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Xega V, Liu JL. Beyond reproduction: unraveling the impact of sex hormones on cardiometabolic health. MEDICAL REVIEW (2021) 2024; 4:284-300. [PMID: 39135604 PMCID: PMC11317208 DOI: 10.1515/mr-2024-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
This review thoroughly explores the multifaceted roles of sexual hormones, emphasizing their impact beyond reproductive functions and underscoring their significant influence on cardiometabolic regulation. It analyzes the broader physiological implications of estrogen, testosterone, and progesterone, highlighting their effects on metabolic syndrome, lipid metabolism, glucose homeostasis, and cardiovascular health. Drawing from diverse molecular, clinical, and therapeutic studies, the paper delves into the intricate interplay between these hormones and cardiometabolic processes. By presenting a comprehensive analysis that goes beyond traditional perspectives, and recognizing sexual hormones as more than reproductive agents, the review sheds light on their broader significance in health and disease management, advocating for holistic and personalized medical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Xega
- MeDiC Program, The Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jun-Li Liu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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2
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Yan J, Tan X. Comprehensive analysis of gene signatures associated with aging in human aortic dissection. Heliyon 2024; 10:e31298. [PMID: 38828294 PMCID: PMC11140614 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Aortic dissection (AD) is a lethal aortic disease with limited effective therapeutic strategies. Aging increases the risk of AD, yet the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study aims to analyze the association of aging-related genes (Args) and AD using bioinformatic analysis. This helps provide novel insights into AD pathogenesis and contributes to developing novel therapeutic strategies. Methods mRNA (GSE52093, GSE153434), miRNA (GSE98770) and single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq, GSE213740) datasets of AD were downloaded from GEO database. Args were downloaded from Aging Atlas database. Differentially-expressed Args were determined by intersecting Args and differentially-expressed mRNAs of two mRNA datasets. Cytoscape was used to identify hub genes and construct hub gene regulatory networks related to miRNAs. Seurat and clusterProfiler R package were used for investigating expression patterns of hub genes at single-cell level, and functional analysis, respectively. To validate the cellular expression pattern of hub genes, the same analysis was applied to our own scRNA-seq data. Drugs targeting hub Args were determined using the DGIdb database. Results HGF, CXCL8, SERPINE1, HIF1A, TIMP1, ESR1 and PLAUR were identified as aging-related hub genes in AD. miR-221-3p was predicted to interact with ESR1. A decreased ESR1 expression in smooth muscle cell subpopulation 4 (SMC4) was observed in AD versus normal aortic tissues, which was validated by sequencing 197,605 aortic cells from 13 AD patients. Additionally, upregulated genes of SMC4 in AD tissues were enriched in the "cellular senescence" pathway. These data indicated that decreased ESR1 might promote SMC4 aging during AD formation. Eleven existing drugs targeting hub genes were identified, including ruxolitinib and filgrastim, which are associated with AD. Conclusions By sequencing transcriptomic data, this study revealed aging-related hub genes and regulatory network involved in AD formation. Additionally, this study proposed a noteworthy hypothesis that downregulated ESR1 may exacerbate AD by promoting SMC aging, which requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Yan
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China
| | - Xuerui Tan
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China
- Clinical Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China
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3
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Najar M, Khalili P, Ayoobi F, Rezaei Poor M, Vatankhah H, Pourmirzaei Olyaei H, Vazirinejad R, Jamali Z. Dietary antioxidants and hypertension among menopausal women in Rafsanjan Cohort Study. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12703. [PMID: 38830913 PMCID: PMC11148154 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63401-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Studies on the beneficial role of dietary antioxidants in preventing or managing hypertension in postmenopausal women are infrequent. The present cross-sectional study aimed to assess the association between dietary antioxidants and hypertension among menopausal women in Rafsanjan, a city located in the southeast of Iran. This study was based on data from the Rafsanjan Cohort Study (RCS), as part of the Prospective Epidemiological Research Studies in IrAN (PERSIAN). Among 2359 postmenopausal women, finally, 1936 women were included in this study. Participants were grouped as having normal blood pressure (BP), elevated BP, stage 1 hypertension, or stage 2 hypertension as defined by the 2017 American College of Cardiology (ACC)/American Heart Association (AHA) BP guideline. A food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), was utilized to ascertain the levels of various nutrients and dietary antioxidants in the diet. The association between dietary intakes of antioxidants and blood pressure groups was evaluated by crude and adjusted models in the multinominal logistics regression analysis. Normal BP, elevated BP, stage 1 hypertension, and stage 2 hypertension were observed in 35.69%, 3.62%, 10.59%, and 50.10% of postmenopausal women respectively. In the adjusted model, in subjects with higher consumption of β-carotene, the odds ratios of elevated BP in the 3rd quartile was about 2 times (OR: 2.04 (1.06-3.93) higher than 1st quartile. Also, in subjects with medium quality of DAQS, the odds ratios of elevated BP and stage 1 blood pressure were about 2 times (OR: 2.09 (1.05-4.17) and 1.69 times (OR: 1.69 (1.09-2.63) higher than subjects with low quality respectively. Furthermore, we did not find any statistically significant association between increased intake of dietary antioxidants and decreased odds of hypertension. After controlling the effects of confounding variables, increased dietary intake of selenium, carotenoids, vitamin A, vitamin C, and vitamin E did not decrease the odds of hypertension in postmenopausal women. Accordingly, it is suggested that this association be further investigated in the follow-up phase of this prospective study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Najar
- Department of Midwifery, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Geriatric Care Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Parvin Khalili
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ayoobi
- Occupational Safety and Health Research Center, NICICO, World Safety Organization and Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Mohadese Rezaei Poor
- Clinical Research Development Unit (CRDU), Ali-Ibn Abi-Talib Hospital, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Hajar Vatankhah
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | | | - Reza Vazirinejad
- Pistachio Safety Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Zahra Jamali
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.
- Clinical Research Development Unit (CRDU), Niknafs Hospital, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.
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4
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Visniauskas B, Kilanowski-Doroh I, Ogola BO, Mcnally AB, Horton AC, Imulinde Sugi A, Lindsey SH. Estrogen-mediated mechanisms in hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases. J Hum Hypertens 2023; 37:609-618. [PMID: 36319856 PMCID: PMC10919324 DOI: 10.1038/s41371-022-00771-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death globally for men and women. Premenopausal women have a lower incidence of hypertension and other cardiovascular events than men of the same age, but diminished sex differences after menopause implicates 17-beta-estradiol (E2) as a protective agent. The cardioprotective effects of E2 are mediated by nuclear estrogen receptors (ERα and ERβ) and a G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER). This review summarizes both established as well as emerging estrogen-mediated mechanisms that underlie sex differences in the vasculature during hypertension and CVD. In addition, remaining knowledge gaps inherent in the association of sex differences and E2 are identified, which may guide future clinical trials and experimental studies in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Visniauskas
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | | | - Benard O Ogola
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Alexandra B Mcnally
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Alec C Horton
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Ariane Imulinde Sugi
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Sarah H Lindsey
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA.
- Tulane Center of Excellence in Sex-Based Biology and Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA.
- Tulane Brain Institute, New Orleans, LA, USA.
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Davezac M, Buscato M, Zahreddine R, Lacolley P, Henrion D, Lenfant F, Arnal JF, Fontaine C. Estrogen Receptor and Vascular Aging. FRONTIERS IN AGING 2022; 2:727380. [PMID: 35821994 PMCID: PMC9261451 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2021.727380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases remain an age-related pathology in both men and women. These pathologies are 3-fold more frequent in men than in women before menopause, although this difference progressively decreases after menopause. The vasculoprotective role of estrogens are well established before menopause, but the consequences of their abrupt decline on the cardiovascular risk at menopause remain debated. In this review, we will attempt to summarize the main clinical and experimental studies reporting the protective effects of estrogens against cardiovascular diseases, with a particular focus on atherosclerosis, and the impact of aging and estrogen deprivation on their endothelial actions. The arterial actions of estrogens, but also part of that of androgens through their aromatization into estrogens, are mediated by the estrogen receptor (ER)α and ERβ. ERs belong to the nuclear receptor family and act by transcriptional regulation in the nucleus, but also exert non-genomic/extranuclear actions. Beside the decline of estrogens at menopause, abnormalities in the expression and/or function of ERs in the tissues, and particularly in arteries, could contribute to the failure of classic estrogens to protect arteries during aging. Finally, we will discuss how recent insights in the mechanisms of action of ERα could contribute to optimize the hormonal treatment of the menopause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Davezac
- INSERM-UPS UMR U1297, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Melissa Buscato
- INSERM-UPS UMR U1297, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Rana Zahreddine
- INSERM-UPS UMR U1297, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Patrick Lacolley
- INSERM, UMR_S 1116, DCAC Institute, Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Daniel Henrion
- INSERM U1083 CNRS UMR 6015, CHU, MITOVASC Institute and CARFI Facility, Université d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Francoise Lenfant
- INSERM-UPS UMR U1297, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Francois Arnal
- INSERM-UPS UMR U1297, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Coralie Fontaine
- INSERM-UPS UMR U1297, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
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Favre J, Vessieres E, Guihot AL, Grimaud L, Proux C, Loufrani L, Lenfant F, Fontaine C, Arnal JF, Henrion D. Early Inactivation of Membrane Estrogen Receptor Alpha (ERα) Recapitulates the Endothelial Dysfunction of Aged Mouse Resistance Arteries. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:2862. [PMID: 35270003 PMCID: PMC8911509 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Flow-mediated dilation (FMD) of resistance arteries is essential for tissue perfusion but it decreases with ageing. As estrogen receptor alpha (Erα encoded by Esr1), and more precisely membrane ERα, plays an important role in FMD in young mice in a ligand-independent fashion, we evaluated its influence on this arteriolar function in ageing. We first confirmed that in young (6-month-old) mice, FMD of mesenteric resistance arteries was reduced in Esr1-/- (lacking ERα) and C451A-ERα (lacking membrane ERα). In old (24-month-old) mice, FMD was reduced in WT mice compared to young mice, whereas it was not further decreased in Esr1-/- and C451A-ERα mice. Markers of oxidative stress were similarly increased in old WT and C451A-ERα mice. Reduction in oxidative stress with superoxide dismutase plus catalase or Mito-tempo, which reduces mitochondrial superoxide restored FMD to a normal control level in young C451A-ERα mice as well as in old WT mice and old C451A-ERα mice. Estradiol-mediated dilation was absent in old WT mice. We conclude that oxidative stress is a key event in the decline of FMD, and that an early defect in membrane ERα recapitulates phenotypically and functionally ageing of these resistance arteries. The loss of this function could take part in vascular ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Favre
- MitoVasc Department, Team 2 (CarMe) and CARFI Facility, Angers University, F-49045 Angers, France; (J.F.); (E.V.); (A.-L.G.); (L.G.); (C.P.); (L.L.)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 6015, F-49045 Angers, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1083, F-49045 Angers, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMR S 1121, Centre de Recherche en Biomédecine de Strasbourg (CRBS), F-67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Emilie Vessieres
- MitoVasc Department, Team 2 (CarMe) and CARFI Facility, Angers University, F-49045 Angers, France; (J.F.); (E.V.); (A.-L.G.); (L.G.); (C.P.); (L.L.)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 6015, F-49045 Angers, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1083, F-49045 Angers, France
| | - Anne-Laure Guihot
- MitoVasc Department, Team 2 (CarMe) and CARFI Facility, Angers University, F-49045 Angers, France; (J.F.); (E.V.); (A.-L.G.); (L.G.); (C.P.); (L.L.)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 6015, F-49045 Angers, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1083, F-49045 Angers, France
| | - Linda Grimaud
- MitoVasc Department, Team 2 (CarMe) and CARFI Facility, Angers University, F-49045 Angers, France; (J.F.); (E.V.); (A.-L.G.); (L.G.); (C.P.); (L.L.)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 6015, F-49045 Angers, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1083, F-49045 Angers, France
| | - Coralyne Proux
- MitoVasc Department, Team 2 (CarMe) and CARFI Facility, Angers University, F-49045 Angers, France; (J.F.); (E.V.); (A.-L.G.); (L.G.); (C.P.); (L.L.)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 6015, F-49045 Angers, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1083, F-49045 Angers, France
| | - Laurent Loufrani
- MitoVasc Department, Team 2 (CarMe) and CARFI Facility, Angers University, F-49045 Angers, France; (J.F.); (E.V.); (A.-L.G.); (L.G.); (C.P.); (L.L.)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 6015, F-49045 Angers, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1083, F-49045 Angers, France
| | - Françoise Lenfant
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1297, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, CHU Rangueil (University Hospital) de Toulouse, F-31432 Toulouse, France; (F.L.); (C.F.); (J.-F.A.)
| | - Coralie Fontaine
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1297, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, CHU Rangueil (University Hospital) de Toulouse, F-31432 Toulouse, France; (F.L.); (C.F.); (J.-F.A.)
| | - Jean-François Arnal
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1297, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, CHU Rangueil (University Hospital) de Toulouse, F-31432 Toulouse, France; (F.L.); (C.F.); (J.-F.A.)
| | - Daniel Henrion
- MitoVasc Department, Team 2 (CarMe) and CARFI Facility, Angers University, F-49045 Angers, France; (J.F.); (E.V.); (A.-L.G.); (L.G.); (C.P.); (L.L.)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 6015, F-49045 Angers, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1083, F-49045 Angers, France
- Angers University Hospital (CHU), F-49000 Angers, France
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Chen J, Yu J, Yuan R, Li N, Li C, Zhang X. mTOR inhibitor improves testosterone-induced myocardial hypertrophy in hypertensive rats. J Endocrinol 2022; 252:179-193. [PMID: 34874016 PMCID: PMC8859925 DOI: 10.1530/joe-21-0284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Compelling evidence has described that the incidence of hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in postmenopausal women is significantly increased worldwide. Our team's previous research identified that androgen was an underlying factor contributing to increased blood pressure and LVH in postmenopausal women. However, little is known about how androgens affect LVH in postmenopausal hypertensive women. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of mammalian rapamycin receptor (mTOR) signaling pathway in myocardial hypertrophy in androgen-induced postmenopausal hypertension and whether mTOR inhibitors can protect the myocardium from androgen-induced interference to prevent and treat cardiac hypertrophy. For that, ovariectomized (OVX) spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) aged 12 weeks were used to study the effects of testosterone (T 2.85 mg/kg/weekly i.m.) on blood pressure and myocardial tissue. On the basis of antihypertensive therapy (chlorthalidone 8 mg/kg/day ig), the improvement of blood pressure and myocardial hypertrophy in rats treated with different dose gradients of rapamycin (0.8 mg/kg/day vs 1.5 mg/kg/day vs 2 mg/kg/day i.p.) in OVX + estrogen (E 9.6 mg/kg/day, ig) + testosterone group was further evaluated. After testosterone intervention, the OVX female rats exhibited significant increments in the heart weight/tibial length (TL), area of cardiomyocytes and the mRNA expressions of ANP, β-myosin heavy chain and matrix metalloproteinase 9 accompanied by a significant reduction in the uterine weight/TL and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1. mTOR, ribosomal protein S6 kinase (S6K1), 4E-binding protein 1 (4EBP1) and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E in myocardial tissue of OVX + estrogen + testosterone group were expressed at higher levels than those of the other four groups. On the other hand, rapamycin abolished the effects of testosterone-induced cardiac hypertrophy, decreased the systolic and diastolic blood pressure of SHR, and inhibited the activation of mTOR/S6K1/4EBP1 signaling pathway in a concentration-dependent manner. Collectively, these data suggest that the mTOR/S6K1/4EBP1 pathway is an important therapeutic target for the prevention of LVH in postmenopausal hypertensive female rats with high testosterone levels. Our findings also support the standpoint that the mTOR inhibitor, rapamycin, can eliminate testosterone-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianshu Chen
- Lanzhou University Second College of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jing Yu
- Lanzhou University Second College of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou, China
- Department of Cardiology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ruowen Yuan
- Department of Cardiology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ningyin Li
- Department of Cardiology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Caie Li
- Department of Cardiology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaofang Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
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Sex steroids receptors, hypertension, and vascular ageing. J Hum Hypertens 2022; 36:120-125. [PMID: 34230581 PMCID: PMC8850193 DOI: 10.1038/s41371-021-00576-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sex hormone receptors are expressed throughout the vasculature and play an important role in the modulation of blood pressure in health and disease. The functions of these receptors may be important in the understanding of sexual dimorphism observed in the pathophysiology of both hypertension and vascular ageing. The interconnectivity of these factors can be exemplified in postmenopausal females, who with age and estrogen deprivation, surpass males with regard to hypertension prevalence, despite experiencing significantly less disease burden in their estrogen replete youth. Estrogen and androgen receptors mediate their actions via direct genomic effects or rapid non-genomic signaling, involving a host of mediators. The expression and subtype composition of these receptors changes through the lifespan in response to age, disease and hormonal exposure. These factors may promote sex steroid receptor-mediated alterations to the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS), and increases in oxidative stress and inflammation, thereby contributing to the development of hypertension and vascular injury with age.
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Regional Diversities in Fibrogenesis Weighed as a Key Determinant for Atrial Arrhythmogenesis. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9121900. [PMID: 34944715 PMCID: PMC8698388 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9121900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Atrial fibrosis plays a key role in atrial myopathy, resulting in the genesis of atrial fibrillation (AF). The abnormal distribution of fibrotic tissue, electrical coupling, paracrine interactions, and biomechanical–electrical interactions have all been suggested as causes of fibrosis-related arrhythmogenesis. Moreover, the regional difference in fibrogenesis, specifically the left atrium (LA) exhibiting a higher arrhythmogenesis and level of fibrosis than the right atrium (RA) in AF, is a key contributor to atrial arrhythmogenesis. LA fibroblasts have greater profibrotic cellular activities than RA fibroblasts, but knowledge about the regional diversity of atrial regional fibrogenesis remains limited. This article provides a comprehensive review of research findings on the association between fibrogenesis and arrhythmogenesis from laboratory to clinical evidence and updates the current understanding of the potential mechanism underlying the difference in fibrogenesis between the LA and RA.
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10
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Favre J, Vessieres E, Guihot AL, Proux C, Grimaud L, Rivron J, Garcia MC, Réthoré L, Zahreddine R, Davezac M, Fébrissy C, Adlanmerini M, Loufrani L, Procaccio V, Foidart JM, Flouriot G, Lenfant F, Fontaine C, Arnal JF, Henrion D. Membrane estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) participates in flow-mediated dilation in a ligand-independent manner. eLife 2021; 10:68695. [PMID: 34842136 PMCID: PMC8676342 DOI: 10.7554/elife.68695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) activation by estrogens prevents atheroma through its nuclear action, whereas plasma membrane-located ERα accelerates endothelial healing. The genetic deficiency of ERα was associated with a reduction in flow-mediated dilation (FMD) in one man. Here, we evaluated ex vivo the role of ERα on FMD of resistance arteries. FMD, but not agonist (acetylcholine, insulin)-mediated dilation, was reduced in male and female mice lacking ERα (Esr1-/- mice) compared to wild-type mice and was not dependent on the presence of estrogens. In C451A-ERα mice lacking membrane ERα, not in mice lacking AF2-dependent nuclear ERα actions, FMD was reduced, and restored by antioxidant treatments. Compared to wild-type mice, isolated perfused kidneys of C451A-ERα mice revealed a decreased flow-mediated nitrate production and an increased H2O2 production. Thus, endothelial membrane ERα promotes NO bioavailability through inhibition of oxidative stress and thereby participates in FMD in a ligand-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Favre
- Angers University, MITOVASC, CNRS UMR 6015, INSERM U1083, Angers, France
| | - Emilie Vessieres
- Angers University, MITOVASC, CNRS UMR 6015, INSERM U1083, Angers, France.,CARFI facility, Angers University, Angers, France
| | - Anne-Laure Guihot
- Angers University, MITOVASC, CNRS UMR 6015, INSERM U1083, Angers, France.,CARFI facility, Angers University, Angers, France
| | - Coralyne Proux
- Angers University, MITOVASC, CNRS UMR 6015, INSERM U1083, Angers, France.,CARFI facility, Angers University, Angers, France
| | - Linda Grimaud
- Angers University, MITOVASC, CNRS UMR 6015, INSERM U1083, Angers, France
| | - Jordan Rivron
- Angers University, MITOVASC, CNRS UMR 6015, INSERM U1083, Angers, France.,CARFI facility, Angers University, Angers, France
| | - Manuela Cl Garcia
- Angers University, MITOVASC, CNRS UMR 6015, INSERM U1083, Angers, France.,CARFI facility, Angers University, Angers, France
| | - Léa Réthoré
- Angers University, MITOVASC, CNRS UMR 6015, INSERM U1083, Angers, France
| | - Rana Zahreddine
- INSERM U1297, Paul Sabatier University (Toulouse III) , University Hospital (UHC) of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Morgane Davezac
- INSERM U1297, Paul Sabatier University (Toulouse III) , University Hospital (UHC) of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Chanaelle Fébrissy
- INSERM U1297, Paul Sabatier University (Toulouse III) , University Hospital (UHC) of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Marine Adlanmerini
- INSERM U1297, Paul Sabatier University (Toulouse III) , University Hospital (UHC) of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Laurent Loufrani
- Angers University, MITOVASC, CNRS UMR 6015, INSERM U1083, Angers, France.,University Hospital (CHU) of Angers, Angers, France
| | - Vincent Procaccio
- Angers University, MITOVASC, CNRS UMR 6015, INSERM U1083, Angers, France.,University Hospital (CHU) of Angers, Angers, France
| | - Jean-Michel Foidart
- Groupe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Gilles Flouriot
- INSERM U1085, IRSET (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail), University of Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Françoise Lenfant
- INSERM U1297, Paul Sabatier University (Toulouse III) , University Hospital (UHC) of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Coralie Fontaine
- INSERM U1297, Paul Sabatier University (Toulouse III) , University Hospital (UHC) of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-François Arnal
- INSERM U1297, Paul Sabatier University (Toulouse III) , University Hospital (UHC) of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Daniel Henrion
- Angers University, MITOVASC, CNRS UMR 6015, INSERM U1083, Angers, France.,CARFI facility, Angers University, Angers, France.,University Hospital (CHU) of Angers, Angers, France
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11
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Koyuncuoğlu T, Yıldırım A, Dertsiz EK, Yüksel M, Ercan F, Yeğen BÇ. Estrogen receptor agonists protect against acetaminophen-induced hepatorenal toxicity in rats. Life Sci 2020; 263:118561. [PMID: 33045213 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Acetaminophen-induced hepatorenal toxicity varies among sexes with controversial results among species. The aim was to compare the impact of sex and ovarian hormones on hepatorenal toxicity and to elucidate protective effects of estrogen and estrogen receptor (ER) agonists. MAIN METHODS Under anesthesia, female rats underwent ovariectomy (OVX) or sham-OVX. Starting at postsurgical 40th day, OVX-rats received subcutaneously (each, 1 mg/kg/day) 17β-estradiol (E2), ERβ-agonist (DPN) or ERα-agonist (PPT) for 10 days, while male and sham-OVX rats received vehicle for 10 days. Then, rats received either acetaminophen (3 g/kg) or saline by orogastric gavage and were decapitated at 24th h. Blood samples were obtained to measure serum ALT, AST, BUN, creatinine levels. Liver and kidney samples were obtained for histopathologic examination and for analyzing levels of luminol- and lucigenin-chemiluminescence, glutathione and myeloperoxidase activity. KEY FINDINGS Compared to their control groups, levels of AST, ALT, BUN, creatinine, hepatic and renal myeloperoxidase activity and chemiluminescence levels were increased, and hepatic glutathione level was decreased in acetaminophen-administered male groups, while ALT and hepatic chemiluminescence levels were not elevated in sham-OVX-rats. Both ER-agonists and E2 reduced BUN, creatinine and reversed all oxidative parameters in renal tissues of OVX-rats. Additionally, ERα-agonist reversed all hepatic injury parameters, while ERβ-agonist elevated hepatic glutathione level. SIGNIFICANCE Acetaminophen toxicity in female rats presented with a more preserved hepatic function, while renal toxicity was not influenced by sex or by the lack of ovarian hormones. Pretreatment with estrogen or ER agonists, via their antioxidant actions, provided protective effects on acetaminophen-induced hepatorenal toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Türkan Koyuncuoğlu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Alper Yıldırım
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ekin K Dertsiz
- Department of Histology & Embryology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Meral Yüksel
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Vocational School of Health-Related Professions, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Feriha Ercan
- Department of Histology & Embryology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Berrak Ç Yeğen
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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12
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Relationship between red blood cell distribution width levels and atrial fibrillation in hypertensive patients. JOURNAL OF GERIATRIC CARDIOLOGY : JGC 2020; 17:486-494. [PMID: 32952523 PMCID: PMC7475217 DOI: 10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2020.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Information on the relationship between red blood cell distribution width (RDW) and atrial fibrillation (AF) in patients with essential hypertension are scarce. The study aimed to assess the relationship between AF and RDW in hypertensive patients. Methods We enrolled 432 hypertensive patients, including 350 AF patients and 82 patients as controls. Patients' demographic, clinical, laboratory and echocardiographic characteristics were recorded. The AF patients were further divided into the persistent and paroxysmal AF subgroups. Electrocardiograms were monitored to identify the cardiac rhythm during blood sampling, and based on the rhythm, the paroxysmal AF group was categorized into the presence (with AF rhythm during blood sampling) and absence (with sinus rhythm during blood sampling) groups. Results The AF group had elevated RDW levels than the controls (12.7% ± 0.8% vs. 12.4% ± 0.7%, P = 0.002), and the persistent AF subgroup had higher RDW levels than the paroxysmal AF subgroup (12.9% ± 0.8% vs. 12.6% ± 0.8%, P = 0.007). Furthermore, in the paroxysmal AF group, the presence group had higher RDW levels than the absence group (13.0% ± 0.6% vs. 12.5% ± 0.9%, P = 0.001). There was no significant difference in RDW levels between the persistent AF subgroup and presence group of the paroxysmal AF subgroup (P = 0.533) and between the absence group of the paroxysmal AF subgroup and control group (P = 0.262). In multivariate regression analysis, in hypertensive patients, the presence of AF rhythm is an independent predictor for increased RDW concentration (P = 0.001). Conclusions The RDW may be associated with the presence of AF rhythm, which implies the importance of maintaining the sinus rhythm in hypertensive patients.
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13
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Acacetin improves endothelial dysfunction and aortic fibrosis in insulin-resistant SHR rats by estrogen receptors. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:6899-6918. [PMID: 32892299 PMCID: PMC7561596 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05746-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the work was to investigate the effects of acacetin on endothelial dysfunction and aortic fibrosis in insulin-resistant SHR rats and explore its mechanism. Seven-week-old male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were selected to establish a rat model of hypertension with insulin resistance induced by 10% fructose. The nuclear factor kappa B p65 (NF-κB p65) and Collagen I were observed by Immunohistochemistry. Immunofluorescence was used to observe estrogen receptor-alpha (ERα), estrogen receptor-beta (ERβ), and G protein-coupled receptor 30 (GPR30). Western blotting was used to detect interleukin (IL-1β), Arginase 2 (ARG2), Nostrin, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), TGF-β, Smad3, ERK pathway proteins such as p-c-Raf, p-MEK1/2, p-ERK, ERK, p-P90RSK and p-MSK1. We found that acacetin did have an improvement on endothelial dysfunction and fibrosis. Meanwhile, it was also found to have a significant effect on the level of estrogen in this model by accident. Then, the experiment of uterine weight gain in mice confirmed that acacetin had a certain estrogen-like effect in vivo and played its role through the estrogen receptors pathway. In vitro experience HUVEC cells were stimulated with 30 mM/L glucose and 100 mM/L NaCl for 24 h to establish the endothelial cell injury model. HUVEC cells were treated with 1 μM/L estrogen receptors antagonist (ICI 182780) for 30 min before administration. Cell experiments showed that acacetin could reduce the apoptosis of HUVEC cells, the levels of inflammatory cytokines and the expression of TGF-β, Collagen I and Smad3 in endothelial cell injury model. After treatment with ICI 182780, the improvement of acacetin was significantly reversed. The results showed that acacetin relieved endothelial dysfunction and reduced the aortic fibrosis in insulin-resistant SHR rats by reducing the release of inflammatory factors and improving vasodilatory function through estrogen signaling pathway.
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14
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Fu Y, Yuan PP, Cao YG, Ke YY, Zhang Q, Hou Y, Zhang YL, Feng WS, Zheng XK. Geniposide in Gardenia jasminoides var. radicans Makino modulates blood pressure via inhibiting WNK pathway mediated by the estrogen receptors. J Pharm Pharmacol 2020; 72:1956-1969. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.13361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
To investigate the effects of geniposide in an iridoid found in Gardenia jasminoides var. radicans Makino (GJRM) in spontaneous hypertensive rat (SHR) and explore the possible mechanisms.
Methods
In this study, we detected the content of geniposide in GJRM by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Then, we used acute diuretic experiments to determine whether geniposide has diuretic effect. Moreover, we carried out experiments on SHR to further study the mechanism of hypertension, while real-time PCR, Western blot and immunohistochemistry were used for the experiments in vivo test. Hypotonic model was used for in vitro test.
Key findings
Our data showed that the content of geniposide in the extract of GJRM is 27.54%. Meanwhile, 50 mg/kg geniposide showed the strongest effect on promoting urine volume. Further study indicated that the extract of GJRM and geniposide could significantly reduce blood pressure and promote the excretion of urine and Na+ in SHR. In addition, geniposide significantly inhibited the activation of the with-no-lysine kinase (WNK) signalling pathway and significantly increases the protein expressions of estrogen receptor α (ERα), estrogen receptor β (ERβ) and G protein-coupled receptor 30 (GPR30) in SHR. In hypotonic model, geniposide significantly inhibits the phosphorylation of NKCC and NCC and could be antagonistic to estrogen receptor antagonists.
Conclusions
Collectively, we would suggest that geniposide may potentially be utilized as an adjunct to existing thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics to control hypertension, mainly through inhibiting the activation of the WNK signalling pathway mediated by the estrogen receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Fu
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Pei-pei Yuan
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yan-gang Cao
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Ying-ying Ke
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Ying Hou
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yan-li Zhang
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Wei-sheng Feng
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xiao-ke Zheng
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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15
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The Impact of Estrogen Receptor in Arterial and Lymphatic Vascular Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093244. [PMID: 32375307 PMCID: PMC7247322 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The lower incidence of cardiovascular diseases in pre-menopausal women compared to men is well-known documented. This protection has been largely attributed to the protective effect of estrogens, which exert many beneficial effects against arterial diseases, including vasodilatation, acceleration of healing in response to arterial injury, arterial collateral growth and atheroprotection. More recently, with the visualization of the lymphatic vessels, the impact of estrogens on lymphedema and lymphatic diseases started to be elucidated. These estrogenic effects are mediated not only by the classic nuclear/genomic actions via the specific estrogen receptor (ER) α and β, but also by rapid extra-nuclear membrane-initiated steroid signaling (MISS). The ERs are expressed by endothelial, lymphatic and smooth muscle cells in the different vessels. In this review, we will summarize the complex vascular effects of estrogens and selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) that have been described using different transgenic mouse models with selective loss of ERα function and numerous animal models of vascular and lymphatic diseases.
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16
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Guivarc'h E, Favre J, Guihot AL, Vessières E, Grimaud L, Proux C, Rivron J, Barbelivien A, Fassot C, Briet M, Lenfant F, Fontaine C, Loufrani L, Arnal JF, Henrion D. Nuclear Activation Function 2 Estrogen Receptor α Attenuates Arterial and Renal Alterations Due to Aging and Hypertension in Female Mice. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 9:e013895. [PMID: 32102616 PMCID: PMC7335584 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.119.013895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background The cardiovascular protective effects of estrogens in premenopausal women depend mainly on estrogen receptor α (ERα). ERα activates nuclear gene transcription regulation and membrane‐initiated signaling. The latter plays a key role in estrogen‐dependent activation of endothelial NO synthase. The goal of the present work was to determine the respective roles of the 2 ERα activities in endothelial function and cardiac and kidney damage in young and old female mice with hypertension, which is a major risk factor in postmenopausal women. Methods and Results Five‐ and 18‐month‐old female mice lacking either ERα (ERα−/−), the nuclear activating function AF2 of ERα (AF2°), or membrane‐located ERα (C451A) were treated with angiotensin II (0.5 mg/kg per day) for 1 month. Systolic blood pressure, left ventricle weight, vascular reactivity, and kidney function were then assessed. Angiotensin II increased systolic blood pressure, ventricle weight, and vascular contractility in ERα−/− and AF2° mice more than in wild‐type and C451A mice, independent of age. In both the aorta and mesenteric resistance arteries, angiotensin II and aging reduced endothelium‐dependent relaxation in all groups, but this effect was more pronounced in ERα−/− and AF2° than in the wild‐type and C451A mice. Kidney inflammation and oxidative stress, as well as blood urea and creatinine levels, were also more pronounced in old hypertensive ERα−/− and AF2° than in old hypertensive wild‐type and C451A mice. Conclusions The nuclear ERα‐AF2 dependent function attenuates angiotensin II–dependent hypertension and protects target organs in aging mice, whereas membrane ERα signaling does not seem to play a role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Guivarc'h
- MITOVASC Institute and CARFI Facility INSERM U1083 CNRS UMR 6015 Angers University Angers France
| | - Julie Favre
- MITOVASC Institute and CARFI Facility INSERM U1083 CNRS UMR 6015 Angers University Angers France
| | - Anne-Laure Guihot
- MITOVASC Institute and CARFI Facility INSERM U1083 CNRS UMR 6015 Angers University Angers France
| | - Emilie Vessières
- MITOVASC Institute and CARFI Facility INSERM U1083 CNRS UMR 6015 Angers University Angers France
| | - Linda Grimaud
- MITOVASC Institute and CARFI Facility INSERM U1083 CNRS UMR 6015 Angers University Angers France
| | - Coralyne Proux
- MITOVASC Institute and CARFI Facility INSERM U1083 CNRS UMR 6015 Angers University Angers France
| | - Jordan Rivron
- MITOVASC Institute and CARFI Facility INSERM U1083 CNRS UMR 6015 Angers University Angers France
| | - Agnès Barbelivien
- MITOVASC Institute and CARFI Facility INSERM U1083 CNRS UMR 6015 Angers University Angers France
| | - Céline Fassot
- MITOVASC Institute and CARFI Facility INSERM U1083 CNRS UMR 6015 Angers University Angers France
| | - Marie Briet
- MITOVASC Institute and CARFI Facility INSERM U1083 CNRS UMR 6015 Angers University Angers France.,University Hospital of Angers Angers France
| | - Françoise Lenfant
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires Université de Toulouse 3 UMR INSERM 1048 Toulouse France
| | - Coralie Fontaine
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires Université de Toulouse 3 UMR INSERM 1048 Toulouse France
| | - Laurent Loufrani
- MITOVASC Institute and CARFI Facility INSERM U1083 CNRS UMR 6015 Angers University Angers France
| | - Jean-François Arnal
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires Université de Toulouse 3 UMR INSERM 1048 Toulouse France
| | - Daniel Henrion
- MITOVASC Institute and CARFI Facility INSERM U1083 CNRS UMR 6015 Angers University Angers France.,University Hospital of Angers Angers France
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