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Jacqmarcq C, Picot A, Flon J, Lebrun F, Martinez de Lizarrondo S, Naveau M, Bernay B, Goux D, Rubio M, Malzert-Fréon A, Michel A, Proamer F, Mangin P, Gauberti M, Vivien D, Bonnard T. MRI-based microthrombi detection in stroke with polydopamine iron oxide. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5070. [PMID: 38871729 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49480-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
In acute ischemic stroke, even when successful recanalization is obtained, downstream microcirculation may still be obstructed by microvascular thrombosis, which is associated with compromised brain reperfusion and cognitive decline. Identifying these microthrombi through non-invasive methods remains challenging. We developed the PHySIOMIC (Polydopamine Hybridized Self-assembled Iron Oxide Mussel Inspired Clusters), a MRI-based contrast agent that unmasks these microthrombi. In a mouse model of thromboembolic ischemic stroke, our findings demonstrate that the PHySIOMIC generate a distinct hypointense signal on T2*-weighted MRI in the presence of microthrombi, that correlates with the lesion areas observed 24 hours post-stroke. Our microfluidic studies reveal the role of fibrinogen in the protein corona for the thrombosis targeting properties. Finally, we observe the biodegradation and biocompatibility of these particles. This work demonstrates that the PHySIOMIC particles offer an innovative and valuable tool for non-invasive in vivo diagnosis and monitoring of microthrombi, using MRI during ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlène Jacqmarcq
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, Université Caen Normandie, INSERM UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), GIP Cyceron, Institute Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie (BB@C), Caen, France
| | - Audrey Picot
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, Université Caen Normandie, INSERM UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), GIP Cyceron, Institute Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie (BB@C), Caen, France
| | - Jules Flon
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, Université Caen Normandie, INSERM UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), GIP Cyceron, Institute Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie (BB@C), Caen, France
| | - Florent Lebrun
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, Université Caen Normandie, INSERM UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), GIP Cyceron, Institute Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie (BB@C), Caen, France
| | - Sara Martinez de Lizarrondo
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, Université Caen Normandie, INSERM UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), GIP Cyceron, Institute Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie (BB@C), Caen, France
| | - Mikaël Naveau
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, Université Caen Normandie, CNRS UMS 3408, Caen, France
| | - Benoît Bernay
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, Université Caen Normandie, SF 4206 ICORE, Plateforme Proteogen, Caen, France
| | - Didier Goux
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, Université Caen Normandie, US EMerode, CMAbio3: Centre de Microscopie Appliquée à la Biologie, Caen, France
| | - Marina Rubio
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, Université Caen Normandie, INSERM UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), GIP Cyceron, Institute Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie (BB@C), Caen, France
| | - Aurélie Malzert-Fréon
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, Université Caen Normandie, EA 4258, CERMN: Centre d'études et de recherche sur le médicament de Normandie, Caen, France
| | - Anita Michel
- University of Strasbourg, INSERM, EFS Grand-Est, BPPS UMR-S1255, FMTS, F-67065, Strasbourg, France
| | - Fabienne Proamer
- University of Strasbourg, INSERM, EFS Grand-Est, BPPS UMR-S1255, FMTS, F-67065, Strasbourg, France
| | - Pierre Mangin
- University of Strasbourg, INSERM, EFS Grand-Est, BPPS UMR-S1255, FMTS, F-67065, Strasbourg, France
| | - Maxime Gauberti
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, Université Caen Normandie, INSERM UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), GIP Cyceron, Institute Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie (BB@C), Caen, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Caen, Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Interventional Radiology, Caen, France
| | - Denis Vivien
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, Université Caen Normandie, INSERM UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), GIP Cyceron, Institute Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie (BB@C), Caen, France.
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Caen, Department of Clinical Research, Caen, France.
| | - Thomas Bonnard
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, Université Caen Normandie, INSERM UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), GIP Cyceron, Institute Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie (BB@C), Caen, France.
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2
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Fibrin-Targeted Nanoparticles for Finding, Visualizing and Characterizing Blood Clots in Acute Ischemic Stroke. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14102156. [PMID: 36297588 PMCID: PMC9606925 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14102156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Recanalization of the occluded artery is the gold standard treatment for acute ischemic stroke, which includes enzymatic fibrinolytic treatment with the use of recombinant tissue plasminogen activators (rtPAs) to disrupt the occluding clot, the use of mechanical thrombectomy to physically remove the clot, or a combination of both. Fibrin is one of the main components of blood clots causing ischemic stroke and is the target of rtPA upon activation of plasminogen in the clot. In addition, fibrin content also influences the efficacy of mechanical thrombectomy. Current imaging methods can successfully identify occlusions in large vessels; however, there is still a need for contrast agents capable of visualizing small thrombi in ischemic stroke patients. In this work, we describe the synthesis and the in vitro characterization of a new diagnostic nanoparticle, as well as the in vivo evaluation in an animal model of thromboembolic stroke. Gd-labeled KCREKA peptides were synthesized and attached onto the surface of PEGylated superparamagnetic nanoparticles. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of blood clots was performed in vitro and in vivo in animal models of thromboembolic stroke. KCREKA-NPs were synthesized by attaching the peptide to the amino (N) termini of the PEG-NPs. The sizes of the nanoparticles, measured via DLS, were similar for both KCREKA-NPs and PEG-NPs (23 ± 4 nm, PDI = 0.11 and 25 ± 8 nm, PDI = 0.24, respectively). In the same line, r2 relaxivities were also similar for the nanoparticles (149 ± 2 mM Fe s−1 and 151 ± 5 mM Fe s−1), whereas the r1 relaxivity was higher for KCREKA-NPs (1.68 ± 0.29 mM Fe s−1 vs. 0.69 ± 0.3 mM Fe s−1). In vitro studies showed that blood clots with low coagulation times were disrupted by rtPA, whereas aged clots were almost insensitive to the presence of rtPA. MRI in vitro studies showed a sharp decrease in the T1 × T2 signals measured for aged clots incubated with KCREKA-NPs compared with fresh clots (47% [22, 80] to 26% [15, 51]). Furthermore, the control blood showed a higher value of the T1 × T2 signal (39% [20, 61]), being the blood clots with low coagulation times the samples with the lowest values measured by MRI. In vivo studies showed a significant T1 × T2 signal loss in the clot region of 24% after i.v. injection of KCREKA-NPs. The thrombus age (2.5% ± 6.1% vs. 81.3% ± 19.8%, p < 0.01) confirmed our ability to identify in vivo fresh blood clots. In this study, we developed and tested a dual MRI nanoparticle, acting as T1 and T2 contrast agents in MRI analyses. The developed KCREKA-NPs showed affinity for the fibrin content of blood clots, and the MRI signals provided by the nanoparticles showed significant differences depending on the clot age. The developed KCREKA-NPs could be used as a tool to predict the efficacy of a recanalization treatment and improve the triage of ischemic stroke patients.
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3
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Molecular MR-Imaging in Thromboembolic Stroke Using a Fibrin-Specific Contrast Agent in Patients at 3 Tesla. Clin Neuroradiol 2021; 31:925-931. [PMID: 34236442 DOI: 10.1007/s00062-021-01052-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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4
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Abstract
Molecular magnetic resonance (MR) imaging utilizes molecular probes to provide added biochemical or cellular information to what can already be achieved with anatomical and functional MR imaging. This review provides an overview of molecular MR and focuses specifically on molecular MR contrast agents that provide contrast by shortening the T1 time. We describe the requirements for a successful molecular MR contrast agent and the challenges for clinical translation. The review highlights work from the last 5 years and places an emphasis on new contrast agents that have been validated in multiple preclinical models. Applications of molecular MR include imaging of inflammation, fibrosis, fibrogenesis, thromboembolic disease, and cancers. Molecular MR is positioned to move beyond detection of disease to the quantitative staging of disease and measurement of treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Peter Caravan
- The Institute for Innovation in Imaging, A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
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5
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Sui
- Radiology Department, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Radiology Department, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Brain Informatics, Beijing, China
| | - Peiyi Gao
- Radiology Department, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Radiology Department, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Brain Informatics, Beijing, China
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6
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Ezeani M, Hagemeyer CE, Lal S, Niego B. Molecular imaging of atrial myopathy: Towards early AF detection and non-invasive disease management. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2020; 32:20-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2020.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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7
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Kim HK, Lee JJ, Choi G, Sung B, Kim YH, Baek AR, Kim S, Song H, Kim M, Cho AE, Lee GH, Moon S, Kang MK, Lee JJ, Chang Y. Gadolinium-Based Neuroprognostic Magnetic Resonance Imaging Agents Suppress COX-2 for Prevention of Reperfusion Injury after Stroke. J Med Chem 2020; 63:6909-6923. [PMID: 32545964 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Advancements in recanalization therapies have rendered reperfusion injury an important challenge for stroke management. It is essential to work toward effective therapeutics that protect the ischemic brain from reperfusion injury. Here, we report a new concept of neuroprognostic agents, which combine molecular diagnostic imaging and targeted neuroprotection for treatment of reperfusion injury after stroke. These neuroprognostic agents are inflammation-targeted gadolinium compounds conjugated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Our results demonstrated that gadolinium-based MRI contrast agents conjugated with NSAIDs suppressed the increase in cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) levels, ameliorated glial activation, and neuron damage that are phenotypic for stroke by mitigating neuroinflammation, which prevented reperfusion injury. In addition, this study showed that the neuroprognostic agents are promising T1 molecular MRI contrast agents for detecting precise reperfusion injury locations at the molecular level. Our results build on this new concept of neuroprognostics as a novel management strategy for ischemia-reperfusion injury, combining neuroprotection and molecular diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Kyung Kim
- BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 41944 Daegu, Korea.,Institute of Biomedical Engineering Research, Kyungpook National University, 41944 Daegu, Korea
| | - Jung-Jin Lee
- Department of R & D Center, Myungmoon Bio. Co., Hwaseong, 18622 Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Garam Choi
- Department of R & D Center, Myungmoon Bio. Co., Hwaseong, 18622 Gyeonggi-do, Korea.,Department of Medical & Biological Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 41944 Daegu, Korea
| | - Bokyung Sung
- Department of Medical & Biological Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 41944 Daegu, Korea
| | - Yeoun-Hee Kim
- Department of R & D Center, Myungmoon Bio. Co., Hwaseong, 18622 Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Ah Rum Baek
- Department of Medical & Biological Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 41944 Daegu, Korea
| | - Soyeon Kim
- Department of Medical & Biological Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 41944 Daegu, Korea
| | - Huijin Song
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering Research, Kyungpook National University, 41944 Daegu, Korea
| | - Minsup Kim
- Department of Bioinformatics, Korea University, 30019 Sejong, Korea
| | - Art E Cho
- Department of Bioinformatics, Korea University, 30019 Sejong, Korea
| | - Gang Ho Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, 41566 Daegu, Korea
| | - Sungjun Moon
- Department of Radiology, Yeungnam University Medical Center, 42415 Daegu, Korea
| | - Min-Kyoung Kang
- Laboratory Animal Center, KBIO Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, 28160 Osong, Korea
| | - Jae Jun Lee
- Laboratory Animal Center, KBIO Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, 28160 Osong, Korea
| | - Yongmin Chang
- Department of Medical & Biological Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 41944 Daegu, Korea.,Department of Radiology, Kyungpook National University Hospital, 41944 Daegu, Korea.,Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 41944 Daegu, Korea
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8
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Gupta A, Caravan P, Price WS, Platas-Iglesias C, Gale EM. Applications for Transition-Metal Chemistry in Contrast-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:6648-6678. [PMID: 32367714 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c00510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an indispensable tool for diagnostic medicine. However, safety concerns related to gadolinium in commercial MRI contrast agents have emerged in recent years. For patients suffering from severe renal impairment, there is an important unmet medical need to perform contrast-enhanced MRI without gadolinium. There are also concerns over the long-term effects of retained gadolinium within the general patient population. Demand for gadolinium-free MRI contrast agents is driving a new wave of inorganic chemistry innovation as researchers explore paramagnetic transition-metal complexes as potential alternatives. Furthermore, advances in personalized care making use of molecular-level information have motivated inorganic chemists to develop MRI contrast agents that can detect pathologic changes at the molecular level. Recent studies have highlighted how reaction-based modulation of transition-metal paramagnetism offers a highly effective mechanism to achieve MRI contrast enhancement that is specific to biochemical processes. This Viewpoint highlights how recent advances in transition-metal chemistry are leading the way for a new generation of MRI contrast agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Gupta
- Nanoscale Organisation and Dynamics Group, School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales 2751, Australia.,Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, New South Wales 2170, Australia
| | | | - William S Price
- Nanoscale Organisation and Dynamics Group, School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales 2751, Australia.,Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, New South Wales 2170, Australia
| | - Carlos Platas-Iglesias
- Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas and Departamento de Química, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, A Coruña, Galicia 15071, Spain
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9
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Salarian M, Ibhagui OY, Yang JJ. Molecular imaging of extracellular matrix proteins with targeted probes using magnetic resonance imaging. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 12:e1622. [PMID: 32126587 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) consists of proteins and carbohydrates that supports different biological structures and processes such as tissue development, elasticity, and preservation of organ structure. Diseases involving inflammation, fibrosis, tumor invasion, and injury are all attributed to the transition of the ECM from homeostasis to remodeling, which can significantly change the biochemical and biomechanical features of ECM components. While contrast agents have played an indispensable role in facilitating clinical diagnosis of diseases using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), there is a strong need to develop novel biomarker-targeted imaging probes for in vivo visualization of biological processes and pathological alterations at a cellular and molecular level, for both early diagnosis and monitoring drug treatment. Herein, we will first review the pathological accumulation and characterization of ECM proteins recognized as important molecular features of diseases. Developments in MRI probes targeting ECM proteins such as collagen, fibronectin, and elastin via conjugation of existing contrast agents to targeting moieties and their applications to various diseases, are also reviewed. We have also reviewed our progress in the development of collagen-targeted protein MRI contrast agent with significant improvement in relaxivity and metal binding specificity, and their applications in early detection of fibrosis and metastatic cancer. This article is categorized under: Diagnostic Tools > in vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging Biology-Inspired Nanomaterials > Peptide-Based Structures Biology-Inspired Nanomaterials > Protein and Virus-Based Structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mani Salarian
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Jenny J Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia.,Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
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10
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Zhang B, Pang Z, Hu Y. Targeting hemostasis-related moieties for tumor treatment. Thromb Res 2020; 187:186-196. [PMID: 32032807 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2020.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Under normal conditions, the hemostatic system, that includes the involvement of the coagulation response and platelets, is anatomically and functionally inseparable from the vasculature. However, the hemostatic response always occurs in a wide range of tumors because of the high expression of coagulation initiator tissue factor (TF) in many tumor tissues, and due to the leakage of coagulation factors and platelets from the circulation system into the tumor interstitium through abnormal tumor vessels. Therefore, in addition to TF, these coagulation factors, platelets, the central moiety thrombin, the final product fibrin, and fibronectin, which is capable of stabilizing coagulation clots, are also abundant in tumors. These hemostasis-related moieties (HRMs), including TF, thrombin, fibrin, fibronectin, and platelets, are also closely associated with tumor progression, e.g., primary tumor growth and distal metastasis. The hemostatic response only occurs under pathological conditions, such as tumors, thrombosis, and atherosclerosis other than in normal tissues. The HRMs within tumors are also highly specific, establishing functional and therapeutic targets for tumor treatment. Therefore, strategies including active targeting to these moieties, modulation of HRMs deposited in the tumor microenvironment to improve tumor drug delivery, activation of prodrug by the coagulation complex formed during coagulation response, and direct inhibition of the tumor-promoting activity of HRMs could be designed for tumor therapy. In this review, we summarize various strategies that target HRMs for tumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhiqing Pang
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Yu Hu
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
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11
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Boyko M, Zvenigorodsky V, Grinshpun J, Shiyntum HN, Melamed I, Kutz R, Shelef I, Brotfain E, Frank D, Zlotnik A. Establishment of novel technical methods for evaluating brain edema and lesion volume in stroked rats: A standardization of measurement procedures. Brain Res 2019; 1718:12-21. [PMID: 31026458 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Stroke plays a role in high morbidity and mortality. Deciphering its mechanisms and pathophysiology is critical for the creation of new drugs and therapies. Most of the previous animal models of stroke, aimed at identifying the extent and location of brain injury following stroke, require animal sacrifice, which, besides ethical considerations, also negates the ability for follow up studies with the same rats. Because of these failures, the use of clinical magnetic resonance scanners for evaluating small animal models has been increasing. Magnetic resonance imaging scanners used particularly for small-bore animals are eligible for use in high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging of rodent brains. However, high costs and scarcity factor heavily in the rare availability of these scanners. In our investigation, we sought to establish a unitary magnetic resonance imaging protocol for stroke assessment in rats. We made use of a 3-Tesla magnetic resonance imaging clinical scanner, as well as another clinical equipment, with the purpose of increasing its reproducibility. The results of inquest validated a new magnetic resonance imaging protocol, comparing a magnetic resonance imaging-measured infarcted zone to the "gold standard" of histological examination. We carried out the experimental procedure on a 3 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging clinical scanner using a conventional eight-channel receive-only coil. The two methods produced remarkable quantitative and qualitative correlations between them. Conclusively, we showed the clinical magnetic resonance imaging scanner to be a high-precision and sensitive image analysis instrument for evaluating both the infarct zone and the brain edema in a stroke experimental rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Boyko
- Division of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Soroka University Medical Center and the Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84101, Israel.
| | - Vladislav Zvenigorodsky
- Department of Radiology, Soroka University Medical Center and the Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Julia Grinshpun
- Division of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Soroka University Medical Center and the Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84101, Israel
| | - Honore N Shiyntum
- Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, Ecology, and Medicine, Oles' Honchar Dnipro National University, Gagarin avenue 72, Dnipro 49010, Ukraine
| | - Israel Melamed
- Department of Neurosurgery, Soroka University Medical Center and the Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84101, Israel.
| | - Ruslan Kutz
- Division of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Soroka University Medical Center and the Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84101, Israel.
| | - Ilan Shelef
- Department of Radiology, Soroka University Medical Center and the Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
| | - Evgeni Brotfain
- Division of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Soroka University Medical Center and the Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84101, Israel
| | - Dmitry Frank
- Division of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Soroka University Medical Center and the Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84101, Israel.
| | - Alexander Zlotnik
- Division of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Soroka University Medical Center and the Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84101, Israel.
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12
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Bang OY, Kim BM, Seo WK, Jeon P. Endovascular Therapy for Acute Ischemic Stroke of Intracranial Atherosclerotic Origin-Neuroimaging Perspectives. Front Neurol 2019; 10:269. [PMID: 30949124 PMCID: PMC6435574 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Large vessel occlusion (LVO) due to intracranial atherosclerosis (ICAS) is a common cause of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) in Asians. Endovascular therapy (EVT) has been established as the mainstay of treatment in patients with AIS and LVO. However, only a few patients of Asian descent with ICAS-related LVO (ICAS-LVO) were included in recent randomized controlled trials of EVT for AIS. Therefore, the findings of these trials cannot be directly applied to Asian patients with ICAS-LVO. In embolic LVO due to thrombus from the heart or a more proximal vessel, rapid, and complete recanalization can be achieved in more than 70-80% of patients, and it is important to exclude patients with large cores. In contrast, patients with ICAS-LVO usually have favorable hemodynamic profiles (good collateral status, small core, and less severe perfusion deficit), but poor response to EVT (more rescue treatments and longer procedure times are required for successful recanalization due to higher rates of reocclusion). Patients with ICAS-LVO may have different anatomic (plaque, angioarchitecture), hemodynamic (collateral status), and pathophysiologic (thrombus composition) features on neuroimaging compared to patients with embolic LVO. In this review, we discuss these neuroimaging features, their clinical implications with respect to determination of EVT responses, and the need for development of specific EVT devices and procedures for patients with ICAS-LVO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oh Young Bang
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Byung Moon Kim
- Department of Radiology, Severance Hospital Stroke Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Woo-Keun Seo
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Pyoung Jeon
- Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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13
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Wahsner J, Gale EM, Rodríguez-Rodríguez A, Caravan P. Chemistry of MRI Contrast Agents: Current Challenges and New Frontiers. Chem Rev 2019; 119:957-1057. [PMID: 30350585 PMCID: PMC6516866 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 813] [Impact Index Per Article: 162.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tens of millions of contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) exams are performed annually around the world. The contrast agents, which improve diagnostic accuracy, are almost exclusively small, hydrophilic gadolinium(III) based chelates. In recent years concerns have arisen surrounding the long-term safety of these compounds, and this has spurred research into alternatives. There has also been a push to develop new molecularly targeted contrast agents or agents that can sense pathological changes in the local environment. This comprehensive review describes the state of the art of clinically approved contrast agents, their mechanism of action, and factors influencing their safety. From there we describe different mechanisms of generating MR image contrast such as relaxation, chemical exchange saturation transfer, and direct detection and the types of molecules that are effective for these purposes. Next we describe efforts to make safer contrast agents either by increasing relaxivity, increasing resistance to metal ion release, or by moving to gadolinium(III)-free alternatives. Finally we survey approaches to make contrast agents more specific for pathology either by direct biochemical targeting or by the design of responsive or activatable contrast agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Wahsner
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging and the Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Eric M. Gale
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging and the Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Aurora Rodríguez-Rodríguez
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging and the Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Peter Caravan
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging and the Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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14
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Montesi SB, Désogère P, Fuchs BC, Caravan P. Molecular imaging of fibrosis: recent advances and future directions. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:24-33. [PMID: 30601139 DOI: 10.1172/jci122132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis, the progressive accumulation of connective tissue that occurs in response to injury, causes irreparable organ damage and may result in organ failure. The few available antifibrotic treatments modify the rate of fibrosis progression, but there are no available treatments to reverse established fibrosis. Thus, more effective therapies are urgently needed. Molecular imaging is a promising biomedical methodology that enables noninvasive visualization of cellular and subcellular processes. It provides a unique means to monitor and quantify dysregulated molecular fibrotic pathways in a noninvasive manner. Molecular imaging could be used for early detection, disease staging, and prognostication, as well as for assessing disease activity and treatment response. As fibrotic diseases are often molecularly heterogeneous, molecular imaging of a specific pathway could be used for patient stratification and cohort enrichment with the goal of improving clinical trial design and feasibility and increasing the ability to detect a definitive outcome for new therapies. Here we review currently available molecular imaging probes for detecting fibrosis and fibrogenesis, the active formation of new fibrous tissue, and their application to models of fibrosis across organ systems and fibrotic processes. We provide our opinion as to the potential roles of molecular imaging in human fibrotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pauline Désogère
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging and.,Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bryan C Fuchs
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Peter Caravan
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging and.,Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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15
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Abstract
The development of new methods to image the onset and progression of thrombosis is an unmet need. Non-invasive molecular imaging techniques targeting specific key structures involved in the formation of thrombosis have demonstrated the ability to detect thrombus in different disease state models and in patients. Due to its high concentration in the thrombus and its essential role in thrombus formation, the detection of fibrin is an attractive strategy for identification of thrombosis. Herein we provide an overview of recent and selected fibrin-targeted probes for molecular imaging of thrombosis by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and optical techniques. Emphasis is placed on work that our lab has explored over the last 15 years that has resulted in the progression of the fibrin-binding PET probe [64Cu]FBP8 from preclinical studies into human trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno L Oliveira
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW, Cambridge, UK.
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16
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Lee JS, Hong JM, Kim JS. Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategies for Acute Intracranial Atherosclerosis-related Occlusions. J Stroke 2017; 19:143-151. [PMID: 28592778 PMCID: PMC5466291 DOI: 10.5853/jos.2017.00626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracranial atherosclerosis-related occlusion (ICAS-O) is frequently encountered at the time of endovascular revascularization treatment (ERT), especially in Asian countries. However, because baseline angiographic findings are similar between ICAS-O and embolism-related occlusion (EMB-O), it is difficult to differentiate the etiologies before the ERT procedure. Moreover, despite successful randomized trials on ERT, results from studies examining the optimal treatment protocol in ICAS-O patients remain unclear. In this review, we describe the clinical and imaging factors that may possibly differentiate ICAS-O from EMB-O. We will also discuss some current hurdles for treating ICAS-O in the hyperacute period and suggest the optimal ERT strategy for ICAS-O patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Soo Lee
- Department of Neurology, Ajou University Hospital, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Ji Man Hong
- Department of Neurology, Ajou University Hospital, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jong S Kim
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan, Seoul, Korea
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17
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Kim J, Park JE, Nahrendorf M, Kim DE. Direct Thrombus Imaging in Stroke. J Stroke 2016; 18:286-296. [PMID: 27733029 PMCID: PMC5066439 DOI: 10.5853/jos.2016.00906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an emergent need for imaging methods to better triage patients with acute stroke for tissue-plasminogen activator (tPA)-mediated thrombolysis or endovascular clot retrieval by directly visualizing the size and distribution of cerebral thromboemboli. Currently, magnetic resonance (MR) or computed tomography (CT) angiography visualizes the obstruction of blood flow within the vessel lumen rather than the thrombus itself. The present visualization method, which relies on observation of the dense artery sign (the appearance of cerebral thrombi on a non-enhanced CT), suffers from low sensitivity. When translated into the clinical setting, direct thrombus imaging is likely to enable individualized acute stroke therapy by allowing clinicians to detect the thrombus with high sensitivity, assess the size and nature of the thrombus more precisely, serially monitor the therapeutic effects of thrombolysis, and detect post-treatment recurrence. This review is intended to provide recent updates on stroke-related direct thrombus imaging using MR imaging, positron emission tomography, or CT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongseong Kim
- Molecular Imaging and Neurovascular Research (MINER) Laboratory, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Korea.,Global Research Laboratory for Thrombus-targeted Theranostics at Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital (Korea) and Massachusetts General Hospital ( USA )
| | - Jung E Park
- Department of Neurology, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Korea
| | - Matthias Nahrendorf
- Global Research Laboratory for Thrombus-targeted Theranostics at Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital (Korea) and Massachusetts General Hospital ( USA ).,Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dong-Eog Kim
- Molecular Imaging and Neurovascular Research (MINER) Laboratory, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Korea.,Global Research Laboratory for Thrombus-targeted Theranostics at Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital (Korea) and Massachusetts General Hospital ( USA ).,Department of Neurology, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Korea
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18
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Lohrke J, Frenzel T, Endrikat J, Alves FC, Grist TM, Law M, Lee JM, Leiner T, Li KC, Nikolaou K, Prince MR, Schild HH, Weinreb JC, Yoshikawa K, Pietsch H. 25 Years of Contrast-Enhanced MRI: Developments, Current Challenges and Future Perspectives. Adv Ther 2016; 33:1-28. [PMID: 26809251 PMCID: PMC4735235 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-015-0275-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED In 1988, the first contrast agent specifically designed for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), gadopentetate dimeglumine (Magnevist(®)), became available for clinical use. Since then, a plethora of studies have investigated the potential of MRI contrast agents for diagnostic imaging across the body, including the central nervous system, heart and circulation, breast, lungs, the gastrointestinal, genitourinary, musculoskeletal and lymphatic systems, and even the skin. Today, after 25 years of contrast-enhanced (CE-) MRI in clinical practice, the utility of this diagnostic imaging modality has expanded beyond initial expectations to become an essential tool for disease diagnosis and management worldwide. CE-MRI continues to evolve, with new techniques, advanced technologies, and novel contrast agents bringing exciting opportunities for more sensitive, targeted imaging and improved patient management, along with associated clinical challenges. This review aims to provide an overview on the history of MRI and contrast media development, to highlight certain key advances in the clinical development of CE-MRI, to outline current technical trends and clinical challenges, and to suggest some important future perspectives. FUNDING Bayer HealthCare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Lohrke
- MR and CT Contrast Media Research, Bayer HealthCare, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Frenzel
- MR and CT Contrast Media Research, Bayer HealthCare, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Endrikat
- Global Medical Affairs Radiology, Bayer HealthCare, Berlin, Germany
- Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany
| | | | - Thomas M Grist
- Radiology, Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Meng Law
- Radiology and Neurological Surgery, University of South California, Keck School of Medicine, USC University Hospital, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jeong Min Lee
- College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Tim Leiner
- Radiology, Utrecht University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kun-Cheng Li
- Radiology, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Konstantin Nikolaou
- Radiology, Ludwig-Maximilians University, University Hospitals, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin R Prince
- Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
- Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Kohki Yoshikawa
- Graduate Division of Medical Health Sciences, Graduate School of Komazawa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hubertus Pietsch
- MR and CT Contrast Media Research, Bayer HealthCare, Berlin, Germany.
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19
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Grover SP, Evans CE, Patel AS, Modarai B, Saha P, Smith A. Assessment of Venous Thrombosis in Animal Models. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015; 36:245-52. [PMID: 26681755 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.306255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Deep vein thrombosis and common complications, including pulmonary embolism and post-thrombotic syndrome, represent a major source of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Experimental models of venous thrombosis have provided considerable insight into the cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate thrombus formation and subsequent resolution. Here, we critically appraise the ex vivo and in vivo techniques used to assess venous thrombosis in these models. Particular attention is paid to imaging modalities, including magnetic resonance imaging, micro-computed tomography, and high-frequency ultrasound that facilitate longitudinal assessment of thrombus size and composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven P Grover
- From the Cardiovascular Division, Academic Department of Vascular Surgery, Kings College London, BHF Centre of Research Excellence and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Kings Health Partners, St Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Colin E Evans
- From the Cardiovascular Division, Academic Department of Vascular Surgery, Kings College London, BHF Centre of Research Excellence and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Kings Health Partners, St Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ashish S Patel
- From the Cardiovascular Division, Academic Department of Vascular Surgery, Kings College London, BHF Centre of Research Excellence and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Kings Health Partners, St Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bijan Modarai
- From the Cardiovascular Division, Academic Department of Vascular Surgery, Kings College London, BHF Centre of Research Excellence and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Kings Health Partners, St Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Prakash Saha
- From the Cardiovascular Division, Academic Department of Vascular Surgery, Kings College London, BHF Centre of Research Excellence and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Kings Health Partners, St Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Alberto Smith
- From the Cardiovascular Division, Academic Department of Vascular Surgery, Kings College London, BHF Centre of Research Excellence and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Kings Health Partners, St Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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20
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21
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Oliveira BL, Blasi F, Rietz TA, Rotile NJ, Day H, Caravan P. Multimodal Molecular Imaging Reveals High Target Uptake and Specificity of 111In- and 68Ga-Labeled Fibrin-Binding Probes for Thrombus Detection in Rats. J Nucl Med 2015; 56:1587-92. [PMID: 26251420 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.115.160754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED We recently showed the high target specificity and favorable imaging properties of 64Cu and Al18F PET probes for noninvasive imaging of thrombosis. Here, our aim was to evaluate new derivatives labeled with either with 68Ga, 111In, or 99mTc as thrombus imaging agents for PET and SPECT. In this study, the feasibility and potential of these probes for thrombus imaging was assessed in detail in 2 animal models of arterial thrombosis. The specificity of the probes was further evaluated using a triple-isotope approach with multimodal SPECT/PET/CT imaging. METHODS Radiotracers were synthesized using a known fibrin-binding peptide conjugated to 1,4,7-triazacyclononane,1-glutaric acid-4,7-acetic acid (NODAGA), 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid monoamide (DOTA-MA), or a diethylenetriamine ligand (DETA-propanoic acid [PA]), followed by labeling with 68Ga (FBP14, 68Ga-NODAGA), 111In (FBP15, 111In-DOTA-MA), or 99mTc (FBP16, 99mTc(CO)3-DETA-PA), respectively. PET or SPECT imaging, biodistribution, pharmacokinetics, and metabolic stability were evaluated in rat models of mural and occlusive carotid artery thrombosis. In vivo target specificity was evaluated by comparing the distribution of the SPECT and PET probes with preformed 125I-labeled thrombi and with a nonbinding control probe using SPECT/PET/CT imaging. RESULTS All 3 radiotracers showed affinity similar to soluble fibrin fragment DD(E) (inhibition constant=0.53-0.83 μM). After the kidneys, the highest uptake of 68Ga-FBP14 and 111In-FBP15 was in the thrombus (1.0±0.2 percentage injected dose per gram), with low off-target accumulation. Both radiotracers underwent fast systemic elimination (half-life, 8-15 min) through the kidneys, which led to highly conspicuous thrombi on PET and SPECT images. 99mTc-FBP16 displayed low target uptake and distribution consistent with aggregation or degradation. Triple-isotope imaging experiments showed that both 68Ga-FBP14 and 111In-FBP15, but not the nonbinding derivative 64Cu-D-Cys-FBP8, detected the location of the 125I-labeled thrombus, confirming high target specificity. CONCLUSION 68Ga-FBP14 and 111In-FBP15 have high fibrin affinity and thrombus specificity and represent useful PET and SPECT probes for thrombus detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno L Oliveira
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts; and
| | - Francesco Blasi
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts; and
| | - Tyson A Rietz
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts; and
| | - Nicholas J Rotile
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts; and
| | - Helen Day
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts; and
| | - Peter Caravan
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts; and Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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22
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Kim JY, Ryu JH, Schellingerhout D, Sun IC, Lee SK, Jeon S, Kim J, Kwon IC, Nahrendorf M, Ahn CH, Kim K, Kim DE. Direct Imaging of Cerebral Thromboemboli Using Computed Tomography and Fibrin-targeted Gold Nanoparticles. Am J Cancer Res 2015. [PMID: 26199648 PMCID: PMC4508499 DOI: 10.7150/thno.11679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Computed tomography (CT) is the current standard for time-critical decision-making in stroke patients, informing decisions on thrombolytic therapy with tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), which has a narrow therapeutic index. We aimed to develop a CT-based method to directly visualize cerebrovascular thrombi and guide thrombolytic therapy. Glycol-chitosan-coated gold nanoparticles (GC-AuNPs) were synthesized and conjugated to fibrin-targeting peptides, forming fib-GC-AuNP. This targeted imaging agent and non-targeted control agent were characterized in vitro and in vivo in C57Bl/6 mice (n = 107) with FeCl3-induced carotid thrombosis and/or embolic ischemic stroke. Fibrin-binding capacity was superior with fib-GC-AuNPs compared to GC-AuNPs, with thrombi visualized as high density on microCT (mCT). mCT imaging using fib-GC-AuNP allowed the prompt detection and quantification of cerebral thrombi, and monitoring of tPA-mediated thrombolytic effect, which reflected histological stroke outcome. Furthermore, recurrent thrombosis could be diagnosed by mCT without further nanoparticle administration for up to 3 weeks. fib-GC-AuNP-based direct cerebral thrombus imaging greatly enhance the value and information obtainable by regular CT, has multiple uses in basic / translational vascular research, and will likely allow personalized thrombolytic therapy in clinic by a) optimizing tPA-dosing to match thrombus burden, b) enabling the rational triage of patients to more radical therapies such as endovascular clot-retrieval, and c) potentially serving as a theranostic platform for targeted delivery of concurrent thrombolysis.
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23
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Lin JB, Phillips EH, Riggins TE, Sangha GS, Chakraborty S, Lee JY, Lycke RJ, Hernandez CL, Soepriatna AH, Thorne BRH, Yrineo AA, Goergen CJ. Imaging of small animal peripheral artery disease models: recent advancements and translational potential. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:11131-77. [PMID: 25993289 PMCID: PMC4463694 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160511131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a broad disorder encompassing multiple forms of arterial disease outside of the heart. As such, PAD development is a multifactorial process with a variety of manifestations. For example, aneurysms are pathological expansions of an artery that can lead to rupture, while ischemic atherosclerosis reduces blood flow, increasing the risk of claudication, poor wound healing, limb amputation, and stroke. Current PAD treatment is often ineffective or associated with serious risks, largely because these disorders are commonly undiagnosed or misdiagnosed. Active areas of research are focused on detecting and characterizing deleterious arterial changes at early stages using non-invasive imaging strategies, such as ultrasound, as well as emerging technologies like photoacoustic imaging. Earlier disease detection and characterization could improve interventional strategies, leading to better prognosis in PAD patients. While rodents are being used to investigate PAD pathophysiology, imaging of these animal models has been underutilized. This review focuses on structural and molecular information and disease progression revealed by recent imaging efforts of aortic, cerebral, and peripheral vascular disease models in mice, rats, and rabbits. Effective translation to humans involves better understanding of underlying PAD pathophysiology to develop novel therapeutics and apply non-invasive imaging techniques in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny B Lin
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, 206 S. Martin Jischke Drive, Room 3025, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Evan H Phillips
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, 206 S. Martin Jischke Drive, Room 3025, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Ti'Air E Riggins
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, 206 S. Martin Jischke Drive, Room 3025, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Gurneet S Sangha
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, 206 S. Martin Jischke Drive, Room 3025, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Sreyashi Chakraborty
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Janice Y Lee
- Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Roy J Lycke
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, 206 S. Martin Jischke Drive, Room 3025, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Clarissa L Hernandez
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, 206 S. Martin Jischke Drive, Room 3025, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Arvin H Soepriatna
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, 206 S. Martin Jischke Drive, Room 3025, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Bradford R H Thorne
- School of Sciences, Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Alexa A Yrineo
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, 206 S. Martin Jischke Drive, Room 3025, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Craig J Goergen
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, 206 S. Martin Jischke Drive, Room 3025, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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24
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Chaabane L, Tei L, Miragoli L, Lattuada L, von Wronski M, Uggeri F, Lorusso V, Aime S. In Vivo MR Imaging of Fibrin in a Neuroblastoma Tumor Model by Means of a Targeting Gd-Containing Peptide. Mol Imaging Biol 2015; 17:819-28. [DOI: 10.1007/s11307-015-0846-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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25
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Abstract
This perspective outlines strategies towards the development of MR imaging probes that our lab has explored over the last 15 years. Namely, we discuss methods to enhance the signal generating capacity of MR probes and how to achieve tissue specificity through protein targeting or probe activation within the tissue microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Boros
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Eric M Gale
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Peter Caravan
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans J de Haas
- From the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (H.J.d.H., J.N., V.F.); University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands (H.J.d.H.); and Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (V.F.)
| | - Jagat Narula
- From the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (H.J.d.H., J.N., V.F.); University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands (H.J.d.H.); and Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (V.F.)
| | - Valentin Fuster
- From the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (H.J.d.H., J.N., V.F.); University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands (H.J.d.H.); and Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (V.F.).
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27
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Boros E, Karimi S, Kenton N, Helm L, Caravan P. Gd(DOTAlaP): exploring the boundaries of fast water exchange in gadolinium-based magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents. Inorg Chem 2014; 53:6985-94. [PMID: 24922178 PMCID: PMC4095929 DOI: 10.1021/ic5008928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Here,
we describe the synthesis of the single amino acid chelator DOTAlaP
and four of its derivatives. The corresponding gadolinium(III) complexes
were investigated for their kinetic inertness, relaxometric properties
at a range of fields and temperatures, water exchange rate, and interaction
with human serum albumin (HSA). Derivatives with one inner-sphere
water (q = 1) were determined to have a mean water
residency time between 8 and 6 ns in phoshate-buffered saline at 37
°C. The corresponding europium complexes were also formed and
used to obtain information on the hydration number of the corresponding
coordination complexes. Two complexes capable of binding HSA were
also synthesized, of which one, Gd(5b), contains no inner-sphere
water, while the other derivative, Gd(4b), is a mixture
of ca. 15% q =1 and 85% q = 0. In
the presence of HSA, the latter displayed a very short mean water
residency time (τM310 = 2.4 ns) and enhanced
relaxivity at intermediate and high fields. The kinetic inertness
of Gd(4b) with respect to complex dissociation was decreased
compared to its DOTAla analogue but still 100-fold more inert than
[Gd(BOPTA)(H2O)]2–. Magnetic resonance
imaging in mice showed that Gd(4b) was able to provide
38% better vessel to muscle contrast compared to the clinically used
HSA binding agent MS-325. Converting one
of the acetate groups in the single amino acid chelator DOTAla to
methylenephosphonate (DOTAlaP) results in gadolinium(III) complexes
with extremely fast water exchange kinetics and/or in equilibrium
between monoaquated (q = 1) and unaquated (q = 0) states. The presence of phosphonate and the very
fast water exchange kinetics result in stable complexes with high
relaxivity at high magnetic fields, especially when bound to serum
albumin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Boros
- The Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School , 149 Thirteenth Street, Suite 2301, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
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28
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Blasi F, Oliveira BL, Rietz TA, Rotile NJ, Day H, Looby RJ, Ay I, Caravan P. Effect of Chelate Type and Radioisotope on the Imaging Efficacy of 4 Fibrin-Specific PET Probes. J Nucl Med 2014; 55:1157-63. [PMID: 24790217 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.113.136275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Thrombus formation plays a major role in cardiovascular diseases, but noninvasive thrombus imaging is still challenging. Fibrin is a major component of both arterial and venous thrombi and represents an ideal candidate for imaging of thrombosis. Recently, we showed that (64)Cu-DOTA-labeled PET probes based on fibrin-specific peptides are suitable for thrombus imaging in vivo; however, the metabolic stability of these probes was limited. Here, we describe 4 new probes using either (64)Cu or aluminum fluoride (Al(18)F) chelated to 2 NOTA derivatives. METHODS Probes were synthesized using a known fibrin-specific peptide conjugated to either NODAGA (FBP8, FBP10) or NOTA-monoamide (FBP9, FBP11) as chelators, followed by labeling with (64)Cu (FBP8 and FBP9) or Al(18)F (FBP10 and FBP11). PET imaging efficacy, pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, and metabolic stability were assessed in a rat model of arterial thrombosis. RESULTS All probes had similar nanomolar affinity (435-760 nM) for the soluble fibrin fragment DD(E). PET imaging allowed clear visualization of thrombus by all probes, with a 5-fold or higher thrombus-to-background ratio. Compared with the previous DOTA derivative, the new (64)Cu probes FBP8 and FBP9 showed substantially improved metabolic stability (>85% intact in blood at 4 h after injection), resulting in high uptake at the target site (0.5-0.8 percentage injected dose per gram) that persisted over 5 h, producing increasingly greater target-to-background ratios. The thrombus uptake was 5- to 20-fold higher than the uptake in the contralateral artery, blood, muscle, lungs, bone, spleen, large intestine, and heart at 2 h after injection and 10- to 40-fold higher at 5 h. The Al(18)F derivatives FBP10 and FBP11 were less stable, in particular the NODAGA conjugate (FBP10, <30% intact in blood at 4 h after injection), which showed high bone uptake and low thrombus-to-background ratios that decreased over time. The high thrombus-to-contralateral ratios for all probes were confirmed by ex vivo biodistribution and autoradiography. The uptake in the liver (<0.5 percentage injected dose per gram), kidneys, and blood were similar for all tracers, and they all showed predominant renal clearance. CONCLUSION FBP8, FBP9, and FBP11 showed excellent metabolic stability and high thrombus-to-background ratios and represent promising candidates for imaging of thrombosis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Blasi
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Bruno L Oliveira
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Tyson A Rietz
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Nicholas J Rotile
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Helen Day
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Richard J Looby
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Ilknur Ay
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Peter Caravan
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts
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Ay I, Blasi F, Rietz TA, Rotile NJ, Kura S, Brownell AL, Day H, Oliveira BL, Looby RJ, Caravan P. In vivo molecular imaging of thrombosis and thrombolysis using a fibrin-binding positron emission tomographic probe. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2014; 7:697-705. [PMID: 24777937 DOI: 10.1161/circimaging.113.001806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibrin is a major component of arterial and venous thrombi and represents an ideal candidate for molecular imaging of thrombosis. Here, we describe imaging properties and target uptake of a new fibrin-specific positron emission tomographic probe for thrombus detection and therapy monitoring in 2 rat thrombosis models. METHODS AND RESULTS The fibrin-binding probe FBP7 was synthesized by conjugation of a known short cyclic peptide to a cross-bridged chelator (CB-TE2A), followed by labeling with copper-64. Adult male Wistar rats (n=26) underwent either carotid crush injury (mural thrombosis model) or embolic stroke (occlusive thrombosis model) followed by recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator treatment (10 mg/kg, IV). FBP7 detected thrombus location in both animal models with a high positron emission tomographic target-to-background ratio that increased over time (>5-fold at 30-90 minutes, >15-fold at 240-285 minutes). In the carotid crush injury animals, biodistribution analysis confirmed high probe uptake in the thrombotic artery (≈0.5%ID/g; >5-fold greater than blood and other tissues of the head and thorax). Similar results were obtained from ex vivo autoradiography of the ipsilateral versus contralateral carotid arteries. In embolic stroke animals, positron emission tomographic-computed tomographic imaging localized the clot in the internal carotid/middle cerebral artery segment of all rats. Time-dependent reduction of activity at the level of the thrombus was detected in recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator-treated rats but not in vehicle-injected animals. Brain autoradiography confirmed clot dissolution in recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator-treated animals, but enduring high thrombus activity in control rats. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that FBP7 is suitable for molecular imaging of thrombosis and thrombolysis in vivo and represents a promising candidate for bench-to-bedside translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilknur Ay
- From the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA
| | - Francesco Blasi
- From the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA
| | - Tyson A Rietz
- From the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA
| | - Nicholas J Rotile
- From the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA
| | - Sreekanth Kura
- From the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA
| | - Anna Liisa Brownell
- From the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA
| | - Helen Day
- From the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA
| | - Bruno L Oliveira
- From the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA
| | - Richard J Looby
- From the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA
| | - Peter Caravan
- From the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA.
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Song Y, Huang Z, Xu J, Ren D, Wang Y, Zheng X, Shen Y, Wang L, Gao H, Hou J, Pang Z, Qian J, Ge J. Multimodal SPION-CREKA peptide based agents for molecular imaging of microthrombus in a rat myocardial ischemia-reperfusion model. Biomaterials 2014; 35:2961-70. [PMID: 24393265 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Microthrombosis plays a key role in many cardiovascular diseases. Although it is not difficult to localize thrombus within large or middle-sized vessels, the noninvasive diagnostic regimen for the detection of microthrombus remains scarce. Here we developed a nanoagent by conjucting superparamagnetic iron-oxide nanoparticle with fluorophore and a targeting element, CREKA, a peptide with special affinity for fibrin. In a rat model of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (MI/R), the multimodal nanoagents were readily and selectively accumulated within microthrombosis, which was detectable by both magnetic resonance and optical imaging modalities. The fibrin-targeted nanoagent could be expected to have utility not only in molecular imaging of fibrin, understanding the mechanisms of microcirculation disorders, but also in targeted therapy with fibrinolytic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Song
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Feng Lin Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zheyong Huang
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Feng Lin Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jianfeng Xu
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Feng Lin Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Daoyuan Ren
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Feng Lin Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yu Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xinde Zheng
- Department of Radiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Feng Lin Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yunli Shen
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Lili Wang
- Department of Radiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Feng Lin Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hongxiang Gao
- Department of Laboratory, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Feng Lin Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jiayun Hou
- Biomedical Research Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Feng Lin Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhiqing Pang
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Juying Qian
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Feng Lin Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Junbo Ge
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Feng Lin Road, Shanghai 200032, China; Institute of Biomedical Science, Fudan University, 180 Feng Lin Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
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Boros E, Rybak-Akimova E, Holland JP, Rietz T, Rotile N, Blasi F, Day H, Latifi R, Caravan P. Pycup--a bifunctional, cage-like ligand for (64)Cu radiolabeling. Mol Pharm 2013; 11:617-29. [PMID: 24294970 DOI: 10.1021/mp400686z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In developing targeted probes for positron emission tomography (PET) based on (64)Cu, stable complexation of the radiometal is key, and a flexible handle for bioconjugation is highly advantageous. Here, we present the synthesis and characterization of the chelator pycup and four derivatives. Pycup is a cross-bridged cyclam derivative with a pyridyl donor atom integrated into the cross-bridge resulting in a pentadentate ligand. The pycup platform provides kinetic inertness toward (64)Cu dechelation and offers versatile bioconjugation chemistry. We varied the number and type of additional donor atoms by alkylation of the remaining two secondary amines, providing three model ligands, pycup2A, pycup1A1Bn, and pycup2Bn, in 3-4 synthetic steps from cyclam. All model copper complexes displayed very slow decomplexation in 5 M HCl and 90 °C (t1/2: 1.5 h for pycup1A1Bn, 2.7 h for pycup2A, 20.3 h for pycup2Bn). The single crystal crystal X-ray structure of the [Cu(pycup2Bn)](2+) complex showed that the copper was coordinated in a trigonal, bipyramidal manner. The corresponding radiochemical complexes were at least 94% stable in rat plasma after 24 h. Biodistribution studies conducted in Balb/c mice at 2 h postinjection of (64)Cu labeled pycup2A revealed low residual activity in kidney, liver, and blood pool with predominantly renal clearance observed. Pycup2A was readily conjugated to a fibrin-targeted peptide and labeled with (64)Cu for successful PET imaging of arterial thrombosis in a rat model, demonstrating the utility of our new chelator in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Boros
- The Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School , 149 Thirteenth Street, Suite 2301, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
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Loving GS, Caravan P. Activation and Retention: A Magnetic Resonance Probe for the Detection of Acute Thrombosis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201308607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Loving GS, Caravan P. Activation and retention: a magnetic resonance probe for the detection of acute thrombosis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 53:1140-3. [PMID: 24338877 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201308607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Blood-clot formation that results in the complete occlusion of a blood vessel (thrombosis) often leads to serious life-threatening events, such as strokes and heart attacks. As the composition of a thrombus changes as it matures, new imaging methods that are capable of distinguishing new clots from old clots may yield important diagnostic and prognostic information. To address this need, an activatable magnetic resonance (MR) probe that is responsive to a key biochemical process associated with recently formed clots has been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galen S Loving
- A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 Thirteenth Street, Suite 2301, Charlestown, MA 02129 (USA)
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Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES Fibrin deposition has been indicated within the stroma of a majority of solid tumors. Here we assess the feasibility of using the established fibrin-specific probe EP-2104R for noninvasive imaging of fibrin in the context of breast cancer. METHODS EP-2104R, untargeted gadopentetate dimeglumine (Gd-DTPA), and a newly synthesized nonfibrin binding control linear peptide (CLP) were compared using steady-state and dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in a breast cancer xenograft mouse model at 9.4 T. RESULTS EP-2104R transiently enhanced both tumor core and tumor periphery, but only the enhancement in the tumor periphery persisted even 90 minutes after EP-2104R administration. However, untargeted Gd-DTPA and CLP are not retained in the tumor periphery. The half-life of EP-2104R in the tumor periphery (103 ± 18 minutes) is significantly longer (P < 0.05) than that of either Gd-DTPA (29.6 ± 2.4 minutes) or CLP (42.4 ± 1.5 minutes), but the rate of clearance is similar for all the 3 probes from the tumor core. The presence of high concentrations of fibrin in the tumor periphery was corroborated using immunohistochemistry with a fibrin-specific antibody. CONCLUSIONS The persistent enhancement observed in the tumor periphery with EP-2104R is likely a result of its fibrin-specific binding rather than its size and demonstrates the feasibility of EP-2104R for molecular imaging of fibrin in tumor stroma.
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Ciesienski KL, Yang Y, Ay I, Chonde DB, Loving GS, Rietz TA, Catana C, Caravan P. Fibrin-targeted PET probes for the detection of thrombi. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:1100-10. [PMID: 23327109 DOI: 10.1021/mp300610s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
There is an ongoing effort to develop better methods for noninvasive detection and characterization of thrombi. Here we describe the synthesis and evaluation of three new fibrin-targeted positron emission tomography (PET) probes (FBP1, FBP2, FBP3). Three fibrin-specific peptides were conjugated as 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA)-monoamides at the C- and N-termini and chelated with (64)CuCl2. Probes were prepared with a specific activity ranging from 10 to 130 μCi/nmol. Both the peptides and the probes exhibited nanomolar dissociation constants (Kd) for the soluble fibrin fragment DD(E), although the Cu-DOTA derivatization resulted in a 2-3 fold loss in affinity relative to the parent peptide. Biodistribution and imaging studies were performed in a rat model of carotid artery thrombosis. For FBP1 and FBP2 at 120 min post injection, the vessel containing the thrombus showed the highest concentration of radioactivity after the excretory organs, that is, the liver and kidneys. This was confirmed ex vivo by autoradiography, which showed >4-fold activity in the thrombus-containing artery compared to the contralateral artery. FBP3 showed much lower thrombus uptake, and the difference was traced to greater metabolism of this probe. Hybrid MR-PET imaging with FBP1 or FBP2 confirmed that these probes were effective for the detection of an arterial thrombus in this rat model. A thrombus was visible on PET images as a region of high activity that corresponded to a region of arterial occlusion identified by simultaneous MR angiography. FBP1 and FBP2 represent promising new probes for the molecular imaging of thrombi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie L Ciesienski
- A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School , 149 Thirteenth Street, Suite 2301, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
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Molecular imaging of fibrin deposition in deep vein thrombosis using fibrin-targeted near-infrared fluorescence. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2012; 5:607-15. [PMID: 22698530 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2012.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Revised: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The goal of this study was to develop and validate a new fibrin-targeted imaging agent that enables high-resolution near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging of deep vein thrombosis (DVT). BACKGROUND NIRF imaging of fibrin could enable highly sensitive and noninvasive molecular imaging of thrombosis syndromes in vivo. METHODS A fibrin-targeted peptide was conjugated to a near-infrared fluorophore Cy7, termed FTP11-Cy7. The NIRF peptide is based on a fibrin-specific imaging agent that has completed Phase II clinical magnetic resonance imaging trials. In vitro binding of FTP11-Cy7 to human plasma clots was assessed by using fluorescence reflectance imaging. Next, FTP11-Cy7 was intravenously injected in mice with femoral DVT induced by topical 7.5% ferric chloride treatment. Intravital fluorescence microscopy and noninvasive fluorescence molecular tomography-computed tomography were performed in 32 mice with DVT, followed by histological analyses. RESULTS In vitro human clot-binding analyses showed a 6-fold higher NIRF clot target-to-background ratio (TBR) of FTP11-Cy7 than free Cy7 (6.3 ± 0.34 vs. 1.2 ± 0.03; p < 0.0001). The thrombus TBR of acute and subacute femoral DVT with FTP11-Cy7 obtained by using intravital fluorescence microscopy was >400% higher than control free Cy7. Binding of FTP11-Cy7 to thrombi was blocked by a 100-fold excess of unlabeled competitor peptide both in vitro and in vivo (p < 0.001 for each). Histological analyses confirmed that FTP11-Cy7 specifically accumulated in thrombi. Noninvasive fluorescence molecular tomography-computed tomography imaging of fibrin in jugular DVT demonstrated strong NIRF signal in thrombi compared with sham-operated jugular veins (mean TBR 3.5 ± 0.7 vs. 1.5 ± 0.3; p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The fibrin-targeted NIRF agent FTP11-Cy7 was shown to avidly and specifically bind human and murine thrombi, and enable sensitive, multimodal intravital and noninvasive NIRF molecular imaging detection of acute and subacute murine DVT in vivo.
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Uppal R, Ciesienski KL, Chonde DB, Loving GS, Caravan P. Discrete bimodal probes for thrombus imaging. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:10799-802. [PMID: 22698259 DOI: 10.1021/ja3045635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Here we report a generalizable solid/solution-phase strategy for the synthesis of discrete bimodal fibrin-targeted imaging probes. A fibrin-specific peptide was conjugated with two distinct imaging reporters at the C- and N-termini. In vitro studies demonstrated retention of fibrin affinity and specificity. Imaging studies showed that these probes could detect fibrin over a wide range of probe concentrations by optical, magnetic resonance, and positron emission tomography imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritika Uppal
- A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Suite 2301, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
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Kolodziej AF, Nair SA, Graham P, McMurry TJ, Ladner RC, Wescott C, Sexton DJ, Caravan P. Fibrin specific peptides derived by phage display: characterization of peptides and conjugates for imaging. Bioconjug Chem 2012; 23:548-56. [PMID: 22263840 DOI: 10.1021/bc200613e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Peptides that bind to fibrin but not to fibrinogen or serum albumin were selected from phage display libraries as targeting moieties for thrombus molecular imaging probes. Three classes of cyclic peptides (cyclized via disulfide bond between two Cys) were identified with consensus sequences XArXCPY(G/D)LCArIX (Ar = aromatic, Tn6), X(2)CXYYGTCLX (Tn7), and NHGCYNSYGVPYCDYS (Tn10). These peptides bound to fibrin at ∼2 sites with K(d) = 4.1 μM, 4.0 μM, and 8.7 μM, respectively, whereas binding to fibrinogen was at least 100-fold weaker. The peptides also bind to the fibrin degradation product DD(E) with similar affinity to that measured for fibrin. The Tn7 and Tn10 peptides bind to the same site on fibrin, while the Tn6 peptides bind to a unique site. Alanine scanning identified the N- and C-terminal ends of the Tn6 and Tn7 peptides as most tolerant to modification. Peptide conjugates with either fluorescein or diethylenetriaminepentaaceto gadolinium(III) (GdDTPA) at the N-terminus were prepared for potential imaging applications, and these retained fibrin binding affinity and specificity in plasma. Relaxivity and binding studies on the GdDTPA derivatives revealed that an N-terminal glycyl linker had a modest effect on fibrin affinity but resulted in lower fibrin-bound relaxivity.
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Zhang Y, Fan S, Yao Y, Ding J, Wang Y, Zhao Z, Liao L, Li P, Zang F, Teng GJ. In vivo near-infrared imaging of fibrin deposition in thromboembolic stroke in mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30262. [PMID: 22272319 PMCID: PMC3260250 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Thrombus and secondary thrombosis plays a key role in stroke. Recent molecular imaging provides in vivo imaging of activated factor XIII (FXIIIa), an important mediator of thrombosis or fibrinolytic resistance. The present study was to investigate the fibrin deposition in a thromboembolic stroke mice model by FXIIIa–targeted near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging. Materials and Methods The experimental protocol was approved by our institutional animal use committee. Seventy-six C57B/6J mice were subjected to thromboembolic middle cerebral artery occlusion or sham operation. Mice were either intravenously injected with the FXIIIa-targeted probe or control probe. In vivo and ex vivo NIRF imaging were performed thereafter. Probe distribution was assessed with fluorescence microscopy by spectral imaging and quantification system. MR scans were performed to measure lesion volumes in vivo, which were correlated with histology after animal euthanasia. Results In vivo significant higher fluorescence intensity over the ischemia-affected hemisphere, compared to the contralateral side, was detected in mice that received FXIIIa-targeted probe, but not in the controlled mice. Significantly NIRF signals showed time-dependent processes from 8 to 96 hours after injection of FXIIIa-targeted probes. Ex vivo NIRF image showed an intense fluorescence within the ischemic territory only in mice injected with FXIIIa-targeted probe. The fluorescence microscopy demonstrated distribution of FXIIIa-targeted probe in the ischemic region and nearby micro-vessels, and FXIIIa-targeted probe signals showed good overlap with immune-fluorescent fibrin staining images. There was a significant correlation between total targeted signal from in vivo or ex vivo NIRF images and lesion volume. Conclusion Non-invasive detection of fibrin deposition in ischemic mouse brain using NIRF imaging is feasible and this technique may provide an in vivo experimental tool in studying the role of fibrin in stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shufeng Fan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuyu Yao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Ding
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhen Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Liao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Peicheng Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fengchao Zang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Gao-Jun Teng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail:
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Duyn JH, Koretsky AP. Novel frontiers in ultra-structural and molecular MRI of the brain. Curr Opin Neurol 2011; 24:386-93. [PMID: 21734576 DOI: 10.1097/wco.0b013e328348972a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Recent developments in the MRI of the brain continue to expand its use in basic and clinical neuroscience. This review highlights some areas of recent progress. RECENT FINDINGS Higher magnetic field strengths and improved signal detectors have allowed improved visualization of the various properties of the brain, facilitating the anatomical definition of function-specific areas and their connections. For example, by sensitizing the MRI signal to the magnetic susceptibility of tissue, it is starting to become possible to reveal the laminar structure of the cortex and identify millimeter-scale fiber bundles. Using exogenous contrast agents, and innovative ways to manipulate contrast, it is becoming possible to highlight specific fiber tracts and cell populations. These techniques are bringing us closer to understanding the evolutionary blueprint of the brain, improving the detection and characterization of disease, and help to guide treatment. SUMMARY Recent MRI techniques are leading to more detailed and more specific contrast in the study of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff H Duyn
- Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1060, USA.
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Uppal R, Catana C, Ay I, Benner T, Sorensen AG, Caravan P. Bimodal thrombus imaging: simultaneous PET/MR imaging with a fibrin-targeted dual PET/MR probe--feasibility study in rat model. Radiology 2010; 258:812-20. [PMID: 21177389 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.10100881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To image thrombus by using magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and positron emission tomography (PET) simultaneously in a rat arterial thrombus model with a dual PET/MR probe. MATERIALS AND METHODS Animal studies were approved by the institutional animal use committee. A dual PET/MR probe was synthesized by means of partial exchange of gadolinium for copper 64 ((64)Cu) in the fibrin-targeted MR probe EP-2104R. A preformed 25-mm thrombus was injected into the right internal carotid artery of a rat. Imaging was performed with a clinical 3.0-T MR imager with an MR-compatible human PET imager. Rats (n = 5) were imaged prior to and after systemic administration of the dual probe by using simultaneous PET/MR. The organ distribution of (64)Cu and gadolinium was determined ex vivo (n = 8), 2 hours after injection by using well counting and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, respectively. Signal intensity ratios (SIRs) between the thrombus-containing and contralateral vessel were computed from PET images and MR data before and after probe administration. RESULTS The dual probe was synthesized with greater than 98% radiochemical purity. Thrombus enhancement was observed in all five animals at both MR (SIR([postprobe])/SIR([preprobe]) = 1.71 ± 0.35, P = .0053) and PET (SIR = 1.85 ± 0.48, P = .0087) after injection of the dual PET/MR probe. Ex vivo analysis at 2 hours after injection showed the highest (64)Cu and gadolinium concentrations, after the excretory organs (kidney and liver), to be in the thrombus. CONCLUSION A fibrin-targeted dual PET/MR probe enables simultaneous, direct MR and PET imaging of thrombus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritika Uppal
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 Thirteenth Street, Suite 2301, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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Abstract
This review focuses on recent approaches in using targeted MRI probes for noninvasive molecular imaging of thrombosis. Probe design strategies are discussed: choice of molecular target; nanoparticle versus small-molecule probe; and gadolinium versus iron oxide imaging reporter. Examples of these different design strategies are chosen from the recent literature. Novel contrast agents used to image direct and indirect binding to fibrin have been described as well as direct binding to activated platelets. Emphasis is placed on probes where utility has been demonstrated in animal models or in human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie L Ciesienski
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, 149 Thirteenth Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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