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Hashimoto T, Kunieda T, Honda T, Scalzo F, Sharma LK, Hinman JD, Rao NM, Nour M, Bahr-Hosseini M, Saver JL, Raychev R, Liebeskind DS. Heterogeneity between proximal and distal aspects of occlusive thrombi on pretreatment imaging in acute ischemic stroke. Neuroradiol J 2021; 35:378-387. [PMID: 34609921 DOI: 10.1177/19714009211049713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The potential heterogeneity in occlusive thrombi caused by in situ propagation by secondary thrombosis after embolic occlusion could obscure the characteristics of original thrombi, preventing the clarification of a specific thrombus signature for the etiology of ischemic stroke. We aimed to investigate the heterogeneity of occlusive thrombi by pretreatment imaging. METHODS Among consecutive stroke patients with acute embolic anterior circulation large vessel occlusion treated with thrombectomy, we retrospectively reviewed 104 patients with visible occlusive thrombi on pretreatment non-contrast computed tomography admitted from January 2015 to December 2018. A region of interest was set on the whole thrombus on non-contrast computed tomography under the guidance of computed tomography angiography. The region of interest was divided equally into the proximal and distal segments and the difference in Hounsfield unit densities between the two segments was calculated. RESULTS Hounsfield unit density in the proximal segment was higher than that in the distal segment (mean difference 4.45; p < 0.001), regardless of stroke subtypes. On multivariate analysis, thrombus length was positively correlated (β = 0.25; p < 0.001) and time from last-known-well to imaging was inversely correlated (β = -0.0041; p = 0.002) with the difference in Hounsfield unit densities between the proximal and distal segments. CONCLUSIONS The difference in density between the proximal and distal segments increased as thrombi became longer and decreased as thrombi became older after embolic occlusion. This time/length-dependent thrombus heterogeneity between the two segments is suggestive of secondary thrombosis initially occurring on the proximal side of the occlusion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Takenobu Kunieda
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Tristan Honda
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Fabien Scalzo
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Latisha K Sharma
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Jason D Hinman
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Neal M Rao
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - May Nour
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey L Saver
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Radoslav Raychev
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
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2
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Tolhuisen ML, Kappelhof M, Dutra BG, Jansen IGH, Guglielmi V, Dippel DWJ, van Zwam WH, van Oostenbrugge RJ, van der Lugt A, Roos YBWEM, Majoie CBLM, Caan MWA, Marquering HA. Influence of Onset to Imaging Time on Radiological Thrombus Characteristics in Acute Ischemic Stroke. Front Neurol 2021; 12:693427. [PMID: 34220695 PMCID: PMC8253046 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.693427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Radiological thrombus characteristics are associated with patient outcomes and treatment success after acute ischemic stroke. These characteristics could be expected to undergo time-dependent changes due to factors influencing thrombus architecture like blood stasis, clot contraction, and natural thrombolysis. We investigated whether stroke onset-to-imaging time was associated with thrombus length, perviousness, and density in the MR CLEAN Registry population. Methods: We included 245 patients with M1-segment occlusions and thin-slice baseline CT imaging from the MR CLEAN Registry, a nation-wide multicenter registry of patients who underwent endovascular treatment for acute ischemic stroke within 6.5 h of onset in the Netherlands. We used multivariable linear regression to investigate the effect of stroke onset-to-imaging time (per 5 min) on thrombus length (in mm), perviousness and density (both in Hounsfield Units). In the first model, we adjusted for age, sex, intravenous thrombolysis, antiplatelet use, and history of atrial fibrillation. In a second model, we additionally adjusted for observed vs. non-observed stroke onset, CT-angiography collateral score, direct presentation at a thrombectomy-capable center vs. transfer, and stroke etiology. We performed exploratory subgroup analyses for intravenous thrombolysis administration, observed vs. non-observed stroke onset, direct presentation vs. transfer, and stroke etiology. Results: Median stroke onset-to-imaging time was 83 (interquartile range 53–141) min. Onset to imaging time was not associated with thrombus length nor perviousness (β 0.002; 95% CI −0.004 to 0.007 and β −0.002; 95% CI −0.015 to 0.011 per 5 min, respectively) and was weakly associated with thrombus density in the fully adjusted model (adjusted β 0.100; 95% CI 0.005–0.196 HU per 5 min). The subgroup analyses showed no heterogeneity of these findings in any of the subgroups, except for a significantly positive relation between onset-to-imaging time and thrombus density in patients transferred from a primary stroke center (adjusted β 0.18; 95% CI 0.022–0.35). Conclusion: In our population of acute ischemic stroke patients, we found no clear association between onset-to-imaging time and radiological thrombus characteristics. This suggests that elapsed time from stroke onset plays a limited role in the interpretation of radiological thrombus characteristics and their effect on treatment results, at least in the early time window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon L Tolhuisen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Manon Kappelhof
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bruna G Dutra
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Valeria Guglielmi
- Department of Neurology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Diederik W J Dippel
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Center University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Wim H van Zwam
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Robert J van Oostenbrugge
- Department of Neurology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands.,Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Aad van der Lugt
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Yvo B W E M Roos
- Department of Neurology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Charles B L M Majoie
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Matthan W A Caan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Henk A Marquering
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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3
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Kadowaki M, Tenjin H, Tokuyama T, Kawakatsu T, Kida S, Makita I, Sakamoto T, Takao M, Kasahara M, Saito O, Kurozumi K. Histopathological Composition of Thrombus in Acute Ischemic Stroke May Vary Even Within the Same Patient: A Preliminary Study Examining Clots According to Their Area of Retrieval. JOURNAL OF NEUROENDOVASCULAR THERAPY 2021; 16:6-11. [PMID: 37502029 PMCID: PMC10370624 DOI: 10.5797/jnet.oa.2020-0176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Objective Mechanical thrombectomy enables histopathological examination of clots in patients who have suffered acute ischemic strokes. Many studies have described about the relationship between the histopathological compositions of retrieved thrombi and imaging findings, clinical outcomes, and stroke etiology without consensus. In this study, we examined the histological composition of thrombi according to their retrieval site and methods. Methods We divided retrieved clots into three parts (those retrieved from the proximal and distal parts of the stent retriever, and those aspirated through the guiding catheter) and then histopathologically analyzed their compositions by measuring the area occupied by red blood cells (RBCs), fibrin/platelets (F/Ps), and white blood cells (WBCs). Results Each specimen showed various composition even within the same patient. For example, the area occupied by RBCs was 20.9% ± 12.1%, 30.5% ± 13.5%, and 41.3% ± 16.1% in the clot retrieved from the proximal and distal parts of the stent retriever, and those aspirated through the guiding catheter, respectively. Conclusion Histopathological clot composition may vary even within the patient. Further research is needed to investigate more objective methods of histopathological analysis and their clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Kadowaki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shizuoka Red Cross Hospital, Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tenjin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shizuoka Red Cross Hospital, Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Tokuyama
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shizuoka Red Cross Hospital, Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Toru Kawakatsu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shizuoka Red Cross Hospital, Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Satoru Kida
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shizuoka Red Cross Hospital, Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Ippei Makita
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shizuoka Red Cross Hospital, Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Tomoya Sakamoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shizuoka Red Cross Hospital, Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Masaki Takao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Center Hospital of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masao Kasahara
- Department of Pathology, Shizuoka Red Cross Hospital, Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Osamu Saito
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shizuoka Red Cross Hospital, Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Kurozumi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hamamatsu University Hospital, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
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4
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Abstract
Thrombi retrieved from patients with acute ischemic stroke are highly heterogeneous. Recent data suggest that thrombus composition may impact on mechanical thrombectomy, the number of recanalization manoeuvres, resistance to retrieval, and on thrombolytic potential. Our aim was to summarize evidence describing the impact of thrombus composition on efficacy of mechanical thrombectomy and thrombolysis in patients with acute ischemic stroke. The scoping review methodology guided by the Joanna Briggs Institute, an adaption of the Arksey and O'Malley, was followed. Comprehensive searches were conducted in MEDLINE, EMBASE, SCOPUS, and Web of Science. Articles were classified into 4 key themes: (1) composition of stroke thrombi, (2) thrombus composition and mechanical thrombectomy, (3) thrombus composition and thrombolytic therapy, and (4) novel imaging and endovascular approaches. Our search identified 698 articles published from 1987 to June 2020. Additional articles were extracted from reference lists of the selected articles. Overall, 95 topic-specific articles identified for inclusion published in 40 different journals were included. Reports showed that thrombus composition in stroke was highly heterogeneous, containing fibrin, platelets, red blood cells, VWF (von Willebrand Factor), and neutrophil extracellular traps. Thrombi could roughly be divided into fibrin- and red blood cell-rich clots. Fibrin-rich clots were associated with increased recanalization manoeuvres, longer procedure time, and less favorable clinical outcomes compared with red blood cell-rich clots. Advances in detection or treatment of thrombi that take into account clot heterogeneity may be able to improve future endovascular and thrombolytic treatment of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Precious Jolugbo
- Discovery and Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Robert A S Ariëns
- Discovery and Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, United Kingdom
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5
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Smith AT, Wilbert CD, Ferre RM. Using the Retrobulbar Spot Sign to Assist in Diagnosis and Management of Central Retinal Artery Occlusions. JOURNAL OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE 2020; 39:197-202. [PMID: 31228289 DOI: 10.1002/jum.15073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Point-of-care ultrasound has become an integral part of the evaluation of monocular vision loss. Most commonly, it has been used to evaluate retinal detachment, vitreous hemorrhage, and posterior vitreous detachment. Point-of-care ultrasound can also be used to evaluate central retinal arterial occlusion, whereby a retrobulbar spot sign is present. We present a case series of 4 patients presenting with monocular vision loss who were found to have central retinal artery occlusion. We describe what a retrobulbar spot sign is and how its presence or absence can assist in the evaluation and treatment of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin T Smith
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Christopher D Wilbert
- Emergency Medicine Program, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Robinson M Ferre
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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6
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Das D, Pramanik M. Combined ultrasound and photoacoustic imaging of blood clot during microbubble-assisted sonothrombolysis. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2019; 24:1-8. [PMID: 31342692 PMCID: PMC7005573 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.24.12.121902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Blockage of healthy blood vessels by blood clots can lead to serious or even life-threatening complications. The use of a combined ultrasound (US) and photoacoustic (PA) imaging was explored for blood clot monitoring during microbubble-assisted sonothrombolysis. PA imaging is an emerging hybrid imaging modality that has garnered the attention of the biomedical imaging community in recent years. It enables the study of the composition of a blood clot due to its sensitivity toward optical absorption. Here, in vitro imaging of the side of a blood clot facing the microbubbles was done over time. The US and PA signal-to-noise (SNR) ratio value changes during microbubble-assisted sonothrombolysis were studied for two different local environments: blood clot in deionized water and blood clot in blood. In the first case, US and PA SNR values increased by 4.6% and reduced by 20.8%, respectively after 30 min of sonothrombolysis treatment. After 10 min of sonothrombolysis treatment of the blood clot in blood, the US and PA SNR values increased by 7.7% and 38.3%, respectively. The US and PA SNR value changes were recorded in response to its local environment. This technique can be used to determine the final composition of the blood clot which may, in turn, help in the administration of clot-dissolving drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhiman Das
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Singapore
| | - Manojit Pramanik
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Singapore
- Address all correspondence to Manojit Pramanik, E-mail:
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7
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Songsaeng D, Kaeowirun T, Sakarunchai I, Cheunsuchon P, Weankhanan J, Suwanbundit A, Krings T. Efficacy of Thrombus Density on Noninvasive Computed Tomography Neuroimaging for Predicting Thrombus Pathology and Patient Outcome after Mechanical Thrombectomy in Acute Ischemic Stroke. Asian J Neurosurg 2019; 14:795-800. [PMID: 31497104 PMCID: PMC6702996 DOI: 10.4103/ajns.ajns_238_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of thrombus density on noninvasive computed tomography (CT) neuroimaging for predicting thrombus pathology and patient outcome after mechanical thrombectomy in acute ischemic stroke. Materials and Methods: This retrospective chart and imaging review included patients that were treated by mechanical thrombectomy at Siriraj Hospital according to the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke from March 2010 to February 2015 study period. Preintervention noncontrast CT (NCCT), CT angiography (CTA), and/or contrast-enhanced CT (CECT) images were interpreted using CT densitometry. Pathology results were classified as white, red, or mixed thrombi. The result of treatment was evaluated by the modified Rankin Scale at 90 days after treatment. Results: From 97 included patients – 97 NCCT images, 48 CTA images, 48 CECT images, and 54 pathologic results of cerebral thrombi were included in the final analysis. Mean clot Hounsfield unit values on NCCT, CTA, and CECT were significantly different between red and white thrombus (P = 0.001 on NCCT, P = 0.03 on CTA, and P = 0.001 on CECT), and between red and mixed thrombus (P = 0.043 on NCCT and P = 0.002 on CTA). However, no significant difference was observed between white thrombus and mixed thrombus (P = 0.09 on NCCT, P = 1.00 on CTA, and P = 0.054 on CECT). There was no significant correlation between type of cerebral thrombus or clot density and the result of treatment. Conclusion: Thrombus density on CT was found to be a significant predictor of thrombus pathology; however, no significant association was observed between thrombus type or clot density and patient outcome after mechanical thrombectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dittapong Songsaeng
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tharathorn Kaeowirun
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ittichai Sakarunchai
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand
| | - Pornsuk Cheunsuchon
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jaruwan Weankhanan
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Anek Suwanbundit
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Timo Krings
- Department of Medical Imaging, Division of Neuroradiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada
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8
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Choi MH, Park GH, Lee JS, Lee SE, Lee SJ, Kim JH, Hong JM. Erythrocyte Fraction Within Retrieved Thrombi Contributes to Thrombolytic Response in Acute Ischemic Stroke. Stroke 2018; 49:652-659. [PMID: 29374103 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.117.019138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 12/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Recent advent of endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) enables us to provide a new perspective on the use of tPA (tissue-type plasminogen activator) through histological analysis of retrieved thrombus. We investigated the responsiveness of intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) according to the thrombus composition in EVT-attempted patients with acute ischemic stroke. METHODS We reviewed 92 consecutive patients with anterior circulation stroke who received combined IVT and EVT for 2 years. IVT responsiveness is defined as any decrease in the clot burden from baseline computed tomographic angiography to digital subtraction angiography during EVT. We histologically analyzed the relative fractions of red blood cells (RBCs), congregated fibrin and platelets, and white blood cells in the retrieved thrombi using semiautomated color-based segmentation method. Clinical characteristics according to the RBC fraction were investigated, and associated factors with IVT responsiveness were explored. RESULTS Fifty-two patients with histological analyses were stratified into lowest, middle, and highest tertiles of RBC fraction. Toward higher RBC fraction, there was more common susceptibility vessel signs on magnetic resonance imaging (50.0% versus 66.7% versus 91.7%; P=0.022) and prevalent IVT responsiveness (25.0% versus 41.7% versus 75.0%; P=0.010). IVT-responsive group (n=23) had higher RBC fraction (45.7±15.5% versus 35.9±12.2%; P=0.010), lower fibrin and platelet (50.4±14.0% versus 58.5±11.1%; P=0.027), and lower white blood cells fraction (3.9±2.1% versus 5.5±3.0%; P=0.027) than IVT-unresponsive group (n=29). After adjusting for potential variables, RBC fraction (odds ratio, 1.05; 95% confidence interval, 1.01-1.10) remained only independent determinant of IVT responsiveness. CONCLUSIONS In EVT-attempted patients with acute ischemic stroke, IVT responsiveness would be closely associated with RBC fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mun Hee Choi
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.H.C., J.S.L., S.E.L., S.-J.L., J.M.H.), Biomedical Sciences (G.H.P.), and Pathology (J.-H.K.), Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Geun Hwa Park
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.H.C., J.S.L., S.E.L., S.-J.L., J.M.H.), Biomedical Sciences (G.H.P.), and Pathology (J.-H.K.), Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Jin Soo Lee
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.H.C., J.S.L., S.E.L., S.-J.L., J.M.H.), Biomedical Sciences (G.H.P.), and Pathology (J.-H.K.), Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Sung Eun Lee
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.H.C., J.S.L., S.E.L., S.-J.L., J.M.H.), Biomedical Sciences (G.H.P.), and Pathology (J.-H.K.), Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Seong-Joon Lee
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.H.C., J.S.L., S.E.L., S.-J.L., J.M.H.), Biomedical Sciences (G.H.P.), and Pathology (J.-H.K.), Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Jang-Hee Kim
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.H.C., J.S.L., S.E.L., S.-J.L., J.M.H.), Biomedical Sciences (G.H.P.), and Pathology (J.-H.K.), Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Ji Man Hong
- From the Departments of Neurology (M.H.C., J.S.L., S.E.L., S.-J.L., J.M.H.), Biomedical Sciences (G.H.P.), and Pathology (J.-H.K.), Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea.
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9
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Kim SW, Kim YD, Chang HJ, Hong GR, Shim CY, Chung SJ, Hong JY, Song TJ, Song D, Bang OY, Heo JH, Nam HS. Different infarction patterns in patients with aortic atheroma compared to those with cardioembolism or large artery atherosclerosis. J Neurol 2017; 265:151-158. [PMID: 29177549 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-017-8685-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Aortic atheroma is a known cause of ischemic stroke. However, it is unclear whether ischemic stroke is caused by emboli from aortic atheroma or by accompanying atherosclerosis. In this study, we evaluated lesion patterns of patients with complex aortic plaque (CAP) to assume the underlying pathophysiology. Acute ischemic stroke patients who underwent transesophageal echocardiography were included. CAP was defined as a plaque in the proximal aorta ≥ 4 mm thick or with a mobile component. The diffusion-weighted imaging lesion patterns of patients with CAP were compared to those with large arterial atherosclerosis (LAA) or cardioembolism (CE). A total of 64 CAP patients, 127 LAA patients, and 80 CE patients were included. Small cortical pattern was more common in the CAP group (45.3%) than in the LAA (7.9%, p < 0.001) or the CE group (23.8%, p = 0.018). A large cortical pattern was more common in the CE group than in the CAP group (p < 0.001), whereas subcortical only pattern tended to be more common in the CAP group than in the CE group (p = 0.057). In multinominal analysis, the CAP group was more likely to have a small cortical lesion than the LAA group [odds ratio (OR) 14.63; 95% confidence interval (CI) 4.67-45.85] or the CE (OR 3.69, 95% CI 1.19-11.39) group. In conclusion, patients with CAP frequently had small cortical lesions or subcortical single lesion. These findings imply that ischemic stroke in aortic atheroma patients is associated with either small emboli or small artery disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Woo Kim
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young Dae Kim
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyuk-Jae Chang
- Department of Cardiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Geu-Ru Hong
- Department of Cardiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chi Young Shim
- Department of Cardiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seok Jong Chung
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jin Yong Hong
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, South Korea
| | - Tae-Jin Song
- Department of Neurology, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dongbeom Song
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Oh Young Bang
- Department of Neurology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji Hoe Heo
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyo Suk Nam
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
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10
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Immunohistochemical Analysis of Cerebral Thrombi Retrieved by Mechanical Thrombectomy from Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:298. [PMID: 26927082 PMCID: PMC4813162 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17030298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical thrombectomy is a novel treatment option for patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS). Only a few studies have previously suggested strategies to categorize retrieved clots according to their histologic composition. However, these reports did not analyze potential biomarkers that are of importance in stroke-related inflammation. We therefore histopathologically investigated 37 intracerebral thrombi mechanically retrieved from patients with AIS, and focused on the composition of immune cells and platelets. We also conducted correlation analyses of distinctive morphologic patterns (erythrocytic, serpentine, layered, red, white, mixed appearance) with clinical parameters. Most T cells and monocytes were detected in erythrocytic and red clots, in which the distribution of these cells was random. In contrast, von Willebrand factor (vWF)-positive areas co-localized with regions of fibrin and collagen. While clots with huge amounts of vWF seem to be associated with a high National Institute of Health Stroke Scale score at admission, histologic findings could not predict the clinical outcome at discharge. In summary, we provide the first histologic description of mechanically retrieved intracerebral thrombi regarding biomarkers relevant for inflammation in ischemic stroke.
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11
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Thrombus Characteristics Are Related to Collaterals and Angioarchitecture in Acute Stroke. Can J Neurol Sci 2015; 42:381-8. [DOI: 10.1017/cjn.2015.291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
AbstractBackgroundWe have theorized that clots with stasis are longer. We therefore explored the relationship between thrombus imaging characteristics on noncontrast computed tomography (NCCT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with clot length and pial collaterals on baseline computed tomography angiography (CTA).MethodsProspective study of acute ischemic stroke patients (2005-2009) from Keimyung University. Patients with known stroke symptom onset time, baseline CTA, MRI, and with M1-Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA)±intracranial internal carotid artery (ICA) occlusions were included. Clot length and pial collaterals were measured on baseline CTA.ResultsA total of 104 patients (mean age 65.1±12.28 years, 56.7% male, median baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale 13) with intracranial ICA + MCA (n=50) or isolated M1-MCA (n=54) occlusions were included. Hyperdense sign on NCCT had a median clot length of 42.3 mm versus 29.5 mm when hyperdense negative (p=0.02). Clots showing blooming artifact on gradient recall echo MRI had a median length of 39.1 mm versus 24.5 mm without blooming (p=0.005). Patients with poor baseline collaterals on CTA had longer clots than those with intermediate/good collaterals (median clot length 49.4 mm vs 34.9 mm vs 20.5 mm respectively, p<0.001). In censored logistic regression modeling, clot length was an independent predictor of hyperdense sign (p=0.05) and of the presence of blooming artifact (p=0.006).ConclusionsClot length and baseline collateral status are independent predictors of clot hyperdensity on NCCT and blooming artifact on gradient recall echo. Longer clots are more likely to be hyperdense and to bloom more, probably because portions of these clots are freshly formed locally due to of stasis of blood around the original clot. This stasis could be because of poor collaterals and inefficient angio-architecture within the cerebral arterial tree.
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Gasparian GG, Sanossian N, Shiroishi MS, Liebeskind DS. Imaging of occlusive thrombi in acute ischemic stroke. Int J Stroke 2014; 10:298-305. [PMID: 25545291 DOI: 10.1111/ijs.12435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Thrombi, or clots, often occlude proximal segments of the cerebral arterial circulation in acute ischemic stroke. Thromboembolic occlusion or thrombi superimposed on atherosclerotic plaque are the principal focus of acute stroke therapies such as thrombolysis or thrombectomy. We review the imaging characteristics of thrombi on multimodal computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, angiography, and ultrasonography, summarizing recent studies that facilitate therapeutic decision-making from these noninvasive studies. Information about the location, size, and imaging characteristics can be ascertained using these techniques. Imaging findings in relation to occlusive thrombus have been correlated with clot pathology, response to therapeutic interventions, and clinical outcome. Diagnostic evaluation of occlusive thrombi on noninvasive studies now constitutes an integral component of acute stroke management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory G Gasparian
- Department of Radiology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Mayor Gómez S, Muñoz Arroniz R, Olier Arenas J, Gállego Cullere J. Infarto cerebral por embolismo cálcico y tratamiento trombolítico ineficaz. Neurologia 2014; 29:123-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nrl.2012.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2012] [Revised: 06/02/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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14
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Cerebral infarct due to calcium embolism and ineffective thrombolytic treatment. NEUROLOGÍA (ENGLISH EDITION) 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nrleng.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] Open
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Simons N, Mitchell P, Dowling R, Gonzales M, Yan B. Thrombus composition in acute ischemic stroke: a histopathological study of thrombus extracted by endovascular retrieval. J Neuroradiol 2014; 42:86-92. [PMID: 24560545 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurad.2014.01.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The composition of occlusive thrombus in acute ischemic stroke may affect treatment success. Neuroimaging characteristics may correlate with thrombus composition. In this study we aimed to investigate the relationship between the hyperdense artery sign (HAS) on imaging and thrombus composition. MATERIALS AND METHODS Acute ischemic stroke patients who underwent endovascular thrombus retrieval from 2010-2012 were prospectively recruited. One blinded pathologist prepared the histology sections of retrieved thrombi whereby staining with haematoxylin and eosin and CD34 immunostain were performed. Histology sections were categorised into 4 phases of thrombus formation: red blood cell (RBC) dominant, RBC proportion equal to fibrin, fibrin dominant and organised fibrin. Computed tomography (CT) brain scans were assessed for HAS. Fisher's exact test was performed to identify an association between HAS and thrombus composition. RESULTS Forty patients were included. The mean age was 65.6±12.9 years and 67.5% were male. Atrial fibrillation was detected in 19 (47.5%) patients, diabetes mellitus in 6 (15.0%), hypercholesterolaemia in 11 (27.5%), hypertension in 20 (50.0%) and previous stroke or transient ischemic attack in 8 (20.0%) patients. Of the retrieved thrombi, 11 (27.5%) were RBC dominant, 11 (27.5%) RBC proportion was equal to fibrin, 7 (17.5%) fibrin dominant and 11 (27.5%) organised fibrin pathology. HAS was present in 29 (72.5%) patients and was significantly associated with thrombus early phase pathology (P<0.05). CONCLUSION HAS was significantly associated with early phase thrombus composition. This may enable the prediction of thrombus composition and allow for targeted selection of therapeutic modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Simons
- Melbourne Brain Centre, Level 4, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | - Peter Mitchell
- Neurointervention Service, Department of Radiology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | - Richard Dowling
- Neurointervention Service, Department of Radiology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | - Michael Gonzales
- Department of Histopathology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | - Bernard Yan
- Melbourne Brain Centre, Level 4, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia; Neurointervention Service, Department of Radiology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia.
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Singh P, Kaur R, Kaur A. Clot composition and treatment approach to acute ischemic stroke: The road so far. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2014; 16:494-7. [PMID: 24339566 PMCID: PMC3841587 DOI: 10.4103/0972-2327.120433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent histological studies of thrombi retrieved from patients with an acute ischemic stroke using the endovascular thrombectomy devices and correlation with early vessel computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characteristics have given relevant insights into the pathophysiology of thrombotic lesions and may facilitate the development of improved reperfusion treatment approaches. We present a review of recent studies on the histopathologic analysis of thrombi, studies of MRI, and CT imaging correlation with thrombus histology, and detailed structural analysis of thromboemboli retrieved by thrombectomy devices during an acute ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paramdeep Singh
- Department of Radiology, Guru Gobind Singh Medical College and Hospital, Baba Farid University of Health Sciences, Faridkot, Punjab, India
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Zhou Y, Murugappan SK, Sharma VK. Effect of clot aging and cholesterol content on ultrasound-assisted thrombolysis. Transl Stroke Res 2014; 5:627-34. [PMID: 24488442 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-014-0332-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 01/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to 2-MHz transcranial diagnostic ultrasound enhances the thrombolytic activity of intravenously administered tissue plasminogen activator (IV-tPA) in acute ischemic stroke (sonothrombolysis). However, rates of arterial recanalization vary widely, depending upon the clot burden, its location, and stroke subtype. We evaluated the influence of age and cholesterol level of the blood clots on sonothrombolysis in an in vitro model. To "age" the clots, serum was replaced by fresh blood periodically. We increased the cholesterol content of the clots by adding cholesterin to the blood. The clots were lysed by tPA and/or transcranial Doppler ultrasound sonication for 1 h. The extent of thrombolysis induced by various treatment protocols (controls, sonication, tPA, and sonothrombolysis) was evaluated with relative changes in the clot weights and in the clot structure by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) at end of the experiment. Sonothrombolysis induced significantly higher weight reduction in fresh clots (37.3 % in 2-h old clots versus 24.8 % in 10-h ones, p < 0.005) as well as the clots with higher cholesterol levels (41.7 versus 30.6 % in normal cholesterol clots, p < 0.005). SEM demonstrated patterns of clot dissolution among various treatment modalities. Sonothrombolysis induced better clot lysis in fresh thrombi with high cholesterol levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Zhou
- Division of Engineering Mechanics, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Ave, Singapore, Singapore, 639798,
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Bracken J, Barnacle A, Ditchfield M. Potential pitfalls in imaging of paediatric cerebral sinovenous thrombosis. Pediatr Radiol 2013; 43:219-31. [PMID: 22948810 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-012-2402-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2011] [Revised: 01/01/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Paediatric cerebral sinovenous thrombosis (CSVT) is a rare but serious condition. The imaging signs may be subtle with a number of potential pitfalls. We present a pictorial essay of the pitfalls of diagnosis of CSVT on CT and MRI. We describe, using examples, potential pitfalls on both imaging modalities including anatomical variants of the cerebral venous system, extra-axial fluid collections and enhancement of chronic thrombus. Pitfalls particular to CT are discussed including beam-hardening artefact, image windowing and neonatal physiological intravascular hyperdensity. We review the potential variability in the appearance of thrombus on MRI, dependent largely on the stage of thrombus evolution and the pulse sequence. The signal intensity of thrombi, although described as evolving in a typical pattern on T1- and T2-weighted MRI, may be affected by variability in the degree of oxygenation of red cells in the forming thrombus, dilution and secondary propagation of thrombosis. Individual MRI sequences should not be interpreted in isolation, but as a set, and compared with CT images if available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Bracken
- Department of Medical Imaging, Monash Children's Hospital, 246 Clayton Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.
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