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Rabia B, Thanigaimani S, Golledge J. The potential involvement of glycocalyx disruption in abdominal aortic aneurysm pathogenesis. Cardiovasc Pathol 2024; 70:107629. [PMID: 38461960 DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2024.107629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abdominal aortic aneurysm is a weakening and expansion of the abdominal aorta. Currently, there is no drug treatment to limit abdominal aortic aneurysm growth. The glycocalyx is the outermost layer of the cell surface, mainly composed of glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans. OBJECTIVE The aim of this review was to identify a potential relationship between glycocalyx disruption and abdominal aortic aneurysm pathogenesis. METHODS A narrative review of relevant published research was conducted. RESULTS Glycocalyx disruption has been reported to enhance vascular permeability, impair immune responses, dysregulate endothelial function, promote extracellular matrix remodeling and modulate mechanotransduction. All these effects are implicated in abdominal aortic aneurysm pathogenesis. Glycocalyx disruption promotes inflammation through exposure of adhesion molecules and release of proinflammatory mediators. Glycocalyx disruption affects how the endothelium responds to shear stress by reducing nitric oxide availabilty and adversely affecting the storage and release of several antioxidants, growth factors, and antithromotic proteins. These changes exacerbate oxidative stress, stimulate vascular smooth muscle cell dysfunction, and promote thrombosis, all effects implicated in abdominal aortic aneurysm pathogenesis. Deficiency of key component of the glycocalyx, such as syndecan-4, were reported to promote aneurysm formation and rupture in the angiotensin-II and calcium chloride induced mouse models of abdominal aortic aneurysm. CONCLUSION This review provides a summary of past research which suggests that glycocalyx disruption may play a role in abdominal aortic aneurysm pathogenesis. Further research is needed to establish a causal link between glycocalyx disruption and abdominal aortic aneurysm development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibi Rabia
- Queensland Research Centre for Peripheral Vascular Disease, College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia; Department of Pharmacy, Hazara University, Mansehra 21300, Pakistan
| | - Shivshankar Thanigaimani
- Queensland Research Centre for Peripheral Vascular Disease, College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia; The Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - Jonathan Golledge
- Queensland Research Centre for Peripheral Vascular Disease, College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia; The Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia; The Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, The Townsville University Hospital, Townsville, Queensland 4810, Australia.
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2
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Li L, Cook C, Liu Y, Li J, Jiang J, Li S. Endothelial glycocalyx in hepatopulmonary syndrome: An indispensable player mediating vascular changes. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1039618. [PMID: 36618396 PMCID: PMC9815560 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1039618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) is a serious pulmonary vascular complication that causes respiratory insufficiency in patients with chronic liver diseases. HPS is characterized by two central pathogenic features-intrapulmonary vascular dilatation (IPVD) and angiogenesis. Endothelial glycocalyx (eGCX) is a gel-like layer covering the luminal surface of blood vessels which is involved in a variety of physiological and pathophysiological processes including controlling vascular tone and angiogenesis. In terms of lung disorders, it has been well established that eGCX contributes to dysregulated vascular contraction and impaired blood-gas barrier and fluid clearance, and thus might underlie the pathogenesis of HPS. Additionally, pharmacological interventions targeting eGCX are dramatically on the rise. In this review, we aim to elucidate the potential role of eGCX in IPVD and angiogenesis and describe the possible degradation-reconstitution equilibrium of eGCX during HPS through a highlight of recent literature. These studies strongly underscore the therapeutic rationale in targeting eGCX for the treatment of HPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China,*Correspondence: Liang Li, ; Shaomin Li,
| | - Christopher Cook
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Yale Liu
- Department of Dermatology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jianzhong Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiantao Jiang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shaomin Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China,*Correspondence: Liang Li, ; Shaomin Li,
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3
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Xu H, He Y, Hong T, Bi C, Li J, Xia M. Piezo1 in vascular remodeling of atherosclerosis and pulmonary arterial hypertension: A potential therapeutic target. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:1021540. [PMID: 36247424 PMCID: PMC9557227 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.1021540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular remodeling (VR) is a structural and functional change of blood vessels to adapt to the changes of internal and external environment. It is one of the common pathological features of many vascular proliferative diseases. The process of VR is mainly manifested in the changes of vascular wall structure and function, including intimal hyperplasia, thickening or thinning of media, fibrosis of adventitia, etc. These changes are also the pathological basis of aging and various cardiovascular diseases. Mechanical force is the basis of cardiovascular biomechanics, and the newly discovered mechanical sensitive ion channel Piezo1 is widely distributed in the whole cardiovascular system. Studies have confirmed that Piezo1, a mechanically sensitive ion channel, plays an important role in cardiovascular remodeling diseases. This article reviews the molecular mechanism of Piezo1 in atherosclerosis, hypertension and pulmonary hypertension, in order to provide a theoretical basis for the further study of vascular remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Xu
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yu He
- Cardiovascular Surgery Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xian, China
| | - Tianying Hong
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Cong Bi
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Jing Li
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
- Jing Li
| | - Mingfeng Xia
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Mingfeng Xia
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4
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Giergiel M, Malek-Zietek KE, Konior J, Targosz-Korecka M. Endothelial glycocalyx detection and characterization by means of atomic force spectroscopy: Comparison of various data analysis approaches. Micron 2021; 151:103153. [PMID: 34627108 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2021.103153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, atomic force spectroscopy (AFS) has been used to detect and characterize the endothelial glycocalyx (eGlx) in in vitro and ex vivo experiments. Several analysis methods were proposed, which differ not only in the numerical implementations, but also in physical models of glycocalyx description. Therefore, it is difficult to directly relate the experiments performed by different groups. In this work, we compared different models used for quantitative analysis of atomic force spectroscopy datasets recorded for eGlx. To capture glycocalyx at various structural conditions, we used basic enzymatic protocols for glycocalyx removal and restoration in human aortal endothelial cells (HAEC). Nanoindentation experiments for this model system were performed for (i) untreated cells, (ii) for cells after heparinase incubation, which enzymatically removes glycocalyx, (iii) for cells with successive heparin treatment, which partially restores the glycocalyx layer. Analysis of nanoindentation data was performed using different models: (a) a single-layer contact mechanics, (b) a double-layer model contact mechanics, (c) a polymer "brush" two-layer model based on the Alexander - de Gennes theory and (d) a simple single-layer "mechanical spring" model. Although different physical parameters are evaluated in methods (a-d), we show that all approaches revealed similar qualitative changes of the glycocalyx layer, which reflected the processes of glycocalyx degradation and its partial restoration. This paper may facilitate a direct comparison of past and future glycocalyx oriented AFS experiments that are analysed with different approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Giergiel
- Centre for Nanometer-Scale Science and Advanced Materials, NANOSAM, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy, and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, S. Lojasiewicza 11, 30-348, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Ewa Malek-Zietek
- Centre for Nanometer-Scale Science and Advanced Materials, NANOSAM, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy, and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, S. Lojasiewicza 11, 30-348, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jerzy Konior
- Centre for Nanometer-Scale Science and Advanced Materials, NANOSAM, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy, and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, S. Lojasiewicza 11, 30-348, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marta Targosz-Korecka
- Centre for Nanometer-Scale Science and Advanced Materials, NANOSAM, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy, and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, S. Lojasiewicza 11, 30-348, Krakow, Poland
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5
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Kang H, Yang J, Zhang W, Lu J, Ma X, Sun A, Deng X. Effect of endothelial glycocalyx on water and LDL transport through the rat abdominal aorta. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2021; 320:H1724-H1737. [PMID: 33710913 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00861.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The surface of vascular endothelial cells (ECs) is covered by a protective negatively charged layer known as the endothelial glycocalyx. Herein, we hypothesized its transport barrier and mechanosensory role in transmural water flux and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) transport in an isolated rat abdominal aorta perfused under 85 mmHg and 20 dyn/cm2 ex vivo. The endothelial glycocalyx was digested by hyaluronidase (HAase) from bovine tests. Water infiltration velocity (Vw) was measured by a graduated pipette. LDL coverage and mean maximum infiltration distance (MMID) in the vessel wall were quantified by confocal laser scanning microscopy. EC apoptosis was determined by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) technique, and leaky junction rates were evaluated by electron microscopy. The results showed that a 42% degradation of the endothelial glycocalyx by HAase treatment increased Vw, LDL coverage, and MMID. Shear stress increased Vw, which cannot be inhibited by HAase treatment. Four hour-shear application increased about fourfolds of LDL coverage, whereas exerted no significant effects on its MMID, EC apoptosis, and the leaky junctions. On the contrary, 24-h shear exposure has no significant effects on LDL coverage, whereas increased 2.74-folds of MMID and about 53% of EC apoptotic rates that could be inhibited by HAase treatment. These results suggest endothelial glycocalyx acts as a transport barrier by decreasing water and LDL transport, as well as a mechanosensor of shear to regulate EC apoptosis, thus affecting leaky junctions and regulating LDL transport into the vessel wall.NEW & NOTEWORTHY A 42% degradation of the endothelial glycocalyx by hyaluronidase of the isolated rat abdominal aorta facilitated water and LDL transport across the vessel wall, suggesting endothelial glycocalyx as a transport barrier. A 24-h shear exposure increased LDL mean maximum infiltration distance, and enhanced EC apoptosis, which could be both inhibited by hyaluronidase treatment, suggesting endothelial glycocalyx may also act as a mechanosensor of shear to regulate EC apoptosis, thus affecting leaky junctions and regulating LDL transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Kang
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiali Yang
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Weichen Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinyan Lu
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuejiao Ma
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Anqiang Sun
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Deng
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
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6
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Hao Y, Cheng S, Tanaka Y, Hosokawa Y, Yalikun Y, Li M. Mechanical properties of single cells: Measurement methods and applications. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 45:107648. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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7
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Grégory Franck. Role of mechanical stress and neutrophils in the pathogenesis of plaque erosion. Atherosclerosis 2020; 318:60-69. [PMID: 33190807 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2020.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical stress is a well-recognized driver of plaque rupture. Likewise, investigating the role of mechanical forces in plaque erosion has recently begun to provide some important insights, yet the knowledge is by far less advanced. The most significant example is that of shear stress, which has early been proposed as a possible driver for focal endothelial death and denudation. Recent findings using optical coherence tomography, computational sciences and mechanical models show that plaque erosion occurs most likely around atheromatous plaque throats with specific stress pattern. In parallel, we have recently shown that neutrophil-dependent inflammation promotes plaque erosion, possibly through a noxious action on ECs. Most importantly, spontaneous thrombosis - associated or not with EC denudation - can be impacted by hemodynamics, and it is now established that neutrophils promote thrombosis and platelet activation, highlighting a potential relationship between, mechanical stress, inflammation, and EC loss in the setting of coronary plaque erosion. Here, we review our current knowledge regarding the implication of both mechanical stress and neutrophils, and we discuss their implication in the promotion of plaque erosion via EC loss and thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégory Franck
- Inserm LVTS U1148. CHU Bichat, 46 Rue Henri Huchard, 75018, Paris, France.
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8
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Kang H, Sun A, Wu Q, Yang J, Zhang W, Qu Y, Gao M, Deng X. Atherogenic diet-diminished endothelial glycocalyx contributes to impaired vasomotor properties in rat. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2020; 319:H814-H823. [PMID: 32822214 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00039.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia- and atherosclerosis-caused vasomotor property dysfunction may be involved in many clinic manifestations of atherosclerosis, including angina, acute myocardial infarction, and sudden cardiac death. However, its underlying mechanism is not clear. The endothelial glycocalyx is a protective surface layer on the endothelial cells, serving as a molecular sieve, cell adhesion modulator, and mechanosensor for blood flow. In the present study, we demonstrated by confocal microscopy in Sprague-Dawley (SD) male rats fed a 12-wk high-cholesterol diet (HC) compared with the normal diet (NC) that the dimension of the endothelial glycocalyx reduced significantly in both the common carotid artery (2.89 ± 0.41 µm and 3.25 ± 0.44 μm, respectively) and the internal sinus region (2.35 ± 0.07 µm and 3.46 ± 0.86 μm, respectively). Furthermore, we showed by real-time PCR that this dimension modification of endothelial glycocalyx may be attributed to a significant downregulation of heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG)-related genes, including syndecan-3, glypican-1, and EXT1, not resulting from an enhanced shedding of sulfated glycosaminoglycans (sGAGs) from the vessel wall to the plasma. Meanwhile, the mean contraction and relaxation forces of the common carotid artery with responses to norepinephrine (NE) and acetylcholine (ACh) decreased ~0.34- and 0.13-fold, respectively, accompanied by a lower level of nitric oxide (NO) release. These findings suggest that the atherogenic high cholesterol diet diminished endothelial glycocalyx and disturbed the local NO release, thus contributing to the impaired vasomotor properties of the vessel.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Twelve-week high-cholesterol (HC) diet reduces the thickness of the endothelial glycocalyx in Sprague-Dawley (SD) male rats, which is mainly attributed to a downregulation of heparan sulfate proteoglycan-related genes (syndecan-3, glypican-1, EXT1), not resulting from an enhanced shedding of sulfated glycosaminoglycans (sGAGs) into the plasma. HC-diminished glycocalyx may disturb its mechanotransduction of local shear stress, lower nitric oxide (NO) release, and impair vasomotor responses to norepinephrine (NE) and acetylcholine (ACh).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Kang
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Anqiang Sun
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiuhong Wu
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiali Yang
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Weichen Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxin Qu
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Menghan Gao
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Deng
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
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Abstract
PURPOSE To review the recent developments on the effect of chronic high mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) on cerebral blood flow (CBF) autoregulation and supporting the notion that CBF autoregulation impairment has connection with chronic cerebral diseases. Method: A narrative review of all the relevant papers known to the authors was conducted. Results: Our understanding of the connection between cerebral perfusion impairment and chronic high MAP and cerebral disease is rapidly evolving, from cerebral perfusion impairment being the result of cerebral diseases to being the cause of cerebral diseases. We now better understand the intertwined impact of hypertension and Alzheimer's disease (AD) on cerebrovascular sensory elements and recognize cerebrovascular elements that are more vulnerable to these diseases. Conclusion: We conclude with the suggestion that the sensory elements pathology plays important roles in intertwined mechanisms of chronic high MAP and AD that impact cerebral perfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noushin Yazdani
- College of Public Health, University of South Florida , Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Mark S Kindy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida , Tampa, FL, USA.,Biomedical Research, James A. Haley VA Medical Center , Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Saeid Taheri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida , Tampa, FL, USA.,Byrd Neuroscience Institute, University of South Florida , Tampa, FL, USA
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Jiang XZ, Luo KH, Ventikos Y. Principal mode of Syndecan-4 mechanotransduction for the endothelial glycocalyx is a scissor-like dimer motion. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2020; 228:e13376. [PMID: 31495068 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIM Endothelial glycocalyx (EG) plays a pivotal role in a plethora of diseases, like cardiovascular and renal diseases. One hallmark function of the EG as a mechanotransducer which transmits mechanical signals into cytoplasm has been documented for decades. However, the basic question - how the glycocalyx transmits the flow shear stress- is unanswered so far. Our aim is to shed light on the fundamental mode of signal transmission from flow to the endothelial cytoskeleton. METHODS We conduct a series of large-scale molecular dynamics computational experiments to investigate the dynamics of glycocalyx under varying conditions (changing blood flow velocities and shedding of glycocalyx sugar chains). RESULTS We have identified that the main pathway of signal transmission in this system manifests as a scissors-like motion of the Syndecan-4 core protein. Results have suggested that the force transmitted into the cytoskeleton with an order of 10 ~ 100 pN, and the main function of sugar chains of a glycocalyx element is to protect the core proteins from severe conformational changes thereby maintaining the functionality of the EG. CONCLUSION This research provides a reconciling explanation for a longstanding debate about the force transmission threshold based on our findings. A new explanation has also been provided to relate the role of the EG as a mechanotransducer to its function as a microvascular barrier: the EG regulates the mechanotransduction by altering the median value and variation range of the scissor angle, and the EG governs the microvascular barrier via controlling the scissor angle which will affect the intercellular cleft.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhuo Jiang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering University College London London UK
| | - Kai H. Luo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering University College London London UK
| | - Yiannis Ventikos
- Department of Mechanical Engineering University College London London UK
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11
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Kang H, Wu C, Qu Y, Gao M, Zhang W, Sun A, Deng X. Adaptation of glycocalyx, nitric oxide synthase expression and vascular cell apoptosis in conduit arteries of tail‐suspended rats. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2019; 46:1013-1021. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Kang
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering Beihang University Beijing China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering Beihang University Beijing China
| | - Chenglin Wu
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering Beihang University Beijing China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering Beihang University Beijing China
| | - Yuxin Qu
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering Beihang University Beijing China
| | - Menghan Gao
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering Beihang University Beijing China
| | - Weichen Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering Beihang University Beijing China
| | - Anqiang Sun
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering Beihang University Beijing China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering Beihang University Beijing China
| | - Xiaoyan Deng
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering Beihang University Beijing China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering Beihang University Beijing China
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12
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Delayed graft function (DGF) is a multifactorial clinical entity. The aim of our study was to analyze the role of perioperative fluid and noninvasive hemodynamic parameters in DGF patients. METHODS The medical records of 122 adult deceased donor kidney transplant patients were retrospectively analyzed with respect to donor (medical history, kidney donor risk index), recipient (medical history), transplant (cold-warm ischemia time, renal arterial resistive index), and perioperative anesthetic, especially noninvasive hemodynamic management. Patients were grouped as DGF and immediate graft function. RESULTS Prevalence of DGF was 21.3% (n = 26). Delayed graft function was related to higher donor body mass index (P = .04), kidney donor risk index higher than 1.6 (P = .008), recipient age older than 65 years (P = .03), and perioperative factors, such as lower residual diuresis of recipient (8.7 [SD, 5.2] mL/kg vs 14.4 [SD, 10.3] mL/kg; P = .005), higher intradialytic weight gain (2.65 [SD, 1.03] kg vs 2.16 [SD, 0.79] kg; P = .07), and higher fluid balance during the first postoperative day (3310 [SD, 1230] mL vs 2354 [1812] mL; P = .01). The curve of change in systolic blood pressure (SBP) showed a tick mark pattern in DGF and a semicircular shape in the immediate graft function group. In the DGF group, SBP change compared with baseline value was higher at reperfusion (-3.16% [SD, 23.37%] vs -12.84% [SD, 23.37%]; P = .047), at the ending of surgery (-5.83% [SD, 26.21%] vs -3.26% [SD, 21.81%]; P = .07), and at the ending of anesthesia (11.81% [SD, 29.77%] vs -1.26% [SD, 21.87%]; P = .01). The postoperative renal arterial resistive index was higher in the DGF group (0.75 [SD, 0.10] vs 0.69 [SD, 0.08]; P = .007). CONCLUSION The tick mark pattern of SBP kinetics might help to identify DGF intraoperatively. When detecting this SBP pattern, the excessive fluid therapy should be avoided during the postoperative period to prevent iatrogenic hypervolemia leading to further graft damage.
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13
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Kang H, Wu Q, Sun A, Liu X, Fan Y, Deng X. Cancer Cell Glycocalyx and Its Significance in Cancer Progression. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092484. [PMID: 30135409 PMCID: PMC6163906 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a malignant tumor that threatens the health of human beings, and has become the leading cause of death in urban and rural residents in China. The glycocalyx is a layer of multifunctional glycans that covers the surfaces of a variety of cells, including vascular endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, stem cells, epithelial, osteocytes, as well as cancer cells. The glycosylation and syndecan of cancer cell glycocalyx are unique. However, heparan sulfate (HS), hyaluronic acid (HA), and syndecan are all closely associated with the processes of cancer progression, including cell migration and metastasis, tumor cell adhesion, tumorigenesis, and tumor growth. The possible underlying mechanisms may be the interruption of its barrier function, its radical role in growth factor storage, signaling, and mechanotransduction. In the later sections, we discuss glycocalyx targeting therapeutic approaches reported in animal and clinical experiments. The study concludes that cancer cells’ glycocalyx and its role in cancer progression are beginning to be known by more groups, and future studies should pay more attention to its mechanotransduction of interstitial flow-induced shear stress, seeking promising therapeutic targets with less toxicity but more specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Kang
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China.
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 102402, China.
| | - Qiuhong Wu
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China.
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 102402, China.
| | - Anqiang Sun
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China.
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 102402, China.
| | - Xiao Liu
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China.
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 102402, China.
| | - Yubo Fan
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China.
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 102402, China.
- National Research Center for Rehabilitation Technical Aids, Beijing 100176, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Deng
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China.
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 102402, China.
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