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Waldron C, Zafar MA, Ziganshin BA, Weininger G, Grewal N, Elefteriades JA. Evidence Accumulates: Patients with Ascending Aneurysms Are Strongly Protected from Atherosclerotic Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15640. [PMID: 37958625 PMCID: PMC10650782 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Ascending thoracic aortic aneurysms may be fatal upon rupture or dissection and remain a leading cause of death in the developed world. Understanding the pathophysiology of the development of ascending thoracic aortic aneurysms may help reduce the morbidity and mortality of this disease. In this review, we will discuss our current understanding of the protective relationship between ascending thoracic aortic aneurysms and the development of atherosclerosis, including decreased carotid intima-media thickness, low-density lipoprotein levels, coronary and aortic calcification, and incidence of myocardial infarction. We also propose several possible mechanisms driving this relationship, including matrix metalloproteinase proteins and transforming growth factor-β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Waldron
- Aortic Institute at Yale-New Haven Hospital, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA; (C.W.); (M.A.Z.); (B.A.Z.)
| | - Mohammad A. Zafar
- Aortic Institute at Yale-New Haven Hospital, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA; (C.W.); (M.A.Z.); (B.A.Z.)
| | - Bulat A. Ziganshin
- Aortic Institute at Yale-New Haven Hospital, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA; (C.W.); (M.A.Z.); (B.A.Z.)
- Department of Cardiovascular and Endovascular Surgery, Kazan State Medical University, 420012 Kazan, Russia
| | - Gabe Weininger
- Aortic Institute at Yale-New Haven Hospital, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA; (C.W.); (M.A.Z.); (B.A.Z.)
| | - Nimrat Grewal
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - John A. Elefteriades
- Aortic Institute at Yale-New Haven Hospital, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA; (C.W.); (M.A.Z.); (B.A.Z.)
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2
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Nardin M, Verdoia M, Cao D, Nardin S, Kedhi E, Galasso G, van ‘t Hof AWJ, Condorelli G, De Luca G. Platelets and the Atherosclerotic Process: An Overview of New Markers of Platelet Activation and Reactivity, and Their Implications in Primary and Secondary Prevention. J Clin Med 2023; 12:6074. [PMID: 37763014 PMCID: PMC10531614 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12186074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The key role played by platelets in the atherosclerosis physiopathology, especially in the acute setting, is ascertained: they are the main actors during thrombus formation and, thus, one of the major investigated elements related to atherothrombotic process involving coronary arteries. Platelets have been studied from different points of view, according with the technology advances and the improvement in the hemostasis knowledge achieved in the last years. Morphology and reactivity constitute the first aspects investigated related to platelets with a significant body of evidence published linking a number of their values and markers to coronary artery disease and cardiovascular events. Recently, the impact of genetics on platelet activation has been explored with promising findings as additional instrument for patient risk stratification; however, this deserves further confirmations. Moreover, the interplay between immune system and platelets has been partially elucidated in the last years, providing intriguing elements that will be basic components for future research to better understand platelet regulation and improve cardiovascular outcome of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Nardin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, Pieve Emanuele, 20090 Milan, Italy
- Third Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Monica Verdoia
- Division of Cardiology, Ospedale degli Infermi, ASL Biella, 13875 Biella, Italy
- Department of Translational Medicine, Eastern Piedmont University, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Davide Cao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, Pieve Emanuele, 20090 Milan, Italy
- Department of Cardiology, Humanitas Gavazzeni Hospital, 24125 Bergamo, Italy
| | - Simone Nardin
- U.O. Clinica di Oncologia Medica, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Genova, 16126 Genova, Italy
| | - Elvin Kedhi
- Division of Cardiology, Hopital Erasmus, Universitè Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Gennaro Galasso
- Division of Cardiology, Ospedale Ruggi D’Aragona, Università di Salerno, 84084 Salerno, Italy
| | - Arnoud W. J. van ‘t Hof
- Department of Cardiology, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Cardiology, Zuyderland Medical Center, 6419 PC Heerlen, The Netherlands
| | - Gianluigi Condorelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, Pieve Emanuele, 20090 Milan, Italy
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, IRCCS-Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Rozzano, Italy
| | - Giuseppe De Luca
- Division of Cardiology, AOU “Policlinico G. Martino”, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy
- Division of Cardiology, IRCCS Hospital Galeazzi-Sant’Ambrogio, 20157 Milan, Italy
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3
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Ahmadi J, Hosseini E, Kargar F, Ghasemzadeh M. Stable CAD patients show higher levels of platelet-borne TGF-β1 associated with a superior pro-inflammatory state than the pro-aggregatory status; Evidence highlighting the importance of platelet-derived TGF-β1 in atherosclerosis. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2023; 55:102-115. [PMID: 36352058 DOI: 10.1007/s11239-022-02729-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Activated platelets are involved in the atherogenic stage of atherosclerosis, while they can also progress it to atherothrombosis which may cause an ischemic state and organ failure. In general, coronary artery disease (CAD) is considered as common and severe clinical consequence of atherosclerosis, manifesting as a chronic inflammatory condition with the release of platelet mediators, among which the importance of platelet-borne TGF-β1 is not yet well understood. Hence, for the first time, this study aimed to examine platelet level of TGF-β1 (latent/mature) in CAD-patients and its association with the expression of platelet pro-inflammatory molecules. Platelet from stable CAD-patients candidate for CABG and healthy controls were subjected to flowcytometry analysis to evaluate P-selectin and CD40L expressions and PAC-1 binding. Platelet-borne and soluble TGF-β1, both mature/active and latent forms were also examined with western blotting. Higher expression levels of P-selectin and CD40L in patients with CAD than in controls were associated with comparable levels of PAC-1 binding in both groups. Platelet TGF-β1 levels were also significantly higher in patients, while their platelets showed clear bands of mature TGF-β1 that were barely visible in healthy individuals. Soluble TGF-β1 was also higher in patients. Significant correlations between mature/active TGF-β1 and platelet pro-inflammatory markers (P-selectin and CD40L) as well as common indicators of inflammation (CRP and ESR) were observed in CAD patients. In this study, given the insignificant changes in pro-aggregatory potentials in stable CAD, the pro-inflammatory state of platelets may be more involved in disease development and progression. Direct correlations between active platelet-borne TGF-β1 and pro-inflammatory markers with its presence in CAD-patients, which was almost absent in the platelets of healthy individuals, may also underscore the significant contribution of platelet-borne TGF-β1 to the pathogenesis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Ahmadi
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehteramolsadat Hosseini
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran
| | - Faranak Kargar
- Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehran Ghasemzadeh
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran. .,Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Iranian Blood Transfusion Organization Building, Next to the Milad Tower, Hemmat Exp. Way, P.O.Box:14665-1157, Tehran, Iran.
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4
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Yang H, Li H, Chen W, Mei Z, Yuan Y, Wang X, Chu L, Xu Y, Sun Y, Li D, Gao H, Zhan B, Li H, Yang X. Therapeutic Effect of Schistosoma japonicum Cystatin on Atherosclerotic Renal Damage. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:760980. [PMID: 34901005 PMCID: PMC8656285 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.760980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammation of the arterial vessel wall driven by lipid metabolism disorders. Although helminthic infection and their derivatives have been identified to attenuate the chronic inflammatory diseases, the immunomodulatory effect of recombinant Schistosoma japonicum cystatin (rSj-Cys) on metabolic diseases and atherosclerosis has not been reported. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic efficacy of rSj-Cys on atherosclerotic renal damage and explored the related immunological mechanism. The results demonstrated that treatment with rSj-Cys significantly reduced body weight gain, hyperlipidemia, and atherosclerosis induced by the high-fat diet in apoE–/– mice. The treatment of rSj-Cys also significantly improved kidney functions through promoting macrophage polarization from M1 to M2, therefore inhibiting M1 macrophage–induced inflammation. The possible mechanism underlying the regulatory effect of rSj-Cys on reducing atherosclerosis and atherosclerotic renal damage is that rSj-Cys stimulates regulatory T cell and M2 macrophage polarization that produce regulatory cytokines, such as interleukin 10 and transforming growth factor β. The therapeutic effect of rSj-Cys on atherosclerotic renal damage is possibly through inhibiting the activation of TLR2/Myd88 signaling pathway. The results in this study provide evidence for the first time that Schistosoma-derived cystatin could be developed as a therapeutic agent to treat lipid metabolism disorder and atherosclerosis that threats million lives around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Yang
- Department of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Hongqi Li
- Department of Gerontology, Anhui Provincial Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Weidong Chen
- Department of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Zhijie Mei
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China.,Basic Medical College of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China.,Basic Medical College of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Liang Chu
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Yu Xu
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China.,Basic Medical College of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China.,Basic Medical College of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Dingru Li
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China.,Basic Medical College of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Hongyu Gao
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China.,Basic Medical College of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Bin Zhan
- National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Huihui Li
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China.,Basic Medical College of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Xiaodi Yang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China.,Basic Medical College of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
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Rey N, Ebrahimian T, Gloaguen C, Kereselidze D, Magneron V, Bontemps CA, Demarquay C, Olsson G, Haghdoost S, Lehoux S, Ebrahimian TG. Exposure to Low to Moderate Doses of Ionizing Radiation Induces A Reduction of Pro-Inflammatory Ly6chigh Monocytes and a U-Curved Response of T Cells in APOE -/- Mice. Dose Response 2021; 19:15593258211016237. [PMID: 34163310 PMCID: PMC8191078 DOI: 10.1177/15593258211016237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Low dose ionizing radiation (LDIR) is known to have a protective effect on atherosclerosis in rodent studies, but how it impacts different cells types involved in lesion formation remains incompletely understood. We investigated the immunomodulatory response of different doses and dose-rates of irradiation in ApoE-/- mice. Mice were exposed to external γ rays at very low (1.4 mGy.h-1) or low (50 mGy.h-1) dose-rates, with cumulative doses spanning 50 to 1000 mGy. Flow cytometry of circulating cells revealed a significant decrease in pro-inflammatory Ly6CHi monocytes at all cumulative doses at low dose-rate, but more disparate effects at very low dose-rate with reductions in Ly6CHi cells at doses of 50, 100 and 750 mGy only. In contrast, Ly6CLo monocytes were not affected by LDIR. Similarly, proportions of CD4+ T cell subsets in the spleen did not differ between irradiated mice and non-irradiated controls, whether assessing CD25+FoxP3+ regulatory or CD69+ activated lymphocytes. In the aorta, gene expression of cytokines such as IL-1 and TGF-ß and adhesion molecules such as E-Selectin, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1 were reduced at the intermediate dose of 200 mGy. These results suggest that LDIR may reduce atherosclerotic plaque formation by selectively reducing blood pro-inflammatory monocytes and by impairing adhesion molecule expression and inflammatory processes in the vessel wall. In contrast, splenic T lymphocytes were not affected by LDIR. Furthermore, some responses to irradiation were nonlinear; reductions in aortic gene expression were significant at intermediate doses, but not at either highest or lowest doses. This work furthers our understanding of the impact of LDIR with different dose-rates on immune system response in the context of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Rey
- IRSN, Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, Laboratoire de Radiotoxicologie et Radiobiologie Experimentale, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - T Ebrahimian
- Lady Davis Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - C Gloaguen
- IRSN, Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, Laboratoire de Radiotoxicologie et Radiobiologie Experimentale, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - D Kereselidze
- IRSN, Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, Laboratoire de Radiotoxicologie et Radiobiologie Experimentale, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - V Magneron
- IRSN, Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, Laboratoire de Radiotoxicologie et Radiobiologie Experimentale, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - C A Bontemps
- IRSN, Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, Laboratoire de Radiotoxicologie et Radiobiologie Experimentale, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - C Demarquay
- IRSN, Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, Laboratoire de Radiotoxicologie et Radiobiologie Experimentale, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - G Olsson
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S Haghdoost
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,University of Caen Normandie, Aria/Cimap, GANIL, Campus Jules Horowitz, Caen, France
| | - S Lehoux
- Lady Davis Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Teni G Ebrahimian
- IRSN, Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, Laboratoire de Radiotoxicologie et Radiobiologie Experimentale, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
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6
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The Role of MicroRNAs in Regulating Cytokines and Growth Factors in Coronary Artery Disease: The Ins and Outs. J Immunol Res 2020; 2020:5193036. [PMID: 32775466 PMCID: PMC7397388 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5193036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronary artery diseases (CAD), as a leading cause of mortality around the world, has attracted the researchers' attention for years to find out its underlying mechanisms and causes. Among the various key players in the pathogenesis of CAD cytokines, microRNAs (miRNAs) are crucial. In this study, besides providing a comprehensive overview of the involvement of cytokines, growth factors, and miRNAs in CAD, the interplay between miRNA with cytokine or growth factors during the development of CAD is discussed.
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Fatkhullina AR, Peshkova IO, Koltsova EK. The Role of Cytokines in the Development of Atherosclerosis. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2017; 81:1358-1370. [PMID: 27914461 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297916110134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis contributes to the development of many cardiovascular diseases, which remain the leading cause of death in developed countries. Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of large and medium-sized arteries. It is caused by dyslipidemia and mediated by both innate and adaptive immune responses. Inflammation is a key factor at all stages of atherosclerosis progression. Cells involved in pathogenesis of atherosclerosis were shown to be activated by soluble factors, cytokines, that strongly influence the disease development. Pro-inflammatory cytokines accelerate atherosclerosis progression, while anti-inflammatory cytokines ameliorate the disease. In this review, we discuss the latest findings on the role of cytokines in the development and progression of atherosclerosis.
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Ren J, Zhang J, Xu N, Han G, Geng Q, Song J, Li S, Zhao J, Chen H. Signature of circulating microRNAs as potential biomarkers in vulnerable coronary artery disease. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80738. [PMID: 24339880 PMCID: PMC3855151 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play important roles in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. Circulating miRNAs were recently identified as biomarkers for various physiological and pathological conditions. In this study, we aimed to identify the circulating miRNA fingerprint of vulnerable coronary artery disease (CAD) and explore its potential as a novel biomarker for this disease. Methods and Results The Taqman low-density miRNA array and coexpression network analyses were used to identify distinct miRNA expression profiles in the plasma of patients with typical unstable angina (UA) and angiographically documented CAD (UA group, n = 13) compared to individuals with non-cardiac chest pain (control group, n = 13). Significantly elevated expression levels of miR-106b/25 cluster, miR-17/92a cluster, miR-21/590-5p family, miR-126*, and miR-451 were observed in UA patients compared to controls. These findings were validated by real-time PCR in another 45 UA patients, 31 stable angina patients, and 37 controls. In addition, miR-106b, miR-25, miR-92a, miR-21, miR-590-5p, miR-126* and miR-451 were upregulated in microparticles (MPs) isolated from the plasma of UA patients (n = 5) compared to controls (n = 5). Using flow cytometry and immunolabeling, we further found that Annexin V+ MPs were increased in the plasma samples of UA patients compared to controls, and the majority of the increased MPs in plasma were shown to be Annexin V+ CD31+ MPs. The findings suggest that Annexin V+ CD31+ MPs may contribute to the elevated expression of the selected miRNAs in the circulation of patients with vulnerable CAD. Conclusion The circulating miRNA signature, consisting of the miR-106b/25 cluster, miR-17/92a cluster, miR-21/590-5p family, miR-126* and miR-451, may be used as a novel biomarker for vulnerable CAD. Trial Registration Chinese Clinical Trial Register, ChiCTR-OCH-12002349.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Ren
- Department of Cardiology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Xu
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Guanping Han
- Department of Cardiology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Geng
- Department of Cardiology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Junxian Song
- Department of Cardiology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Sufang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jianqing Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center for Beijing Biochip Technology, Beijing, Chidoca
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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9
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Koltsova EK, Kim G, Lloyd KM, Saris CJM, von Vietinghoff S, Kronenberg M, Ley K. Interleukin-27 receptor limits atherosclerosis in Ldlr-/- mice. Circ Res 2012; 111:1274-85. [PMID: 22927332 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.112.277525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the arterial wall. Several proinflammatory cytokines are known to promote atherosclerosis, but less is known about the physiological role of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Interleukin (IL)-27 is a recently discovered member of the IL-6/IL-12 family. The IL-27 receptor is composed of IL-27 receptor A (WSX-1) and gp130 and is required for all established IL-27 signaling pathways. The expression of the IL-27 subunit Ebi3 is elevated in human atheromas, yet its function in atherosclerosis remains unknown. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to test the role of IL-27 receptor signaling in immune cells in atherosclerosis development. METHODS AND RESULTS Atherosclerosis-prone Ldlr(-/-) mice transplanted with Il27ra(-/-) bone marrow and fed Western diet for 16 weeks developed significantly larger atherosclerotic lesions in aortic roots, aortic arches, and abdominal aortas. Augmented disease correlated with increased accumulation of CD45(+) leukocytes and CD4(+) T cells in the aorta, which produced increased amounts of IL-17A and tumor necrosis factor. Several chemokines, including CCL2, were upregulated in the aortas of Ldlr(-/-) mice receiving Il27ra(-/-) bone marrow, resulting in accumulation of CD11b(+) and CD11c(+) macrophages and dendritic cells in atherosclerotic aortas. CONCLUSIONS The absence of anti-inflammatory IL-27 signaling skews immune responses toward T-helper 17, resulting in increased production of IL-17A and tumor necrosis factor, which in turn enhances chemokine expression and drives the accumulation of proatherogenic myeloid cells in atherosclerotic aortas. These findings establish a novel antiatherogenic role for IL-27 receptor signaling, which acts to suppress the production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines and to curb the recruitment of inflammatory myeloid cells into atherosclerotic aortas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina K Koltsova
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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10
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Ait-Oufella H, Taleb S, Mallat Z, Tedgui A. Recent advances on the role of cytokines in atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2011; 31:969-79. [PMID: 21508343 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.110.207415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 394] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the arterial wall driven by innate and adaptive immune responses. Inflammation controls the development and the destabilization of arterial plaque. Cells involved in the atherosclerotic process secrete and are activated by soluble factors, known as cytokines. Important recent advances in the comprehension of the mechanisms of atherosclerosis have provided evidence for a dual role of cytokines: proinflammatory and T helper-1-related cytokines promote the development and progression of the disease, whereas antiinflammatory and regulatory T cell-related cytokines exert clear antiatherogenic activities. This review focuses on recent advances regarding the role of cytokines, with the exception of chemokines, in the development, progression, and complications of atherosclerosis.
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11
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Zhang G, Marshall AL, Thomas AL, Kernan KA, Su Y, LeBoeuf RC, Dong XR, Tchao BNA. In vivo knockdown of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor α1 diminishes aortic atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2010; 215:34-42. [PMID: 20810113 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2010.07.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Revised: 07/10/2010] [Accepted: 07/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor α1 (nAChRα1) was recently identified as a functional cell receptor for urokinase, a potent atherogenic molecule. Here, we test the hypothesis that nAChRα1 plays a role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. METHODS Apolipoprotein E-deficient mice were initially fed a Western diet for 8 wks. Plasmid DNA encoding scramble RNA (pscr) or siRNA (psir2) for nAChRα1 was injected into the mice (n=16) using an aortic hydrodynamic gene transfer protocol. Four mice from each group were sacrificed 7 days after the DNA injection to confirm the nAChRα1 gene silencing. The remaining mice continued on a Western diet for an additional 16 wks. RESULTS The nAChRα1 was up-regulated in aortic atherosclerotic lesions. A 78% knockdown of the nAChRα1 gene resulted in remarkably less severe aortic plaque growth and neovascularization at 16 wks (both P<0.05). In addition, significantly fewer macrophages (60% less) and myofibroblasts (80% less) presented in the atherosclerotic lesion of the psir2-treated mice. The protective mechanisms of the nAChRα1 knockdown may involve up-regulating interferon-γ/Y box protein-1 activity and down-regulating transforming growth factor-β expression. CONCLUSIONS The nAChRα1 gene plays a significant role at the artery wall, and reducing its expression decreases aortic plaque development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Zhang
- Division of Nephrology, Seattle Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.
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12
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Johnson JL. Matrix metalloproteinases: influence on smooth muscle cells and atherosclerotic plaque stability. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2007; 5:265-82. [PMID: 17338671 DOI: 10.1586/14779072.5.2.265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic plaque rupture, with subsequent occlusive thrombosis, is the underlying cause of most cases of sudden cardiac death. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are thought to mediate the progression of stable atherosclerotic lesions to an unstable phenotype that is prone to rupture through the destruction of strength-giving extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. Smooth muscle cells secrete and deposit ECM proteins and are, therefore, considered protective against atherosclerotic plaque destabilization. However, similar to inflammatory cells (e.g., macrophages), smooth muscle cells release numerous MMPs that are capable of digesting ECM proteins. Thus, the interaction of smooth muscle cells and MMPs in atherosclerotic plaques is complex and not fully understood. Recently, research into the roles of MMPs and their endogenous inhibitors (tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases), and their effects on smooth muscle behavior during plaque destabilization has been aided by the development of reproducible animal models of plaque instability. A plethora of studies has demonstrated that MMPs directly modulate smooth muscle behavior with both beneficial and deleterious effects on atherosclerotic plaque stability, in addition to their canonical effects on ECM remodeling. Consequently, broad-spectrum MMP inhibition may inhibit plaque-stabilizing mechanisms, such as smooth muscle cell growth, while conversely retarding ECM destruction and subsequent rupture. Hence the development of selective MMP inhibitors, that spare inhibitory effects on smooth muscle cell function, may be useful therapies to prevent plaque rupture and in this regard MMP-12 appears to be a particularly attractive target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Lee Johnson
- University of Bristol, Bristol Heart Institute, Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Marlborough Street, Bristol, BS2 8HW, UK.
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Horwitz MS, Knudsen M, Ilic A, Fine C, Sarvetnick N. Transforming Growth Factor-βInhibits Coxsackievirus-Mediated Autoimmune Myocarditis. Viral Immunol 2006; 19:722-33. [PMID: 17201667 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2006.19.722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical myocarditis is a precursor to dilated cardiomyopathy and a principal cause of heart failure. Nearly 30% of all recently diagnosed cases of myocarditis are attributable to infection with coxsackie B virus (CBV), the most frequently associated pathogen. CBV initially replicates in the pancreas and quickly spreads to the heart, inducing chronic autoimmunity. To determine whether immunosuppressive cytokines could act to limit the extent of autoimmunity to the heart, we infected transgenic mice that express immunosuppressive cytokines in the pancreas. Herein, we demonstrate that transgenic expression of transforming growth factor-beta (1) (TGF-beta) within the pancreatic beta cells prevented mice from developing autoimmune myocarditis after CBV infection. In contrast, transgenic expression of interleukin-4 did not inhibit virus-mediated heart disease. Furthermore, we show that TGF-beta expression reduced viral replication while promoting the recruitment of macrophages into the pancreas. These results illustrate the benefit of TGF-beta in controlling not only viral replication, but also CBV-mediated autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc S Horwitz
- Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Crivello A, Giacalone A, Scola L, Forte GI, Nuzzo D, Giacconi R, Cipriano C, Candore G, Mocchegiani E, Colonna-Romano G, Lio D, Caruso C. Frequency of polymorphisms of signal peptide of TGF-beta1 and -1082G/A SNP at the promoter region of Il-10 gene in patients with carotid stenosis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006; 1067:288-93. [PMID: 16804000 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1354.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The role of inflammation in atherosclerosis is well recognized. We have evaluated the allele frequencies of the +869T/C and +915G/C polymorphisms (SNPs) at the TGF-beta1 gene and -1082G/A SNP at IL-10 promoter sequence, two well-known immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory cytokines, in patients with carotid stenosis. Our data suggest a lack of association between these SNPs and the susceptibility to atherosclerosis although other reports have demonstrated this association. These results may be due to the pleiotropic effects of the cytokines and/or differences in haplotype combination that should be investigated to elucidate the role of TGF-beta1 and IL-10 polymorphisms in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Crivello
- Gruppo di Studio sull'Immunosenescenza, Sezione di Patologia Generale, Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Metadologie Biomediche, Università degli studi di Palermo, Italy
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Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic disease of the arterial wall where both innate and adaptive immunoinflammatory mechanisms are involved. Inflammation is central at all stages of atherosclerosis. It is implicated in the formation of early fatty streaks, when the endothelium is activated and expresses chemokines and adhesion molecules leading to monocyte/lymphocyte recruitment and infiltration into the subendothelium. It also acts at the onset of adverse clinical vascular events, when activated cells within the plaque secrete matrix proteases that degrade extracellular matrix proteins and weaken the fibrous cap, leading to rupture and thrombus formation. Cells involved in the atherosclerotic process secrete and are activated by soluble factors, known as cytokines. Important recent advances in the comprehension of the mechanisms of atherosclerosis provided evidence that the immunoinflammatory response in atherosclerosis is modulated by regulatory pathways, in which the two anti-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-10 and transforming growth factor-β play a critical role. The purpose of this review is to bring together the current information concerning the role of cytokines in the development, progression, and complications of atherosclerosis. Specific emphasis is placed on the contribution of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines to pathogenic (innate and adaptive) and regulatory immunity in the context of atherosclerosis. Based on our current knowledge of the role of cytokines in atherosclerosis, we propose some novel therapeutic strategies to combat this disease. In addition, we discuss the potential of circulating cytokine levels as biomarkers of coronary artery disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Tedgui
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U. 689, Cardiovascular Research Center Lariboisiere, and University Paris 7, Paris, France.
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Otsuka G, Agah R, Frutkin AD, Wight TN, Dichek DA. Transforming growth factor beta 1 induces neointima formation through plasminogen activator inhibitor-1-dependent pathways. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005; 26:737-43. [PMID: 16373605 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000201087.23877.e1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The mechanisms through which transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 promotes intimal growth, and the pathways through which TGF-beta1 expression is regulated in the artery wall, are incompletely understood. We used a mouse model to investigate mechanisms of TGF-beta1-induced intimal growth. METHODS AND RESULTS Adenovirus-mediated overexpression of TGF-beta1 in uninjured carotid arteries of wild-type mice induced formation of a cellular and matrix-rich intima. Intimal growth appeared primarily due to cell migration and matrix accumulation, with only a negligible contribution from cell proliferation. Overexpression of TGF-beta1 also stimulated expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (plasminogen activator inhibitor [PAI]-1) in the artery wall. To test the hypothesis that PAI-1 is a critical downstream mediator of TGF-beta1-induced intimal growth, we transduced carotid arteries of PAI-1-deficient (Serpine1(-/-)) mice with the TGF-beta1-expressing vector. Overexpression of TGF-beta1 in Serpine1(-/-) arteries did not increase intimal growth, matrix accumulation, cell migration, or proliferation. Moreover, TGF-beta1-transduced arteries of Serpine1(-/-) mice secreted 6- to 10-fold more TGF-beta1 than did arteries of wild-type mice that were infused with the same concentration of the TGF-beta1-expressing vector. CONCLUSIONS PAI-1 is both a critical mediator of TGF-beta1-induced intimal growth and a key negative regulator of TGF-beta1 expression in the artery wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goro Otsuka
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-7710, USA
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Lutgens E, Lutgens SPM, Faber BCG, Heeneman S, Gijbels MMJ, de Winther MPJ, Frederik P, van der Made I, Daugherty A, Sijbers AM, Fisher A, Long CJ, Saftig P, Black D, Daemen MJAP, Cleutjens KBJM. Disruption of the cathepsin K gene reduces atherosclerosis progression and induces plaque fibrosis but accelerates macrophage foam cell formation. Circulation 2005; 113:98-107. [PMID: 16365196 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.105.561449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cathepsin K (catK), a lysosomal cysteine protease, was identified in a gene-profiling experiment that compared human early plaques, advanced stable plaques, and advanced atherosclerotic plaques containing a thrombus, where it was highly upregulated in advanced stable plaques. METHODS AND RESULTS To assess the function of catK in atherosclerosis, catK(-/-)/apolipoprotein (apo) E(-/-) mice were generated. At 26 weeks of age, plaque area in the catK(-/-)/apoE(-/-) mice was reduced (41.8%) owing to a decrease in the number of advanced lesions as well as a decrease in individual advanced plaque area. This suggests an important role for catK in atherosclerosis progression. Advanced plaques of catK(-/-)/apoE(-/-) mice showed an increase in collagen content. Medial elastin fibers were less prone to rupture than those of apoE(-/-) mice. Although the relative macrophage content did not differ, individual macrophage size increased. In vitro studies of bone marrow derived-macrophages confirmed this observation. Scavenger receptor-mediated uptake (particularly by CD36) of modified LDL increased in the absence of catK, resulting in an increased macrophage size because of increased cellular storage of cholesterol esters, thereby enlarging the lysosomes. CONCLUSIONS A deficiency of catK reduces plaque progression and induces plaque fibrosis but aggravates macrophage foam cell formation in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Lutgens
- Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Kalinina N, Agrotis A, Antropova Y, Ilyinskaya O, Smirnov V, Tararak E, Bobik A. Smad expression in human atherosclerotic lesions: evidence for impaired TGF-beta/Smad signaling in smooth muscle cells of fibrofatty lesions. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004; 24:1391-6. [PMID: 15166010 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000133605.89421.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of human atherosclerosis but its actions during lesion progression are poorly understood. Smad2, Smad3, and Smad4 proteins are signaling molecules by which TGF-beta modulates gene transcription. Our objective was to define the actions of TGF-beta during lesion progression in humans by examining the expression of Smads in relation to TGF-beta-mediated responses. METHODS AND RESULTS Immunohistochemistry and reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction demonstrated Smad2, Smad3, and Smad4 expression in macrophages of fibrofatty lesions and their upregulation after differentiation of monocytes to macrophages. The major Smad splice variants expressed by the macrophages were those that are transcriptionally most active. Macrophages also expressed cyclin inhibitors whose expression is induced via Smad proteins. The cytoplasmic location of p21(Waf1) suggests it may protect macrophages from apoptosis. Smooth muscle cells (SMCs) within the fibrofatty lesions did not express the Smad proteins or the cyclin inhibitors. SMCs of fibrous plaques expressed all 3 Smad proteins. CONCLUSIONS In human atherosclerotic lesions, the actions of TGF-beta appear restricted to SMCs in fibrous plaques and macrophages in fatty streaks/fibrofatty lesions. The lack of key TGF-beta signaling components in SMCs of fibrofatty lesions indicates impaired ability of these cells to initiate TGF-beta-mediated Smad-dependent transcriptional responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Kalinina
- Baker Medical Research Institute, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Lutgens E, Gijbels M, Smook M, Heeringa P, Gotwals P, Koteliansky VE, Daemen MJAP. Transforming growth factor-beta mediates balance between inflammation and fibrosis during plaque progression. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2002; 22:975-82. [PMID: 12067907 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000019729.39500.2f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The transition from stable to rupture-prone and ruptured atherosclerotic plaques involves many processes, including an altered balance between inflammation and fibrosis. An important mediator of both is transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta, and a pivotal role for TGF-beta in atherogenesis has been postulated. Here, we determine the in vivo effects of TGF-beta inhibition on plaque progression and phenotype in atherosclerosis. Recombinant soluble TGF-beta receptor II (TGFbetaRII:Fc), which inhibits TGF-beta signaling, was injected in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice for 12 weeks (50 microg, twice a week intraperitoneally) as early treatment (treatment age 5 to 17 weeks) and delayed treatment (age 17 to 29 weeks). In the early treatment group, inhibition of TGF-beta signaling treatment resulted in a prominent increase in CD3- and CD45-positive cells in atherosclerotic lesions. Most profound effects were found in the delayed treatment group. Plaque area decreased 37.5% after TGFbetaRII:Fc treatment. Moreover, plaque morphology changed into an inflammatory phenotype that was low in fibrosis: lipid cores were 64.6% larger, and inflammatory cell content had increased 2.7-fold. The amount of fibrosis decreased 49.6%, and intraplaque hemorrhages and iron and fibrin deposition were observed frequently. TGFbetaRII:Fc treatment did not result in systemic effects. These results reveal a pivotal role for TGF-beta in the maintenance of the balance between inflammation and fibrosis in atherosclerotic plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Lutgens
- Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Michon IN, Penning LC, Molenaar TJM, van Berkel TJC, Biessen EAL, Kuiper J. The effect of TGF-beta receptor binding peptides on smooth muscle cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 293:1279-86. [PMID: 12054515 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(02)00378-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
TGF-beta1 is a potent regulator of vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation, migration, and extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis. In this study, we selected two peptides, IM-1 and IM-2, that bind to the TGF-beta type II receptor (TGF-beta RII) using phage display. IM-1 and IM-2 bind to the TGF-beta RII, with a K(d) of 1 microM. Like TGF-beta, IM-1 induced VSMC chemotaxis and PAI-1 mRNA expression, as determined using Boyden chambers and real time quantitative PCR. In contrast, IM-2 had no effect on VSMC chemotaxis or PAI-1 induction. Induction of ECM synthesis, involving proteins such as osteopontin and alpha-smooth muscle actin, was determined by ELISA. Osteopontin expression was inhibited by both peptides, but TGF-beta-induced alpha-smooth muscle actin expression could only be inhibited by IM-1. In conclusion, IM-1 activity on VSMC is agonistic with TGF-beta, except for ECM synthesis, whereas the IM-2 peptide is antagonistic for some examined TGF-beta functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid N Michon
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
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