevalence and deleterious outcomes of hypertension (HTN), improved strategies are needed. We reported that the Rho-GAP GRAF3 is selectively expressed in smooth muscle cells (SMC) and controls blood pressure (BP) by limiting the RhoA-dependent contractility of resistance arterioles. Importantly, genetic variants at the GRAF3 locus controls BP in patients. The goal of this study was to validate GRAF3 as a druggable candidate for future anti-HTN therapies. Importantly, using a novel mouse model, we found that modest induction of GRAF3 in SMC significantly decreased basal and vasoconstrictor-induced BP. Moreover, we found that GRAF3 protein toggles between inactive and active states by processes controlled by the mechano-sensing kinase, focal adhesion kinase (FAK). Using resonance energy transfer methods, we showed that agonist-induced FAK-dependent phosphorylation at Y376GRAF3 reverses an auto-inhibitory interaction between the GAP and BAR-PH domains. Y376 is located in a linker between the PH and GAP domains and is invariant in GRAF3 homologues and a phosphomimetic E376GRAF3 variant exhibited elevated GAP activity. Collectively, these data provide strong support for the future identification of allosteric activators of GRAF3 for targeted anti-hypertensive therapies.
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12
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Touyz RM, Alves-Lopes R, Rios FJ, Camargo LL, Anagnostopoulou A, Arner A, Montezano AC. Vascular smooth muscle contraction in hypertension. Cardiovasc Res 2019; 114:529-539. [PMID: 29394331 PMCID: PMC5852517 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvy023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 352] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is a major risk factor for many common chronic diseases, such as heart failure, myocardial infarction, stroke, vascular dementia, and chronic kidney disease. Pathophysiological mechanisms contributing to the development of hypertension include increased vascular resistance, determined in large part by reduced vascular diameter due to increased vascular contraction and arterial remodelling. These processes are regulated by complex-interacting systems such as the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, sympathetic nervous system, immune activation, and oxidative stress, which influence vascular smooth muscle function. Vascular smooth muscle cells are highly plastic and in pathological conditions undergo phenotypic changes from a contractile to a proliferative state. Vascular smooth muscle contraction is triggered by an increase in intracellular free calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i), promoting actin–myosin cross-bridge formation. Growing evidence indicates that contraction is also regulated by calcium-independent mechanisms involving RhoA-Rho kinase, protein Kinase C and mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling, reactive oxygen species, and reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton. Activation of immune/inflammatory pathways and non-coding RNAs are also emerging as important regulators of vascular function. Vascular smooth muscle cell [Ca2+]i not only determines the contractile state but also influences activity of many calcium-dependent transcription factors and proteins thereby impacting the cellular phenotype and function. Perturbations in vascular smooth muscle cell signalling and altered function influence vascular reactivity and tone, important determinants of vascular resistance and blood pressure. Here, we discuss mechanisms regulating vascular reactivity and contraction in physiological and pathophysiological conditions and highlight some new advances in the field, focusing specifically on hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhian M Touyz
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, 126 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Rheure Alves-Lopes
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, 126 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Francisco J Rios
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, 126 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Livia L Camargo
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, 126 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Aikaterini Anagnostopoulou
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, 126 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Anders Arner
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Augusto C Montezano
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, 126 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
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13
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Strassheim D, Gerasimovskaya E, Irwin D, Dempsey EC, Stenmark K, Karoor V. RhoGTPase in Vascular Disease. Cells 2019; 8:E551. [PMID: 31174369 PMCID: PMC6627336 DOI: 10.3390/cells8060551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ras-homologous (Rho)A/Rho-kinase pathway plays an essential role in many cellular functions, including contraction, motility, proliferation, and apoptosis, inflammation, and its excessive activity induces oxidative stress and promotes the development of cardiovascular diseases. Given its role in many physiological and pathological functions, targeting can result in adverse effects and limit its use for therapy. In this review, we have summarized the role of RhoGTPases with an emphasis on RhoA in vascular disease and its impact on endothelial, smooth muscle, and heart and lung fibroblasts. It is clear from the various studies that understanding the regulation of RhoGTPases and their regulators in physiology and pathological conditions is required for effective targeting of Rho.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Strassheim
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research Lab, Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Evgenia Gerasimovskaya
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research Lab, Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - David Irwin
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research Lab, Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Edward C Dempsey
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research Lab, Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
- Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
- Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Kurt Stenmark
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research Lab, Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Vijaya Karoor
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research Lab, Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
- Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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14
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Alba BK, Castellani JW, Charkoudian N. Cold‐induced cutaneous vasoconstriction in humans: Function, dysfunction and the distinctly counterproductive. Exp Physiol 2019; 104:1202-1214. [DOI: 10.1113/ep087718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Billie K. Alba
- Thermal & Mountain Medicine Division US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine Natick MA USA
- Oak Ridge Institute of Science and Education Belcamp MD USA
| | - John W. Castellani
- Thermal & Mountain Medicine Division US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine Natick MA USA
| | - Nisha Charkoudian
- Thermal & Mountain Medicine Division US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine Natick MA USA
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15
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Dee RA, Mangum KD, Bai X, Mack CP, Taylor JM. Druggable targets in the Rho pathway and their promise for therapeutic control of blood pressure. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 193:121-134. [PMID: 30189292 PMCID: PMC7235948 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of high blood pressure (also known as hypertension) has steadily increased over the last few decades. Known as a silent killer, hypertension increases the risk for cardiovascular disease and can lead to stroke, heart attack, kidney failure and associated sequela. While numerous hypertensive therapies are currently available, it is estimated that only half of medicated patients exhibit blood pressure control. This signifies the need for a better understanding of the underlying cause of disease and for more effective therapies. While blood pressure homeostasis is very complex and involves the integrated control of multiple body systems, smooth muscle contractility and arterial resistance are important contributors. Strong evidence from pre-clinical animal models and genome-wide association studies indicate that smooth muscle contraction and BP homeostasis are governed by the small GTPase RhoA and its downstream target, Rho kinase. In this review, we summarize the signaling pathways and regulators that impart tight spatial-temporal control of RhoA activity in smooth muscle cells and discuss current therapeutic strategies to target these RhoA pathway components. We also discuss known allelic variations in the RhoA pathway and consider how these polymorphisms may affect genetic risk for hypertension and its clinical manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Dee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kevin D Mangum
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Xue Bai
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Christopher P Mack
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Joan M Taylor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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16
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Forrester SJ, Booz GW, Sigmund CD, Coffman TM, Kawai T, Rizzo V, Scalia R, Eguchi S. Angiotensin II Signal Transduction: An Update on Mechanisms of Physiology and Pathophysiology. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:1627-1738. [PMID: 29873596 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00038.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 614] [Impact Index Per Article: 102.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system plays crucial roles in cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology. However, many of the signaling mechanisms have been unclear. The angiotensin II (ANG II) type 1 receptor (AT1R) is believed to mediate most functions of ANG II in the system. AT1R utilizes various signal transduction cascades causing hypertension, cardiovascular remodeling, and end organ damage. Moreover, functional cross-talk between AT1R signaling pathways and other signaling pathways have been recognized. Accumulating evidence reveals the complexity of ANG II signal transduction in pathophysiology of the vasculature, heart, kidney, and brain, as well as several pathophysiological features, including inflammation, metabolic dysfunction, and aging. In this review, we provide a comprehensive update of the ANG II receptor signaling events and their functional significances for potential translation into therapeutic strategies. AT1R remains central to the system in mediating physiological and pathophysiological functions of ANG II, and participation of specific signaling pathways becomes much clearer. There are still certain limitations and many controversies, and several noteworthy new concepts require further support. However, it is expected that rigorous translational research of the ANG II signaling pathways including those in large animals and humans will contribute to establishing effective new therapies against various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Forrester
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - George W Booz
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Curt D Sigmund
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Thomas M Coffman
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Tatsuo Kawai
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Victor Rizzo
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Rosario Scalia
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Satoru Eguchi
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
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17
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Rho kinase activation in circulating leukocytes is related to hypertensive myocardial remodeling. Clin Sci (Lond) 2018; 132:1837-1853. [PMID: 30065083 DOI: 10.1042/cs20180312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Rho-kinase has relevant functions in blood pressure modulation and cardiovascular remodeling. Rho-kinase activity is determined in circulating leukocytes measuring phosphorylation of its target myosin phosphatase target subunit 1 (MYPT1), but its relationship with Rho-kinase activity in the myocardium and in vasculature in hypertension has not been evaluated.The aim was to determine the degree of association between Rho-kinase cascade activation in circulating leukocytes with cardiac and aortic Rho-kinase pathway activation in a model of hypertension and to analyze it with a cause-effect perspective.Hypertensive deoxycorticosterone (DOCA)-salt rats received the Rho-kinase antagonist fasudil (DOCA-Fas, 100 mg/kg/day, 3 weeks). Results were compared with an untreated DOCA-salt and a sham group.Rho-kinase inhibition reduced significantly blood pressure, cardiac hypertrophy, myocardial collagen and macrophage infiltration, but not aortic wall hypertrophy. Fasudil decreased significantly Rho-kinase activity in peripheral blood mononucleated cells (PBMC), myocardium and aortic wall to similar levels as in the sham group. A significant correlation was found between PBMC Rho-kinase activity and cardiac remodeling, specifically with hypertrophy (r = 0.51, P≤0.01), myocardial collagen (r = 0.40, P≤0.05) and ED1 immunostaining (r = 0.48, P≤0.01). In the untreated hypertensive group, increased levels (P<0.05) of the proinflammatory molecules p65 NF-κB, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 and interleukin-6 antibody in the myocardium, aortic wall and PBMC were observed and were reduced with fasudil (P<0.05).In conclusion, in this hypertension model, Rho-kinase and its pathway activation determined in circulating leukocytes reflect the activation of this pathway in the myocardium and in the aortic wall and are significantly related to myocardial remodeling (hypertrophy, fibrosis and inflammation).
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18
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Carbone ML, Chadeuf G, Heurtebise-Chrétien S, Prieur X, Quillard T, Goueffic Y, Vaillant N, Rio M, Castan L, Durand M, Baron-Menguy C, Aureille J, Desfrançois J, Tesse A, Torres RM, Loirand G. Leukocyte RhoA exchange factor Arhgef1 mediates vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:4516-4526. [PMID: 29130930 DOI: 10.1172/jci92702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormal activity of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system plays a causal role in the development of hypertension, atherosclerosis, and associated cardiovascular events such as myocardial infarction, stroke, and heart failure. As both a vasoconstrictor and a proinflammatory mediator, angiotensin II (Ang II) is considered a potential link between hypertension and atherosclerosis. However, a role for Ang II-induced inflammation in atherosclerosis has not been clearly established, and the molecular mechanisms and intracellular signaling pathways involved are not known. Here, we demonstrated that the RhoA GEF Arhgef1 is essential for Ang II-induced inflammation. Specifically, we showed that deletion of Arhgef1 in a murine model prevents Ang II-induced integrin activation in leukocytes, thereby preventing Ang II-induced recruitment of leukocytes to the endothelium. Mice lacking both LDL receptor (LDLR) and Arhgef1 were protected from high-fat diet-induced atherosclerosis. Moreover, reconstitution of Ldlr-/- mice with Arhgef1-deficient BM prevented high-fat diet-induced atherosclerosis, while reconstitution of Ldlr-/- Arhgef1-/- with WT BM exacerbated atherosclerotic lesion formation, supporting Arhgef1 activation in leukocytes as causal in the development of atherosclerosis. Thus, our data highlight the importance of Arhgef1 in cardiovascular disease and suggest targeting Arhgef1 as a potential therapeutic strategy against atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xavier Prieur
- INSERM, CNRS, UNIV Nantes, l'institut du thorax, Nantes, France
| | - Thibault Quillard
- INSERM, UNIV Nantes, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie de la Résorption Osseuse et thérapie des tumeurs osseuses primitives, Nantes, France
| | - Yann Goueffic
- INSERM, UNIV Nantes, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie de la Résorption Osseuse et thérapie des tumeurs osseuses primitives, Nantes, France.,CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | | | - Marc Rio
- INSERM, CNRS, UNIV Nantes, l'institut du thorax, Nantes, France
| | - Laure Castan
- INSERM, CNRS, UNIV Nantes, l'institut du thorax, Nantes, France
| | - Maxim Durand
- INSERM, UNIV Nantes, Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie, France
| | | | - Julien Aureille
- INSERM, CNRS, UNIV Nantes, l'institut du thorax, Nantes, France
| | | | - Angela Tesse
- INSERM, CNRS, UNIV Nantes, l'institut du thorax, Nantes, France
| | - Raul M Torres
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Gervaise Loirand
- INSERM, CNRS, UNIV Nantes, l'institut du thorax, Nantes, France.,CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
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19
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Herlemann A, Keller P, Schott M, Tamalunas A, Ciotkowska A, Rutz B, Wang Y, Yu Q, Waidelich R, Strittmatter F, Stief CG, Gratzke C, Hennenberg M. Inhibition of smooth muscle contraction and ARF6 activity by the inhibitor for cytohesin GEFs, secinH3, in the human prostate. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2017; 314:F47-F57. [PMID: 28855187 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00125.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate smooth muscle contraction is critical for etiology and treatment of male lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and is promoted by small monomeric GTPases (RhoA and Rac). GTPases may be activated by guanosine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs). GEFs of the cytohesin family may indirectly activate Rac, or ADP ribosylation factor (ARF) GTPases directly. Here we investigated the expression of cytohesin family GEFs and effects of the cytohesin inhibitor Sec7 inhibitor H3 (secinH3) on smooth muscle contraction and GTPase activities in human prostate tissues. Of all four cytohesin isoforms, cytohesin-1 and -2 showed the highest expression in real-time PCR. Western blot and fluorescence staining suggested that cytohesin-2 may be the predominant isoform in prostate smooth muscle cells. Contractions induced by norepinephrine, the α1-adrenoceptor agonist phenylephrine, the thromboxane A2 analog U-46619 , and endothelin-1 and -3, as well as neurogenic contractions induced by electric field stimulation (EFS), were reduced by secinH3 (30 µM). Inhibition of EFS-induced contractions appeared to have efficacy similar to that of inhibition by the α1-adrenoceptor antagonist tamsulosin (300 nM). Combined application of secinH3 plus tamsulosin caused larger inhibition of EFS-induced contractions than tamsulosin alone. Pull-down assays demonstrated inhibition of the small monomeric GTPase ARF6 by secinH3, but no inhibition of RhoA or Rac1. In conclusion, we suggest that a cytohesin-ARF6 pathway takes part in smooth muscle contraction. This may open attractive new possibilities in medical treatment of male LUTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Herlemann
- Department of Urology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich , Germany
| | - Patrick Keller
- Department of Urology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich , Germany
| | - Melanie Schott
- Department of Urology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich , Germany
| | - Alexander Tamalunas
- Department of Urology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich , Germany
| | - Anna Ciotkowska
- Department of Urology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich , Germany
| | - Beata Rutz
- Department of Urology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich , Germany
| | - Yiming Wang
- Department of Urology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich , Germany
| | - Qingfeng Yu
- Department of Urology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich , Germany
| | - Raphaela Waidelich
- Department of Urology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich , Germany
| | - Frank Strittmatter
- Department of Urology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich , Germany
| | - Christian G Stief
- Department of Urology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich , Germany
| | - Christian Gratzke
- Department of Urology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich , Germany
| | - Martin Hennenberg
- Department of Urology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich , Germany
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20
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Singh NK, Janjanam J, Rao GN. p115 RhoGEF activates the Rac1 GTPase signaling cascade in MCP1 chemokine-induced vascular smooth muscle cell migration and proliferation. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:14080-14091. [PMID: 28655771 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.777896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the involvement of Rho proteins in the pathogenesis of vascular diseases is well studied, little is known about the role of their upstream regulators, the Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factors (RhoGEFs). Here, we sought to identify the RhoGEFs involved in monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP1)-induced vascular wall remodeling. We found that, among the RhoGEFs tested, MCP1 induced tyrosine phosphorylation of p115 RhoGEF but not of PDZ RhoGEF or leukemia-associated RhoGEF in human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs). Moreover, p115 RhoGEF inhibition suppressed MCP1-induced HASMC migration and proliferation. Consistent with these observations, balloon injury (BI) induced p115 RhoGEF tyrosine phosphorylation in rat common carotid arteries, and siRNA-mediated down-regulation of its levels substantially attenuated BI-induced smooth muscle cell migration and proliferation, resulting in reduced neointima formation. Furthermore, depletion of p115 RhoGEF levels also abrogated MCP1- or BI-induced Rac1-NFATc1-cyclin D1-CDK6-PKN1-CDK4-PAK1 signaling, which, as we reported previously, is involved in vascular wall remodeling. Our findings also show that protein kinase N1 (PKN1) downstream of Rac1-cyclin D1/CDK6 and upstream of CDK4-PAK1 in the p115 RhoGEF-Rac1-NFATc1-cyclin D1-CDK6-PKN1-CDK4-PAK1 signaling axis is involved in the modulation of vascular wall remodeling. Of note, we also observed that CCR2-Gi/o-Fyn signaling mediates MCP1-induced p115 RhoGEF and Rac1 GTPase activation. These findings suggest that p115 RhoGEF is critical for MCP1-induced HASMC migration and proliferation in vitro and for injury-induced neointima formation in vivo by modulating Rac1-NFATc1-cyclin D1-CDK6-PKN1-CDK4-PAK1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhlesh K Singh
- From the Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163.
| | - Jagadeesh Janjanam
- From the Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
| | - Gadiparthi N Rao
- From the Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163.
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21
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Potthoff SA, Stamer S, Grave K, Königshausen E, Sivritas SH, Thieme M, Mori Y, Woznowski M, Rump LC, Stegbauer J. Chronic p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibition improves vascular function and remodeling in angiotensin II-dependent hypertension. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2016; 17:17/3/1470320316653284. [PMID: 27407119 PMCID: PMC5843849 DOI: 10.1177/1470320316653284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: An excess of angiotensin II (Ang II) causes hypertension and vascular injury. Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase p38 (p38-MAPK) plays a substantial role in Ang II-dependent organ damage. Recently, we showed that p38-MAPK activation regulates the pressor response to Ang II. This study evaluates the effect of chronic p38-MAPK inhibition in Ang II-dependent hypertension. Materials and methods: C57Bl/6J mice were infused with Ang II for 14 days and either treated with the p38-MAPK inhibitor BIRB796 (50 mg/kg/day) or the vehicle as the control. We assessed vascular function in the aorta and isolated perfused kidneys. Results: Chronic p38-MAPK inhibition did not alter blood pressure at the baseline, but attenuated Ang II-induced hypertension significantly (baseline: 122 ± 2 versus 119 ± 4 mmHg; Ang II: 173 ± 3 versus 155 ± 3 mmHg; p < 0.001). In addition, BIRB796 treatment improved vascular remodeling by reducing the aortic media-to-lumen ratio and decreasing the expression of the membrane metalloproteinases (MMP) MMP-1 and MMP-9. Moreover, renal vascular dysfunction induced by chronic Ang II infusion was significantly ameliorated in the BIRP796-treated mice. Acute p38-MAPK inhibition also improved vascular function in the aorta and kidneys of Ang II-treated mice, highlighting the important role of p38-MAPK activation in the pathogenesis of vascular dysfunction. Conclusions: Our findings indicated there is an important role for p38-MAPK in regulating blood pressure and vascular injury, and highlighted its potential as a pharmaceutical target.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Potthoff
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - S Stamer
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - K Grave
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - E Königshausen
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - S H Sivritas
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - M Thieme
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Y Mori
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - M Woznowski
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - L C Rump
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - J Stegbauer
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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22
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Knock GA. Tyrosine kinases as key modulators of smooth muscle function in health and disease. J Physiol 2016; 593:3805-6. [PMID: 26331833 DOI: 10.1113/jp271023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- G A Knock
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK
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23
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Fierro C, Novoa U, González V, Ocaranza MP, Jalil JE. Simultaneous Rho kinase inhibition in circulating leukocytes and in cardiovascular tissue in rats with high angiotensin converting enzyme levels. Int J Cardiol 2016; 215:309-17. [PMID: 27128553 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The small guanosine triphosphatase RhoA and its direct target Rho kinase (ROCK) play important roles in cardiovascular pathophysiology. Activated ROCK phosphorylates intracellular proteins with detrimental effects on cardiovascular remodeling. Increased ROCK activity in circulating leukocytes is observed in hypertension and in heart failure, but its relationship with ROCK activation in the myocardium and vessels is unknown. We hypothesized that ROCK activation and phosphorylation/activation of some of its key downstream molecules in the heart and arterial wall are reflected in circulating leukocytes. METHODS Phosphorylation of MYPT1, ERM and p38-MAPK and levels of p65-NF-κB were determined in the left ventricle (LV), aortic wall and circulating leukocytes in rats with high (Brown Norway, BN) and low (Lewis) angiotensin converting enzyme. A group of BN rats received the ROCK inhibitor fasudil (7days). RESULTS Compared to Lewis rats, in the BN group phosphorylated levels of MYPT1, ERM and p38-MAPK and levels of p65-NF-κB were increased (P<0.05) in the LV (67%, 92%, 52% and 98%, respectively); in the aortic wall (57%, 51%, 68% and 66%, respectively) and in circulating leukocytes (61%, 72%, 49% and 105%, respectively). Fasudil reduced all these levels to those observed in Lewis rats. Phosphorylated MYPT1, ERM, and p38-MAPK and levels of p65-NF-κB in circulating leukocytes were significantly correlated with their respective LV and aortic wall levels (excepting p65-NF-κB in aorta). CONCLUSION ROCK activity in circulating leukocytes reflects activation of this signaling pathway in the myocardium and aortic wall in this model, and supports its value as a potential cardiovascular remodeling marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Fierro
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - Ulises Novoa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Talca, Chile
| | - Veronica González
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - María Paz Ocaranza
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile; Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDis), Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - Jorge E Jalil
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile.
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Nour-Eldine W, Ghantous CM, Zibara K, Dib L, Issaa H, Itani HA, El-Zein N, Zeidan A. Adiponectin Attenuates Angiotensin II-Induced Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Remodeling through Nitric Oxide and the RhoA/ROCK Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:86. [PMID: 27092079 PMCID: PMC4823273 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Adiponectin (APN), an adipocytokine, exerts protective effects on cardiac remodeling, while angiotensin II (Ang II) induces hypertension and vascular remodeling. The potential protective role of APN on the vasculature during hypertension has not been fully elucidated yet. Here, we evaluate the molecular mechanisms of the protective role of APN in the physiological response of the vascular wall to Ang II. METHODS AND RESULTS Rat aortic tissues were used to investigate the effect of APN on Ang II-induced vascular remodeling and hypertrophy. We investigated whether nitric oxide (NO), the RhoA/ROCK pathway, actin cytoskeleton remodeling, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) mediate the anti-hypertrophic effect of APN. Ang II-induced protein synthesis was attenuated by pre-treatment with APN, NO donor S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP), or cGMP. The hypertrophic response to Ang II was associated with a significant increase in RhoA activation and vascular force production, which were prevented by APN and SNAP. NO was also associated with inhibition of Ang II-induced phosphorylation of cofilin. In addition, immunohistochemistry revealed that 24 h Ang II treatment increased the F- to G-actin ratio, an effect that was inhibited by SNAP. Ang II-induced ROS formation and upregulation of p22(phox) mRNA expression were inhibited by APN and NO. Both compounds failed to inhibit Nox1 and p47(phox) expression. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that the anti-hypertrophic effects of APN are due, in part, to NO-dependent inhibition of the RhoA/ROCK pathway and ROS formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wared Nour-Eldine
- Cardiovascular Physiology Lab, Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of BeirutBeirut, Lebanon; ER045, Laboratory of Stem Cells, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, The Lebanese UniversityBeirut, Lebanon
| | - Crystal M Ghantous
- Cardiovascular Physiology Lab, Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Kazem Zibara
- ER045, Laboratory of Stem Cells, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, The Lebanese University Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Leila Dib
- Cardiovascular Physiology Lab, Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hawraa Issaa
- Cardiovascular Physiology Lab, Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of BeirutBeirut, Lebanon; ER045, Laboratory of Stem Cells, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, The Lebanese UniversityBeirut, Lebanon
| | - Hana A Itani
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville TN, USA
| | - Nabil El-Zein
- ER045, Laboratory of Stem Cells, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, The Lebanese University Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Asad Zeidan
- Cardiovascular Physiology Lab, Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Beirut, Lebanon
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Bai X, Dee R, Mangum KD, Mack CP, Taylor JM. RhoA signaling and blood pressure: The consequence of failing to “Tone it Down”. World J Hypertens 2016; 6:18-35. [DOI: 10.5494/wjh.v6.i1.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Uncontrolled high blood pressure is a major risk factor for heart attack, stroke, and kidney failure and contributes to an estimated 25% of deaths worldwide. Despite numerous treatment options, estimates project that reasonable blood pressure (BP) control is achieved in only about half of hypertensive patients. Improvements in the detection and management of hypertension will undoubtedly be accomplished through a better understanding of the complex etiology of this disease and a more comprehensive inventory of the genes and genetic variants that influence BP regulation. Recent studies (primarily in pre-clinical models) indicate that the small GTPase RhoA and its downstream target, Rho kinase, play an important role in regulating BP homeostasis. Herein, we summarize the underlying mechanisms and highlight signaling pathways and regulators that impart tight spatial-temporal control of RhoA activity. We also discuss known allelic variations in the RhoA pathway and consider how these polymorphisms may affect genetic risk for hypertension and its clinical manifestations. Finally, we summarize the current (albeit limited) clinical data on the efficacy of targeting the RhoA pathway in hypertensive patients.
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Jalil JE, Ocaranza MP. Regression of cardiovascular remodeling in hypertension: Novel relevant mechanisms. World J Hypertens 2016; 6:1-17. [DOI: 10.5494/wjh.v6.i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Asymptomatic organ damage due to progressive kidney damage, cardiac hypertrophy and remodeling put hypertensive patients at high risk for developing heart and renal failure, myocardial infarction and stroke. Current antihypertensive treatment normalizes high blood pressure, partially reverses organ damage, and reduces the incidence of heart and renal failure. Activation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is a primary mechanism of progressive organ damage and, specifically, a major cause of both renal and cardiovascular fibrosis. Currently, inhibition of the RAS system [mainly with angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin II (Ang II) receptor antagonists] is the most effective antihypertensive strategy for normalizing blood pressure and preventing target organ damage. However, residual organ damage and consequently high risk for cardiovascular events and renal failure still persist. Accordingly, in hypertension, it is relevant to develop new therapeutic perspectives, beyond reducing blood pressure to further prevent/reduce target organ damage by acting on pathways that trigger and maintain cardiovascular and renal remodeling. We review here relevant novel mechanisms of target organ damage in hypertension, their role and evidence in prevention/regression of cardiovascular remodeling and their possible clinical impact as well. Specifically, we focus on the signaling pathway RhoA/Rho kinase, on the impact of the vasodilatory peptides from the RAS and some insights on the role of estrogens and myocardial chymase in cardiovascular hypertensive remodeling.
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Ontogenetic changes in contribution of calcium sensitization and calcium entry to blood pressure maintenance of Wistar–Kyoto and spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Hypertens 2015; 33:2443-54. [DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000000746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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