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Berhanu KG, Lohani TK, Hatiye SD. Spatial and seasonal groundwater quality assessment for drinking suitability using index and machine learning approach. Heliyon 2024; 10:e30362. [PMID: 38742059 PMCID: PMC11089328 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Spatial and seasonal evaluation and monitoring of groundwater (GW) quality is essential for the sustainable management of this priceless resource and the provision of safe drinking water. Nevertheless, GW quality appraisal was not given due attention in the current study area (flat terrain part of the Tana sub-basin). This study sought to assess the seasonal and regional physicochemical GW quality parameters for drinking appropriateness using the drinking water quality index (DWQI) and support vector machine (SVM). The main cations in both the dry and wet study seasons were, in decreasing order, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, and Fe2+, according to the results. Conversely, the main anions were HCO3-, CO32-, Cl- or NO3-, SO42- and PO43-, ordered from higher to lower. During the two research seasons, Ca-HCO3 and Na-HCO3 were the predominant water types based on Piper diagram results. Reverse ion exchange and evaporation were the principal hydrogeochemical processes that control the hydrogeochemistry identified by Durov and Gibbs diagrams, respectively. Excellent GW quality class for drinking was demonstrated by the majority of geographical and seasonal DWQI readings over the two seasons. Nevertheless, during the rainy season, there was a noticeable decline in the GW quality condition around the northern shores of Lake Tana. Therefore, it is advised to implement comprehensive GW quality protection measures and improve system management to mitigate pollution to reduce health hazards in the examined region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kibru Gedam Berhanu
- Arba Minch Water Technology Institute, Faculty of Water Resources and Irrigation Engineering, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Tarun Kumar Lohani
- Arba Minch Water Technology Institute, Faculty of Hydraulic and Water Resources Engineering, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Samuel Dagalo Hatiye
- Arba Minch Water Technology Institute, Faculty of Water Resources and Irrigation Engineering, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
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2
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Mani A. Update in genetic and epigenetic causes of hypertension. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:201. [PMID: 38691164 PMCID: PMC11062952 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-024-05220-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Hypertension is a heritable disease that affects one-fourth of the population and accounts for about 50% of cardiovascular deaths. The genetic basis of hypertension is multifaceted, involving both monogenic and most commonly complex polygenic forms. With the advent of the human genome project, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified a plethora of loci linked to hypertension by examining common genetic variations. It's notable, however, that the majority of these genetic variants do not affect the protein-coding sequences, posing a considerable obstacle in pinpointing the actual genes responsible for hypertension. Despite these challenges, precise mapping of GWAS-identified loci is emerging as a promising strategy to reveal novel genes and potential targets for the pharmacological management of blood pressure. This review provides insight into the monogenic and polygenic causes of hypertension. Special attention is given to PRDM6, among the earliest functionally characterized GWAS-identified genes. Moreover, this review delves into the roles of genes contributing to renal and vascular forms of hypertension, offering insights into their genetic and epigenetic mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arya Mani
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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3
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Ertuglu LA, Mutchler AP, Jamison S, Laffer CL, Saleem M, Blackwell DJ, Kryshtal DO, Sahinoz M, Sheng Q, Wanjalla CN, Pakala S, Justin Y, Gutierrez OM, Kleyman TR, Knollmann BC, Ikizler TA, Kirabo A. Eicosanoid-Regulated Myeloid ENaC and Isolevuglandin Formation in Human Salt-Sensitive Hypertension. Hypertension 2024; 81:516-529. [PMID: 37675576 PMCID: PMC10918035 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.123.21285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanisms by which salt increases blood pressure in people with salt sensitivity remain unclear. Our previous studies found that high sodium enters antigen-presenting cells (APCs) via the epithelial sodium channel and leads to the production of isolevuglandins and hypertension. In the current mechanistic clinical study, we hypothesized that epithelial sodium channel-dependent isolevuglandin-adduct formation in APCs is regulated by epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) and leads to salt-sensitive hypertension in humans. METHODS Salt sensitivity was assessed in 19 hypertensive subjects using an inpatient salt loading and depletion protocol. Isolevuglandin-adduct accumulation in APCs was analyzed using flow cytometry. Gene expression in APCs was analyzed using cellular indexing of transcriptomes and epitopes by sequencing analysis of blood mononuclear cells. Plasma and urine EETs were measured using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. RESULTS Baseline isolevuglandin+ APCs correlated with higher salt-sensitivity index. Isolevuglandin+ APCs significantly decreased from salt loading to depletion with an increasing salt-sensitivity index. We observed that human APCs express the epithelial sodium channel δ subunit, SGK1 (salt-sensing kinase serum/glucocorticoid kinase 1), and cytochrome P450 2S1. We found a direct correlation between baseline urinary 14,15 EET and salt-sensitivity index, whereas changes in urinary 14,15 EET negatively correlated with isolevuglandin+ monocytes from salt loading to depletion. Coincubation with 14,15 EET inhibited high-salt-induced increase in isolevuglandin+ APC. CONCLUSIONS Isolevuglandin formation in APCs responds to acute changes in salt intake in salt-sensitive but not salt-resistant people with hypertension, and this may be regulated by renal 14,15 EET. Baseline levels of isolevuglandin+ APCs or urinary 14,15 EET may provide diagnostic tools for salt sensitivity without a protocol of salt loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lale A. Ertuglu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ashley Pitzer Mutchler
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville, TN, USA
| | - S Jamison
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville, TN, USA
- Meharry Medical College Nashville, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Cheryl L. Laffer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Mohammad Saleem
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Daniel J. Blackwell
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Dmytro O. Kryshtal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Melis Sahinoz
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Quanhu Sheng
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Celestine N. Wanjalla
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Suman Pakala
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Yu Justin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Orlando M Gutierrez
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Thomas R. Kleyman
- Departments of Medicine, Cell Biology, Pharmacology, and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Björn C. Knollmann
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville, TN, USA
| | - T. Alp Ikizler
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Annet Kirabo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology (VCI)
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation (VI4)
- Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health (VIGH)
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4
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Demirci M, Hinton A, Kirabo A. Dendritic cell epithelial sodium channel induced inflammation and salt-sensitive hypertension. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2024; 33:145-153. [PMID: 38180118 PMCID: PMC10842661 DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0000000000000963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Salt sensitivity of blood pressure (SSBP) is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) plays a critical role in renal electrolyte and volume regulation and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of SSBP. This review describes recent advances regarding the role of ENaC-dependent inflammation in the development of SSBP. RECENT FINDINGS We recently found that sodium enters dendritic cells via ENaC, a process regulated by serum/glucocorticoid-regulated kinase 1 and epoxyeicosatrienoic acid 14,15. Sodium entry activates NADPH oxidase, leading to the production of isolevuglandins (IsoLGs). IsoLGs adduct self-proteins to form neoantigens in dendritic cells that activate T cells and result in the release of cytokines promoting sodium retention, kidney damage, and endothelial dysfunction in SSBP. Additionally, we described a novel mechanistic pathway involving ENaC and IsoLG-dependent NLRP3 inflammasome activation. These findings hold promise for the development of novel diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic options for SSBP. SUMMARY The exact mechanisms underlying SSBP remain elusive. Recent advances in understanding the extrarenal role of ENaC have opened a new perspective, and further research efforts should focus on understanding the link between ENaC, inflammation, and SSBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mert Demirci
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
| | - Antentor Hinton
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University
| | - Annet Kirabo
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
- Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation
- Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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Saleem M, Masenga SK, Ishimwe JA, Demirci M, Ahmad T, Jamison S, Albritton CF, Mwesigwa N, Porcia Haynes A, White J, Neikirk K, Vue Z, Hinton A, Arshad S, Desta S, Kirabo A. Recent Advances in Understanding Peripheral and Gut Immune Cell-Mediated Salt-Sensitive Hypertension and Nephropathy. Hypertension 2024; 81:436-446. [PMID: 38164753 PMCID: PMC10922672 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.123.22031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Hypertension is the primary modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular, renal, and cerebrovascular diseases and is considered the main contributing factor to morbidity and mortality worldwide. Approximately 50% of hypertensive and 25% of normotensive people exhibit salt sensitivity of blood pressure, which is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Human and animal studies demonstrate that the immune system plays an important role in the etiology and pathogenesis of salt sensitivity of blood pressure, kidney damage, and vascular diseases. Antigen-presenting and adaptive immune cells are implicated in salt-sensitive hypertension and salt-induced renal and vascular injury. Elevated sodium activates antigen-presenting cells to release proinflammatory cytokines including IL (interleukin) 6, tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-1β, and accumulate isolevuglandin-protein adducts. In turn, these activate T cells release prohypertensive cytokines including IL-17A. Moreover, high-salt intake is associated with gut dysbiosis, leading to inflammation, oxidative stress, and blood pressure elevation but the mechanistic contribution to salt-sensitivity of blood pressure is not clearly understood. Here, we discuss recent advances in research investigating the cause, potential biomarkers, and therapeutic targets for salt-sensitive hypertension as they pertain to the gut microbiome, immunity, and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Saleem
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Sepiso K Masenga
- Mulungushi University, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, HAND Research Group, Livingstone, Zambia
| | - Jeanne A Ishimwe
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Mert Demirci
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Taseer Ahmad
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Sydney Jamison
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- School of Graduate Studies, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Claude F. Albritton
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- School of Graduate Studies, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Naome Mwesigwa
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Alexandria Porcia Haynes
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jalyn White
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Spelman College Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kit Neikirk
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Zer Vue
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Antentor Hinton
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Suha Arshad
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Selam Desta
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Annet Kirabo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation
- Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health
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Nickerson AJ, Mutchler SM, Sheng S, Cox NA, Ray EC, Kashlan OB, Carattino MD, Marciszyn AL, Winfrey A, Gingras S, Kirabo A, Hughey RP, Kleyman TR. Mice lacking γENaC palmitoylation sites maintain benzamil-sensitive Na+ transport despite reduced channel activity. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e172051. [PMID: 37707951 PMCID: PMC10721255 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.172051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial Na+ channels (ENaCs) control extracellular fluid volume by facilitating Na+ absorption across transporting epithelia. In vitro studies showed that Cys-palmitoylation of the γENaC subunit is a major regulator of channel activity. We tested whether γ subunit palmitoylation sites are necessary for channel function in vivo by generating mice lacking the palmitoylated cysteines (γC33A,C41A) using CRISPR/Cas9 technology. ENaCs in dissected kidney tubules from γC33A,C41A mice had reduced open probability compared with wild-type (WT) littermates maintained on either standard or Na+-deficient diets. Male mutant mice also had higher aldosterone levels than WT littermates following Na+ restriction. However, γC33A,C41A mice did not have reduced amiloride-sensitive Na+ currents in the distal colon or benzamil-induced natriuresis compared to WT mice. We identified a second, larger conductance cation channel in the distal nephron with biophysical properties distinct from ENaC. The activity of this channel was higher in Na+-restricted γC33A,C41A versus WT mice and was blocked by benzamil, providing a possible compensatory mechanism for reduced prototypic ENaC function. We conclude that γ subunit palmitoylation sites are required for prototypic ENaC activity in vivo but are not necessary for amiloride/benzamil-sensitive Na+ transport in the distal nephron or colon.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ossama B. Kashlan
- Department of Medicine
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology
| | | | | | | | - Sebastien Gingras
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Annet Kirabo
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - Thomas R. Kleyman
- Department of Medicine
- Department of Cell Biology, and
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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7
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Lawong RY, May F, Etang EC, Vorrat P, George J, Weder J, Kockler D, Preller M, Althaus M. Recording Sodium Self-Inhibition of Epithelial Sodium Channels Using Automated Electrophysiology in Xenopus Oocytes. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:membranes13050529. [PMID: 37233590 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13050529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) is a key regulator of sodium homeostasis that contributes to blood pressure control. ENaC open probability is adjusted by extracellular sodium ions, a mechanism referred to as sodium self-inhibition (SSI). With a growing number of identified ENaC gene variants associated with hypertension, there is an increasing demand for medium- to high-throughput assays allowing the detection of alterations in ENaC activity and SSI. We evaluated a commercially available automated two-electrode voltage-clamp (TEVC) system that records transmembrane currents of ENaC-expressing Xenopus oocytes in 96-well microtiter plates. We employed guinea pig, human and Xenopus laevis ENaC orthologs that display specific magnitudes of SSI. While demonstrating some limitations over traditional TEVC systems with customized perfusion chambers, the automated TEVC system was able to detect the established SSI characteristics of the employed ENaC orthologs. We were able to confirm a reduced SSI in a gene variant, leading to C479R substitution in the human α-ENaC subunit that has been reported in Liddle syndrome. In conclusion, automated TEVC in Xenopus oocytes can detect SSI of ENaC orthologs and variants associated with hypertension. For precise mechanistic and kinetic analyses of SSI, optimization for faster solution exchange rates is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rene Y Lawong
- Department of Natural Sciences, Institute for Functional Gene Analytics, Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, 53359 Rheinbach, Germany
| | - Fabian May
- Department of Natural Sciences, Institute for Functional Gene Analytics, Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, 53359 Rheinbach, Germany
| | - Etang C Etang
- Department of Natural Sciences, Institute for Functional Gene Analytics, Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, 53359 Rheinbach, Germany
| | - Philipp Vorrat
- Department of Natural Sciences, Institute for Functional Gene Analytics, Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, 53359 Rheinbach, Germany
| | - Jonas George
- Department of Natural Sciences, Institute for Functional Gene Analytics, Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, 53359 Rheinbach, Germany
| | - Julia Weder
- Department of Natural Sciences, Institute for Functional Gene Analytics, Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, 53359 Rheinbach, Germany
| | - Dagmar Kockler
- Department of Natural Sciences, Institute for Functional Gene Analytics, Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, 53359 Rheinbach, Germany
| | - Matthias Preller
- Department of Natural Sciences, Institute for Functional Gene Analytics, Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, 53359 Rheinbach, Germany
| | - Mike Althaus
- Department of Natural Sciences, Institute for Functional Gene Analytics, Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, 53359 Rheinbach, Germany
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Lemmens-Gruber R, Tzotzos S. The Epithelial Sodium Channel-An Underestimated Drug Target. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097775. [PMID: 37175488 PMCID: PMC10178586 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial sodium channels (ENaC) are part of a complex network of interacting biochemical pathways and as such are involved in several disease states. Dependent on site and type of mutation, gain- or loss-of-function generated symptoms occur which span from asymptomatic to life-threatening disorders such as Liddle syndrome, cystic fibrosis or generalized pseudohypoaldosteronism type 1. Variants of ENaC which are implicated in disease assist further understanding of their molecular mechanisms in order to create models for specific pharmacological targeting. Identification and characterization of ENaC modifiers not only furthers our basic understanding of how these regulatory processes interact, but also enables discovery of new therapeutic targets for the disease conditions caused by ENaC dysfunction. Numerous test compounds have revealed encouraging results in vitro and in animal models but less in clinical settings. The EMA- and FDA-designated orphan drug solnatide is currently being tested in phase 2 clinical trials in the setting of acute respiratory distress syndrome, and the NOX1/ NOX4 inhibitor setanaxib is undergoing clinical phase 2 and 3 trials for therapy of primary biliary cholangitis, liver stiffness, and carcinoma. The established ENaC blocker amiloride is mainly used as an add-on drug in the therapy of resistant hypertension and is being studied in ongoing clinical phase 3 and 4 trials for special applications. This review focuses on discussing some recent developments in the search for novel therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Lemmens-Gruber
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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9
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Ahmad T, Ertuglu LA, Masenga SK, Kleyman TR, Kirabo A. The epithelial sodium channel in inflammation and blood pressure modulation. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1130148. [PMID: 37123470 PMCID: PMC10132033 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1130148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A major regulator of blood pressure and volume homeostasis in the kidney is the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC). ENaC is composed of alpha(α)/beta(β)/gamma(γ) or delta(δ)/beta(β)/gamma(γ) subunits. The δ subunit is functional in the guinea pig, but not in routinely used experimental rodent models including rat or mouse, and thus remains the least understood of the four subunits. While the δ subunit is poorly expressed in the human kidney, we recently found that its gene variants are associated with blood pressure and kidney function. The δ subunit is expressed in the human vasculature where it may influence vascular function. Moreover, we recently found that the δ subunit is also expressed human antigen presenting cells (APCs). Our studies indicate that extracellular Na+ enters APCs via ENaC leading to inflammation and salt-induced hypertension. In this review, we highlight recent findings on the role of extra-renal ENaC in inflammation, vascular dysfunction, and blood pressure modulation. Targeting extra-renal ENaC may provide new drug therapies for salt-induced hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taseer Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Lale A. Ertuglu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Sepiso K. Masenga
- Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mulungushi University, Livingstone, Zambia
| | - Thomas R. Kleyman
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Annet Kirabo
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
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10
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To provide a summary of current literature and propose potential mechanistic models to help us understand the role of HIV infection/antiretroviral therapy (ART), salt taste sensitivity (STS), and salt sensitivity of blood pressure (SSBP) in hypertension development. RECENT FINDINGS The epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) is the main protein/sodium channel for recognizing Na + in the tongue and mediates preference to low-medium salt concentrations in animals and humans. Considering the pressor response to oral salt in individuals with SSBP, poor STS may worsen blood pressure. Specific genetic variants in ENaC are linked to salt taste perception and hypertension. HIV infection, some ART, and specific antihypertensive drugs are associated with reduced STS and an increased liking for salty foods. Persons with HIV (PWH) on ART may have a decreased STS and are at a higher risk of developing salt-sensitive hypertension. Inflammation mediated by dietary salt is one of the drivers of poor STS and salt-sensitive hypertension among PWH.
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11
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Qu Y, Lu Y, Zhang D, Liu X, Fan P, Chen J, Zhang H, Yang K, Tian T, Zhou Y, Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Wang L, Huang Z, Liu Y, Hu A, Zhou X. Identification of a novel frameshift mutation in the SCNN1B causing Liddle syndrome. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2023; 68:383-387. [PMID: 36774301 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2023.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Qu
- Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Yiting Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Di Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Xinchang Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Peng Fan
- Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Jiexin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Hanbo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Kunqi Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Tao Tian
- Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Qiongyu Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Comparative Medicine Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Linping Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China.
| | - Zhuo Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Yaxin Liu
- Emergency and Critical Care Center, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China.
| | - Aihua Hu
- Department of Non-Communicable Disease Management, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing 100045, China.
| | - Xianliang Zhou
- Hypertension Center, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China.
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Ertuglu LA, Mutchler AP, Yu J, Kirabo A. Inflammation and oxidative stress in salt sensitive hypertension; The role of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1096296. [PMID: 36620210 PMCID: PMC9814168 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1096296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Salt-sensitivity of blood pressure is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease and affects approximately half of the hypertensive population. While the precise mechanisms of salt-sensitivity remain unclear, recent findings on body sodium homeostasis and salt-induced immune cell activation provide new insights into the relationship between high salt intake, inflammation, and hypertension. The immune system, specifically antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and T cells, are directly implicated in salt-induced renal and vascular injury and hypertension. Emerging evidence suggests that oxidative stress and activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome drive high sodium-mediated activation of APCs and T cells and contribute to the development of renal and vascular inflammation and hypertension. In this review, we summarize the recent insights into our understanding of the mechanisms of salt-sensitive hypertension and discuss the role of inflammasome activation as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lale A. Ertuglu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United Staes,*Correspondence: Annet Kirabo, ; Lale A. Ertuglu,
| | - Ashley Pitzer Mutchler
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Justin Yu
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Annet Kirabo
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States,*Correspondence: Annet Kirabo, ; Lale A. Ertuglu,
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