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Han PP, Han Y, Shen XY, Gao ZK, Bi X. Enriched environment-induced neuroplasticity in ischemic stroke and its underlying mechanisms. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1210361. [PMID: 37484824 PMCID: PMC10360187 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1210361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a common cerebrovascular disease that can interrupt local blood flow in the brain, causing neuronal damage or even death, resulting in varying degrees of neurological dysfunction. Neuroplasticity is an important neurological function that helps neurons reorganize and regain function after injury. After cerebral ischemia, neuroplasticity changes are critical factors for restoring brain function. An enriched environment promotes increased neuroplasticity, thereby aiding stroke recovery. In this review, we discuss the positive effects of the enriched environment on neuroplasticity after cerebral ischemia, including synaptic plasticity, neurogenesis, and angiogenesis. In addition, we also introduce some studies on the clinical application of enriched environments in the rehabilitation of post-stroke patients, hoping that they can provide some inspiration for doctors and therapists looking for new approaches to stroke rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Ping Han
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Han
- Department of Sport Rehabilitation, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin-Ya Shen
- Graduate School of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen-Kun Gao
- Graduate School of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xia Bi
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China
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2
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Qin Y, Li X, Qiao Y, Zou H, Qian Y, Li X, Zhu Y, Huo W, Wang L, Zhang M. DTI-ALPS: An MR biomarker for motor dysfunction in patients with subacute ischemic stroke. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1132393. [PMID: 37065921 PMCID: PMC10102345 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1132393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
PurposeBrain glymphatic dysfunction is involved in the pathologic process of acute ischemic stroke (IS). The relationship between brain glymphatic activity and dysfunction in subacute IS has not been fully elucidated. Diffusion tensor image analysis along the perivascular space (DTI-ALPS) index was used in this study to explore whether glymphatic activity was related to motor dysfunction in subacute IS patients.MethodsTwenty-six subacute IS patients with a single lesion in the left subcortical region and 32 healthy controls (HCs) were recruited in this study. The DTI-ALPS index and DTI metrics (fractional anisotropy, FA, and mean diffusivity, MD) were compared within and between groups. Spearman's and Pearson's partial correlation analyses were performed to analyze the relationships of the DTI-ALPS index with Fugl-Meyer assessment (FMA) scores and with corticospinal tract (CST) integrity in the IS group, respectively.ResultsSix IS patients and two HCs were excluded. The left DTI-ALPS index of the IS group was significantly lower than that of the HC group (t = −3.02, p = 0.004). In the IS group, a positive correlation between the left DTI-ALPS index and the simple Fugl-Meyer motor function score (ρ = 0.52, p = 0.019) and a significant negative correlation between the left DTI-ALPS index and the FA (R = −0.55, p = 0.023) and MD (R = −0.48, p = 0.032) values of the right CST were found.ConclusionsGlymphatic dysfunction is involved in subacute IS. DTI-ALPS could be a potential magnetic resonance (MR) biomarker of motor dysfunction in subacute IS patients. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of IS and provide a new target for alternative treatments for IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Qin
- Department of Medical Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
- Department of Radiology, Xi'an Daxing Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Radiology, Xi'an Daxing Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Yanqiang Qiao
- Department of Medical Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
- Department of Radiology, Xi'an Daxing Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Huili Zou
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Xi'an Daxing Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Yifan Qian
- Department of Radiology, Xi'an Daxing Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaoshi Li
- Department of Radiology, Xi'an Daxing Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Yinhu Zhu
- Department of Radiology, Xi'an Daxing Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Wenli Huo
- Department of Medical Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Medical Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
- Department of Radiology, Xi'an Daxing Hospital, Xi'an, China
- Lei Wang
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Medical Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
- *Correspondence: Ming Zhang
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Wang J, Cai Y, Sun J, Feng H, Zhu X, Chen Q, Gao F, Ni Q, Mao L, Yang M, Sun B. Administration of intramuscular AAV-BDNF and intranasal AAV-TrkB promotes neurological recovery via enhancing corticospinal synaptic connections in stroke rats. Exp Neurol 2023; 359:114236. [PMID: 36183811 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Stroke causes long-term disability in survivors. BDNF/TrkB plays an important role in synaptic plasticity and synaptic transmission in the central nervous system (CNS), promoting neurological recovery. In this study, we performed non-invasive treatment methods focused on intramuscular injection into stroke-injured forelimb muscles, or intranasal administration using adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors carrying genes encoding BDNF or TrkB. In a permanent rat middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model, we assessed the effects of combination therapy with AAV-BDNF and AAV-TrkB on motor functional recovery and synaptic plasticity of the corticospinal connections. Our results showed that BDNF or TrkB gene transduced in the spinal anterior horn neurons and cerebral cortical neurons. Compared to AAV vector treatment alone, behavioral and electrophysiological results showed that the combination therapy significantly improved upper limb motor functional recovery and neurotransmission efficiency after stroke. BDA tracing, immunofluorescence staining, qRT-PCR, and transmission electron microscopy of synaptic ultrastructure results revealed that the combination therapy not only potently increased the expression of Synapsin I, PSD-95, and GAP-43, but also promoted the axonal remodeling and restoration of abnormal synaptic structures. These findings provide a new strategy for enhancing neural plasticity and a potential means to treat stroke clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, Shandong, China; Institute for Neurological Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital; School of Basic Medical Sciences of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, 271000, Shandong, China
| | - Yichen Cai
- Institute for Neurological Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital; School of Basic Medical Sciences of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, 271000, Shandong, China
| | - Jingyi Sun
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Hua Feng
- Department of Otolaryngology, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250011, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhu
- Institute for Neurological Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital; School of Basic Medical Sciences of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, 271000, Shandong, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Institute for Neurological Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital; School of Basic Medical Sciences of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, 271000, Shandong, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Institute for Neurological Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital; School of Basic Medical Sciences of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, 271000, Shandong, China
| | - Qingbin Ni
- Postdoctoral Workstation, Taian Central Hospital, Taian 271000, Shandong, China
| | - Leilei Mao
- Institute for Neurological Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital; School of Basic Medical Sciences of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, 271000, Shandong, China.
| | - Mingfeng Yang
- Institute for Neurological Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital; School of Basic Medical Sciences of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, 271000, Shandong, China.
| | - Baoliang Sun
- Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, Shandong, China; Institute for Neurological Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital; School of Basic Medical Sciences of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, 271000, Shandong, China.
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4
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Zheng Z, Chen J, Chopp M. Mechanisms of Plasticity Remodeling and Recovery. Stroke 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-69424-7.00011-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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5
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Glover JC, Aswendt M, Boulland JL, Lojk J, Stamenković S, Andjus P, Fiori F, Hoehn M, Mitrecic D, Pavlin M, Cavalli S, Frati C, Quaini F. In vivo Cell Tracking Using Non-invasive Imaging of Iron Oxide-Based Particles with Particular Relevance for Stem Cell-Based Treatments of Neurological and Cardiac Disease. Mol Imaging Biol 2021; 22:1469-1488. [PMID: 31802361 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-019-01440-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell-based therapeutics is a rapidly developing field associated with a number of clinical challenges. One such challenge lies in the implementation of methods to track stem cells and stem cell-derived cells in experimental animal models and in the living patient. Here, we provide an overview of cell tracking in the context of cardiac and neurological disease, focusing on the use of iron oxide-based particles (IOPs) visualized in vivo using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We discuss the types of IOPs available for such tracking, their advantages and limitations, approaches for labeling cells with IOPs, biological interactions and effects of IOPs at the molecular and cellular levels, and MRI-based and associated approaches for in vivo and histological visualization. We conclude with reviews of the literature on IOP-based cell tracking in cardiac and neurological disease, covering both preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel C Glover
- Laboratory for Neural Development and Optical Recording (NDEVOR), Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, PB 1105, Blindern, Oslo, Norway. .,Norwegian Center for Stem Cell Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Markus Aswendt
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Leo-Brandt-Str. 5, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Jean-Luc Boulland
- Laboratory for Neural Development and Optical Recording (NDEVOR), Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, PB 1105, Blindern, Oslo, Norway.,Norwegian Center for Stem Cell Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jasna Lojk
- Group for Nano and Biotechnological Applications, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Trzaska cesta 25, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Stefan Stamenković
- Center for Laser Microscopy, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, PB 52, 10001 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Pavle Andjus
- Center for Laser Microscopy, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, PB 52, 10001 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Fabrizio Fiori
- Department of Applied Physics, Università Politecnica delle Marche - Di.S.C.O., Via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Mathias Hoehn
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Leo-Brandt-Str. 5, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Dinko Mitrecic
- Laboratory for Stem Cells, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mojca Pavlin
- Group for Nano and Biotechnological Applications, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Trzaska cesta 25, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Stefano Cavalli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Caterina Frati
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Federico Quaini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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6
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Xin H, Liu Z, Buller B, Li Y, Golembieski W, Gan X, Wang F, Lu M, Ali MM, Zhang ZG, Chopp M. MiR-17-92 enriched exosomes derived from multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells enhance axon-myelin remodeling and motor electrophysiological recovery after stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2021; 41:1131-1144. [PMID: 32811262 PMCID: PMC8054728 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x20950489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
MiR-17-92 cluster enriched exosomes derived from multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) increase functional recovery after stroke. Here, we investigate the mechanisms underlying this recovery. At 24 h (h) post transient middle cerebral artery occlusion, rats received control liposomes or exosomes derived from MSCs infected with pre-miR-17-92 expression lentivirus (Exo-miR-17-92+) or control lentivirus (Exo-Con) intravenously. Compared to the liposomes, exosomes significantly reduced the intracortical microstimulation threshold current of the contralateral cortex for evoking impaired forelimb movements (day 21), increased the neurite and myelin density in the ischemic boundary area, and contralesional axonal sprouting into the caudal forelimb area of ipsilateral side and in the denervated spinal cord (day 28), respectively. The Exo-miR-17-92+ further enhanced axon-myelin remodeling and electrophysiological recovery compared with the EXO-Con. Ex vivo cultured rat brain slice data showed that myelin and neuronal fiber density were significantly increased by Exo-miR-17-92+, while significantly inhibited by application of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway inhibitors. Our studies suggest that the miR-17-92 cluster enriched MSC exosomes enhanced neuro-functional recovery of stroke may be attributed to an increase of axonal extension and myelination, and this enhanced axon-myelin remodeling may be mediated in part via the activation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway induced by the downregulation of PTEN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongqi Xin
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Zhongwu Liu
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Benjamin Buller
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Yanfeng Li
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | | | - Xinling Gan
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Fengjie Wang
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Mei Lu
- Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Meser M Ali
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Zheng G Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Michael Chopp
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA
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7
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Andrzejewska A, Dabrowska S, Lukomska B, Janowski M. Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Neurological Disorders. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2002944. [PMID: 33854883 PMCID: PMC8024997 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202002944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Neurological disorders are becoming a growing burden as society ages, and there is a compelling need to address this spiraling problem. Stem cell-based regenerative medicine is becoming an increasingly attractive approach to designing therapies for such disorders. The unique characteristics of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) make them among the most sought after cell sources. Researchers have extensively studied the modulatory properties of MSCs and their engineering, labeling, and delivery methods to the brain. The first part of this review provides an overview of studies on the application of MSCs to various neurological diseases, including stroke, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, and other less frequently studied clinical entities. In the second part, stem cell delivery to the brain is focused. This fundamental but still understudied problem needs to be overcome to apply stem cells to brain diseases successfully. Here the value of cell engineering is also emphasized to facilitate MSC diapedesis, migration, and homing to brain areas affected by the disease to implement precision medicine paradigms into stem cell-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Andrzejewska
- NeuroRepair DepartmentMossakowski Medical Research CentrePASWarsaw02‐106Poland
| | - Sylwia Dabrowska
- NeuroRepair DepartmentMossakowski Medical Research CentrePASWarsaw02‐106Poland
| | - Barbara Lukomska
- NeuroRepair DepartmentMossakowski Medical Research CentrePASWarsaw02‐106Poland
| | - Miroslaw Janowski
- NeuroRepair DepartmentMossakowski Medical Research CentrePASWarsaw02‐106Poland
- Center for Advanced Imaging ResearchDepartment of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear MedicineUniversity of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer CenterUniversity of MarylandBaltimoreMD21201‐1595USA
- Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy ProgramUniversity of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer CenterUniversity of MarylandBaltimoreMD21201‐1595USA
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8
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Adam R, Schaeffer DJ, Johnston K, Menon RS, Everling S. Structural alterations in cortical and thalamocortical white matter tracts after recovery from prefrontal cortex lesions in macaques. Neuroimage 2021; 232:117919. [PMID: 33652141 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.117919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Unilateral damage to the frontoparietal network typically impairs saccade target selection within the contralesional visual hemifield. Severity of deficits and the degree of recovery have been associated with widespread network dysfunction, yet it is not clear how these behavioural and functional brain changes relate with the underlying structural white matter tracts. Here, we investigated whether recovery after unilateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) lesions was associated with changes in white matter microstructure across large-scale frontoparietal cortical and thalamocortical networks. Diffusion-weighted imaging was acquired in four male rhesus macaques at pre-lesion, week 1, and week 8-16 post-lesion when target selection deficits largely recovered. Probabilistic tractography was used to reconstruct cortical frontoparietal fiber tracts, including the superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF) and transcallosal fibers connecting the PFC or posterior parietal cortex (PPC), as well as thalamocortical fiber tracts connecting the PFC and PPC to thalamic nuclei. We found that the two animals with small PFC lesions showed increased fractional anisotropy in both cortical and thalamocortical fiber tracts when behaviour had recovered. However, we found that fractional anisotropy decreased in cortical frontoparietal tracts after larger PFC lesions yet increased in some thalamocortical tracts at the time of behavioural recovery. These findings indicate that behavioural recovery after small PFC lesions may be supported by both cortical and subcortical areas, whereas larger PFC lesions may have induced widespread structural damage and hindered compensatory remodeling in the cortical frontoparietal network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramina Adam
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; The Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - David J Schaeffer
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Kevin Johnston
- The Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Ravi S Menon
- Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; The Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Stefan Everling
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; The Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.
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9
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Zolkefley MKI, Firwana YMS, Hatta HZM, Rowbin C, Nassir CMNCM, Hanafi MH, Abdullah MS, Mustapha M. An overview of fractional anisotropy as a reliable quantitative measurement for the corticospinal tract (CST) integrity in correlation with a Fugl-Meyer assessment in stroke rehabilitation. J Phys Ther Sci 2021; 33:75-83. [PMID: 33519079 PMCID: PMC7829559 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.33.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] Understanding the essential mechanisms in post-stroke recovery not only
provides important basic insights into brain function and plasticity but can also guide
the development of new therapeutic approaches for stroke patients. This review aims to
give an overview of how various variables of Magnetic Resonance-Diffusion Tensor Imaging
(MR-DTI) metrics of fractional anisotropy (FA) can be used as a reliable quantitative
measurement and indicator of corticospinal tract (CST) changes, particularly in relation
to functional motor outcome correlation with a Fugl-Meyer assessment in stroke
rehabilitation. [Methods] PubMed electronic database was searched for the relevant
literature, using key words of diffusion tensor imaging (dti), corticospinal tract, and
stroke. [Results] We reviewed the role of FA in monitoring CST remodeling and its role of
predicting motor recovery after stroke. We also discussed the mechanism of CST remodeling
and its modulation from the value of FA and FMA-UE. [Conclusion] Heterogeneity of
post-stroke brain disorganization and motor impairment is a recognized challenge in the
development of accurate indicators of CST integrity. DTI-based FA measurements offer a
reliable and evidence-based indicator for CST integrity that would aid in predicting motor
recovery within the context of stroke rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Khairul Izamil Zolkefley
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia: 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Younis M S Firwana
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia: 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Hasnettty Zuria Mohamed Hatta
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia: 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.,Rehabilitation Unit, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia
| | - Christina Rowbin
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia: 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.,Rehabilitation Unit, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia
| | | | - Muhammad Hafiz Hanafi
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia: 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.,Rehabilitation Unit, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Shafie Abdullah
- Department of Radiology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia
| | - Muzaimi Mustapha
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia: 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
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Liu Z, Xin H, Chopp M. Axonal remodeling of the corticospinal tract during neurological recovery after stroke. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:939-943. [PMID: 33229733 PMCID: PMC8178784 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.297060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke remains the leading cause of long-term disability. Hemiparesis is one of the most common post-stroke motor deficits and is largely attributed to loss or disruption of the motor signals from the affected motor cortex. As the only direct descending motor pathway, the corticospinal tract (CST) is the primary pathway to innervate spinal motor neurons, and thus, forms the neuroanatomical basis to control the peripheral muscles for voluntary movements. Here, we review evidence from both experimental animals and stroke patients, regarding CST axonal damage, functional contribution of CST axonal integrity and remodeling to neurological recovery, and therapeutic approaches aimed to enhance CST axonal remodeling after stroke. The new insights gleaned from preclinical and clinical studies may encourage the development of more rational therapeutics with a strategy targeted to promote axonal rewiring for corticospinal innervation, which will significantly impact the current clinical needs of subacute and chronic stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongwu Liu
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Hongqi Xin
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Michael Chopp
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit; Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA
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Gan X, Chopp M, Xin H, Wang F, Golembieski W, Lu M, He L, Liu Z. Targeted tPA overexpression in denervated spinal motor neurons promotes stroke recovery in mice. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2021; 41:92-104. [PMID: 31987011 PMCID: PMC7747163 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x20901686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Our previous studies demonstrated that axonal remodeling of the corticospinal tract (CST) contributes to neurological recovery after stroke in rodents. The present study employed a novel non-invasive peripheral approach, to over-express tPA in denervated spinal motor neurons via recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV) intramuscular injection in transgenic mice subjected to permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo), in which the CST axons are specifically and completely labeled with yellow fluorescent protein (YFP). One day after surgery, mice were randomly selected to receive saline, AAV5-RFP, or tPA (1 × 1010 viral particles) injected into the stroke-impaired forelimb muscles (n = 10/group). Functional deficits and recovery were monitored with foot-fault and single pellet reaching tests. At day 28 after MCAo, mice received intramuscular injection of PRV-614-mRFP (1.52 × 107 pfu) as above, and were euthanized four days later. Compared with saline or AAV-RFP-treated mice, AAV-tPA significantly enhanced behavioral recovery (p < 0.01, both tests), as well as increased CST axonal density in the denervated gray matter of the cervical cord (p < 0.001), and RFP-positive pyramidal neurons in both ipsilesional and contralesional cortices (p < 0.001). Behavioral outcomes were significantly correlated to neural remodeling (p < 0.05). Our results provide a fundamental basis for the development of therapeutic approaches aimed at promoting corticospinal innervation for stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinling Gan
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China.,Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Michael Chopp
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA
| | - Hongqi Xin
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Fengjie Wang
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | | | - Mei Lu
- Biostatistics and Research Epidemiology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Li He
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Zhongwu Liu
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
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A Review of Exercise-Induced Neuroplasticity in Ischemic Stroke: Pathology and Mechanisms. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:4218-4231. [PMID: 32691303 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02021-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
After ischemic stroke, survivors experience motor dysfunction and deterioration of memory and cognition. These symptoms are associated with the disruption of normal neuronal function, i.e., the secretion of neurotrophic factors, interhemispheric connections, and synaptic activity, and hence the disruption of the normal neural circuit. Exercise is considered an effective and feasible rehabilitation strategy for improving cognitive and motor recovery following ischemic stroke through the facilitation of neuroplasticity. In this review, our aim was to discuss the mechanisms by which exercise-induced neuroplasticity improves motor function and cognitive ability after ischemic stroke. The associated mechanisms include increases in neurotrophins, improvements in synaptic structure and function, the enhancement of interhemispheric connections, the promotion of neural regeneration, the acceleration of neural function reorganization, and the facilitation of compensation beyond the infarcted tissue. We also discuss some common exercise strategies and a novel exercise therapy, robot-assisted movement, which might be widely applied in the clinic to help stroke patients in the future.
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Madadi S, Katebi M, Eftekharzadeh M, Mehdipour A, Pourheydar B, Mehdizadeh M. Partial Improvement of Spatial Memory Damages by Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells Transplantation Following Trimethyltin Chloride Administration in the Rat CA1. Basic Clin Neurosci 2020; 10:567-577. [PMID: 32477474 PMCID: PMC7253807 DOI: 10.32598/bcn.9.10.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Trimethyltin Chloride (TMT) is a neurotoxin that can kill neurons in the nervous system and activate astrocytes. This neurotoxin mainly damages the hippocampal neurons. After TMT injection, behavioral changes such as aggression and hyperactivity have been reported in animals along with impaired spatial and learning memory. Hence, TMT is a suitable tool for an experimental model of neurodegeneration. The present study aims to determine the palliative effects of Bone Marrow-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (BM-MSCs) on the hippocampi of rats damaged from TMT exposure. Methods: We assigned 28 male Wistar rats to the following groups: control, model, vehicle, and treatment. The groups received Intraperitoneal (IP) injections of 8 mg/kg TMT. After one week, stem cells were stereotactically injected into the CA1 of the right rats’ hippocampi. Spatial memory was determined by the Morris Water Maze (MWM) test 6 weeks after cell transplantation. Finally, the rats’ brains were perfused and stained by cresyl violet to determine the numbers of cells in the Cornus Ammonis (CA1) section of the hippocampus. We assessed the expressions of Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) and Neuronal-specific Nuclear (NeuN) proteins in the right hippocampus by Western blot. Results: The MWM test showed that the treatment group had significantly higher traveled distances in the target quarter compared with the model and vehicle groups (P<0.05). Based on the result of cell count (Nissl staining), the number of cells increased in the treatment group compared with the model and vehicle groups (P<0.05). Western blot results showed up-regulation of GFAP and NeuN proteins in the model, vehicle, and treatment groups compared with the control group. Conclusion: Injection of BM-MSCs may lead to a behavioral and histological improvement in TMT-induced neurotoxicity by increasing the number of pyramidal neurons and improving memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soheila Madadi
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Majid Katebi
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Mina Eftekharzadeh
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Mehdipour
- Department of Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Bagher Pourheydar
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mehdizadeh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Aswendt M, Pallast N, Wieters F, Baues M, Hoehn M, Fink GR. Lesion Size- and Location-Dependent Recruitment of Contralesional Thalamus and Motor Cortex Facilitates Recovery after Stroke in Mice. Transl Stroke Res 2020; 12:87-97. [PMID: 32166716 PMCID: PMC7803721 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-020-00802-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Brain lesions caused by cerebral ischemia or hemorrhage lead to a local breakdown of energy homeostasis followed by irreversible cell death and long-term impairment. Importantly, local brain lesions also generate remote functional and structural disturbances, which contribute to the behavioral deficit but also impact the recovery of function. While spontaneous recovery has been associated with endogenous repair mechanisms at the vascular, neural, and immune cell levels, the impact of structural plasticity on sensory-motor dysfunction and recovery thereof remains to be elucidated by longitudinal imaging in a mouse model. Here, we applied behavioral assessments, in vivo fiber tracking, and histological validation in a photothrombotic stroke mouse model. Atlas-based whole-brain structural connectivity analysis and ex vivo histology revealed secondary neurodegeneration in the ipsilesional brain areas, mostly in the dorsal sensorimotor area of the thalamus. Furthermore, we describe for the first time a lesion size-dependent increase in structural connectivity between the contralesional primary motor cortex and thalamus with the ipsilesional cortex. The involvement of the contralesional hemisphere was associated with improved functional recovery relative to lesion size. This study highlights the importance of in vivo fiber tracking and the role of the contralesional hemisphere during spontaneous functional improvement as a potential novel stroke biomarker and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Aswendt
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne and University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Strasse, 62 50937, Cologne, Germany. .,Cognitive Neuroscience, Research Center Juelich, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Juelich, Germany.
| | - Niklas Pallast
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne and University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Strasse, 62 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Frederique Wieters
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne and University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Strasse, 62 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mayan Baues
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne and University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Strasse, 62 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mathias Hoehn
- Cognitive Neuroscience, Research Center Juelich, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Juelich, Germany.,Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Gereon R Fink
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne and University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Strasse, 62 50937, Cologne, Germany.,Cognitive Neuroscience, Research Center Juelich, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Juelich, Germany
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15
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Li Z, Ye H, Cai X, Sun W, He B, Yang Z, Xu P. Bone marrow-mesenchymal stem cells modulate microglial activation in the peri-infarct area in rats during the acute phase of stroke. Brain Res Bull 2019; 153:324-333. [PMID: 31589902 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
AIM Bone marrow-mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) possess immunomodulatory properties in the brain. However, it remains unclear whether intravenously transplanted BM-MSCs have a neuromodulator effect on the activation of microglias after ischemic stroke. This study aimed to investigate the immunomodulatory effect of BM-MSCs on the regulation of brain microglial inactivation during the acute phase of stroke. METHODS A rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was established. Rat BM-MSCs were transplanted through the tail vein at 12 h after MCAO. CD200 Receptor 1 (CD200R1) antibody was injected into the peri-infarct area of the rat brain at 3 h prior to BM- MSCs transplantation. Protein expression was determined by immunofluorescence staining and Western blot. The volume of the infarct area was determined by TTC (2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium hydrochloride) staining. Neuron apoptosis was determined by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining. RESULTS In vitro study showed that co-culture with BM-MSCs significantly decreased LPS-induced iNOS expression in the microglial cells. Immunofluorescence and Western blot consistently revealed that BM-MSC transplantation significantly reduced the IBA-expressing microglial cells and IBA protein levels in the peri-infarct area. The inhibitory effect of BM-MSC on IBA expression was significantly attenuated by pretreatment of CD200R1 neutralizing antibody in the peri-infarct zone. BM-MSC transplantation significantly reduced the infarct volume, protected neuron apoptosis, and increased neuronal CD200 expression in the peri-infarct area. CONCLUSION The transplanted BM-MSCs exerted immunomodulatory effect by inactivating the microglias in the peri-infarct area, at least partially, via the CD200-CD200R1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangrong Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Huiling Ye
- Geriatric Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Xueli Cai
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College, Guangzhou 323000, China
| | - Weiwen Sun
- Institute of Neuroscience, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Bin He
- Institute of Neuroscience, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Zhihua Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China.
| | - Pingyi Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China.
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16
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Right Structural and Functional Reorganization in Four-Year-Old Children with Perinatal Arterial Ischemic Stroke Predict Language Production. eNeuro 2019; 6:ENEURO.0447-18.2019. [PMID: 31383726 PMCID: PMC6749144 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0447-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain imaging methods have contributed to shed light on the mechanisms of recovery after early brain insult. The assumption that the unaffected right hemisphere can take over language functions after left perinatal stroke is still under debate. Here, we report how patterns of brain structural and functional reorganization were associated with language outcomes in a group of four-year-old children with left perinatal arterial ischemic stroke (PAIS). Specifically, we gathered specific fine-grained developmental measures of receptive and productive aspects of language as well as standardized measures of cognitive development. We also collected structural neuroimaging data as well as functional activations during a passive listening story-telling fMRI task and a resting state session (rs-fMRI). Children with a left perinatal stroke showed larger lateralization indices of both structural and functional connectivity of the dorsal language pathway towards the right hemisphere that, in turn, were associated with better language outcomes. Importantly, the pattern of structural asymmetry was significantly more right-lateralized in children with a left perinatal brain insult than in a group of matched healthy controls. These results strongly suggest that early lesions of the left dorsal pathway and the associated perisylvian regions can induce the interhemispheric transfer of language functions to right homolog regions. This study provides combined evidence of structural and functional brain reorganization of language networks after early stroke with strong implications for neurobiological models of language development.
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17
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Heusinger J, Hildebrandt H, Illing RB. Sensory deafferentation modulates and redistributes neurocan in the rat auditory brainstem. Brain Behav 2019; 9:e01353. [PMID: 31271523 PMCID: PMC6710208 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cochlear ablation causing sensory deafferentation (SD) of the cochlear nucleus triggers complex re-arrangements in the cellular and molecular communication networks of the adult mammalian central auditory system. Participation of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in these processes is not well understood. METHODS We investigated consequences of unilateral SD for the expression and distribution of the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans, neurocan (Ncan) and aggrecan (Agg), alongside various plasticity markers in the auditory brainstem of the adult rat using immunohistochemical techniques. RESULTS In the deafferented ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN), Ncan expression increased massively within 3 postoperative days (POD), but rapidly decreased thereafter. Agg showed a similar but less pronounced progression. Decrease in Ncan was spatially and temporally related to the re-innervation of VCN documented by the emergence of growth-associated protein Gap43 contained in nerve fibers and presynaptic boutons. Concurrently, astrocytes grew and expressed matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2), an enzyme known to emerge only under re-innervation of VCN. MMP2 is capable of cleaving both Ncan and Agg when released. A transient modulation of the ECM in the central inferior colliculus on the side opposite to SD occurred by POD1. Modulations of glutamatergic synapses and Gap43 expression were detected, reflecting state changes of the surrounding tissue induced by transsynaptic effects of SD. CONCLUSIONS The ECM variously participates in adaptive responses to sudden deafness by SD on several levels along the central auditory pathway, with a striking spatial and temporal relationship of Ncan modulation to astrocytic activation and to synaptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Heusinger
- Neurobiological Research Laboratory, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Heika Hildebrandt
- Neurobiological Research Laboratory, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Robert-Benjamin Illing
- Neurobiological Research Laboratory, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
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18
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Venkat P, Chen J, Chopp M. Exosome-mediated amplification of endogenous brain repair mechanisms and brain and systemic organ interaction in modulating neurological outcome after stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2018; 38:2165-2178. [PMID: 29888985 PMCID: PMC6282218 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x18782789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is caused by a regional interruption of cerebral blood flow to the brain. Rigorous pre-clinical and clinical research has made landmark progress in stroke treatment using thrombolytics and endovascular thrombectomy. Although numerous successful neuroprotective therapeutic agents for ischemic stroke have been reported in pre-clinical studies, most of them failed in clinical testing. Persistent pre-clinical research has demonstrated that the ischemic brain is not only passively dying but is also actively recovering. Within the neurovascular niche in the peri-infarct tissue, repair mechanisms thrive on the interactions between the neural and vascular compartments. In this review, we discuss exogenous therapy using mesenchymal stromal cell-derived exosomes to amplify endogenous brain repair mechanisms and to induce neurorestorative effects after stroke. Emerging evidence indicates that multiple communication axes between the various organs such as the brain, heart, kidney and gut, and whole body immune response mediated by the spleen can also affect stroke outcome. Therefore, in this review, we summarize this evidence and initiate a discussion on the potential to improve stroke outcome by amplifying multiple brain repair mechanisms after stroke, and by targeting peripheral organs and downstream events to enhance recovery in the injured brain and promote over all well being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poornima Venkat
- 1 Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Jieli Chen
- 1 Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Michael Chopp
- 1 Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA.,2 Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA
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19
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Fernández-García L, Pérez-Rigueiro J, Martinez-Murillo R, Panetsos F, Ramos M, Guinea GV, González-Nieto D. Cortical Reshaping and Functional Recovery Induced by Silk Fibroin Hydrogels-Encapsulated Stem Cells Implanted in Stroke Animals. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:296. [PMID: 30237762 PMCID: PMC6135908 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The restitution of damaged circuitry and functional remodeling of peri-injured areas constitute two main mechanisms for sustaining recovery of the brain after stroke. In this study, a silk fibroin-based biomaterial efficiently supports the survival of intracerebrally implanted mesenchymal stem cells (mSCs) and increases functional outcomes over time in a model of cortical stroke that affects the forepaw sensory and motor representations. We show that the functional mechanisms underlying recovery are related to a substantial preservation of cortical tissue in the first days after mSCs-polymer implantation, followed by delayed cortical plasticity that involved a progressive functional disconnection between the forepaw sensory (FLs1) and caudal motor (cFLm1) representations and an emergent sensory activity in peri-lesional areas belonging to cFLm1. Our results provide evidence that mSCs integrated into silk fibroin hydrogels attenuate the cerebral damage after brain infarction inducing a delayed cortical plasticity in the peri-lesional tissue, this later a functional change described during spontaneous or training rehabilitation-induced recovery. This study shows that brain remapping and sustained recovery were experimentally favored using a stem cell-biomaterial-based approach.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José Pérez-Rigueiro
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain,Departamento de Ciencia de Materiales, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain,Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ricardo Martinez-Murillo
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Instituto Cajal – Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fivos Panetsos
- Neurocomputing and Neurorobotics Research Group, Faculty of Biology and Faculty of Optics, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain,Neural Plasticity Research Group, Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Milagros Ramos
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain,Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Madrid, Spain,Departamento de Tecnología Fotónica y Bioingeniería, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Telecomunicación, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gustavo V. Guinea
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain,Departamento de Ciencia de Materiales, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain,Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel González-Nieto
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain,Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Madrid, Spain,Departamento de Tecnología Fotónica y Bioingeniería, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Telecomunicación, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain,*Correspondence: Daniel González-Nieto,
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20
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Sinke MR, Otte WM, van Meer MP, van der Toorn A, Dijkhuizen RM. Modified structural network backbone in the contralesional hemisphere chronically after stroke in rat brain. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2018; 38:1642-1653. [PMID: 28604153 PMCID: PMC6120129 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x17713901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Functional outcome after stroke depends on the local site of ischemic injury and on remote effects within connected networks, frequently extending into the contralesional hemisphere. However, the pattern of large-scale contralesional network remodeling remains largely unresolved. In this study, we applied diffusion-based tractography and graph-based network analysis to measure structural connectivity in the contralesional hemisphere chronically after experimental stroke in rats. We used the minimum spanning tree method, which accounts for variations in network density, for unbiased characterization of network backbones that form the strongest connections in a network. Ultrahigh-resolution diffusion MRI scans of eight post-mortem rat brains collected 70 days after right-sided stroke were compared against scans from 10 control brains. Structural network backbones of the left (contralesional) hemisphere, derived from 42 atlas-based anatomical regions, were found to be relatively stable across stroke and control animals. However, several sensorimotor regions showed increased connection strength after stroke. Sensorimotor function correlated with specific contralesional sensorimotor network backbone measures of global integration and efficiency. Our findings point toward post-stroke adaptive reorganization of the contralesional sensorimotor network with recruitment of distinct sensorimotor regions, possibly through strengthening of connections, which may contribute to functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Rt Sinke
- 1 Biomedical MR Imaging and Spectroscopy Group, Center for Image Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Willem M Otte
- 1 Biomedical MR Imaging and Spectroscopy Group, Center for Image Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,2 Department of Pediatric Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maurits Pa van Meer
- 1 Biomedical MR Imaging and Spectroscopy Group, Center for Image Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Annette van der Toorn
- 1 Biomedical MR Imaging and Spectroscopy Group, Center for Image Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rick M Dijkhuizen
- 1 Biomedical MR Imaging and Spectroscopy Group, Center for Image Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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21
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The Relationship between Cerebral White Matter Integrity and Cognitive Function in Mild Stroke with Basal Ganglia Region Infarcts. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8422. [PMID: 29849078 PMCID: PMC5976674 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26316-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mild stroke is a known risk factor for dementia. The relationship between cerebral white matter (WM) integrity and cognitive impairment (CI) in mild stroke patients with basal ganglia region infarcts is unknown. Total of 33 stroke patients and 19 age-matched controls underwent diffusion tensor imaging scans and a formal neuropsychological test battery. CI was defined as having a performance score 1.5 SD below the established norm. We compared the differences in Z-scores and Fraction Anisotropy (FA) values among controls, stroke with no CI (NCI) and stroke with CI groups. Multiple linear regressions were performed between FA values in affected regions and neuropsychological tests in stroke patients. The majority of stroke patients were in their 50s (56.90 ± 9.23 years). CI patients exhibited a significantly decreased Z score in visual delayed memory and remarkably decreased FA values in the right external capsule and right fornix (FWE-corrected) compared with NCI patients and controls. In stroke patients, the FA value in the right fornix was positively correlated with delayed visual memory. Mild stroke with basal ganglia region infarcts may be related to widespread abnormality of WM integrity. The lower WM integrity in the right fornix may be a marker of impaired delayed visual memory.
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22
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Okabe N, Himi N, Maruyama-Nakamura E, Hayashi N, Narita K, Miyamoto O. Rehabilitative skilled forelimb training enhances axonal remodeling in the corticospinal pathway but not the brainstem-spinal pathways after photothrombotic stroke in the primary motor cortex. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187413. [PMID: 29095902 PMCID: PMC5667818 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Task-specific rehabilitative training is commonly used for chronic stroke patients. Axonal remodeling is believed to be one mechanism underlying rehabilitation-induced functional recovery, and significant roles of the corticospinal pathway have previously been demonstrated. Brainstem-spinal pathways, as well as the corticospinal tract, have been suggested to contribute to skilled motor function and functional recovery after brain injury. However, whether axonal remodeling in the brainstem-spinal pathways is a critical component for rehabilitation-induced functional recovery is not known. In this study, rats were subjected to photothrombotic stroke in the caudal forelimb area of the primary motor cortex and received rehabilitative training with a skilled forelimb reaching task for 4 weeks. After completion of the rehabilitative training, the retrograde tracer Fast blue was injected into the contralesional lower cervical spinal cord. Fast blue-positive cells were counted in 32 brain areas located in the cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata. Rehabilitative training improved motor performance in the skilled forelimb reaching task but not in the cylinder test, ladder walk test, or staircase test, indicating that rehabilitative skilled forelimb training induced task-specific recovery. In the histological analysis, rehabilitative training significantly increased the number of Fast blue-positive neurons in the ipsilesional rostral forelimb area and secondary sensory cortex. However, rehabilitative training did not alter the number of Fast blue-positive neurons in any areas of the brainstem. These results indicate that rehabilitative skilled forelimb training enhances axonal remodeling selectively in the corticospinal pathway, which suggests a critical role of cortical plasticity, rather than brainstem plasticity, in task-specific recovery after subtotal motor cortex destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naohiko Okabe
- Second Department of Physiology, Kawasaki Medical School, Matsushima, Kurashiki City, Okayama, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Naoyuki Himi
- Second Department of Physiology, Kawasaki Medical School, Matsushima, Kurashiki City, Okayama, Japan
| | - Emi Maruyama-Nakamura
- Second Department of Physiology, Kawasaki Medical School, Matsushima, Kurashiki City, Okayama, Japan
| | - Norito Hayashi
- Second Department of Physiology, Kawasaki Medical School, Matsushima, Kurashiki City, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Narita
- Second Department of Physiology, Kawasaki Medical School, Matsushima, Kurashiki City, Okayama, Japan
| | - Osamu Miyamoto
- Second Department of Physiology, Kawasaki Medical School, Matsushima, Kurashiki City, Okayama, Japan
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23
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Zhang C, Zou Y, Li K, Li C, Jiang Y, Sun J, Sun R, Wen H. Different effects of running wheel exercise and skilled reaching training on corticofugal tract plasticity in hypertensive rats with cortical infarctions. Behav Brain Res 2017; 336:166-172. [PMID: 28882693 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The approaches that facilitate white matter plasticity may prompt functional recovery after a stroke. The effects of different exercise methods on motor recovery in stroke rats have been investigated. However, it is not clear whether their effects on axonal plasticity different. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of the forced running wheel exercise (RWE) and skilled reaching training (SRT) on axonal plasticity and motor recovery. Cortical infarctions were generated in stroke-prone renovascular hypertensive rats. The rats were randomly divided into the following three groups: the control (Con) group, the RWE group, and the SRT group. A sham group was also included. The mNSS and forelimb grip strength tests were performed on days 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 after ischemia. The anterograde tract tracer biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) was injected into the rats to trace the axonal plasticity of the contralesional corticofugal tracts. Compared with the Con group, the mNSS scores in the SRT and RWE groups decreased on day 28 (P<0.05) and on days 35 and 42 (P<0.01). The grip strength in the SRT group increased relative to that in the RWE group at 42day post-ischemia (P<0.01). Both the RWE and SRT groups exhibited enhanced plasticity of the contralesional corticofugal tract axons at the level of the red nucleus (P<0.01) and the cervical enlargement (P<0.01). More contralateral corticorubral tract remodeling was observed at the red nucleus level in the SRT group than in the RWE group (P<0.001). Taken together, these results suggest that SRT may enhance axon plasticity in the corticorubral tract more effectively than the forced RWE and is associated with better motor recovery after cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- ChanJuan Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou 510630, Guangdong Province, China; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, 466 Xingang Middle Road, Guangzhou 510317, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yan Zou
- Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou 510630, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Kui Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou 510630, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou 510630, Guangdong Province, China
| | - YingPing Jiang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, 466 Xingang Middle Road, Guangzhou 510317, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ju Sun
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou 510630, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ruifang Sun
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou 510630, Guangdong Province, China
| | - HongMei Wen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou 510630, Guangdong Province, China.
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24
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Gennaro M, Mattiello A, Mazziotti R, Antonelli C, Gherardini L, Guzzetta A, Berardi N, Cioni G, Pizzorusso T. Focal Stroke in the Developing Rat Motor Cortex Induces Age- and Experience-Dependent Maladaptive Plasticity of Corticospinal System. Front Neural Circuits 2017; 11:47. [PMID: 28706475 PMCID: PMC5489564 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2017.00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor system development is characterized by an activity-dependent competition between ipsilateral and contralateral corticospinal tracts (CST). Clinical evidence suggests that age is crucial for developmental stroke outcome, with early lesions inducing a “maladaptive” strengthening of ipsilateral projections from the healthy hemisphere and worse motor impairment. Here, we investigated in developing rats the relation between lesion timing, motor outcome and CST remodeling pattern. We induced a focal ischemia into forelimb motor cortex (fM1) at two distinct pre-weaning ages: P14 and P21. We compared long-term motor outcome with changes in axonal sprouting of contralesional CST at red nucleus and spinal cord level using anterograde tracing. We found that P14 stroke caused a more severe long-term motor impairment than at P21, and induced a strong and aberrant contralesional CST sprouting onto denervated spinal cord and red nucleus. The mistargeted sprouting of CST, and the worse motor outcome of the P14 stroke rats were reversed by an early skilled motor training, underscoring the potential of early activity-dependent plasticity in modulating lesion outcome. Thus, changes in the mechanisms controlling CST plasticity occurring during the third postnatal week are associated with age-dependent regulation of the motor outcome after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariangela Gennaro
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health NEUROFARBA, University of FlorenceFlorence, Italy.,Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council (CNR)Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Mattiello
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health NEUROFARBA, University of FlorenceFlorence, Italy.,Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council (CNR)Pisa, Italy
| | - Raffaele Mazziotti
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health NEUROFARBA, University of FlorenceFlorence, Italy.,Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council (CNR)Pisa, Italy
| | - Camilla Antonelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of PisaPisa, Italy.,Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Stella Maris Scientific InstitutePisa, Italy
| | - Lisa Gherardini
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council (CNR)Pisa, Italy.,Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (CNR)Siena, Italy
| | - Andrea Guzzetta
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of PisaPisa, Italy.,Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Stella Maris Scientific InstitutePisa, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Berardi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health NEUROFARBA, University of FlorenceFlorence, Italy.,Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council (CNR)Pisa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Cioni
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of PisaPisa, Italy.,Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Stella Maris Scientific InstitutePisa, Italy
| | - Tommaso Pizzorusso
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health NEUROFARBA, University of FlorenceFlorence, Italy.,Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council (CNR)Pisa, Italy
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25
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Jung WB, Han YH, Chung JJ, Chae SY, Lee SH, Im GH, Cha J, Lee JH. Spatiotemporal microstructural white matter changes in diffusion tensor imaging after transient focal ischemic stroke in rats. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2017; 30:e3704. [PMID: 28205341 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Structural reorganization in white matter (WM) after stroke is a potential contributor to substitute or to newly establish the functional field on the injured brain in nature. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is an imaging modality that can be used to evaluate damage and recovery within the brain. This method of imaging allows for in vivo assessment of the restricted movements of water molecules in WM and provides a detailed look at structural connectivity in the brain. For longitudinal DTI studies after a stroke, the conventional region of interest method and voxel-based analysis are highly dependent on the user-hypothesis and parameter settings for implementation. In contrast, tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) allows for reliable voxel-wise analysis via the projection of diffusion-derived parameters onto an alignment-invariant WM skeleton. In this study, spatiotemporal WM changes were examined with DTI-derived parameters (fractional anisotropy, FA; mean diffusivity, MD; axial diffusivity, DA; radial diffusivity, RD) using TBSS 2 h to 6 weeks after experimental focal ischemic stroke in rats (N = 6). FA values remained unchanged 2-4 h after the stroke, followed by a continuous decrease in the ipsilesional hemisphere from 24 h to 2 weeks post-stroke and gradual recovery from the ipsilesional corpus callosum to the external capsule until 6 weeks post-stroke. In particular, the fibers in these areas were extended toward the striatum of the ischemic boundary region at 6 weeks on tractography. The alterations of the other parameters in the ipsilesional hemisphere showed patterns of a decrease at the early stage, a subsequent pseudo-normalization of MD and DA, a rapid reduction of RD, and a progressive increase in MD, DA and RD with a decreased extent in the injured area at later stages. The findings of this study may reflect the ongoing processes on tissue damage and spontaneous recovery after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Beom Jung
- Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Center for NeuroScience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon, Korea
| | - Yong Hee Han
- Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Julius Juhyun Chung
- Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Center for NeuroScience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon, Korea
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Health Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun Young Chae
- Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Center for NeuroScience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon, Korea
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Health Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Hoon Lee
- Department of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Geun Ho Im
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - JiHoon Cha
- Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Hee Lee
- Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Center for NeuroScience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon, Korea
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Health Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea
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Choi DH, Ahn JH, Choi IA, Kim JH, Kim BR, Lee J. Effect of task-specific training on Eph/ephrin expression after stroke. BMB Rep 2017; 49:635-640. [PMID: 27756445 PMCID: PMC5346325 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2016.49.11.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence indicates that the ephrin receptors and ephrin ligands (Eph/ephrin) expression modulate axonal reorganization and synaptic plasticity in stroke recovery. To investigate the effect of task-specific training (TST) on Eph/ephrin expression in the corticospinal tract (CST) after stroke, we compared Eph/ephrin expression in the peri-infarct cortex, pyramid, and spinal cord of a photothrombotic stroke model of rat brains treated with or without TST. The TST treatment showed significantly better recovery in the behavioral tests compared with no treatment. The significant upregulation of ephrin-A1 and ephrin-A5 observed in activated astrocytes of the CST at 2 weeks’ post-stroke was decreased by TST. At 5 weeks, post-stroke, the elevated ephrin-A5 levels were decreased in the ipsilateral pyramid and spinal cord by TST. Glial fibrillary acidic protein was upregulated concomitantly with the altered ephrin expression after stroke, and the expression of these proteins was attenuated by TST. These data suggest that TST alters the expression of ephrin ligands in the CST after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hee Choi
- Departments of Medical Science, Konkuk University School of Medicine; Center for Neuroscience Research, Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Jin-Hee Ahn
- Departments of Medical Science, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - In-Ae Choi
- Departments of Medical Science, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Ji-Hye Kim
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Bo-Ram Kim
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Jongmin Lee
- Rehabilitation Medicine, Konkuk University School of Medicine; Center for Neuroscience Research, Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
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27
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Gulati A. Endothelin Receptors, Mitochondria and Neurogenesis in Cerebral Ischemia. Curr Neuropharmacol 2017; 14:619-26. [PMID: 26786146 PMCID: PMC4981738 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x14666160119094959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Neurogenesis is most active during pre-natal development, however, it persists throughout the human lifespan. The putative role of mitochondria in neurogenesis and angiogenesis is gaining importance. Since, ETB receptor mediated neurogenesis and angiogenesis has been identified, the role of these receptors with relevance to mitochondrial functions is of interest. Methods: In addition to work from our laboratory, we undertook an extensive search of bibliographic databases for peer-reviewed research literature. Specific technical terms such as endothelin, mitochondria and neurogenesis were used to seek out and critically evaluate literature that was relevant. Results: The ET family consists of three isopeptides (ET-1, ET-2 and ET-3) that produce biological actions by acting on two types of receptors (ETA and ETB). In the central nervous system (CNS) ETA receptors are potent constrictors of the cerebral vasculature and appear to contribute in the causation of cerebral ischemia. ETA receptor antagonists have been found to be effective in animal model of cerebral ischemia; however, clinical studies have shown no efficacy. Mitochondrial functions are critically important for several neural development processes such as neurogenesis, axonal and dendritic growth, and synaptic formation. ET appears to impair mitochondrial functions through activation of ETA receptors. On the other hand, blocking ETB receptors has been shown to trigger apoptotic processes by activating intrinsic mitochondrial pathway. Mitochondria are important for their role in molecular regulation of neurogenesis and angiogenesis. Stimulation of ETB receptors in the adult ischemic brain has been found to promote angiogenesis and neurogenesis mediated through vascular endothelial growth factor and nerve growth factor. It will be interesting to investigate the effect of ETB receptor stimulation on mitochondrial functions in the CNS following cerebral ischemia. Conclusion: The findings of this review implicate brain ETB receptors in angiogenesis and neurogenesis following cerebral ischemia, it is possible that the positive effect of stimulating ETB receptors in cerebral ischemia may be mediated through mitochondrial functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Gulati
- Chicago College of Pharmacy, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515-1235.
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28
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Na SS, Kim SK, Jung NJ, Hwangbo G. The relationship between non-affected forelimb exercise and recovery after focal cerebral ischemia in acute phase. J Phys Ther Sci 2017; 29:1821-1823. [PMID: 29184297 PMCID: PMC5684018 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.29.1821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] In the present study, we hypothesized that exercise of the nonaffected forelimb
in the early poststroke phase would stimulate the intact hemisphere, thereby influencing
the hemisphere of the infarcted side and improving the performance of the hemiplegic limb.
[Subjects and Methods] Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (8–10 weeks of age, weighing
250–300 g, n=12) were used and randomly divided into 3 groups: nonaffected forelimb
exercise for 3 days and treadmill exercise 7 days after ischemia (ETF, n=6), resting for 3
days and treadmill exercise 7 days after ischemia (ETN, n=6), and after ischemia 10 days
resting group. To validate nerve growth factor (NGF), western blot analysis was performed.
The results were analyzed using SPSS for Windows version 18.0. and expressed as mean ±
standard deviation (SD). [Results] Early treadmill exercise increased the expression of
NGF protein level in both ETE and ETN groups. Comparing between the nonaffected forelimb
exercise and infarct hemisphere in NGF protein expression, the ETE group showed higher
increase of NGF protein level in right hemisphere than ETN group, but there was no
statistical significance. [Conclusion] The early treadmill exercise increased NGF protein
expression levels in both hemispheres and the nonaffected forelimb exercise in the early
poststroke recovery phase could enhance neuronal recovery after focal ischemia in rat
models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Su Na
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Graduate School, Daegu University: 201 Daegudae-ro, Jillyang, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Kyu Kim
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Graduate School, Daegu University: 201 Daegudae-ro, Jillyang, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Jin Jung
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Graduate School, Daegu University: 201 Daegudae-ro, Jillyang, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Gak Hwangbo
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Graduate School, Daegu University: 201 Daegudae-ro, Jillyang, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
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29
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Okabe N, Narita K, Miyamoto O. Axonal remodeling in the corticospinal tract after stroke: how does rehabilitative training modulate it? Neural Regen Res 2017; 12:185-192. [PMID: 28400791 PMCID: PMC5361493 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.200792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke causes long-term disability, and rehabilitative training is commonly used to improve the consecutive functional recovery. Following brain damage, surviving neurons undergo morphological alterations to reconstruct the remaining neural network. In the motor system, such neural network remodeling is observed as a motor map reorganization. Because of its significant correlation with functional recovery, motor map reorganization has been regarded as a key phenomenon for functional recovery after stroke. Although the mechanism underlying motor map reorganization remains unclear, increasing evidence has shown a critical role for axonal remodeling in the corticospinal tract. In this study, we review previous studies investigating axonal remodeling in the corticospinal tract after stroke and discuss which mechanisms may underlie the stimulatory effect of rehabilitative training. Axonal remodeling in the corticospinal tract can be classified into three types based on the location and the original targets of corticospinal neurons, and it seems that all the surviving corticospinal neurons in both ipsilesional and contralesional hemisphere can participate in axonal remodeling and motor map reorganization. Through axonal remodeling, corticospinal neurons alter their output selectivity from a single to multiple areas to compensate for the lost function. The remodeling of the corticospinal axon is influenced by the extent of tissue destruction and promoted by various therapeutic interventions, including rehabilitative training. Although the precise molecular mechanism underlying rehabilitation-promoted axonal remodeling remains elusive, previous data suggest that rehabilitative training promotes axonal remodeling by upregulating growth-promoting and downregulating growth-inhibiting signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naohiko Okabe
- Second Department of Physiology, Kawasaki Medical School 577, Matsushima, Kurashiki City, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Narita
- Second Department of Physiology, Kawasaki Medical School 577, Matsushima, Kurashiki City, Okayama, Japan
| | - Osamu Miyamoto
- Second Department of Physiology, Kawasaki Medical School 577, Matsushima, Kurashiki City, Okayama, Japan
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30
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Ipsilesional High Frequency Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Add-On Therapy Improved Diffusion Parameters of Stroke Patients with Motor Dysfunction: A Preliminary DTI Study. Neural Plast 2016; 2016:6238575. [PMID: 27840742 PMCID: PMC5093297 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6238575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of high frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (HF-rTMS) on stroke patients with motor dysfunction and to investigate the underlying neural mechanism. Methods. Fifteen stroke patients were assigned to the rTMS treatment (RT) group and conventional treatment (CT) group. Patients in the RT received 10 Hz rTMS stimulation on the ipsilesional primary motor cortex for 10 days plus conventional treatment of CT, which consisted of acupuncture and antiplatelet aggregation medication. Difference in fractional anisotropy (FA) between pretreatment and posttreatment and between two groups was determined. Correlations between FA values and neurological assessments were also calculated. Results. Both groups significantly improved the neurological function after treatment. rTMS-treated patients showed better improvement in Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA) score and increased FA value in motor-related white matter and gray matter cortices compared with CT-treated patients and pretreatment status. Besides, the increased FA value in the ipsilesional posterior limb of the internal capsule in RT group was significantly correlated with the improved FMA score. Significance. HF-rTMS could be a supplement therapy to CT in improving motor recovery in patients with stroke. And this benefit effect may be achieved through modulating the ipsilesional corticospinal tracts and motor-related gray matter cortices.
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31
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Young BM, Stamm JM, Song J, Remsik AB, Nair VA, Tyler ME, Edwards DF, Caldera K, Sattin JA, Williams JC, Prabhakaran V. Brain-Computer Interface Training after Stroke Affects Patterns of Brain-Behavior Relationships in Corticospinal Motor Fibers. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:457. [PMID: 27695404 PMCID: PMC5025476 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Brain–computer interface (BCI) devices are being investigated for their application in stroke rehabilitation, but little is known about how structural changes in the motor system relate to behavioral measures with the use of these systems. Objective: This study examined relationships among diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)-derived metrics and with behavioral changes in stroke patients with and without BCI training. Methods: Stroke patients (n = 19) with upper extremity motor impairment were assessed using Stroke Impact Scale (SIS), Action Research Arm Test (ARAT), Nine-Hole Peg Test (9-HPT), and DTI scans. Ten subjects completed four assessments over a control period during which no training was administered. Seventeen subjects, including eight who completed the control period, completed four assessments over an experimental period during which subjects received interventional BCI training. Fractional anisotropy (FA) values were extracted from each corticospinal tract (CST) and transcallosal motor fibers for each scan. Results: No significant group by time interactions were identified at the group level in DTI or behavioral measures. During the control period, increases in contralesional CST FA and in asymmetric FA (aFA) correlated with poorer scores on SIS and 9-HPT. During the experimental period (with BCI training), increases in contralesional CST FA were correlated with improvements in 9-HPT while increases in aFA correlated with improvements in ARAT but with worsening 9-HPT performance; changes in transcallosal motor fibers positively correlated with those in the contralesional CST. All correlations p < 0.05 corrected. Conclusion: These findings suggest that the integrity of the contralesional CST may be used to track individual behavioral changes observed with BCI training after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany M Young
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, MadisonWI, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Wisconsin - Madison, MadisonWI, USA; Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin - Madison, MadisonWI, USA
| | - Julie M Stamm
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison WI, USA
| | - Jie Song
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, MadisonWI, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin - Madison, MadisonWI, USA
| | - Alexander B Remsik
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison WI, USA
| | - Veena A Nair
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison WI, USA
| | - Mitchell E Tyler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison WI, USA
| | - Dorothy F Edwards
- Department of Kinesiology and Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin - Madison, MadisonWI, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, MadisonWI, USA
| | - Kristin Caldera
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison WI, USA
| | - Justin A Sattin
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison WI, USA
| | - Justin C Williams
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin - Madison, MadisonWI, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin - Madison, MadisonWI, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Wisconsin - Madison, MadisonWI, USA
| | - Vivek Prabhakaran
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, MadisonWI, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Wisconsin - Madison, MadisonWI, USA; Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin - Madison, MadisonWI, USA; Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin - Madison, MadisonWI, USA; Department of Psychology and Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin - Madison, MadisonWI, USA
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32
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He B, Yao Q, Liang Z, Lin J, Xie Y, Li S, Wu G, Yang Z, Xu P. The Dose of Intravenously Transplanted Bone Marrow Stromal Cells Determines the Therapeutic Effect on Vascular Remodeling in a Rat Model of Ischemic Stroke. Cell Transplant 2016; 25:2173-2185. [PMID: 27480476 DOI: 10.3727/096368916x692627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic benefits of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell (BM-MSC) transplantation for ischemic stroke have been extensively demonstrated. However, studies on the optimal cell dose for intravenous administration are still limited. This study aimed to determine an appropriate cell dose for BM-MSC intravenous transplantation and to investigate the effect of cell dose on vascular remodeling in a rat model of ischemic stroke. BM-MSCs at doses of 5104 (low-dose group), 5105 (medium-dose group), and 2106 (high-dose group) were intravenously injected into rats at 72 h after ischemia. The therapeutic efficacy of BM-MSCs was evaluated by measuring infarct volume, vascular diameters, capillary area in the peri-infarct zone, level of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in the peri-infarct zone, and serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) level at 7 days after ischemia. Compared with the low-dose and control groups, medium-dose and high-dose BM-MSC transplantation significantly reduced the volume of the infarct area, enlarged the diameters of pial vessels and the basilar artery, and increased the capillary area in the peri-infarct zone of the cerebral cortex. Furthermore, transplanted BM-MSCs elevated the expressions of bFGF in the peri-infarct zone and the serum VEGF level. Administration of 5105 BM-MSCs is an appropriate cell dose for ischemic stroke therapy in rats. These findings may be helpful for designing future clinical trials.
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33
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Lin Y, Zhang JC, Yao CY, Wu Y, Abdelgawad AF, Yao SL, Yuan SY. Critical role of astrocytic interleukin-17 A in post-stroke survival and neuronal differentiation of neural precursor cells in adult mice. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2273. [PMID: 27336717 PMCID: PMC5143370 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The brain and the immune system interact in complex ways after ischemic stroke, and the long-term effects of immune response associated with stroke remain controversial. As a linkage between innate and adaptive immunity, interleukin-17 A (IL-17 A) secreted from gamma delta (γδ) T cells has detrimental roles in the pathogenesis of acute ischemic stroke. However, to date, the long-term actions of IL-17 A after stroke have not been investigated. Here, we found that IL-17 A showed two distinct peaks of expression in the ischemic hemisphere: the first occurring within 3 days and the second on day 28 after stroke. Our data also showed that astrocyte was the major cellular source of IL-17 A that maintained and augmented subventricular zone (SVZ) neural precursor cells (NPCs) survival, neuronal differentiation, and subsequent synaptogenesis and functional recovery after stroke. IL-17 A also promoted neuronal differentiation in cultured NPCs from the ischemic SVZ. Furthermore, our in vitro data revealed that in primary astrocyte cultures activated astrocytes released IL-17 A via p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Culture media from reactive astrocytes increased neuronal differentiation of NSCs in vitro. Blockade of IL-17 A with neutralizing antibody prevented this effect. In addition, after screening for multiple signaling pathways, we revealed that the p38 MAPK/calpain 1 signaling pathway was involved in IL-17 A-mediated neurogenesis in vivo and in vitro. Thus, our results reveal a previously uncharacterized property of astrocytic IL-17 A in the maintenance and augment of survival and neuronal differentiation of NPCs, and subsequent synaptogenesis and spontaneous recovery after ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Lin
- Department of Anesthesia, Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.,Department of Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - J-C Zhang
- Department of Anesthesia, Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.,Department of Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - C-Y Yao
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Y Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - A F Abdelgawad
- Department of Anesthesia, Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.,Department of Anesthesia, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - S-L Yao
- Department of Anesthesia, Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.,Department of Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - S-Y Yuan
- Department of Anesthesia, Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.,Department of Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
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Galho AR, Cordeiro MF, Ribeiro SA, Marques MS, Antunes MFD, Luz DC, Hädrich G, Muccillo-Baisch AL, Barros DM, Lima JV, Dora CL, Horn AP. Protective role of free and quercetin-loaded nanoemulsion against damage induced by intracerebral haemorrhage in rats. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 27:175101. [PMID: 26965041 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/17/175101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) is a worldwide public health problem. Experimental studies have shown that oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of ICH and could represent a target for its treatment. However, the blood-brain barrier is an obstacle to be overcome, as it hampers the administration of compounds to the central nervous system. In this study, we compared the effects of a quercetin-loaded nanoemulsion (QU-N) with the free form of the drug (QU-SP) in a collagenase-induced ICH rat model. Quercetin (QU) is a polyphenol that has an antioxidant effect in vitro, but due to its high lipophilicity, it has low bioavailability in vivo. In this study, animals submitted or not to ICH were treated with a single intraperitoneal QU dose (free or nanoemulsion) of 30 mg kg(-1). Motor assessment was evaluated by the open field, foot fault and beam walking behavioural tests. 72 h after surgery the haematoma size was evaluated and biochemical measurements were performed. Animals treated with QU-N had a significant improvement in the beam walking and open field tests. Also, QU-N was able to reduce the size of the haematoma, preserving the activity of glutathione S-transferase (GST), increasing GSH content, and the total antioxidant capacity. QU-SP recovered locomotor activity and increased the GSH content and the total antioxidant capacity. Thus, it can be observed that QU presented antioxidant activity in both formulations, but the incorporation into nanoemulsions increased its antioxidant effect, which was reflected in the improvement of the motor skills and in the haematoma size decrement. These results suggest that the nanoemulsion containing QU developed in this study could be promising for future studies on treatments for ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Galho
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas - Fisiologia Animal Comparada, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, RS, 96210-900, Brazil
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Is Remodelling of Corticospinal Tract Terminations Originating in the Intact Hemisphere Associated with Recovery following Transient Ischaemic Stroke in the Rat? PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152176. [PMID: 27014870 PMCID: PMC4807821 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Following large strokes that encompass the cerebral cortex, it has been suggested that the corticospinal tract originating from the non-ischaemic hemisphere reorganises its pattern of terminal arborisation within the spinal cord to compensate for loss of function. However many strokes in humans predominantly affect subcortical structures with minimal involvement of the cerebral cortex. The aim of the present study was to determine whether remodelling of corticospinal terminals arising from the non-ischaemic hemisphere was associated with spontaneous recovery in rats with subcortical infarcts. Rats were subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion or sham surgery and 28 days later, when animals exhibited functional recovery, cholera toxin b subunit was injected into the contralesional, intact forelimb motor cortex in order to anterogradely label terminals within cervical spinal cord segments. Infarcts were limited to subcortical structures and resulted in partial loss of corticospinal tract axons from the ischaemic hemisphere. Quantitative analysis revealed there was no significant difference in the numbers of terminals on the contralesional side of the spinal grey matter between ischaemic and sham rats. The results indicate that significant remodelling of the corticospinal tract from the non-ischaemic hemisphere is not associated with functional recovery in animals with subcortical infarcts.
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36
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Aertker BM, Bedi S, Cox CS. Strategies for CNS repair following TBI. Exp Neurol 2016; 275 Pt 3:411-426. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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37
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Maslinic acid promotes synaptogenesis and axon growth via Akt/GSK-3β activation in cerebral ischemia model. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 764:298-305. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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38
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Quintard H, Heurteaux C, Ichai C. Adult neurogenesis and brain remodelling after brain injury: From bench to bedside? Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med 2015; 34:239-45. [PMID: 26233283 DOI: 10.1016/j.accpm.2015.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Brain trauma and stroke cause important disabilities. The mechanisms involved are now well described, but all therapeutics developed thus far for neuro-protection are currently unsuccessful at improving neurologic prognosis. The recently studied neuro-restorative time following brain injury may point towards a promising therapeutic approach. The purpose of this paper is to explain the mechanisms of this revolutionary concept, give an overview of related knowledge and discuss its transfer into clinical practice. DATA SOURCES AND SYNTHESIS An overview of the neurogenesis concept using MEDLINE, EMBASE and CENTRAL databases was carried out in May 2014. The clinicaltrials.gov registry was used to search for ongoing clinical trials in this domain. CONCLUSION The concept of brain remodelling upset fundamental ideas concerning the neurologic system and opened new fields of research. Therapies currently under evaluation hold promising results and could have a real prognostic impact in future years, but the translation of these therapies from the laboratory to the clinic is still far from completion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Quintard
- Intensive Care Unit, CHU Nice, 4, rue Pierre-Dévoluy, 06000 Nice, France.
| | - Catherine Heurteaux
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (CNRS), Université de Sophia-Antipolis, 660, route des Lucioles, 06560 Valbonne, France.
| | - Carole Ichai
- Intensive Care Unit, CHU Nice, 4, rue Pierre-Dévoluy, 06000 Nice, France.
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George PM, Steinberg GK. Novel Stroke Therapeutics: Unraveling Stroke Pathophysiology and Its Impact on Clinical Treatments. Neuron 2015; 87:297-309. [PMID: 26182415 PMCID: PMC4911814 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Stroke remains a leading cause of death and disability in the world. Over the past few decades our understanding of the pathophysiology of stroke has increased, but greater insight is required to advance the field of stroke recovery. Clinical treatments have improved in the acute time window, but long-term therapeutics remain limited. Complex neural circuits damaged by ischemia make restoration of function after stroke difficult. New therapeutic approaches, including cell transplantation or stimulation, focus on reestablishing these circuits through multiple mechanisms to improve circuit plasticity and remodeling. Other research targets intact networks to compensate for damaged regions. This review highlights several important mechanisms of stroke injury and describes emerging therapies aimed at improving clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M George
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Gary K Steinberg
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Ishizuka T, Goshima H, Ozawa A, Watanabe Y. Stimulation of 5-HT4 receptor enhances differentiation of mouse induced pluripotent stem cells into neural progenitor cells. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2014; 41:345-50. [PMID: 24606396 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Activation of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) receptors plays a role in adult neurogenesis and differentiation of neural progenitor cells (NPC). Herein, we examined the involvement of 5-HT receptors in the differentiation of mouse induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells into NPC. To induce embryoid body (EB) formation, mouse iPS cells were cultured on ultralow-attachment dishes. All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA; 1 μmol/L) and/or 5-HT (0.03 or 0.1 μmol/L) was added to the EB cultures for 4 days and then EB plated on gelatin-coated plates were cultured for 7 or 14 days. Immunofluorescence staining revealed that mouse iPS cells expressed both 5-HT2A and 5-HT4 receptors and, to a lesser extent, 5-HT1A receptors. Treatment with 5-HT significantly enhanced the ATRA-induced expression of nestin, a specific marker for NPC, and phosphorylation of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB). Pretreatment of EB cultures with either 1 μmol/L GR113808 (a selective 5-HT4 receptor antagonist) or 1 μmol/L H89 (a protein kinase (PKA) inhibitor) significantly inhibited these effects of 5-HT. These findings suggest that stimulation of 5-HT4 receptors may enhance ATRA-induced neural differentiation of mouse iPS cells through activation of PKA and CREB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Ishizuka
- Department of Pharmacology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
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41
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Meng Y, Chopp M, Zhang Y, Liu Z, An A, Mahmood A, Xiong Y. Subacute intranasal administration of tissue plasminogen activator promotes neuroplasticity and improves functional recovery following traumatic brain injury in rats. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106238. [PMID: 25184365 PMCID: PMC4153585 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of death and long-term disability worldwide. To date, there are no effective pharmacological treatments for TBI. Recombinant human tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is the effective drug for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke. In addition to its thrombolytic effect, tPA is also involved in neuroplasticity in the central nervous system. However, tPA has potential adverse side effects when administered intravenously including brain edema and hemorrhage. Here we report that tPA, administered by intranasal delivery during the subacute phase after TBI, provides therapeutic benefit. Animals with TBI were treated intranasally with saline or tPA initiated 7 days after TBI. Compared with saline treatment, subacute intranasal tPA treatment significantly 1) improved cognitive (Morris water maze test) and sensorimotor (footfault and modified neurological severity score) functional recovery in rats after TBI, 2) reduced the cortical stimulation threshold evoking ipsilateral forelimb movement, 3) enhanced neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus and axonal sprouting of the corticospinal tract originating from the contralesional cortex into the denervated side of the cervical gray matter, and 4) increased the level of mature brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Our data suggest that subacute intranasal tPA treatment improves functional recovery and promotes brain neurogenesis and spinal cord axonal sprouting after TBI, which may be mediated, at least in part, by tPA/plasmin-dependent maturation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuling Meng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Michael Chopp
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Yanlu Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Zhongwu Liu
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Aaron An
- Department of Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Asim Mahmood
- Department of Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Ye Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Effects of acute versus post-acute systemic delivery of neural progenitor cells on neurological recovery and brain remodeling after focal cerebral ischemia in mice. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1386. [PMID: 25144721 PMCID: PMC4454329 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 07/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Intravenous transplantation of neural progenitor cells (NPCs) induces functional recovery after stroke, albeit grafted cells are not integrated into residing neural networks. However, a systematic analysis of intravenous NPC delivery at acute and post-acute time points and their long-term consequences does not exist. Male C57BL6 mice were exposed to cerebral ischemia, and NPCs were intravenously grafted on day 0, on day 1 or on day 28. Animals were allowed to survive for up to 84 days. Mice and tissues were used for immunohistochemical analysis, flow cytometry, ELISA and behavioral tests. Density of grafted NPCs within the ischemic hemisphere was increased when cells were transplanted on day 28 as compared with transplantation on days 0 or 1. Likewise, transplantation on day 28 yielded enhanced neuronal differentiation rates of grafted cells. Post-ischemic brain injury, however, was only reduced when NPCs were grafted at acute time points. On the contrary, reduced post-ischemic functional deficits due to NPC delivery were independent of transplantation paradigms. NPC-induced neuroprotection after acute cell delivery was due to stabilization of the blood–brain barrier (BBB), reduction in microglial activation and modulation of both peripheral and central immune responses. On the other hand, post-acute NPC transplantation stimulated post-ischemic regeneration via enhanced angioneurogenesis and increased axonal plasticity. Acute NPC delivery yields long-term neuroprotection via enhanced BBB integrity and modulation of post-ischemic immune responses, whereas post-acute NPC delivery increases post-ischemic angioneurogenesis and axonal plasticity. Post-ischemic functional recovery, however, is independent of NPC delivery timing, which offers a broad therapeutic time window for stroke treatment.
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43
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Optogenetic neuronal stimulation promotes functional recovery after stroke. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:12913-8. [PMID: 25136109 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1404109111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical and research efforts have focused on promoting functional recovery after stroke. Brain stimulation strategies are particularly promising because they allow direct manipulation of the target area's excitability. However, elucidating the cell type and mechanisms mediating recovery has been difficult because existing stimulation techniques nonspecifically target all cell types near the stimulated site. To circumvent these barriers, we used optogenetics to selectively activate neurons that express channelrhodopsin 2 and demonstrated that selective neuronal stimulations in the ipsilesional primary motor cortex (iM1) can promote functional recovery. Stroke mice that received repeated neuronal stimulations exhibited significant improvement in cerebral blood flow and the neurovascular coupling response, as well as increased expression of activity-dependent neurotrophins in the contralesional cortex, including brain-derived neurotrophic factor, nerve growth factor, and neurotrophin 3. Western analysis also indicated that stimulated mice exhibited a significant increase in the expression of a plasticity marker growth-associated protein 43. Moreover, iM1 neuronal stimulations promoted functional recovery, as stimulated stroke mice showed faster weight gain and performed significantly better in sensory-motor behavior tests. Interestingly, stimulations in normal nonstroke mice did not alter motor behavior or neurotrophin expression, suggesting that the prorecovery effect of selective neuronal stimulations is dependent on the poststroke environment. These results demonstrate that stimulation of neurons in the stroke hemisphere is sufficient to promote recovery.
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44
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Song J, Young BM, Nigogosyan Z, Walton LM, Nair VA, Grogan SW, Tyler ME, Farrar-Edwards D, Caldera KE, Sattin JA, Williams JC, Prabhakaran V. Characterizing relationships of DTI, fMRI, and motor recovery in stroke rehabilitation utilizing brain-computer interface technology. FRONTIERS IN NEUROENGINEERING 2014; 7:31. [PMID: 25120466 PMCID: PMC4114288 DOI: 10.3389/fneng.2014.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The relationship of the structural integrity of white matter tracts and cortical activity to motor functional outcomes in stroke patients is of particular interest in understanding mechanisms of brain structural and functional changes while recovering from stroke. This study aims to probe these underlying mechanisms using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and fMRI measures. We examined the structural integrity of the posterior limb of the internal capsule (PLIC) using DTI and corticomotor activity using motor-task fMRI in stroke patients who completed up to 15 sessions of rehabilitation therapy using Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) technology. We hypothesized that (1) the structural integrity of PLIC and corticomotor activity are affected by stroke; (2) changes in structural integrity and corticomotor activity following BCI intervention are related to motor recovery; (3) there is a potential relationship between structural integrity and corticomotor activity. We found that (1) the ipsilesional PLIC showed significantly decreased fractional anisotropy (FA) values when compared to the contralesional PLIC; (2) lower ipsilesional PLIC-FA values were significantly associated with worse motor outcomes (i.e., ipsilesional PLIC-FA and motor outcomes were positively correlated.); (3) lower ipsilesional PLIC-FA values were significantly associated with greater ipsilesional corticomotor activity during impaired-finger-tapping-task fMRI (i.e., ipsilesional PLIC-FA and ipsilesional corticomotor activity were negatively correlated), with an overall bilateral pattern of corticomotor activity observed; and (4) baseline FA values predicted motor recovery assessed after BCI intervention. These findings suggest that (1) greater vs. lesser microstructural integrity of the ipsilesional PLIC may contribute toward better vs. poor motor recovery respectively in the stroke-affected limb and demand lesser vs. greater cortical activity respectively from the ipsilesional motor cortex; and that (2) PLIC-FA is a promising biomarker in tracking and predicting motor functional recovery in stroke patients receiving BCI intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Song
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin - Madison Madison, WI, USA ; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin - Madison Madison, WI, USA
| | - Brittany M Young
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin - Madison Madison, WI, USA ; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health - Madison Madison, WI, USA ; Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health - Madison Madison, WI, USA
| | - Zack Nigogosyan
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin - Madison Madison, WI, USA
| | - Leo M Walton
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin - Madison Madison, WI, USA ; Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health - Madison Madison, WI, USA
| | - Veena A Nair
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin - Madison Madison, WI, USA
| | - Scott W Grogan
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin - Madison Madison, WI, USA
| | - Mitchell E Tyler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin - Madison Madison, WI, USA ; Departments of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin - Madison Madison, WI, USA
| | - Dorothy Farrar-Edwards
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin - Madison Madison, WI, USA ; Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin - Madison Madison, WI, USA ; Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin - Madison Madison, WI, USA
| | - Kristin E Caldera
- Departments of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin - Madison Madison, WI, USA
| | - Justin A Sattin
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin - Madison Madison, WI, USA
| | - Justin C Williams
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin - Madison Madison, WI, USA ; Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health - Madison Madison, WI, USA ; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Wisconsin - Madison Madison, WI, USA
| | - Vivek Prabhakaran
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin - Madison Madison, WI, USA ; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health - Madison Madison, WI, USA ; Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health - Madison Madison, WI, USA ; Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin - Madison Madison, WI, USA ; Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin - Madison Madison, WI, USA ; Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin - Madison Madison, WI, USA
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45
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Liu Z, Li Y, Cui Y, Roberts C, Lu M, Wilhelmsson U, Pekny M, Chopp M. Beneficial effects of gfap/vimentin reactive astrocytes for axonal remodeling and motor behavioral recovery in mice after stroke. Glia 2014; 62:2022-33. [PMID: 25043249 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The functional role of reactive astrocytes after stroke is controversial. To elucidate whether reactive astrocytes contribute to neurological recovery, we compared behavioral outcome, axonal remodeling of the corticospinal tract (CST), and the spatio-temporal change of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG) expression between wild-type (WT) and glial fibrillary acidic protein/vimentin double knockout (GFAP(-/-) Vim(-/-) ) mice subjected to Rose Bengal induced cerebral cortical photothrombotic stroke in the right forelimb motor area. A foot-fault test and a single pellet reaching test were performed prior to and on day 3 after stroke, and weekly thereafter to monitor functional deficit and recovery. Biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) was injected into the left motor cortex to anterogradely label the CST axons. Compared with WT mice, the motor functional recovery and BDA-positive CST axonal length in the denervated side of the cervical gray matter were significantly reduced in GFAP(-/-) Vim(-/-) mice (n = 10/group, P < 0.01). Immunohistological data showed that in GFAP(-/-) Vim(-/-) mice, in which astrocytic reactivity is attenuated, CSPG expression was significantly increased in the lesion remote areas in both hemispheres, but decreased in the ischemic lesion boundary zone, compared with WT mice (n = 12/group, P < 0.001). Our data suggest that attenuated astrocytic reactivity impairs or delays neurological recovery by reducing CST axonal remodeling in the denervated spinal cord. Thus, manipulation of astrocytic reactivity post stroke may represent a therapeutic target for neurorestorative strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongwu Liu
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
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Balseanu AT, Buga AM, Catalin B, Wagner DC, Boltze J, Zagrean AM, Reymann K, Schaebitz W, Popa-Wagner A. Multimodal Approaches for Regenerative Stroke Therapies: Combination of Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor with Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells is Not Superior to G-CSF Alone. Front Aging Neurosci 2014; 6:130. [PMID: 25002846 PMCID: PMC4066299 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Attractive therapeutic strategies to enhance post-stroke recovery of aged brains include methods of cellular therapy that can enhance the endogenous restorative mechanisms of the injured brain. Since stroke afflicts mostly the elderly, it is highly desirable to test the efficacy of cell therapy in the microenvironment of aged brains that is generally refractory to regeneration. In particular, stem cells from the bone marrow allow an autologous transplantation approach that can be translated in the near future to the clinical practice. Such a bone marrow-derived therapy includes the grafting of stem cells as well as the delayed induction of endogenous stem cell mobilization and homing by the stem cell mobilizer granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF). We tested the hypothesis that grafting of bone marrow-derived pre-differentiated mesenchymal cells (BM-MSCs) in G-CSF-treated animals improves the long-term functional outcome in aged rodents. To this end, G-CSF alone (50 μg/kg) or in combination with a single dose (106 cells) of rat BM MSCs was administered intravenously to Sprague-Dawley rats at 6 h after transient occlusion (90 min) of the middle cerebral artery. Infarct volume was measured by magnetic resonance imaging at 3 and 48 days post-stroke and additionally by immunhistochemistry at day 56. Functional recovery was tested during the entire post-stroke survival period of 56 days. Daily treatment for post-stroke aged rats with G-CSF led to a robust and consistent improvement of neurological function after 28 days. The combination therapy also led to robust angiogenesis in the formerly infarct core and beyond in the “islet of regeneration.” However, G-CSF + BM MSCs may not impact at all on the spatial reference-memory task or infarct volume and therefore did not further improve the post-stroke recovery. We suggest that in a real clinical practice involving older post-stroke patients, successful regenerative therapies would have to be carried out for a much longer time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Tudor Balseanu
- Center of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova , Craiova , Romania
| | - Ana-Maria Buga
- Center of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova , Craiova , Romania ; Department of Psychiatry, University Medicine of Rostock , Rostock , Germany
| | - Bogdan Catalin
- Center of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova , Craiova , Romania
| | | | - Johannes Boltze
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology , Leipzig , Germany ; Translational Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany ; Stroke and Neurovascular Regulation Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Charlestown, MA , USA
| | - Ana-Maria Zagrean
- Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Bucharest , Romania
| | - Klaus Reymann
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Magdeburg in collobaration with Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology , Magdeburg , Germany
| | - Wolf Schaebitz
- Evangelisches Krankenhaus Bielefeld gGmbH Akademisches Lehrkrankenhaus der Universität Münster , Münster , Germany
| | - Aurel Popa-Wagner
- Center of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova , Craiova , Romania ; Department of Psychiatry, University Medicine of Rostock , Rostock , Germany
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Liu Z, Li Y, Qian J, Cui Y, Chopp M. Plasminogen deficiency causes reduced corticospinal axonal plasticity and functional recovery after stroke in mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94505. [PMID: 24732409 PMCID: PMC3986098 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) has been implicated in neurite outgrowth and neurological recovery post stroke. tPA converts the zymogen plasminogen (Plg) into plasmin. In this study, using plasminogen knockout (Plg-/-) mice and their Plg-native littermates (Plg+/+), we investigated the role of Plg in axonal remodeling and neurological recovery after stroke. Plg+/+ and Plg-/- mice (n = 10/group) were subjected to permanent intraluminal monofilament middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo). A foot-fault test and a single pellet reaching test were performed prior to and on day 3 after stroke, and weekly thereafter to monitor functional deficit and recovery. Biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) was injected into the left motor cortex to anterogradely label the corticospinal tract (CST). Animals were euthanized 4 weeks after stroke. Neurite outgrowth was also measured in primary cultured cortical neurons harvested from Plg+/+ and Plg-/- embryos. In Plg+/+ mice, the motor functional deficiency after stroke progressively recovered with time. In contrast, recovery in Plg-/- mice was significantly impaired compared to Plg+/+ mice (p<0.01). BDA-positive axonal density of the CST originating from the contralesional cortex in the denervated side of the cervical gray matter was significantly reduced in Plg-/- mice compared with Plg+/+ mice (p<0.05). The behavioral outcome was highly correlated with the midline-crossing CST axonal density (R2>0.82, p<0.01). Plg-/- neurons exhibited significantly reduced neurite outgrowth. Our data suggest that plasminogen-dependent proteolysis has a beneficial effect during neurological recovery after stroke, at least in part, by promoting axonal remodeling in the denervated spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongwu Liu
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jianyong Qian
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Yisheng Cui
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Michael Chopp
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, United States of America
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Electrical stimulation of motor cortex in the uninjured hemisphere after chronic unilateral injury promotes recovery of skilled locomotion through ipsilateral control. J Neurosci 2014; 34:462-6. [PMID: 24403146 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3315-13.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Partial injury to the corticospinal tract (CST) causes sprouting of intact axons at their targets, and this sprouting correlates with functional improvement. Electrical stimulation of motor cortex augments sprouting of intact CST axons and promotes functional recovery when applied soon after injury. We hypothesized that electrical stimulation of motor cortex in the intact hemisphere after chronic lesion of the CST in the other hemisphere would restore function through ipsilateral control. To test motor skill, rats were trained and tested to walk on a horizontal ladder with irregularly spaced rungs. Eight weeks after injury, produced by pyramidal tract transection, half of the rats received forelimb motor cortex stimulation of the intact hemisphere. Rats with injury and stimulation had significantly improved forelimb control compared with rats with injury alone and achieved a level of proficiency similar to uninjured rats. To test whether recovery of forelimb function was attributable to ipsilateral control, we selectively inactivated the stimulated motor cortex using the GABA agonist muscimol. The dose of muscimol we used produces strong contralateral but no ipsilateral impairments in naive rats. In rats with injury and stimulation, but not those with injury alone, inactivation caused worsening of forelimb function; the initial deficit was reinstated. These results demonstrate that electrical stimulation can promote recovery of motor function when applied late after injury and that motor control can be exerted from the ipsilateral motor cortex. These results suggest that the uninjured motor cortex could be targeted for brain stimulation in people with large unilateral CST lesions.
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Dacosta-Aguayo R, Graña M, Savio A, Fernández-Andújar M, Millán M, López-Cancio E, Cáceres C, Bargalló N, Garrido C, Barrios M, Clemente IC, Hernández M, Munuera J, Dávalos A, Auer T, Mataró M. Prognostic value of changes in resting-state functional connectivity patterns in cognitive recovery after stroke: A 3T fMRI pilot study. Hum Brain Mapp 2014; 35:3819-31. [PMID: 24523262 PMCID: PMC4282459 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 11/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Resting‐state studies conducted with stroke patients are scarce. First objective was to explore whether patients with good cognitive recovery showed differences in resting‐state functional patterns of brain activity when compared to patients with poor cognitive recovery. Second objective was to determine whether such patterns were correlated with cognitive performance. Third objective was to assess the existence of prognostic factors for cognitive recovery. Eighteen right‐handed stroke patients and eighteen healthy controls were included in the study. Stroke patients were divided into two groups according to their cognitive improvement observed at three months after stroke. Probabilistic independent component analysis was used to identify resting‐state brain activity patterns. The analysis identified six networks: frontal, fronto‐temporal, default mode network, secondary visual, parietal, and basal ganglia. Stroke patients showed significant decrease in brain activity in parietal and basal ganglia networks and a widespread increase in brain activity in the remaining ones when compared with healthy controls. When analyzed separately, patients with poor cognitive recovery (n = 10) showed the same pattern as the whole stroke patient group, while patients with good cognitive recovery (n = 8) showed increased activity only in the default mode network and fronto‐temporal network, and decreased activity in the basal ganglia. We observe negative correlations between basal ganglia network activity and performance in Semantic Fluency test and Part A of the Trail Making Test for patients with poor cognitive recovery. A reverse pattern was observed between frontal network activity and the abovementioned tests for the same group. Hum Brain Mapp 35:3819–3831, 2014. © 2014 The Authors. Human Brain Mapping published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Dacosta-Aguayo
- Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of CCIA, Group of Computational Intelligence, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, San Sebastian, Spain
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Tennant KA. Thinking outside the brain: structural plasticity in the spinal cord promotes recovery from cortical stroke. Exp Neurol 2014; 254:195-9. [PMID: 24518486 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Neuroanatomically connected regions distal to a cortical stroke can exhibit both degenerative and adaptive changes during recovery. As the locus for afferent somatosensory fibres and efferent motor fibres, the spinal cord is ideally situated to play a critical role in functional recovery. In contrast to the wealth of research into cortical plasticity after stroke, much less focus has previously been placed on the role of subcortical or spinal cord plasticity in recovery of function after cortical stroke. Little is known about the extent and spatiotemporal profile of spinal rewiring, its regulation by neurotrophins or inflammatory cytokines, or its potential as a therapeutic target to improve stroke recovery. This commentary examines the recent findings by Sist et al. (2014) that there is a distinct critical period of heightened structural plasticity, growth factor expression, and inflammatory cytokine production in the spinal cord. They suggest that neuroplasticity is highest during the first two weeks after stroke and tapers off dramatically by the fourth week. Spinal cord plasticity correlates with the severity of cortical injury and temporally matches periods of accelerated spontaneous recovery of skilled reaching function. The potential of treatments that extend or re-open this window of spinal cord plasticity, such as anti-Nogo-A antibodies or chondroitinase ABC, to dramatically improve recovery from cortical stroke in clinical populations is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Tennant
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2, Canada.
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