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Paustenbach DJ, Brown SE, Heywood JJ, Donnell MT, Eaton DL. Risk characterization of N-nitrosodimethylamine in pharmaceuticals. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 186:114498. [PMID: 38341171 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Since 2018, N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) has been a reported contaminant in numerous pharmaceutical products. To guide the pharmaceutical industry, FDA identified an acceptable intake (AI) of 96 ng/day NDMA. The approach assumed a linear extrapolation from the Carcinogenic Potency Database (CPDB) harmonic-mean TD50 identified in chronic studies in rats. Although NDMA has been thought to act as a mutagenic carcinogen in experimental animals, it has not been classified as a known human carcinogen by any regulatory agency. Humans are exposed to high daily exogenous and endogenous doses of NDMA. Due to the likelihood of a threshold dose for NDMA-related tumors in animals, we believe that there is ample scientific basis to utilize the threshold-based benchmark dose or point-of-departure (POD) approach when estimating a Permissible Daily Exposure limit (PDE) for NDMA. We estimated that 29,000 ng/kg/day was an appropriate POD for calculating a PDE. Assuming an average bodyweight of 50 kg, we expect that human exposures to NDMA at doses below 5800 ng/day in pharmaceuticals would not result in an increased risk of liver cancer, and that there is little, if any, risk for any other type of cancer, when accounting for the mode-of-action in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Paustenbach
- Paustenbach and Associates, 970 West Broadway, Suite E, Jackson, WY, USA
| | - S E Brown
- Paustenbach and Associates, 207 Canyon Blvd, Boulder, CO, USA.
| | - J J Heywood
- Paustenbach and Associates, 207 Canyon Blvd, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - M T Donnell
- Valeo Sciences LLC, 333 Corporate Drive, Suite 130, Ladera Ranch, CA, USA
| | - D L Eaton
- Professor Emeritus, Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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2
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Herdiana Y, Sofian FF, Shamsuddin S, Rusdiana T. Towards halal pharmaceutical: Exploring alternatives to animal-based ingredients. Heliyon 2024; 10:e23624. [PMID: 38187251 PMCID: PMC10770512 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Halal is a crucial concept for Muslim consumers regarding consumed products, including pharmaceutical ingredients, which are essential in modern medicine. To address the issue of using porcine-sourced ingredients in pharmaceuticals, it is essential to search for halal alternatives derived from poultry, animal by-products from meat processing, marine sources, and plants. However, the complexity of this problem is further compounded by the rapid advances in innovation and technology, which can lead to adulteration of ingredients derived from pigs. Other challenges include the sustainability of alternative materials, management of waste or by-products practice, halal awareness, certification, government policies, religious adherence of consumers, food suppliers, marketers, and purchasing of products. The importance of halal and non-halal problems, specifically in the context of pharmaceutical materials, is still rarely discussed, including alternatives derived from poultry, animal by-products, marine sources, and plants. Due to the increasing global population, there is a growing need to increase awareness and concern among Muslim consumers for halal products, including pharmaceuticals. Therefore, this research aimed to investigate the importance of halal and non-halal issues in pharmaceutical ingredients, the potential impact on the Muslim community, as well as opportunities and challenges in the search for alternative ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yedi Herdiana
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, 45363, Indonesia
- Halal Food Pharmaceutical and Healthcare Society, Faculty of Pharmacy, Padjadjaran University, Sumedang, 45363, Indonesia
| | - Ferry Ferdiansyah Sofian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Padjadjaran University, Sumedang, 45363, Indonesia
- Halal Food Pharmaceutical and Healthcare Society, Faculty of Pharmacy, Padjadjaran University, Sumedang, 45363, Indonesia
| | - Shaharum Shamsuddin
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Nanobiotech Research Initiative, Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), USM, 11800, Penang, Malaysia
- USM-RIKEN Interdisciplinary Collaboration on Advanced Sciences (URICAS), 11800, USM, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Taofik Rusdiana
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, 45363, Indonesia
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Bhirud D, Agrawal G, Shah H, Patel A, Palkar MB, Bhattacharya S, Prajapati BG. Nitrosamine Impurities in Pharmaceuticals: An Empirical Review of their Detection, Mechanisms, and Regulatory Approaches. Curr Top Med Chem 2024; 24:503-522. [PMID: 38321910 DOI: 10.2174/0115680266278636240125113509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Since their discovery in valsartan-containing drugs, nitrosamine impurities have emerged as a significant safety problem in pharmaceutical products, prompting extensive recalls and suspensions. Valsartan, candesartan, irbesartan, olmesartan, and other sartans have been discovered to have additional nitrosamine impurities, such as N-nitroso-N-methyl-4-aminobutyric acid (NMBA), N-nitroso-Di-isopropyl amine (NDIPA), N-nitroso-Ethyl-Isopropyl amine (NEIPA), and N-nitroso-Diethyl amine (NDEA). Concerns about drug safety have grown in response to reports of nitrosamine contamination in pharmaceuticals, such as pioglitazone, rifampin, rifapentine, and varenicline. This review investigates the occurrence and impact of nitrosamine impurities in sartans and pharmaceutical goods, as well as their underlying causes. The discussion emphasizes the significance of comprehensive risk assessment and mitigation approaches at various phases of medication development and manufacturing. The link between amines and nitrosamine impurities is also investigated, with an emphasis on pH levels and the behaviour of primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary amines. Regulations defining standards for nitrosamine assessment and management, such as ICH Q3A-Q3E and ICH M7, are critical in resolving impurity issues. Furthermore, the Global Substance Registration System (GSRS) is underlined as being critical for information sharing and product safety in the pharmaceutical industry. The review specifically focuses on the relationship between ranitidine and N-nitroso dimethyl amine (NDMA) in the context of the implications of nitrosamine contamination on patient safety and medicine supply. The importance of regulatory authorities in discovering and correcting nitrosamine impurities is highlighted in order to improve patient safety, product quality, and life expectancy. Furthermore, the significance of ongoing study and attention to nitrosamine-related repercussions for increasing pharmaceutical safety and overall public health is emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darshan Bhirud
- School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS Deemed-to-be University, Shirpur, Maharashtra, 425405, India
| | - Gyan Agrawal
- School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS Deemed-to-be University, Shirpur, Maharashtra, 425405, India
| | - Harshil Shah
- Department of Bioequivalence, Cosette Pharmaceuticals INC, 200 Crossing Blvd Fl 4, Bridgewater, New Jersey, 08807, United States
| | - Artiben Patel
- Department of Regulatory Affairs, Cosette Pharmaceuticals Inc., 200 Crossing Blvd Fl 4, Bridgewater, New Jersey, 08807, United States
| | - Mahesh B Palkar
- School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS Deemed-to-be University, Shirpur, Maharashtra, 425405, India
| | - Sankha Bhattacharya
- School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS Deemed-to-be University, Shirpur, Maharashtra, 425405, India
| | - Bhupendra G Prajapati
- Shree S. K. Patel College of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ganpat University, Kherva, 384012, India
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Yang J, Kakarla R, Marzan T, Sherwin B, George M, Bennett J, Basutto J, Su Y, Ollerenshaw J, Morin J, Rebière H, Maggio AF, Kermaïdic A, Gervela E, Brenier C, Civade C, Chauvey D, Duperray F, Wollein U, Conti M, Tromp J, Meyer S, Wanko R, Wierer M, Bertrand M, Rodriguez J, Sommers C, Keire D. Performance Characteristics of Mass Spectrometry-Based Analytical Procedures for Quantitation of Nitrosamines in Pharmaceuticals: Insights from an Inter-laboratory Study. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:2685-2695. [PMID: 37524228 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
With the discovery of carcinogenic nitrosamine impurities in pharmaceuticals in 2018 and subsequent regulatory requirements for risk assessment for nitrosamine formation during pharmaceutical manufacturing processes, storage or from contaminated supply chains, effective testing of nitrosamines has become essential to ensure the quality of drug substances and products. Mass spectrometry has been widely applied to detect and quantify trace amounts of nitrosamines in pharmaceuticals. As part of an effort by regulatory authorities to assess the measurement variation in the determination of nitrosamines, an inter-laboratory study was performed by the laboratories from six regulatory agencies with each of the participants using their own analytical procedures to determine the amounts of nitrosamines in a set of identical samples. The results demonstrated that accurate and precise quantitation of trace level nitrosamines can be achieved across multiple analytical procedures and provided insight into the performance characteristics of mass spectrometry-based analytical procedures in terms of accuracy, repeatability and reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyue Yang
- Office of Testing and Research, Center of Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Raghavi Kakarla
- Office of Testing and Research, Center of Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Tim Marzan
- Office of Testing and Research, Center of Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Bill Sherwin
- TGA Laboratories, 136 Narrabundah Lane, Symonston, Canberra, A.C.T 2606, Australia
| | - Mark George
- TGA Laboratories, 136 Narrabundah Lane, Symonston, Canberra, A.C.T 2606, Australia
| | - Justine Bennett
- TGA Laboratories, 136 Narrabundah Lane, Symonston, Canberra, A.C.T 2606, Australia
| | - Jose Basutto
- TGA Laboratories, 136 Narrabundah Lane, Symonston, Canberra, A.C.T 2606, Australia
| | - Yi Su
- Health Products Laboratory Program, Regulatory Operations and Enforcement Branch, Department of Health, Government of Canada, 2301 Midland Ave, Toronto ON, M1P 4R7, Canada
| | - Jason Ollerenshaw
- Health Products Laboratory Program, Regulatory Operations and Enforcement Branch, Department of Health, Government of Canada, 2301 Midland Ave, Toronto ON, M1P 4R7, Canada
| | - Justin Morin
- Health Products Laboratory Program, Regulatory Operations and Enforcement Branch, Department of Health, Government of Canada, 2301 Midland Ave, Toronto ON, M1P 4R7, Canada
| | - Hervé Rebière
- French National Agency for the Safety of Medicines and Health Products (ANSM), Laboratory Controls Division; 635 Rue de la Garenne, 34740 Vendargues, France
| | - Annie-Francoise Maggio
- French National Agency for the Safety of Medicines and Health Products (ANSM), Laboratory Controls Division; 635 Rue de la Garenne, 34740 Vendargues, France
| | - Audrey Kermaïdic
- French National Agency for the Safety of Medicines and Health Products (ANSM), Laboratory Controls Division; 635 Rue de la Garenne, 34740 Vendargues, France
| | - Elodie Gervela
- French National Agency for the Safety of Medicines and Health Products (ANSM), Laboratory Controls Division; 635 Rue de la Garenne, 34740 Vendargues, France
| | - Charlotte Brenier
- French National Agency for the Safety of Medicines and Health Products (ANSM), Laboratory Controls Division; 635 Rue de la Garenne, 34740 Vendargues, France
| | - Corinne Civade
- French National Agency for the Safety of Medicines and Health Products (ANSM), Laboratory Controls Division; 635 Rue de la Garenne, 34740 Vendargues, France
| | - Denis Chauvey
- French National Agency for the Safety of Medicines and Health Products (ANSM), Laboratory Controls Division; 635 Rue de la Garenne, 34740 Vendargues, France
| | - Françoise Duperray
- French National Agency for the Safety of Medicines and Health Products (ANSM), Laboratory Controls Division; 635 Rue de la Garenne, 34740 Vendargues, France
| | - Uwe Wollein
- Department of Pharmacy (OMCL), Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Veterinaerstr. 2 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Massimiliano Conti
- Schweizerisches Heilmittelinstitut (Biol. & Pharm.), OMCL Swissmedic, Hallerstrasse 7, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jan Tromp
- Schweizerisches Heilmittelinstitut (Biol. & Pharm.), OMCL Swissmedic, Hallerstrasse 7, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Simon Meyer
- Schweizerisches Heilmittelinstitut (Biol. & Pharm.), OMCL Swissmedic, Hallerstrasse 7, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Richard Wanko
- Biological Standardisation, OMCL Network & HealthCare Department (DBO), EDQM - Council of Europe - Conseil de l'Europe, 7 Allée Kastner CS 30026 F- 67081 Strasbourg, France
| | - Michael Wierer
- Biological Standardisation, OMCL Network & HealthCare Department (DBO), EDQM - Council of Europe - Conseil de l'Europe, 7 Allée Kastner CS 30026 F- 67081 Strasbourg, France
| | - Marie Bertrand
- Biological Standardisation, OMCL Network & HealthCare Department (DBO), EDQM - Council of Europe - Conseil de l'Europe, 7 Allée Kastner CS 30026 F- 67081 Strasbourg, France
| | - Jason Rodriguez
- Office of Testing and Research, Center of Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Cynthia Sommers
- Office of Testing and Research, Center of Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - David Keire
- Office of Testing and Research, Center of Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Hasanah AN, Susanti I. Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for Pharmaceutical Impurities: Design and Synthesis Methods. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3401. [PMID: 37631457 PMCID: PMC10457877 DOI: 10.3390/polym15163401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The safety of a medicinal product is determined by its pharmacological and toxicological profile, which depends not only on the active substance's toxicological properties, but also on the impurities it contains. Because impurities are a problem that must be considered to ensure the safety of a drug product, many studies have been conducted regarding the separation or purification of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and the determination of impurities in APIs and drug products. Several studies have applied molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) to separate impurities in active ingredients and as adsorbents in the sample preparation process. This review presents the design of MIPs and the methods used to synthesise MIPs to separate impurities in APIs and drug product samples, the application of MIPs to separate impurities, and a view of future studies involving MIPs to remove impurities from pharmaceutical products. Based on a comparison of the bulk and surface-imprinting polymerisation methods, the MIPs produced by the surface-imprinting polymerisation method have a higher adsorption capacity and faster adsorption kinetics than the MIPs produced by the bulk polymerisation method. However, the application of MIPs in the analysis of APIs and drug products are currently only related to organic compounds. Considering the advantages of MIPs to separate impurities, MIPs for other impurities still need to be developed, including multi-template MIPs for simultaneous separation of multiple impurities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliya Nur Hasanah
- Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jalan Raya Bandung Sumedang KM 21 Jatinangor, Bandung 45363, Indonesia;
- Drug Development Study Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jalan Raya Bandung Sumedang KM 21, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
| | - Ike Susanti
- Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jalan Raya Bandung Sumedang KM 21 Jatinangor, Bandung 45363, Indonesia;
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Holzgrabe U. Nitrosated Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients - Lessons Learned? J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:1210-1215. [PMID: 36720391 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of N-nitrosodialkylamines in active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and drug products in the last years was a kind of eye opener with regard to quality of drugs. We became aware of the fact that quality control tests described in the international pharmacopoeias might not be sufficient. The N-nitrosodialkylamines found were neither so-called (structurally) related substances, nor residual solvents or heavy metals; hence they were not limited by a compendial test, but by the ICH guideline M7 of mutagenic impurities. Additionally, nitrosamine drug-substance-related impurities (NDSRIs) were detected, mostly within the process of risk assessment required by regulatory authorities. Here, the APIs containing a vulnerable amino moiety had reacted with nitrites being a contaminant of an excipient. This review deals with the formation, toxicity, and mitigation of NDSRISs.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Holzgrabe
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg Am Hubland, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany.
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