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Song J, Wang X, Wang B, Ge Y, Bi L, Jing F, Jin H, Li T, Gu B, Wang L, Hao J, Zhao Y, Liu J, Zhang H, Li X, Li J, Ma W, Wang J, Normand SLT, Herrin J, Armitage J, Krumholz HM, Zheng X. Learning implementation of a guideline based decision support system to improve hypertension treatment in primary care in China: pragmatic cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2024; 386:e079143. [PMID: 39043397 PMCID: PMC11265211 DOI: 10.1136/bmj-2023-079143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effectiveness of a clinical decision support system (CDSS) in improving the use of guideline accordant antihypertensive treatment in primary care settings in China. DESIGN Pragmatic, open label, cluster randomised trial. SETTING 94 primary care practices in four urban regions of China between August 2019 and July 2022: Luoyang (central China), Jining (east China), and Shenzhen (south China, including two regions). PARTICIPANTS 94 practices were randomised (46 to CDSS, 48 to usual care). 12 137 participants with hypertension who used up to two classes of antihypertensives and had a systolic blood pressure <180 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure <110 mm Hg were included. INTERVENTIONS Primary care practices were randomised to use an electronic health record based CDSS, which recommended a specific guideline accordant regimen for initiation, titration, or switching of antihypertensive (the intervention), or to use the same electronic health record without CDSS and provide treatment as usual (control). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcome was the proportion of hypertension related visits during which an appropriate (guideline accordant) treatment was provided. Secondary outcomes were the average reduction in systolic blood pressure and proportion of participants with controlled blood pressure (<140/90 mm Hg) at the last scheduled follow-up. Safety outcomes were patient reported antihypertensive treatment related events, including syncope, injurious fall, symptomatic hypotension or systolic blood pressure <90 mm Hg, and bradycardia. RESULTS 5755 participants with 23 113 visits in the intervention group and 6382 participants with 27 868 visits in the control group were included. Mean age was 61 (standard deviation 13) years and 42.5% were women. During a median 11.6 months of follow-up, the proportion of visits at which appropriate treatment was given was higher in the intervention group than in the control group (77.8% (17 975/23 113) v 62.2% (17 328/27 868); absolute difference 15.2 percentage points (95% confidence interval (CI) 10.7 to 19.8); P<0.001; odds ratio 2.17 (95% CI 1.75 to 2.69); P<0.001). Compared with participants in the control group, those in the intervention group had a 1.6 mm Hg (95% CI -2.7 to -0.5) greater reduction in systolic blood pressure (-1.5 mm Hg v 0.3 mm Hg; P=0.006) and a 4.4 percentage point (95% CI -0.7 to 9.5) improvement in blood pressure control rate (69.0% (3415/4952) v 64.6% (3778/5845); P=0.07). Patient reported antihypertensive treatment related adverse effects were rare in both groups. CONCLUSIONS Use of a CDSS in primary care in China improved the provision of guideline accordant antihypertensive treatment and led to a modest reduction in blood pressure. The CDSS offers a promising approach to delivering better care for hypertension, both safely and efficiently. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03636334.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Song
- National Clinical Research Centre for Cardiovascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Fuwai Hospital, National Centre for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuling Wang
- National Clinical Research Centre for Cardiovascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Fuwai Hospital, National Centre for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Wang
- National Clinical Research Centre for Cardiovascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Fuwai Hospital, National Centre for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yilan Ge
- National Clinical Research Centre for Cardiovascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Fuwai Hospital, National Centre for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Bi
- National Clinical Research Centre for Cardiovascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Fuwai Hospital, National Centre for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Fuyu Jing
- National Clinical Research Centre for Cardiovascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Fuwai Hospital, National Centre for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Huijun Jin
- National Clinical Research Centre for Cardiovascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Fuwai Hospital, National Centre for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Teng Li
- National Clinical Research Centre for Cardiovascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Fuwai Hospital, National Centre for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Gu
- National Clinical Research Centre for Cardiovascular Diseases, Shenzhen, Fuwai Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lili Wang
- National Clinical Research Centre for Cardiovascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Fuwai Hospital, National Centre for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Hao
- Medical Research and Biometrics Centre, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Centre for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yanyan Zhao
- Medical Research and Biometrics Centre, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Centre for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jiamin Liu
- National Clinical Research Centre for Cardiovascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Fuwai Hospital, National Centre for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Haibo Zhang
- National Clinical Research Centre for Cardiovascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Fuwai Hospital, National Centre for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Li
- National Clinical Research Centre for Cardiovascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Fuwai Hospital, National Centre for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Centre for Cardiovascular Diseases, Shenzhen, Fuwai Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jing Li
- National Clinical Research Centre for Cardiovascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Fuwai Hospital, National Centre for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjun Ma
- Hypertension Centre, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Fuwai Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jiguang Wang
- The Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Sharon-Lise T Normand
- Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jeph Herrin
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jane Armitage
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC Population Health Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Harlan M Krumholz
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Xin Zheng
- National Clinical Research Centre for Cardiovascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Fuwai Hospital, National Centre for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Centre for Cardiovascular Diseases, Shenzhen, Fuwai Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Coronary Artery Disease Ward 2, Fuwai Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Clinical Trial Centre, Fuwai Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenzhen, China
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Kasanagottu K, Mukamal KJ, Landon BE. Predictors of treatment intensification in uncontrolled hypertension. J Hypertens 2024; 42:283-291. [PMID: 37889569 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000003598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Prior studies have shown that treatment intensification for patients presenting with uncontrolled hypertension (HTN) rarely occurs, even during visits to the patient's own primary care physicians (PCPs). In this article, we identified predictors of treatment intensification for uncontrolled HTN. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study using nationally representative survey data on visits by patients aged 18 or above with uncontrolled HTN, defined as a recorded SBP at least 140 and/or a DBP at least 90 using data from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS) 2008-2018. Our outcome is treatment intensification defined as the addition of a new blood pressure medication. RESULTS We analyzed 22 559 visits to PCPs where uncontrolled HTN was noted, representing 801 023 786 visits nationally. Among these encounters, 2138 (10.3%) of the visits resulted in treatment intensification. Visits with the patient's own PCP had higher rates of treatment intensification than visits to another PCP (10.8 vs. 5.9%, P < 0.0001). Visits for patients previously on antihypertensive medications had lower rates of treatment intensification (11% for no medications, 10.4% for one medication, 6.6% for ≥2 medications, P < 0.0001), but there were no statistically significant differences in rates of intensification for those with relevant comorbidities (9.4% for no chronic conditions, 10.8% for one to two chronic conditions, 8.9% for at least three chronic conditions, P = 0.12). Multivariable adjusted results were similar to the unadjusted findings. CONCLUSION Visits for patients with uncontrolled HTN rarely result in treatment intensification. Substantial opportunity exists to improve management of HTN, particularly for patients on fewer medications or seen by a covering provider.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koushik Kasanagottu
- Division of General Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Brookline
- Department of Medicine
| | - Kenneth J Mukamal
- Division of General Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Brookline
- Department of Medicine
| | - Bruce E Landon
- Division of General Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Brookline
- Department of Healthcare Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Sánchez Peinador C, Torras Borrell J, Castillo Moraga MJ, Egocheaga Cabello MI, Rodríguez Villalón X, Turégano Yedro M, Gamarra Ortiz J, Domínguez Sardiña M, Pallarés Carratalá V. [Optimizing blood pressure control through telemedicine in Primary Care in Spain (Iniciativa Óptima): Results from a Delphi study]. Aten Primaria 2022; 54:102353. [PMID: 35588550 PMCID: PMC9119825 DOI: 10.1016/j.aprim.2022.102353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objetivo Representantes de los grupos de trabajo de hipertensión o enfermedad cardiovascular de las Sociedades Españolas de Médicos de Atención Primaria (MAP) [SEMERGEN], de Medicina Familiar y Comunitaria [semFYC] y de Médicos Generales y de Familia [SEMG] realizaron un estudio Delphi para validar con un panel de MAP expertos en hipertensión una propuesta de recomendaciones para optimizar la teleconsulta en pacientes hipertensos. Materiales y métodos Estudio Delphi basado en un cuestionario online con 59 recomendaciones, elaborado en base a la bibliografía relacionada disponible y a la experiencia clínica aportada por los autores. Resultados Un total de 118 MAP participaron en dos rondas del cuestionario (98,3% de los invitados), alcanzándose el consenso en 53/62 sentencias (85%). El equipo de Atención Primaria debe seleccionar a los pacientes hipertensos candidatos a realizar la consulta telemática proactivamente, informando de la cita con antelación. Al iniciar la consulta telemática, se recomienda explicar el motivo y los objetivos de la misma, y realizar la anamnesis preguntando por signos y síntomas de empeoramiento de la enfermedad, tratamientos actuales y adherencia a los mismos. En pacientes con una automedida de la presión arterial (AMPA) ≤ 135/85 mmHg se recomienda pautar una nueva cita telemática en 3-6 meses. Por el contrario, en pacientes asintomáticos que reporten una AMPA ≥ 135/85 mmHg se recomienda la monitorización ambulatoria de la presión arterial, modificar el tratamiento, o derivar al paciente a visita presencial o al hospital en caso de signos o síntomas de alarma. Conclusiones La teleconsulta puede complementar la consulta presencial, constituyendo un elemento más a tener en cuenta para el adecuado control de los pacientes hipertensos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Sánchez Peinador
- Centro de Salud Cantalejo, Cantalejo, Segovia, España; Grupo de Trabajo de ECV de SEMG, España
| | - Joan Torras Borrell
- CAP Sant Llàtzer, Terrassa, Barcelona, España; Coordinador del grupo de HTA de la Societat Catalana de Medicina Familiar i Comunitària, CAMFIC, España; Grupo de Trabajo de HTA de SEMFYC, España.
| | - María José Castillo Moraga
- Centro de Salud Sanlúcar Barrio Bajo, Sanlúcar de Barrameda, Cádiz, España; Grupo de Trabajo de HTA y ECV de SEMERGEN, España
| | | | | | - Miguel Turégano Yedro
- Grupo de Trabajo de HTA y ECV de SEMERGEN, España; Centro de Salud Aldea Moret, Cáceres, España
| | - Javier Gamarra Ortiz
- Grupo de Trabajo de ECV de SEMG, España; CS Medina Rural, Medina del Campo, Valladolid, España
| | | | - Vicente Pallarés Carratalá
- Grupo de Trabajo de HTA y ECV de SEMERGEN, España; Unidad de Vigilancia de la Salud, Unión de Mutuas, Castellón, España; Departamento de Medicina, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, España
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Cooper-DeHoff RM, Fontil V, Carton T, Chamberlain AM, Todd J, O'Brien EC, Shaw KM, Smith M, Choi S, Nilles EK, Ford D, Tecson KM, Dennar PE, Ahmad F, Wu S, McClay JC, Azar K, Singh R, Faulkner Modrow M, Shay CM, Rakotz M, Wozniak G, Pletcher MJ. Tracking Blood Pressure Control Performance and Process Metrics in 25 US Health Systems: The PCORnet Blood Pressure Control Laboratory. J Am Heart Assoc 2021; 10:e022224. [PMID: 34612048 PMCID: PMC8751828 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.121.022224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background The National Patient-Centered Clinical Research Network Blood Pressure Control Laboratory Surveillance System was established to identify opportunities for blood pressure (BP) control improvement and to provide a mechanism for tracking improvement longitudinally. Methods and Results We conducted a serial cross-sectional study with queries against standardized electronic health record data in the National Patient-Centered Clinical Research Network (PCORnet) common data model returned by 25 participating US health systems. Queries produced BP control metrics for adults with well-documented hypertension and a recent encounter at the health system for a series of 1-year measurement periods for each quarter of available data from January 2017 to March 2020. Aggregate weighted results are presented overall and by race and ethnicity. The most recent measurement period includes data from 1 737 995 patients, and 11 956 509 patient-years were included in the trend analysis. Overall, 15% were Black, 52% women, and 28% had diabetes. BP control (<140/90 mm Hg) was observed in 62% (range, 44%-74%) but varied by race and ethnicity, with the lowest BP control among Black patients at 57% (odds ratio, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.66-0.94). A new class of antihypertensive medication (medication intensification) was prescribed in just 12% (range, 0.6%-25%) of patient visits where BP was uncontrolled. However, when medication intensification occurred, there was a large decrease in systolic BP (≈15 mm Hg; range, 5-18 mm Hg). Conclusions Major opportunities exist for improving BP control and reducing disparities, especially through consistent medication intensification when BP is uncontrolled. These data demonstrate substantial room for improvement and opportunities to close health equity gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Valy Fontil
- University of California San Francisco San Francisco CA
| | - Thomas Carton
- Louisiana Public Health InstituteTulane University New Orleans LA
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Kim BJ, Cho YJ, Hong KS, Lee J, Kim JT, Choi KH, Park TH, Park SS, Park JM, Kang K, Lee SJ, Kim JG, Cha JK, Kim DH, Lee BC, Yu KH, Oh MS, Kim DE, Ryu WS, Choi JC, Kim WJ, Shin DI, Sohn SI, Hong JH, Lee JS, Lee J, Han MK, Gorelick PB, Bae HJ. Treatment Intensification for Elevated Blood Pressure and Risk of Recurrent Stroke. J Am Heart Assoc 2021; 10:e019457. [PMID: 33787300 PMCID: PMC8174371 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.120.019457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Background It remains unclear whether physicians' attitudes toward timely management of elevated blood pressure affect the risk of stroke recurrence. Methods and Results From a multicenter stroke registry database, we identified 2933 patients with acute ischemic stroke who were admitted to participating centers in 2011, survived at the 1‐year follow‐up period, and returned to outpatient clinics ≥2 times after discharge. As a surrogate measure of physicians' attitude, individual treatment intensification (TI) scores were calculated by dividing the difference between the frequencies of observed and expected medication changes by the frequency of clinic visits and categorizing them into 5 groups. The association between TI groups and the recurrence of stroke within 1 year was analyzed using hierarchical frailty models, with adjustment for clustering within each hospital and relevant covariates. Mean±SD of the TI score was −0.13±0.28. The TI score groups were significantly associated with increased risk of recurrent stroke compared with Group 3 (TI score range, −0.25 to 0); Group 1 (range, −1 to −0.5), adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 13.43 (95% CI, 5.95–30.35); Group 2 (range, −0.5 to −0.25), adjusted HR 4.59 (95% CI, 2.01–10.46); and Group 4 (TI score 0), adjusted HR 6.60 (95% CI, 3.02–14.45); but not with Group 5 (range, 0–1), adjusted HR 1.68 (95% CI, 0.62–4.56). This elevated risk in the lowest TI score groups persisted when confining analysis to those with hypertension, history of blood pressure‐lowering medication, no atrial fibrillation, and regular clinic visits and stratifying the subjects by functional capacity at discharge. Conclusions A low TI score, which implies physicians' therapeutic inertia in blood pressure management, was associated with a higher risk of recurrent stroke. The TI score may be a useful performance indicator in the outpatient clinic setting to prevent recurrent stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beom Joon Kim
- Department of Neurology and Cerebrovascular Center Seoul National University Bundang HospitalSeoul National University College of Medicine Seongnam Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Jin Cho
- Department of Neurology Ilsan Paik HospitalInje University Goyang Republic of Korea
| | - Keun-Sik Hong
- Department of Neurology Ilsan Paik HospitalInje University Goyang Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Lee
- Department of Neurology Yeungnam University Hospital Daegu Republic of Korea
| | - Joon-Tae Kim
- Department of Neurology Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital Gwangju Republic of Korea
| | - Kang Ho Choi
- Department of Neurology Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital Gwangju Republic of Korea
| | - Tai Hwan Park
- Department of Neurology Seoul Medical Center Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Soon Park
- Department of Neurology Seoul Medical Center Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Moo Park
- Department of Neurology Eulji General Hospital Eulji University Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Kyusik Kang
- Department of Neurology Eulji General Hospital Eulji University Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Joo Lee
- Department of Neurology Eulji University HospitalEulji University Daejeon Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Guk Kim
- Department of Neurology Eulji University HospitalEulji University Daejeon Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Kwan Cha
- Department of Neurology Dong-A University College of Medicine Busan Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Hyun Kim
- Department of Neurology Dong-A University College of Medicine Busan Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Chul Lee
- Department of Neurology Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital Anyang Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Ho Yu
- Department of Neurology Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital Anyang Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Sun Oh
- Department of Neurology Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital Anyang Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Eog Kim
- Department of Neurology Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital Goyang Republic of Korea
| | - Wi-Sun Ryu
- Department of Neurology Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital Goyang Republic of Korea
| | - Jay Chol Choi
- Department of Neurology Jeju National University Jeju Republic of Korea
| | - Wook-Joo Kim
- Department of Neurology Ulsan University HospitalUniversity of Ulsan College of Medicine Ulsan Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Ick Shin
- Department of Neurology Chungbuk National University Hospital Cheongju Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Il Sohn
- Department of Neurology Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center Daegu Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Ho Hong
- Department of Neurology Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center Daegu Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Sung Lee
- Clinical Research Center Asan Medical Center Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Juneyoung Lee
- Department of Biostatistics College of Medicine Korea University Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Moon-Ku Han
- Department of Neurology and Cerebrovascular Center Seoul National University Bundang HospitalSeoul National University College of Medicine Seongnam Republic of Korea
| | - Philip B Gorelick
- Davee Department of Neurology Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago IL
| | - Hee-Joon Bae
- Department of Neurology and Cerebrovascular Center Seoul National University Bundang HospitalSeoul National University College of Medicine Seongnam Republic of Korea
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