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Karampatsi D, Zabala A, Wilhelmsson U, Dekens D, Vercalsteren E, Larsson M, Nyström T, Pekny M, Patrone C, Darsalia V. Diet-induced weight loss in obese/diabetic mice normalizes glucose metabolism and promotes functional recovery after stroke. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2021; 20:240. [PMID: 34937562 PMCID: PMC8697500 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-021-01426-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-stroke functional recovery is severely impaired by type 2 diabetes (T2D). This is an important clinical problem since T2D is one of the most common diseases. Because weight loss-based strategies have been shown to decrease stroke risk in people with T2D, we aimed to investigate whether diet-induced weight loss can also improve post-stroke functional recovery and identify some of the underlying mechanisms. METHODS T2D/obesity was induced by 6 months of high-fat diet (HFD). Weight loss was achieved by a short- or long-term dietary change, replacing HFD with standard diet for 2 or 4 months, respectively. Stroke was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion and post-stroke recovery was assessed by sensorimotor tests. Mechanisms involved in neurovascular damage in the post-stroke recovery phase, i.e. neuroinflammation, impaired angiogenesis and cellular atrophy of GABAergic parvalbumin (PV)+ interneurons were assessed by immunohistochemistry/quantitative microscopy. RESULTS Both short- and long-term dietary change led to similar weight loss. However, only the latter enhanced functional recovery after stroke. This effect was associated with pre-stroke normalization of fasting glucose and insulin resistance, and with the reduction of T2D-induced cellular atrophy of PV+ interneurons. Moreover, stroke recovery was associated with decreased T2D-induced neuroinflammation and reduced astrocyte reactivity in the contralateral striatum. CONCLUSION The global diabetes epidemic will dramatically increase the number of people in need of post-stroke treatment and care. Our results suggest that diet-induced weight loss leading to pre-stroke normalization of glucose metabolism has great potential to reduce the sequelae of stroke in the diabetic population.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Behavior, Animal
- Biomarkers/blood
- Blood Glucose/metabolism
- Brain/metabolism
- Brain/pathology
- Brain/physiopathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/blood
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/diet therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/physiopathology
- Diet, High-Fat
- Disease Models, Animal
- Glycemic Control
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/blood
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/diet therapy
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/pathology
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/physiopathology
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Obesity/blood
- Obesity/diet therapy
- Obesity/physiopathology
- Recovery of Function
- Stroke/blood
- Stroke/diet therapy
- Stroke/pathology
- Stroke/physiopathology
- Time Factors
- Weight Loss
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra Karampatsi
- NeuroCardioMetabol Group, Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Internal Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 118 83, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alexander Zabala
- NeuroCardioMetabol Group, Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Internal Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 118 83, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Wilhelmsson
- Laboratory of Astrocyte Biology and CNS Regeneration, Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Doortje Dekens
- NeuroCardioMetabol Group, Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Internal Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 118 83, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ellen Vercalsteren
- NeuroCardioMetabol Group, Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Internal Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 118 83, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Larsson
- NeuroCardioMetabol Group, Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Internal Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 118 83, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Nyström
- NeuroCardioMetabol Group, Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Internal Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 118 83, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Milos Pekny
- Laboratory of Astrocyte Biology and CNS Regeneration, Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Cesare Patrone
- NeuroCardioMetabol Group, Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Internal Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 118 83, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Vladimer Darsalia
- NeuroCardioMetabol Group, Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Internal Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 118 83, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Lasič E, Trkov Bobnar S, Wilhelmsson U, Pablo Y, Pekny M, Zorec R, Stenovec M. Nestin affects fusion pore dynamics in mouse astrocytes. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2020; 228:e13399. [PMID: 31597221 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIM Astrocytes play a homeostatic role in the central nervous system and influence numerous aspects of neurophysiology via intracellular trafficking of vesicles. Intermediate filaments (IFs), also known as nanofilaments, regulate a number of cellular processes including organelle trafficking and adult hippocampal neurogenesis. We have recently demonstrated that the IF protein nestin, a marker of neural stem cells and immature and reactive astrocytes, is also expressed in some astrocytes in the unchallenged hippocampus and regulates neurogenesis through Notch signalling from astrocytes to neural stem cells, possibly via altered trafficking of vesicles containing the Notch ligand Jagged-1. METHODS We thus investigated whether nestin affects vesicle dynamics in astrocytes by examining single vesicle interactions with the plasmalemma and vesicle trafficking with high-resolution cell-attached membrane capacitance measurements and confocal microscopy. We used cell cultures of astrocytes from nestin-deficient (Nes-/- ) and wild-type (wt) mice, and fluorescent dextran and Fluo-2 to examine vesicle mobility and intracellular Ca2+ concentration respectively. RESULTS Nes-/- astrocytes exhibited altered sizes of vesicles undergoing full fission and transient fusion, altered vesicle fusion pore geometry and kinetics, decreased spontaneous vesicle mobility and altered ATP-evoked mobility. Purinergic stimulation evoked Ca2+ signalling that was slightly attenuated in Nes-/- astrocytes, which exhibited more oscillatory Ca2+ responses than wt astrocytes. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate at the single vesicle level that nestin regulates vesicle interactions with the plasmalemma and vesicle trafficking, indicating its potential role in astrocyte vesicle-based communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Lasič
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology‐Molecular Cell Physiology Institute of Pathophysiology Faculty of Medicine University of Ljubljana Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Saša Trkov Bobnar
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology‐Molecular Cell Physiology Institute of Pathophysiology Faculty of Medicine University of Ljubljana Ljubljana Slovenia
- Celica Biomedical Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Ulrika Wilhelmsson
- Laboratory of Astrocyte Biology and CNS Regeneration Center for Brain Repair Department of Clinical Neuroscience Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Yolanda Pablo
- Laboratory of Astrocyte Biology and CNS Regeneration Center for Brain Repair Department of Clinical Neuroscience Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Milos Pekny
- Laboratory of Astrocyte Biology and CNS Regeneration Center for Brain Repair Department of Clinical Neuroscience Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health Parkville Vic. Australia
- University of Newcastle Newcastle NSW Australia
| | - Robert Zorec
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology‐Molecular Cell Physiology Institute of Pathophysiology Faculty of Medicine University of Ljubljana Ljubljana Slovenia
- Celica Biomedical Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Matjaž Stenovec
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology‐Molecular Cell Physiology Institute of Pathophysiology Faculty of Medicine University of Ljubljana Ljubljana Slovenia
- Celica Biomedical Ljubljana Slovenia
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Wilhelmsson U, Pozo-Rodrigalvarez A, Kalm M, de Pablo Y, Widestrand Å, Pekna M, Pekny M. The role of GFAP and vimentin in learning and memory. Biol Chem 2020; 400:1147-1156. [PMID: 31063456 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2019-0199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Intermediate filaments (also termed nanofilaments) are involved in many cellular functions and play important roles in cellular responses to stress. The upregulation of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and vimentin (Vim), intermediate filament proteins of astrocytes, is the hallmark of astrocyte activation and reactive gliosis in response to injury, ischemia or neurodegeneration. Reactive gliosis is essential for the protective role of astrocytes at acute stages of neurotrauma or ischemic stroke. However, GFAP and Vim were also linked to neural plasticity and regenerative responses in healthy and injured brain. Mice deficient for GFAP and vimentin (GFAP-/-Vim-/-) exhibit increased post-traumatic synaptic plasticity and increased basal and post-traumatic hippocampal neurogenesis. Here we assessed the locomotor and exploratory behavior of GFAP-/-Vim-/- mice, their learning, memory and memory extinction, by using the open field, object recognition and Morris water maze tests, trace fear conditioning, and by recording reversal learning in IntelliCages. While the locomotion, exploratory behavior and learning of GFAP-/-Vim-/- mice, as assessed by object recognition, the Morris water maze, and trace fear conditioning tests, were comparable to wildtype mice, GFAP-/-Vim-/- mice showed more pronounced memory extinction when tested in IntelliCages, a finding compatible with the scenario of an increased rate of reorganization of the hippocampal circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrika Wilhelmsson
- Laboratory of Astrocyte Biology and CNS Regeneration, Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Box 440, S-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andrea Pozo-Rodrigalvarez
- Laboratory of Regenerative Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, S-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marie Kalm
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, S-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Yolanda de Pablo
- Laboratory of Astrocyte Biology and CNS Regeneration, Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Box 440, S-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Åsa Widestrand
- Laboratory of Astrocyte Biology and CNS Regeneration, Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Box 440, S-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marcela Pekna
- Laboratory of Regenerative Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, S-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden.,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Milos Pekny
- Laboratory of Astrocyte Biology and CNS Regeneration, Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Box 440, S-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden.,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
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Wilhelmsson U, Stillemark-Billton P, Borén J, Pekny M. Vimentin is required for normal accumulation of body fat. Biol Chem 2020; 400:1157-1162. [PMID: 30995202 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2019-0170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Intermediate filaments (nanofilaments) have many functions, especially in response to cellular stress. Mice lacking vimentin (Vim-/-) display phenotypes reflecting reduced levels of cell activation and ability to counteract stress, for example, decreased reactivity of astrocytes after neurotrauma, decreased migration of astrocytes and fibroblasts, attenuated inflammation and fibrosis in lung injury, delayed wound healing, impaired vascular adaptation to nephrectomy, impaired transendothelial migration of lymphocytes and attenuated atherosclerosis. To address the role of vimentin in fat accumulation, we assessed the body weight and fat by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) in Vim-/- and matched wildtype (WT) mice. While the weight of 1.5-month-old Vim-/- and WT mice was comparable, Vim-/- mice showed decreased body weight at 3.5, 5.5 and 8.5 months (males by 19-22%, females by 18-29%). At 8.5 months, Vim-/- males and females had less body fat compared to WT mice (a decrease by 24%, p < 0.05, and 33%, p < 0.0001, respectively). The body mass index in 8.5 months old Vim-/- mice was lower in males (6.8 vs. 7.8, p < 0.005) and females (6.0 vs. 7.7, p < 0.0001) despite the slightly lower body length of Vim-/- mice. Increased mortality was observed in adult Vim-/- males. We conclude that vimentin is required for the normal accumulation of body fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrika Wilhelmsson
- Laboratory of Astrocyte Biology and CNS Regeneration, Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Box 440, S-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Pia Stillemark-Billton
- Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, S-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jan Borén
- Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, S-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Milos Pekny
- Laboratory of Astrocyte Biology and CNS Regeneration, Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Box 440, S-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden.,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
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5
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de Pablo Y, Marasek P, Pozo-Rodrigálvarez A, Wilhelmsson U, Inagaki M, Pekna M, Pekny M. Vimentin Phosphorylation Is Required for Normal Cell Division of Immature Astrocytes. Cells 2019; 8:cells8091016. [PMID: 31480524 PMCID: PMC6769829 DOI: 10.3390/cells8091016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vimentin (VIM) is an intermediate filament (nanofilament) protein expressed in multiple cell types, including astrocytes. Mice with VIM mutations of serine sites phosphorylated during mitosis (VIMSA/SA) show cytokinetic failure in fibroblasts and lens epithelial cells, chromosomal instability, facilitated cell senescence, and increased neuronal differentiation of neural progenitor cells. Here we report that in vitro immature VIMSA/SA astrocytes exhibit cytokinetic failure and contain vimentin accumulations that co-localize with mitochondria. This phenotype is transient and disappears with VIMSA/SA astrocyte maturation and expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP); it is also alleviated by the inhibition of cell proliferation. To test the hypothesis that GFAP compensates for the effect of VIMSA/SA in astrocytes, we crossed the VIMSA/SA and GFAP−/− mice. Surprisingly, the fraction of VIMSA/SA immature astrocytes with abundant vimentin accumulations was reduced when on GFAP−/− background. This indicates that the disappearance of vimentin accumulations and cytokinetic failure in mature astrocyte cultures are independent of GFAP expression. Both VIMSA/SA and VIMSA/SAGFAP−/− astrocytes showed normal mitochondrial membrane potential and vulnerability to H2O2, oxygen/glucose deprivation, and chemical ischemia. Thus, mutation of mitotic phosphorylation sites in vimentin triggers formation of vimentin accumulations and cytokinetic failure in immature astrocytes without altering their vulnerability to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda de Pablo
- Laboratory of Astrocyte Biology and CNS Regeneration, Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Pavel Marasek
- Laboratory of Astrocyte Biology and CNS Regeneration, Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andrea Pozo-Rodrigálvarez
- Laboratory of Regenerative Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Wilhelmsson
- Laboratory of Astrocyte Biology and CNS Regeneration, Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Masaki Inagaki
- Department of Physiology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie 5148507, Japan
| | - Marcela Pekna
- Laboratory of Regenerative Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- University of Newcastle, New South Wales 2308, Australia
| | - Milos Pekny
- Laboratory of Astrocyte Biology and CNS Regeneration, Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden.
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
- University of Newcastle, New South Wales 2308, Australia.
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Wilhelmsson U, Lebkuechner I, Leke R, Marasek P, Yang X, Antfolk D, Chen M, Mohseni P, Lasič E, Bobnar ST, Stenovec M, Zorec R, Nagy A, Sahlgren C, Pekna M, Pekny M. Nestin Regulates Neurogenesis in Mice Through Notch Signaling From Astrocytes to Neural Stem Cells. Cereb Cortex 2019; 29:4050-4066. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The intermediate filament (nanofilament) protein nestin is a marker of neural stem cells, but its role in neurogenesis, including adult neurogenesis, remains unclear. Here, we investigated the role of nestin in neurogenesis in adult nestin-deficient (Nes–/–) mice. We found that the proliferation of Nes–/– neural stem cells was not altered, but neurogenesis in the hippocampal dentate gyrus of Nes–/– mice was increased. Surprisingly, the proneurogenic effect of nestin deficiency was mediated by its function in the astrocyte niche. Through its role in Notch signaling from astrocytes to neural stem cells, nestin negatively regulates neuronal differentiation and survival; however, its expression in neural stem cells is not required for normal neurogenesis. In behavioral studies, nestin deficiency in mice did not affect associative learning but was associated with impaired long-term memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrika Wilhelmsson
- Laboratory of Astrocyte Biology and CNS Regeneration, Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Isabell Lebkuechner
- Laboratory of Astrocyte Biology and CNS Regeneration, Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Renata Leke
- Laboratory of Astrocyte Biology and CNS Regeneration, Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Pavel Marasek
- Laboratory of Astrocyte Biology and CNS Regeneration, Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Xiaoguang Yang
- Laboratory of Astrocyte Biology and CNS Regeneration, Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Daniel Antfolk
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Biosciences, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Meng Chen
- Laboratory of Astrocyte Biology and CNS Regeneration, Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Paria Mohseni
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Eva Lasič
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology–Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Saša Trkov Bobnar
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology–Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Celica BIOMEDICAL, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matjaž Stenovec
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology–Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Celica BIOMEDICAL, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Andras Nagy
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Cecilia Sahlgren
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Biosciences, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Marcela Pekna
- Laboratory of Regenerative Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Milos Pekny
- Laboratory of Astrocyte Biology and CNS Regeneration, Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
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Håversen L, Sundelin JP, Mardinoglu A, Rutberg M, Ståhlman M, Wilhelmsson U, Hultén LM, Pekny M, Fogelstrand P, Bentzon JF, Levin M, Borén J. Vimentin deficiency in macrophages induces increased oxidative stress and vascular inflammation but attenuates atherosclerosis in mice. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16973. [PMID: 30451917 PMCID: PMC6242955 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34659-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim was to clarify the role of vimentin, an intermediate filament protein abundantly expressed in activated macrophages and foam cells, in macrophages during atherogenesis. Global gene expression, lipid uptake, ROS, and inflammation were analyzed in bone-marrow derived macrophages from vimentin-deficient (Vim-/-) and wild-type (Vim+/+) mice. Atherosclerosis was induced in Ldlr-/- mice transplanted with Vim-/- and Vim+/+ bone marrow, and in Vim-/- and Vim+/+ mice injected with a PCSK9 gain-of-function virus. The mice were fed an atherogenic diet for 12-15 weeks. We observed impaired uptake of native LDL but increased uptake of oxLDL in Vim-/- macrophages. FACS analysis revealed increased surface expression of the scavenger receptor CD36 on Vim-/- macrophages. Vim-/- macrophages also displayed increased markers of oxidative stress, activity of the transcription factor NF-κB, secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and GLUT1-mediated glucose uptake. Vim-/- mice displayed decreased atherogenesis despite increased vascular inflammation and increased CD36 expression on macrophages in two mouse models of atherosclerosis. We demonstrate that vimentin has a strong suppressive effect on oxidative stress and that Vim-/- mice display increased vascular inflammation with increased CD36 expression on macrophages despite decreased subendothelial lipid accumulation. Thus, vimentin has a key role in regulating inflammation in macrophages during atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Håversen
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Wallenberg Laboratory, University of Gothenburg, and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jeanna Perman Sundelin
- Strategic planning and operations, Cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Adil Mardinoglu
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Dental Institute, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Mikael Rutberg
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Wallenberg Laboratory, University of Gothenburg, and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marcus Ståhlman
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Wallenberg Laboratory, University of Gothenburg, and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Wilhelmsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience/Center for Brain Repair, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lillemor Mattsson Hultén
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Wallenberg Laboratory, University of Gothenburg, and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Milos Pekny
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience/Center for Brain Repair, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Per Fogelstrand
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Wallenberg Laboratory, University of Gothenburg, and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jacob Fog Bentzon
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark, and Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Malin Levin
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Wallenberg Laboratory, University of Gothenburg, and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jan Borén
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Wallenberg Laboratory, University of Gothenburg, and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Pekny M, Wilhelmsson U, Tatlisumak T, Pekna M. Astrocyte activation and reactive gliosis-A new target in stroke? Neurosci Lett 2018; 689:45-55. [PMID: 30025833 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is an acute insult to the central nervous system (CNS) that triggers a sequence of responses in the acute, subacute as well as later stages, with prominent involvement of astrocytes. Astrocyte activation and reactive gliosis in the acute stage of stroke limit the tissue damage and contribute to the restoration of homeostasis. Astrocytes also control many aspects of neural plasticity that is the basis for functional recovery. Here, we discuss the concept of intermediate filaments (nanofilaments) and the complement system as two handles on the astrocyte responses to injury that both present attractive opportunities for novel treatment strategies modulating astrocyte functions and reactive gliosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milos Pekny
- Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Box 440, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia; University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.
| | - Ulrika Wilhelmsson
- Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Box 440, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Turgut Tatlisumak
- Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Box 440, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marcela Pekna
- Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Box 440, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia; University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
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9
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Chen M, Puschmann TB, Wilhelmsson U, Örndal C, Pekna M, Malmgren K, Rydenhag B, Pekny M. Neural Progenitor Cells in Cerebral Cortex of Epilepsy Patients do not Originate from Astrocytes Expressing GLAST. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:5672-5682. [PMID: 27979877 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis in human brain is known to occur in the hippocampus, the subventricular zone, and the striatum. Neural progenitor cells (NPCs) were reported in the cortex of epilepsy patients; however, their identity is not known. Since astrocytes were proposed as the source of neural progenitors in both healthy and diseased brain, we tested the hypothesis that NPCs in the epileptic cortex originate from reactive, alternatively, de-differentiated astrocytes that express glutamate aspartate transporter (GLAST). We assessed the capacity to form neurospheres and the differentiation potential of cells dissociated from fresh cortical tissue from patients who underwent surgical treatment for pharmacologically intractable epilepsy. Neurospheres were generated from 57% of cases (8/14). Upon differentiation, the neurosphere cells gave rise to neurons, oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes. Sorting of dissociated cells showed that only cells negative for GLAST formed neurospheres. In conclusion, we show that cells with neural stem cell properties are present in brain cortex of epilepsy patients, and that these cells are not GLAST-positive astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Chen
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 405 30, Sweden
| | - Till B Puschmann
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 405 30, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Wilhelmsson
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 405 30, Sweden
| | - Charlotte Örndal
- Department of Pathology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 405 30, Sweden
| | - Marcela Pekna
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 405 30, Sweden.,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kristina Malmgren
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 405 30, Sweden
| | - Bertil Rydenhag
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 405 30, Sweden
| | - Milos Pekny
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 405 30, Sweden.,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
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10
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Wilhelmsson U, Andersson D, de Pablo Y, Pekny R, Ståhlberg A, Mulder J, Mitsios N, Hortobágyi T, Pekny M, Pekna M. Injury Leads to the Appearance of Cells with Characteristics of Both Microglia and Astrocytes in Mouse and Human Brain. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:3360-3377. [PMID: 28398520 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhx069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia and astrocytes have been considered until now as cells with very distinct identities. Here, we assessed the heterogeneity within microglia/monocyte cell population in mouse hippocampus and determined their response to injury, by using single-cell gene expression profiling of cells isolated from uninjured and deafferented hippocampus. We found that in individual cells, microglial markers Cx3cr1, Aif1, Itgam, and Cd68 were co-expressed. Interestingly, injury led to the co-expression of the astrocyte marker Gfap in a subpopulation of Cx3cr1-expressing cells from both the injured and contralesional hippocampus. Cells co-expressing astrocyte and microglia markers were also detected in the in vitro LPS activation/injury model and in sections from human brain affected by stroke, Alzheimer's disease, and Lewy body dementia. Our findings indicate that injury and chronic neurodegeneration lead to the appearance of cells that share molecular characteristics of both microglia and astrocytes, 2 cell types with distinct embryologic origin and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrika Wilhelmsson
- Laboratory of Astrocyte Biology and CNS Regeneration, Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Daniel Andersson
- Laboratory of Astrocyte Biology and CNS Regeneration, Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Yolanda de Pablo
- Laboratory of Astrocyte Biology and CNS Regeneration, Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Roy Pekny
- Laboratory of Astrocyte Biology and CNS Regeneration, Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anders Ståhlberg
- Laboratory of Astrocyte Biology and CNS Regeneration, Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jan Mulder
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nicholas Mitsios
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tibor Hortobágyi
- Division of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary.,Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Milos Pekny
- Laboratory of Astrocyte Biology and CNS Regeneration, Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Marcela Pekna
- Laboratory of Regenerative Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
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11
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Laterza C, Uoshima N, Tornero D, Wilhelmsson U, Stokowska A, Ge R, Pekny M, Lindvall O, Kokaia Z. Attenuation of reactive gliosis in stroke-injured mouse brain does not affect neurogenesis from grafted human iPSC-derived neural progenitors. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192118. [PMID: 29401502 PMCID: PMC5798785 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) or their progeny, derived from human somatic cells, can give rise to functional improvements after intracerebral transplantation in animal models of stroke. Previous studies have indicated that reactive gliosis, which is associated with stroke, inhibits neurogenesis from both endogenous and grafted neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) of rodent origin. Here we have assessed whether reactive astrocytes affect the fate of human iPSC-derived NSPCs transplanted into stroke-injured brain. Mice with genetically attenuated reactive gliosis (deficient for GFAP and vimentin) were subjected to cortical stroke and cells were implanted adjacent to the ischemic lesion one week later. At 8 weeks after transplantation, immunohistochemical analysis showed that attenuated reactive gliosis did not affect neurogenesis or commitment towards glial lineage of the grafted NSPCs. Our findings, obtained in a human-to-mouse xenograft experiment, provide evidence that the reactive gliosis in stroke-injured brain does not affect the formation of new neurons from intracortically grafted human iPSC-derived NSPCs. However, for a potential clinical translation of these cells in stroke, it will be important to clarify whether the lack of effect of reactive gliosis on neurogenesis is observed also in a human-to-human experimental setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Laterza
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Laboratory of Stem Cells & Restorative Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Center, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Naomi Uoshima
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Laboratory of Stem Cells & Restorative Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Center, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tokyo Medical University, Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daniel Tornero
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Laboratory of Stem Cells & Restorative Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Center, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Wilhelmsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Laboratory of Astrocyte Biology and CNS Regeneration, Center for Brain Repair, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna Stokowska
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Laboratory of Regenerative Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Repair, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ruimin Ge
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Laboratory of Stem Cells & Restorative Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Center, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Milos Pekny
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Laboratory of Astrocyte Biology and CNS Regeneration, Center for Brain Repair, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Olle Lindvall
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Laboratory of Stem Cells & Restorative Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Center, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Zaal Kokaia
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Laboratory of Stem Cells & Restorative Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Center, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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12
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Chen M, Puschmann TB, Marasek P, Inagaki M, Pekna M, Wilhelmsson U, Pekny M. Increased Neuronal Differentiation of Neural Progenitor Cells Derived from Phosphovimentin-Deficient Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:5478-5489. [PMID: 28956310 PMCID: PMC5994207 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0759-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Vimentin is an intermediate filament (also known as nanofilament) protein expressed in several cell types of the central nervous system, including astrocytes and neural stem/progenitor cells. Mutation of the vimentin serine sites that are phosphorylated during mitosis (VIMSA/SA) leads to cytokinetic failures in fibroblasts and lens epithelial cells, resulting in chromosomal instability and increased expression of cell senescence markers. In this study, we investigated morphology, proliferative capacity, and motility of VIMSA/SA astrocytes, and their effect on the differentiation of neural stem/progenitor cells. VIMSA/SA astrocytes expressed less vimentin and more GFAP but showed a well-developed intermediate filament network, exhibited normal cell morphology, proliferation, and motility in an in vitro wound closing assay. Interestingly, we found a two- to fourfold increased neuronal differentiation of VIMSA/SA neurosphere cells, both in a standard 2D and in Bioactive3D cell culture systems, and determined that this effect was neurosphere cell autonomous and not dependent on cocultured astrocytes. Using BrdU in vivo labeling to assess neural stem/progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation in the hippocampus of adult mice, one of the two major adult neurogenic regions, we found a modest increase (by 8%) in the fraction of newly born and surviving neurons. Thus, mutation of the serine sites phosphorylated in vimentin during mitosis alters intermediate filament protein expression but has no effect on astrocyte morphology or proliferation, and leads to increased neuronal differentiation of neural progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Chen
- Laboratory of Astrocyte Biology and CNS Regeneration, Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Box 440, 40530, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Till B Puschmann
- Laboratory of Astrocyte Biology and CNS Regeneration, Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Box 440, 40530, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Pavel Marasek
- Laboratory of Astrocyte Biology and CNS Regeneration, Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Box 440, 40530, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Masaki Inagaki
- Department of Physiology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
| | - Marcela Pekna
- Laboratory of Regenerative Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Ulrika Wilhelmsson
- Laboratory of Astrocyte Biology and CNS Regeneration, Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Box 440, 40530, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Milos Pekny
- Laboratory of Astrocyte Biology and CNS Regeneration, Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Box 440, 40530, Gothenburg, Sweden. .,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia. .,University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.
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13
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Lebkuechner I, Wilhelmsson U, Möllerström E, Pekna M, Pekny M. Heterogeneity of Notch signaling in astrocytes and the effects of GFAP and vimentin deficiency. J Neurochem 2015; 135:234-48. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Isabell Lebkuechner
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation; Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology; Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Ulrika Wilhelmsson
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation; Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology; Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Elin Möllerström
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation; Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology; Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Marcela Pekna
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation; Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology; Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg Sweden
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health; Parkville Victoria Australia
- University of Newcastle; New South Wales Australia
| | - Milos Pekny
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation; Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology; Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg Sweden
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health; Parkville Victoria Australia
- University of Newcastle; New South Wales Australia
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14
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Liu Z, Li Y, Cui Y, Roberts C, Lu M, Wilhelmsson U, Pekny M, Chopp M. Beneficial effects of gfap/vimentin reactive astrocytes for axonal remodeling and motor behavioral recovery in mice after stroke. Glia 2014; 62:2022-33. [PMID: 25043249 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The functional role of reactive astrocytes after stroke is controversial. To elucidate whether reactive astrocytes contribute to neurological recovery, we compared behavioral outcome, axonal remodeling of the corticospinal tract (CST), and the spatio-temporal change of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG) expression between wild-type (WT) and glial fibrillary acidic protein/vimentin double knockout (GFAP(-/-) Vim(-/-) ) mice subjected to Rose Bengal induced cerebral cortical photothrombotic stroke in the right forelimb motor area. A foot-fault test and a single pellet reaching test were performed prior to and on day 3 after stroke, and weekly thereafter to monitor functional deficit and recovery. Biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) was injected into the left motor cortex to anterogradely label the CST axons. Compared with WT mice, the motor functional recovery and BDA-positive CST axonal length in the denervated side of the cervical gray matter were significantly reduced in GFAP(-/-) Vim(-/-) mice (n = 10/group, P < 0.01). Immunohistological data showed that in GFAP(-/-) Vim(-/-) mice, in which astrocytic reactivity is attenuated, CSPG expression was significantly increased in the lesion remote areas in both hemispheres, but decreased in the ischemic lesion boundary zone, compared with WT mice (n = 12/group, P < 0.001). Our data suggest that attenuated astrocytic reactivity impairs or delays neurological recovery by reducing CST axonal remodeling in the denervated spinal cord. Thus, manipulation of astrocytic reactivity post stroke may represent a therapeutic target for neurorestorative strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongwu Liu
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
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15
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Pekny M, Wilhelmsson U, Pekna M. The dual role of astrocyte activation and reactive gliosis. Neurosci Lett 2014; 565:30-8. [PMID: 24406153 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.12.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 467] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 12/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Astrocyte activation and reactive gliosis accompany most of the pathologies in the brain, spinal cord, and retina. Reactive gliosis has been described as constitutive, graded, multi-stage, and evolutionary conserved defensive astroglial reaction [Verkhratsky and Butt (2013) In: Glial Physiology and Pathophysiology]. A well- known feature of astrocyte activation and reactive gliosis are the increased production of intermediate filament proteins (also known as nanofilament proteins) and remodeling of the intermediate filament system of astrocytes. Activation of astrocytes is associated with changes in the expression of many genes and characteristic morphological hallmarks, and has important functional consequences in situations such as stroke, trauma, epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease (AD), and other neurodegenerative diseases. The impact of astrocyte activation and reactive gliosis on the pathogenesis of different neurological disorders is not yet fully understood but the available experimental evidence points to many beneficial aspects of astrocyte activation and reactive gliosis that range from isolation and sequestration of the affected region of the central nervous system (CNS) from the neighboring tissue that limits the lesion size to active neuroprotection and regulation of the CNS homeostasis in times of acute ischemic, osmotic, or other kinds of stress. The available experimental data from selected CNS pathologies suggest that if not resolved in time, reactive gliosis can exert inhibitory effects on several aspects of neuroplasticity and CNS regeneration and thus might become a target for future therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milos Pekny
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg SE-405 30, Sweden; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Ulrika Wilhelmsson
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg SE-405 30, Sweden
| | - Marcela Pekna
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg SE-405 30, Sweden; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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16
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Skalli O, Wilhelmsson U, Örndahl C, Fekete B, Malmgren K, Rydenhag B, Pekny M. Astrocytoma grade IV (glioblastoma multiforme) displays 3 subtypes with unique expression profiles of intermediate filament proteins. Hum Pathol 2013; 44:2081-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2013.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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17
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Andersson D, Wilhelmsson U, Nilsson M, Kubista M, Ståhlberg A, Pekna M, Pekny M. Plasticity response in the contralesional hemisphere after subtle neurotrauma: gene expression profiling after partial deafferentation of the hippocampus. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70699. [PMID: 23936241 PMCID: PMC3723880 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotrauma or focal brain ischemia are known to trigger molecular and structural responses in the uninjured hemisphere. These responses may have implications for tissue repair processes as well as for the recovery of function. To determine whether the plasticity response in the uninjured hemisphere occurs even after a subtle trauma, we subjected mice to a partial unilateral deafferentation of the hippocampus induced by stereotactically performed entorhinal cortex lesion (ECL). The expression of selected genes was assessed by quantitative real-time PCR in the hippocampal tissue at the injured side and the contralesional side at day 4 and 14 after injury. We observed that expression of genes coding for synaptotagmin 1, ezrin, thrombospondin 4, and C1q proteins, that have all been implicated in the synapse formation, re-arrangement and plasticity, were upregulated both in the injured and the contralesional hippocampus, implying a plasticity response in the uninjured hemisphere. Several of the genes, the expression of which was altered in response to ECL, are known to be expressed in astrocytes. To test whether astrocyte activation plays a role in the observed plasticity response to ECL, we took advantage of mice deficient in two intermediate filament (nanofilament) proteins glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and vimentin (GFAP(-/-)Vim(-/-) ) and exhibiting attenuated astrocyte activation and reactive gliosis. The absence of GFAP and vimentin reduced the ECL-induced upregulation of thrombospondin 4, indicating that this response to ECL depends on astrocyte activation and reactive gliosis. We conclude that even a very limited focal neurotrauma triggers a distinct response at the contralesional side, which at least to some extent depends on astrocyte activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Andersson
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Wilhelmsson
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Michael Nilsson
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Mikael Kubista
- Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic; and TATAA Biocenter, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anders Ståhlberg
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marcela Pekna
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Milos Pekny
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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18
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Pekny T, Faiz M, Wilhelmsson U, Curtis MA, Matej R, Skalli O, Pekny M. Synemin is expressed in reactive astrocytes and Rosenthal fibers in Alexander disease. APMIS 2013; 122:76-80. [DOI: 10.1111/apm.12088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tulen Pekny
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation; Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology; Sahlgrenska Academy; University of Gothenburg; Göteborg Sweden
| | - Maryam Faiz
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation; Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology; Sahlgrenska Academy; University of Gothenburg; Göteborg Sweden
| | - Ulrika Wilhelmsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation; Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology; Sahlgrenska Academy; University of Gothenburg; Göteborg Sweden
| | - Maurice A. Curtis
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation; Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology; Sahlgrenska Academy; University of Gothenburg; Göteborg Sweden
| | - Radoslav Matej
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine; Thomayer's Hospital; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Omar Skalli
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Memphis; Memphis TN USA
| | - Milos Pekny
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation; Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology; Sahlgrenska Academy; University of Gothenburg; Göteborg Sweden
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19
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Wilhelmsson U, Faiz M, de Pablo Y, Sjöqvist M, Andersson D, Widestrand A, Potokar M, Stenovec M, Smith PLP, Shinjyo N, Pekny T, Zorec R, Ståhlberg A, Pekna M, Sahlgren C, Pekny M. Astrocytes negatively regulate neurogenesis through the Jagged1-mediated Notch pathway. Stem Cells 2013; 30:2320-9. [PMID: 22887872 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis is regulated by a number of cellular players within the neurogenic niche. Astrocytes participate actively in brain development, regulation of the mature central nervous system (CNS), and brain plasticity. They are important regulators of the local environment in adult neurogenic niches through the secretion of diffusible morphogenic factors, such as Wnts. Astrocytes control the neurogenic niche also through membrane-associated factors, however, the identity of these factors and the mechanisms involved are largely unknown. In this study, we sought to determine the mechanisms underlying our earlier finding of increased neuronal differentiation of neural progenitor cells when cocultured with astrocytes lacking glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and vimentin (GFAP(-/-) Vim(-/-) ). We used primary astrocyte and neurosphere cocultures to demonstrate that astrocytes inhibit neuronal differentiation through a cell-cell contact. GFAP(-/-) Vim(-/-) astrocytes showed reduced endocytosis of Notch ligand Jagged1, reduced Notch signaling, and increased neuronal differentiation of neurosphere cultures. This effect of GFAP(-/-) Vim(-/-) astrocytes was abrogated in the presence of immobilized Jagged1 in a manner dependent on the activity of γ-secretase. Finally, we used GFAP(-/-) Vim(-/-) mice to show that in the absence of GFAP and vimentin, hippocampal neurogenesis under basal conditions as well as after injury is increased. We conclude that astrocytes negatively regulate neurogenesis through the Notch pathway, and endocytosis of Notch ligand Jagged1 in astrocytes and Notch signaling from astrocytes to neural stem/progenitor cells depends on the intermediate filament proteins GFAP and vimentin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrika Wilhelmsson
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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20
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Kraft AW, Hu X, Yoon H, Yan P, Xiao Q, Wang Y, Gil SC, Brown J, Wilhelmsson U, Restivo JL, Cirrito JR, Holtzman DM, Kim J, Pekny M, Lee JM. Attenuating astrocyte activation accelerates plaque pathogenesis in APP/PS1 mice. FASEB J 2012; 27:187-98. [PMID: 23038755 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-208660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The accumulation of aggregated amyloid-β (Aβ) in amyloid plaques is a neuropathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Reactive astrocytes are intimately associated with amyloid plaques; however, their role in AD pathogenesis is unclear. We deleted the genes encoding two intermediate filament proteins required for astrocyte activation-glial fibrillary acid protein (Gfap) and vimentin (Vim)-in transgenic mice expressing mutant human amyloid precursor protein and presenilin-1 (APP/PS1). The gene deletions increased amyloid plaque load: APP/PS1 Gfap(-/-)Vim(-/-) mice had twice the plaque load of APP/PS1 Gfap(+/+)Vim(+/+) mice at 8 and 12 mo of age. APP expression and soluble and interstitial fluid Aβ levels were unchanged, suggesting that the deletions had no effect on APP processing or Aβ generation. Astrocyte morphology was markedly altered by the deletions: wild-type astrocytes had hypertrophied processes that surrounded and infiltrated plaques, whereas Gfap(-/-)Vim(-/-) astrocytes had little process hypertrophy and lacked contact with adjacent plaques. Moreover, Gfap and Vim gene deletion resulted in a marked increase in dystrophic neurites (2- to 3-fold higher than APP/PS1 Gfap(+/+)Vim(+/+) mice), even after normalization for amyloid load. These results suggest that astrocyte activation limits plaque growth and attenuates plaque-related dystrophic neurites. These activities may require intimate contact between astrocyte and plaque.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W Kraft
- The Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63124, USA
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21
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Lu Y, Iandiev I, Hollborn M, Körber N, Ulbricht E, Hirrlinger PG, Pannicke T, Wei E, Bringmann A, Wolburg H, Wilhelmsson U, Pekny M, Wiedemann P, Reichenbach A, Käs JA. Reactive glial cells: increased stiffness correlates with increased intermediate filament expression. FASEB J 2010; 25:624-31. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.10-163790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yun‐Bi Lu
- Division of Soft Matter PhysicsDepartment of PhysicsUniversität LeipzigLeipzigGermany
- Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain ResearchUniversität LeipzigLeipzigGermany
- Department of PharmacologySchool of MedicineZhejiang UniversityHang ZhouChina
| | - Ianors Iandiev
- Department of OphthalmologyUniversität LeipzigLeipzigGermany
| | | | - Nicole Körber
- Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain ResearchUniversität LeipzigLeipzigGermany
- Translational Centre for Regenerative MedicineLeipzigGermany
| | - Elke Ulbricht
- Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain ResearchUniversität LeipzigLeipzigGermany
| | | | - Thomas Pannicke
- Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain ResearchUniversität LeipzigLeipzigGermany
| | - Er‐Qing Wei
- Department of PharmacologySchool of MedicineZhejiang UniversityHang ZhouChina
| | | | | | - Ulrika Wilhelmsson
- Center for Brain Repair and RehabilitationDepartment of Clinical Neuroscience and RehabilitationInstitute of Neuroscience and PhysiologySahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Milos Pekny
- Center for Brain Repair and RehabilitationDepartment of Clinical Neuroscience and RehabilitationInstitute of Neuroscience and PhysiologySahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Peter Wiedemann
- Department of OphthalmologyUniversität LeipzigLeipzigGermany
| | | | - Josef A. Käs
- Division of Soft Matter PhysicsDepartment of PhysicsUniversität LeipzigLeipzigGermany
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22
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Hultman K, Blomstrand F, Nilsson M, Wilhelmsson U, Malmgren K, Pekny M, Kousted T, Jern C, Tjärnlund-Wolf A. Expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and protease nexin-1 in human astrocytes: Response to injury-related factors. J Neurosci Res 2010; 88:2441-9. [PMID: 20623540 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes play a diverse role in central nervous system (CNS) injury. Production of the serine protease inhibitors (serpins) plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and protease nexin-1 (PN-1) by astrocytes may counterbalance excessive serine protease activity associated with CNS pathologies such as ischemic stroke. Knowledge regarding the regulation of these genes in the brain is limited, so the objective of the present study was to characterize the effects of injury-related factors on serpin expression in human astrocytes. Native human astrocytes were exposed to hypoxia or cytokines, including interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), IL-10, transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha), and TGF-beta for 0-20 hr. Serpin mRNA expression and protein secretion were determined by real-time RT-PCR and ELISA, respectively. Localization of PAI-1 and PN-1 in human brain tissue was examined by immunohistochemistry. Hypoxia and all assayed cytokines induced a significant increase in PAI-1 expression, whereas prolonged treatment with IL-1beta or TNF-alpha resulted in a significant down-regulation. The most pronounced induction of both PAI-1 and PN-1 was observed following early treatment with TGF-alpha. In contrast to PAI-1, the PN-1 gene did not respond to hypoxia. Positive immunoreactivity for PAI-1 in human brain tissue was demonstrated in reactive astrocytes within gliotic areas of temporal cortex. We show here that human astrocytes express PAI-1 and PN-1 and demonstrate that this astrocytic expression is regulated in a dynamic manner by injury-related factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Hultman
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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23
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Hultman K, Tjärnlund-Wolf A, Fish RJ, Wilhelmsson U, Rydenhag B, Pekny M, Kruithof EKO, Jern C. Retinoids and activation of PKC induce tissue-type plasminogen activator expression and storage in human astrocytes. J Thromb Haemost 2008; 6:1796-803. [PMID: 18647223 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2008.03084.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging data demonstrate important roles for tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) in the central nervous system (CNS). In contrast to endothelial cells, little is known about the regulation of t-PA gene expression and secretion in astrocytes. OBJECTIVES The aims of the present study were to investigate whether t-PA gene expression is regulated by retinoids and the protein kinase C (PKC) activator phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) in human astrocytes, and to study whether t-PA is stored and subject to regulated release from these cells, as with endothelial cells. METHODS Native human astrocytes were treated with RA and/or PMA. mRNA was quantified by real-time RT-PCR and protein secretion determined by ELISA. Intracellular t-PA immunoreactivity in astrocytes was examined by immunocyto- and histochemistry. RESULTS RA and/or PMA induced a time-dependent increase in t-PA mRNA and protein levels in astrocytes, reaching 10-fold after combined treatment. This was associated with increased amounts of t-PA storage in intracellular granular structures. Both forskolin and histamine induced regulated release of t-PA. The presence of t-PA in reactive astrocytes was confirmed in human brain tissue. CONCLUSIONS These data show that RA and PKC activation induce a strong up-regulation of t-PA expression in astrocytes, and increased intracellular storage pools. Moreover, a regulated release of t-PA can be induced from these cells. This raises the possibility that astrocytes contribute to the regulation of extracellular t-PA levels in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hultman
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, the Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Department of Clinical Genetics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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24
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Verardo MR, Lewis GP, Takeda M, Linberg KA, Byun J, Luna G, Wilhelmsson U, Pekny M, Chen DF, Fisher SK. Abnormal reactivity of muller cells after retinal detachment in mice deficient in GFAP and vimentin. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2008; 49:3659-65. [PMID: 18469190 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.07-1474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the roles of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and vimentin in Müller cell reactivity. METHODS Retinal detachments were created in mice deficient for GFAP and vimentin (GFAP(-/-)vim(-/-)) and age-matched wild-type (wt) mice. The reactivity of the retina was studied by immunofluorescence and electron microscopy. RESULTS Müller cell morphology was different and glutamine synthetase immunoreactivity was reduced in the undisturbed GFAP(-/-)vim(-/-) retinas. After retinal detachment, Müller cells formed subretinal glial scars in the wt mice. In contrast, such scars were not observed in GFAP(-/-)vim(-/-) mice. Müller cells, which normally elongate and thicken in response to detachment, appeared compressed, thin, and "spikey" in the GFAP(-/-)vim(-/-) mice. The end foot region of Müller cells in the GFAP(-/-)vim(-/-) mice often sheared away from the rest of the retina during detachment, corroborating earlier results showing decreased resistance of this region in GFAP(-/-)vim(-/-) retinas to mechanical stress. In regions with end foot shearing, ganglion cells showed intense neurite sprouting, as revealed by anti-neurofilament labeling, a response rarely observed in wt mice. CONCLUSIONS Müller cells are subtly different in the GFAP(-/-)vim(-/-) mouse retina before detachment. The end foot region of these cells may be structurally reinforced by the presence of the intermediate filament cytoskeleton, and our data suggest a critical role for these proteins in Müller cell reaction to retinal detachment and participation in subretinal gliosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Verardo
- Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA.
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25
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Li L, Lundkvist A, Andersson D, Wilhelmsson U, Nagai N, Pardo AC, Nodin C, Ståhlberg A, Aprico K, Larsson K, Yabe T, Moons L, Fotheringham A, Davies I, Carmeliet P, Schwartz JP, Pekna M, Kubista M, Blomstrand F, Maragakis N, Nilsson M, Pekny M. Protective role of reactive astrocytes in brain ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2008; 28:468-81. [PMID: 17726492 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 391] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Reactive astrocytes are thought to protect the penumbra during brain ischemia, but direct evidence has been lacking due to the absence of suitable experimental models. Previously, we generated mice deficient in two intermediate filament (IF) proteins, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and vimentin, whose upregulation is the hallmark of reactive astrocytes. GFAP(-/-)Vim(-/-) mice exhibit attenuated posttraumatic reactive gliosis, improved integration of neural grafts, and posttraumatic regeneration. Seven days after middle cerebral artery (MCA) transection, infarct volume was 210 to 350% higher in GFAP(-/-)Vim(-/-) than in wild-type (WT) mice; GFAP(-/-), Vim(-/-) and WT mice had the same infarct volume. Endothelin B receptor (ET(B)R) immunoreactivity was strong on cultured astrocytes and reactive astrocytes around infarct in WT mice but undetectable in GFAP(-/-)Vim(-/-) astrocytes. In WT astrocytes, ET(B)R colocalized extensively with bundles of IFs. GFAP(-/-)Vim(-/-) astrocytes showed attenuated endothelin-3-induced blockage of gap junctions. Total and glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1)-mediated glutamate transport was lower in GFAP(-/-)Vim(-/-) than in WT mice. DNA array analysis and quantitative real-time PCR showed downregulation of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), an inhibitor of tissue plasminogen activator. Thus, reactive astrocytes have a protective role in brain ischemia, and the absence of astrocyte IFs is linked to changes in glutamate transport, ET(B)R-mediated control of gap junctions, and PAI-1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhen Li
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology at Sahlgrenska Academy, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden
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26
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Sihlbom C, Wilhelmsson U, Li L, Nilsson CL, Pekny M. 14-3-3 Expression in Denervated Hippocampus after Entorhinal Cortex Lesion Assessed by Culture-Derived Isotope Tags in Quantitative Proteomics. J Proteome Res 2007; 6:3491-500. [PMID: 17663576 DOI: 10.1021/pr070108e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Activation of astrocytes accompanies many brain pathologies. Reactive astrocytes have a beneficial role in acute neurotrauma but later on might inhibit regeneration. 2D-gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry were applied to study the proteome difference in denervated hippocampus in wildtype mice and mice lacking intermediate filament proteins glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and vimentin (GFAP-/-Vim-/-) that show attenuated reactive gliosis and enhanced posttraumatic regeneration. Proteomic data and immunohistochemical analyses showed upregulation of the adapter protein 14-3-3 four days postlesion and suggested that 14-3-3 upregulation after injury is triggered by reactive gliosis. Culture-derived isotope tags (CDIT) and mass spectrometry demonstrated that 14-3-3 epsilon was the major isoform upregulated in denervated hippocampus and that its upregulation was attenuated in GFAP-/-Vim-/- mice and thus most likely connected to reactive gliosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Sihlbom
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (CBR), Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, Göteborg University, Sweden.
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27
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Widestrand A, Faijerson J, Wilhelmsson U, Smith PLP, Li L, Sihlbom C, Eriksson PS, Pekny M. Increased neurogenesis and astrogenesis from neural progenitor cells grafted in the hippocampus of GFAP-/- Vim-/- mice. Stem Cells 2007; 25:2619-27. [PMID: 17628017 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2007-0122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
After neurotrauma, ischemia, or neurodegenerative disease, astrocytes upregulate their expression of the intermediate filament proteins glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), vimentin (Vim), and nestin. This response, reactive gliosis, is attenuated in GFAP(-/-)Vim(-/-) mice, resulting in the promotion of synaptic regeneration after neurotrauma and improved integration of retinal grafts. Here we assessed whether GFAP(-/-)Vim(-/-) astrocytes affect the differentiation of neural progenitor cells. In coculture with GFAP(-/-)Vim(-/-) astrocytes, neural progenitor cells increased neurogenesis by 65% and astrogenesis by 124%. At 35 days after transplantation of neural progenitor cells into the hippocampus, adult GFAP(-/-)Vim(-/-) mice had more transplant-derived neurons and astrocytes than wild-type controls, as well as increased branching of neurite-like processes on transplanted cells. Wnt3 immunoreactivity was readily detected in hippocampal astrocytes in wild-type but not in GFAP(-/-)Vim(-/-) mice. These findings suggest that GFAP(-/-)Vim(-/-) astrocytes allow more neural progenitor cell-derived neurons and astrocytes to survive weeks after transplantation. Thus, reactive gliosis may adversely affect the integration of transplanted neural progenitor cells in the brain. Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asa Widestrand
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Göteborg University, Medicinaregatan 9A, SE-413 90 Göteborg, Sweden
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28
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Nakazawa T, Takeda M, Lewis GP, Cho KS, Jiao J, Wilhelmsson U, Fisher SK, Pekny M, Chen DF, Miller JW. Attenuated glial reactions and photoreceptor degeneration after retinal detachment in mice deficient in glial fibrillary acidic protein and vimentin. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2007; 48:2760-8. [PMID: 17525210 PMCID: PMC2613948 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.06-1398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To characterize the reactions of retinal glial cells (astrocytes and Müller cells) to retinal injury in mice that lack glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and vimentin (GFAP-/-Vim-/-) and to determine the role of glial cells in retinal detachment (RD)-induced photoreceptor degeneration. METHODS RD was induced by subretinal injection of sodium hyaluronate in adult wild-type (WT) and GFAP-/-Vim-/- mice. Astroglial reaction and subsequent monocyte recruitment were quantified by measuring extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk) and c-fos activation and the level of expression of chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 and by counting monocytes/microglia in the detached retinas. Immunohistochemistry, immunoblotting, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used. RD-induced photoreceptor degeneration was assessed by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) and measurement of outer nuclear layer (ONL) thickness. RESULTS RD-induced reactive gliosis, characterized by GFAP and vimentin upregulation, Erk and c-fos activation, MCP-1 induction, and increased monocyte recruitment in WT mice. Absence of GFAP and vimentin effectively attenuated reactive responses of retinal glial cells and monocyte infiltration. As a result, detached retinas of GFAP-/-Vim-/- mice exhibited significantly reduced numbers of TUNEL-positive photoreceptor cells and increased ONL thickness compared with those of WT mice. CONCLUSIONS The absence of GFAP and vimentin attenuates RD-induced reactive gliosis and, subsequently, limits photoreceptor degeneration. Results of this study indicate that reactive retinal glial cells contribute critically to retinal damage induced by RD and provide a new avenue for limiting photoreceptor degeneration associated with RD and other retinal diseases or damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Nakazawa
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Masumi Takeda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Ophthalmology, Asahikawa Medical College, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Geoffrey P. Lewis
- Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, California
| | - Kin-Sang Cho
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jianwei Jiao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ulrika Wilhelmsson
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Steven K. Fisher
- Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, California
| | - Milos Pekny
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Dong F. Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Each of the following is a corresponding author: Dong F. Chen, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, MA 02114; . Joan W. Miller, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, 243 Charles Street, Boston, MA 02114; e-mail:
| | - Joan W. Miller
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Each of the following is a corresponding author: Dong F. Chen, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, MA 02114; . Joan W. Miller, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, 243 Charles Street, Boston, MA 02114; e-mail:
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Jing R, Wilhelmsson U, Goodwill W, Li L, Pan Y, Pekny M, Skalli O. Synemin is expressed in reactive astrocytes in neurotrauma and interacts differentially with vimentin and GFAP intermediate filament networks. J Cell Sci 2007; 120:1267-77. [PMID: 17356066 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.03423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Immature astrocytes and astrocytoma cells contain synemin and three other intermediate filament (IF) proteins: glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), vimentin and nestin. Here, we show that, after neurotrauma, reactive astrocytes produce synemin and thus propose synemin as a new marker of reactive astrocytes. Comparison of synemin mRNA and protein levels in brain tissues and astrocyte cultures from wild-type, Vim-/- and Gfap-/-Vim-/- mice showed that in the absence of vimentin, synemin protein was undetectable although synemin mRNA was present at wild-type levels. By contrast, in Gfap-/- astrocytes, synemin protein and mRNA levels, as well as synemin incorporation into vimentin IFs, were unaltered. Biochemical assays with purified proteins suggested that synemin interacts with GFAP IFs like an IF-associated protein rather than like a polymerization partner, whereas the opposite was true for synemin interaction with vimentin. In transfection experiments, synemin did not incorporate into normal, filamentous GFAP networks, but integrated into vimentin and GFAP heteropolymeric networks. Thus, alongside GFAP, vimentin and nestin, reactive astrocytes contain synemin, whose accumulation is suppressed post-transcriptionally in the absence of a polymerization partner. In astrocytes, this partner is vimentin and not GFAP, which implies a functional difference between these two type III IF proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runfeng Jing
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy and Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
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Abstract
In neurotrauma, brain ischemia or neurodegenerative diseases, astrocytes become reactive (which is known as reactive gliosis) and this is accompanied by an altered expression of many genes. Two cellular hallmarks of reactive gliosis are hypertrophy of astrocyte processes and the upregulation of the part of the cytoskeleton known as intermediate filaments, which are composed of nestin, vimentin, and GFAP. Our aim has been to better understand the function of reactive astrocytes in CNS diseases. Using mice deficient for astrocyte intermediate filaments (GFAP(-/-)Vim(-/-)), we were able to attenuate reactive gliosis and slow down the healing process after neurotrauma. We demonstrated the key role of reactive astrocytes in neurotrauma-at an early stage after neurotrauma, reactive astrocytes have a neuroprotective effect; at a later stage, they facilitate the formation of posttraumatic glial scars and inhibit CNS regeneration, specifically, they seem to compromise neural graft survival and integration, reduce the extent of synaptic regeneration, inhibit neurogenesis in the old age, and inhibit regeneration of severed CNS axons. We propose that reactive astrocytes are the future target for the therapeutic strategies promoting regeneration and plasticity in the brain and spinal cord in various disease conditions. Through its involvement in inflammation, opsonization, and cytolysis, complement protects against infectious agents. Although most of the complement proteins are synthesized in CNS, the role of the complement system in the normal or ischemic CNS remains unclear. Complement activiation in the CNS has been generally considered as contributing to tissue damage. However, growing body of evidence suggests that complement may be a physiological neuroprotective mechanism as well as it may participate in maintenance and repair of the adult brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milos Pekny
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Institute for Neuroscience and Physiology at Sahlgrenska Academy Göteborg University, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
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31
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Wilhelmsson U, Bushong EA, Price DL, Smarr BL, Phung V, Terada M, Ellisman MH, Pekny M. Redefining the concept of reactive astrocytes as cells that remain within their unique domains upon reaction to injury. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:17513-8. [PMID: 17090684 PMCID: PMC1859960 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0602841103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 436] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive astrocytes in neurotrauma, stroke, or neurodegeneration are thought to undergo cellular hypertrophy, based on their morphological appearance revealed by immunohistochemical detection of glial fibrillary acidic protein, vimentin, or nestin, all of them forming intermediate filaments, a part of the cytoskeleton. Here, we used a recently established dye-filling method to reveal the full three-dimensional shape of astrocytes assessing the morphology of reactive astrocytes in two neurotrauma models. Both in the denervated hippocampal region and the lesioned cerebral cortex, reactive astrocytes increased the thickness of their main cellular processes but did not extend to occupy a greater volume of tissue than nonreactive astrocytes. Despite this hypertrophy of glial fibrillary acidic protein-containing cellular processes, interdigitation between adjacent hippocampal astrocytes remained minimal. This work helps to redefine the century-old concept of hypertrophy of reactive astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrika Wilhelmsson
- *Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Göteborg University, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden; and
| | - Eric A. Bushong
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0608
| | - Diana L. Price
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0608
| | - Benjamin L. Smarr
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0608
| | - Van Phung
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0608
| | - Masako Terada
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0608
| | - Mark H. Ellisman
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0608
| | - Milos Pekny
- *Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Göteborg University, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden; and
- To whom correspondence should be addressed at:
Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Göteborg University, Box 440, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden. E-mail:
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Rahpeymai Y, Hietala MA, Wilhelmsson U, Fotheringham A, Davies I, Nilsson AK, Zwirner J, Wetsel RA, Gerard C, Pekny M, Pekna M. Complement: a novel factor in basal and ischemia-induced neurogenesis. EMBO J 2006; 25:1364-74. [PMID: 16498410 PMCID: PMC1422160 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2005] [Accepted: 01/24/2006] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Through its involvement in inflammation, opsonization, and cytolysis, the complement protects against infectious agents. Although most of the complement proteins are synthesized in the central nervous system (CNS), the role of the complement system in the normal or ischemic CNS remains unclear. Here we demonstrate for the first time that neural progenitor cells and immature neurons express receptors for complement fragments C3a and C5a (C3a receptor (C3aR) and C5a receptor). Mice that are deficient in complement factor C3 (C3(-/-)) lack C3a and are unable to generate C5a through proteolytic cleavage of C5 by C5-convertase. Intriguingly, basal neurogenesis is decreased both in C3(-/-) mice and in mice lacking C3aR or mice treated with a C3aR antagonist. The C3(-/-) mice had impaired ischemia-induced neurogenesis both in the subventricular zone, the main source of neural progenitor cells in adult brain, and in the ischemic region, despite normal proliferative response and larger infarct volumes. Thus, in the adult mammalian CNS, complement activation products promote both basal and ischemia-induced neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalda Rahpeymai
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medical Chemistry and Cell Biology, Sahlgrenska Academy at Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Max Albert Hietala
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medical Chemistry and Cell Biology, Sahlgrenska Academy at Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Wilhelmsson
- The Arvid Carlsson Institute for Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Section for Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Sahlgrenska Academy at Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Andrew Fotheringham
- School of Medicine and School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Ioan Davies
- School of Medicine and School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Ann-Katrin Nilsson
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medical Chemistry and Cell Biology, Sahlgrenska Academy at Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Jörg Zwirner
- Department of Immunology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rick A Wetsel
- Research Center for Immunology and Autoimmune Diseases, Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases, University of Texas-Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Craig Gerard
- Pulmonary Division, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Milos Pekny
- The Arvid Carlsson Institute for Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Section for Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Sahlgrenska Academy at Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Marcela Pekna
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medical Chemistry and Cell Biology, Sahlgrenska Academy at Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Cell Biology, Sahlgrenska Academy at Göteborg University, Box 440, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden. Tel.: +46 31 773 3581; Fax: +46 31 416 108; E-mail:
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Larsson A, Wilhelmsson U, Pekna M, Pekny M. Increased cell proliferation and neurogenesis in the hippocampal dentate gyrus of old GFAP(-/-)Vim(-/-) mice. Neurochem Res 2005; 29:2069-73. [PMID: 15662841 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-004-6880-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In response to central nervous system (CNS) injury, and more discretely so also during aging, astrocytes become reactive and increase their expression of the intermediate filament proteins glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and vimentin. Studies of mice deficient in astrocytic intermediate filaments have provided insights into the function of reactive gliosis. Recently we demonstrated robust integration of retinal transplants (1) and increased posttraumatic synaptic regeneration (2) in GFAP(-/-)Vim(-/-) mice, suggesting that modulation of astrocyte activity affects the permissiveness of the CNS environment for regeneration. Neurogenesis in the adult mammalian CNS is restricted to essentially two regions, the hippocampus and the subventricular zone. Here, we assessed neurogenesis in the hippocampus of 18-month-old GFAP(-/-)Vim(-/-) mice. In the granular layer of the dentate gyrus, cell proliferation/survival was 34% higher and neurogenesis 36% higher in GFAP(-/-)Vim(-/-) mice than in wildtype controls. These findings suggest that the adult hippocampal neurogenesis in healthy old mice can be increased by modulating astrocyte reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asa Larsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden
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Wilhelmsson U, Li L, Pekna M, Berthold CH, Blom S, Eliasson C, Renner O, Bushong E, Ellisman M, Morgan TE, Pekny M. Absence of glial fibrillary acidic protein and vimentin prevents hypertrophy of astrocytic processes and improves post-traumatic regeneration. J Neurosci 2005; 24:5016-21. [PMID: 15163694 PMCID: PMC6729371 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0820-04.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The regenerative capacity of the CNS is extremely limited. The reason for this is unclear, but glial cell involvement has been suspected, and oligodendrocytes have been implicated as inhibitors of neuroregeneration (Chen et al., 2000, GrandPre et al., 2000; Fournier et al., 2001). The role of astrocytes in this process was proposed but remains incompletely understood (Silver and Miller, 2004). Astrocyte activation (reactive gliosis) accompanies neurotrauma, stroke, neurodegenerative diseases, or tumors. Two prominent hallmarks of reactive gliosis are hypertrophy of astrocytic processes and upregulation of intermediate filaments. Using the entorhinal cortex lesion model in mice, we found that reactive astrocytes devoid of the intermediate filament proteins glial fibrillary acidic protein and vimentin (GFAP-/-Vim-/-), and consequently lacking intermediate filaments (Colucci-Guyon et al., 1994; Pekny et al., 1995; Eliasson et al., 1999), showed only a limited hypertrophy of cell processes. Instead, many processes were shorter and not straight, albeit the volume of neuropil reached by a single astrocyte was the same as in wild-type mice. This was accompanied by remarkable synaptic regeneration in the hippocampus. On a molecular level, GFAP-/-Vim-/- reactive astrocytes could not upregulate endothelin B receptors, suggesting that the upregulation is intermediate filament dependent. These findings show a novel role for intermediate filaments in astrocytes and implicate reactive astrocytes as potent inhibitors of neuroregeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrika Wilhelmsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at Göteborg University, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
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Affiliation(s)
- Milos Pekny
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at Göteborg University, Medicinaregatan 9A, SE-413 90 Göteborg, Sweden.
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Kinouchi R, Takeda M, Yang L, Wilhelmsson U, Lundkvist A, Pekny M, Chen DF. Robust neural integration from retinal transplants in mice deficient in GFAP and vimentin. Nat Neurosci 2003; 6:863-8. [PMID: 12845328 DOI: 10.1038/nn1088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2003] [Accepted: 06/02/2003] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
With recent progress in neuroscience and stem-cell research, neural transplantation has emerged as a promising therapy for treating CNS diseases. The success of transplantation has been limited, however, by the restricted ability of neural implants to survive and establish neuronal connections with the host. Little is known about the mechanisms responsible for this failure. Neural implantation triggers reactive gliosis, a process accompanied by upregulation of intermediate filaments in astrocytes and formation of astroglial scar tissue. Here we show that the retinas of adult mice deficient in glial fibrillary acidic protein and vimentin, and consequently lacking intermediate filaments in reactive astrocytes and Müller cells, provide a permissive environment for grafted neurons to migrate and extend neurites. The transplanted cells integrated robustly into the host retina with distinct neuronal identity and appropriate neuronal projections. Our results indicate an essential role for reactive astroglial cells in preventing neural graft integration after transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Kinouchi
- Schepens Eye Research Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114 USA
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Wilhelmsson U, Eliasson C, Bjerkvig R, Pekny M. Loss of GFAP expression in high-grade astrocytomas does not contribute to tumor development or progression. Oncogene 2003; 22:3407-11. [PMID: 12776191 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1206372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In astrocytic neoplasms, the number of cells expressing glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is inversely proportional to the extent of anaplasia. The loss of GFAP expression, the principal marker of astroglial cells, in these tumors has been proposed to constitute a step in their development and progression. To test this hypothesis, we crossed p53-negative (p53(-/-)) mice, which frequently develop astrocytomas after intrauterine exposure to ethylnitrosourea, with GFAP-negative (GFAP(-/-)) mice or GFAP(+/+) controls. Brain tumors of glial origin were found in 12 of 35 GFAP(+/+) p53(-/-) mice (34%) and in 11 of 27 GFAP(-/-) p53(-/-) mice (41%). The two groups did not differ in the age at which tumors were detected or in tumor histology or progression. Thus, the loss of GFAP expression frequently seen in high-grade astrocytomas does not constitute a step in tumor development. Rather, it may represent the undifferentiated state of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrika Wilhelmsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Göteborg University, Box 440, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
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Enge M, Wilhelmsson U, Abramsson A, Stakeberg J, Kühn R, Betsholtz C, Pekny M. Neuron-specific ablation of PDGF-B is compatible with normal central nervous system development and astroglial response to injury. Neurochem Res 2003; 28:271-9. [PMID: 12608700 DOI: 10.1023/a:1022421001288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Members of the PDGF family have multiple roles during embryogenesis and in a variety of pathological situations in the adult. One of the major sites of PDGF-B expression in adult mammals are postmitotic CNS neurons. Combined with reported neurotrophic and neuroprotective effects of exogenously administered PDGFs, this has led to the speculation that PDGF-B may have a role in CNS development, in maintenance, or in response to CNS injury. To test these hypotheses, we developed mice in which PDGF-B was ablated genetically in postmitotic neurons at sites where PDGF-B is normally expressed. We found that these mice develop to adulthood without apparent defects. We demonstrate PDGF-B expression in the postnatal mouse hippocampus and forebrain cortex. We show that neuron-specific knockout of PDGF-B does not influence the astroglial and angiogenic responses to injury in the hippocampus or forebrain cortex. We conclude that the role of neuron-derived PDGF-B remains obscure. A role for neuron-derived PDGF-B, if existing, might be redundant with other CNS growth factors. Alternatively, other and more specific analyses of CNS functions in the normal and injured states will be required to demonstrate such a role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Enge
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden
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