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Duevel JA, Gruhn S, Grosser J, Elkenkamp S, Greiner W. Secondary Prevention via Case Managers in Stroke Patients: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Claims Data from German Statutory Health Insurance Providers. Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12:1157. [PMID: 38891232 PMCID: PMC11172283 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12111157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Strokes remain a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. The STROKE OWL study evaluated a novel case management approach for patients with stroke (modified Rankin Scale 0-4) or transient ischemic attack (TIA) who received support across healthcare settings and secondary prevention training from case managers for one year. The primary aim of this quasi-experimental study was a reduction in stroke recurrence. Here, we report the results of a health economic analysis of the STROKE OWL study, conducted in accordance with CHEERS guidelines. The calculations were based on claims data of cooperating statutory health insurance companies. In addition to a regression analysis for cost comparison, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was determined, and a probabilistic sensitivity analysis was carried out. In total, 1167 patients per group were included in the analysis. The intervention group incurred 32.3% higher direct costs (p < 0.001) than the control group. With a difference of EUR 1384.78 (95% CI: [1.2384-1.4143], p < 0.0001) and a 5.32% increase in hazards for the intervention group (HR = 1.0532, 95% CI: [0.7869-1.4096], p = 0.7274) resulting in an ICER of EUR 260.30, we found that the case management intervention dominated in the total stroke population, even for an arbitrarily high willingness to pay. In the TIA subgroup, however, the intervention was cost-effective even for a low willingness to pay. Our results are limited by small samples for both TIA and severe stroke patients and by claims data heterogeneity for some cost components, which had to be excluded from the analysis. Future research should investigate the cost-effectiveness of case management interventions for both severe stroke and TIA populations using appropriate data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane A. Duevel
- AG 5—Health Economy and Healthcare Management, Faculty of Public Health, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
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Barbosa PM, Szrek H, Ferreira LN, Cruz VT, Firmino-Machado J. Stroke rehabilitation pathways during the first year: A cost-effectiveness analysis from a cohort of 460 individuals. Ann Phys Rehabil Med 2024; 67:101824. [PMID: 38518399 DOI: 10.1016/j.rehab.2024.101824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stroke burden challenges global health, and social and economic policies. Although stroke recovery encompasses a wide range of care, including in-hospital, outpatient, and community-based rehabilitation, there are no published cost-effectiveness studies of integrated post-stroke pathways. OBJECTIVE To determine the most cost-effective rehabilitation pathway during the first 12 months after a first-ever stroke. METHODS A cohort of people in the acute phase of a first stroke was followed after hospital discharge; 51 % women, mean (SD) age 74.4 (12.9) years, mean National Institute of Health Stroke Scale score 11.7 (8.5) points, and mode modified Rankin Scale score 3 points. We developed a decision tree model of 9 sequences of rehabilitation care organised in 3 stages (3, 6 and 12 months) through a combination of public, semi-public and private entities, considering both the individual and healthcare service perspectives. Health outcomes were expressed as quality-adjusted life years (QALY) over a 1-year time horizon. Costs included healthcare, social care, and productivity losses. Sensitivity analyses were conducted on model input values. RESULTS From the individual perspective, pathway 3 (Short-term Inpatient Unit » Community Clinic) was the most cost-effective, followed by pathway 1 (Rehabilitation Centre » Community Clinic). From the healthcare service perspective, pathway 3 was the most cost-effective followed by pathway 7 (Outpatient Hospital » Private Clinic). All other pathways were considered strongly dominated and excluded from the analysis. The total 1-year mean cost ranged between €12104 and €23024 from the individual's perspective and between €10992 and €31319 from the healthcare service perspective. CONCLUSION Assuming a willingness-to-pay threshold of one times the national gross domestic product (€20633/QALY), pathway 3 (Short-term Inpatient Unit » Community Clinic) was the most cost-effective strategy from both the individual and healthcare service perspectives. Rehabilitation pathway data contribute to the development of a future integrated care system adapted to different stroke profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Maciel Barbosa
- Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas 135, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal; Hospital Pedro Hispano, Unidade Local de Saúde, EPE, Rua de Alfredo Cunha 365, 4450-021 Matosinhos, Portugal; Centro de Investigação em Reabilitação, Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Helena Szrek
- Centre for Economics and Finance, University of Porto, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-464 Porto, Portugal
| | - Lara Noronha Ferreira
- ESGHT, Universidade do Algarve, Estr. da Penha 139, 8005-246 Faro, Portugal; Centre for Health Studies and Research of the University of Coimbra, Avenida Dias da Silva 165, 3004-512 Coimbra, Portugal; Research Centre for Tourism, Sustainability and Well-Being (CinTurs), Portugal.
| | - Vitor Tedim Cruz
- Hospital Pedro Hispano, Unidade Local de Saúde, EPE, Rua de Alfredo Cunha 365, 4450-021 Matosinhos, Portugal; EPIUnit, Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas 135, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal
| | - João Firmino-Machado
- EPIUnit, Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas 135, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal; Centro Académico Clínico Egas Moniz, 810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Centro Hospitalar Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho, R. Conceição Fernandes S/N, 4434-502 Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
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Narasimhalu K, Chan J, Ang YK, De Silva DA, Tan KB. Empiric treatment with aspirin and ticagrelor is the most cost-effective strategy in patients with minor stroke or transient ischemic attack. Int J Stroke 2024; 19:209-216. [PMID: 37679898 DOI: 10.1177/17474930231202374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with minor ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) are often treated with dual antiplatelet therapy regimens as part of secondary stroke prevention. Clopidogrel, an antiplatelet used in these regimens, is metabolized into its active form by the CYP2C19 enzyme. Patients with loss of function (LOF) mutations in CYP2C19 are at risk for poorer secondary outcomes when prescribed clopidogrel. AIMS We aimed to determine the cost-effectiveness of three different treatment antiplatelet regimens in ischemic stroke populations with minor strokes or TIAs and how these treatment regimens are influenced by the LOF prevalence in the population. METHODS Markov models were developed to look at the cost-effectiveness of empiric treatment with aspirin and clopidogrel versus empiric treatment with aspirin and ticagrelor, versus genotype-guided therapy for either 21 or 30 days. Effect ratios were obtained from the literature, and incidence rates and costs were obtained from the national data published by the Singapore Ministry of Health. The primary endpoints were the incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs). RESULTS Empiric treatment with aspirin and ticagrelor was the most cost-effective treatment. Genotype-guided therapy was more cost-effective than empiric aspirin and clopidogrel if the LOF was above 48%. Empiric ticagrelor and aspirin was cost saving when compared to genotype-guided therapy. Results in models of dual antiplatelet therapy for 30 days were similar. CONCLUSION This study suggests that in patients with minor stroke and TIA planned for dual antiplatelet regimens, empiric ticagrelor and aspirin is the most cost-effective treatment regimen. If ticagrelor is not available, genotype-guided therapy is the most cost-effective treatment regimen if the LOF prevalence in the population is more than 48%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaavya Narasimhalu
- Department of Neurology (SGH Campus), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore
| | - Jeremy Chan
- Department of Neurology (SGH Campus), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore
| | - Yoong Kwei Ang
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Deidre Anne De Silva
- Department of Neurology (SGH Campus), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore
| | - Kelvin Bryan Tan
- School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Policy, Research and Evaluation Division, Ministry of Health, Singapore
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Sarnaik KS, Hoenig SM, Bakir NH, Hammoud MS, Mahboubi R, Vervoort D, McCrindle BW, Welke KF, Karamlou T. Ross procedure or mechanical aortic valve, which is the best lifetime option for an 18-year-old? A decision analysis. JTCVS OPEN 2024; 17:185-214. [PMID: 38420529 PMCID: PMC10897596 DOI: 10.1016/j.xjon.2023.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Objectives Identifying the optimal solution for young adults requiring aortic valve replacement (AVR) is challenging, given the variety of options and their lifetime complication risks, impacts on quality of life, and costs. Decision analytic techniques make comparisons incorporating these measures. We evaluated lifetime valve-related outcomes of mechanical aortic valve replacement (mAVR) versus the Ross procedure (Ross) using decision tree microsimulations modeling. Methods Transition probabilities, utilities, and costs derived from published reports were entered into a Markov model decision tree to explore progression between health states for hypothetical 18-year-old patients. In total, 20,000 Monte Carlo microsimulations were performed to model mortality, quality-adjusted-life-years (QALYs), and health care costs. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was calculated. Sensitivity analyses was performed to identify transition probabilities at which the preferred strategy switched from baseline. Results From modeling, average 20-year mortality was 16.3% and 23.2% for Ross and mAVR, respectively. Average 20-year freedom from stroke and major bleeding was 98.6% and 94.6% for Ross, and 90.0% and 82.2% for mAVR, respectively. Average individual lifetime (60 postoperative years) utility (28.3 vs 23.5 QALYs) and cost ($54,233 vs $507,240) favored Ross over mAVR. The average ICER demonstrated that each QALY would cost $95,345 more for mAVR. Sensitivity analysis revealed late annual probabilities of autograft/left ventricular outflow tract disease and homograft/right ventricular outflow tract disease after Ross, and late death after mAVR, to be important ICER determinants. Conclusions Our modeling suggests that Ross is preferred to mAVR, with superior freedom from valve-related morbidity and mortality, and improved cost-utility for young adults requiring aortic valve surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunaal S Sarnaik
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Samuel M Hoenig
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Nadia H Bakir
- Department of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Miza Salim Hammoud
- Department of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Rashed Mahboubi
- Department of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Dominique Vervoort
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian W McCrindle
- Labatt Family Heart Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Karl F Welke
- Division of Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery, Atrium Health Levine Children's Hospital, Charlotte, NC
| | - Tara Karamlou
- Department of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
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Price CI, White P, Balami J, Bhattarai N, Coughlan D, Exley C, Flynn D, Halvorsrud K, Lally J, McMeekin P, Shaw L, Snooks H, Vale L, Watkins A, Ford GA. Improving emergency treatment for patients with acute stroke: the PEARS research programme, including the PASTA cluster RCT. PROGRAMME GRANTS FOR APPLIED RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.3310/tzty9915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background
Intravenous thrombolysis and intra-arterial thrombectomy are proven emergency treatments for acute ischaemic stroke, but they require rapid delivery to selected patients within specialist services. National audit data have shown that treatment provision is suboptimal.
Objectives
The aims were to (1) determine the content, clinical effectiveness and day 90 cost-effectiveness of an enhanced paramedic assessment designed to facilitate thrombolysis delivery in hospital and (2) model thrombectomy service configuration options with optimal activity and cost-effectiveness informed by expert and public views.
Design
A mixed-methods approach was employed between 2014 and 2019. Systematic reviews examined enhanced paramedic roles and thrombectomy effectiveness. Professional and service user groups developed a thrombolysis-focused Paramedic Acute Stroke Treatment Assessment, which was evaluated in a pragmatic multicentre cluster randomised controlled trial and parallel process evaluation. Clinicians, patients, carers and the public were surveyed regarding thrombectomy service configuration. A decision tree was constructed from published data to estimate thrombectomy eligibility of the UK stroke population. A matching discrete-event simulation predicted patient benefits and financial consequences from increasing the number of centres.
Setting
The paramedic assessment trial was hosted by three regional ambulance services (in north-east England, north-west England and Wales) serving 15 hospitals.
Participants
A total of 103 health-care representatives and 20 public representatives assisted in the development of the paramedic assessment. The trial enrolled 1214 stroke patients within 4 hours of symptom onset. Thrombectomy service provision was informed by a Delphi exercise with 64 stroke specialists and neuroradiologists, and surveys of 147 patients and 105 public respondents.
Interventions
The paramedic assessment comprised additional pre-hospital information collection, structured hospital handover, practical assistance up to 15 minutes post handover, a pre-departure care checklist and clinician feedback.
Main outcome measures
The primary outcome was the proportion of patients receiving thrombolysis. Secondary outcomes included day 90 health (poor status was a modified Rankin Scale score of > 2). Economic outputs reported the number of cases treated and cost-effectiveness using quality-adjusted life-years and Great British pounds.
Data sources
National registry data from the Sentinel Stroke National Audit Programme and the Scottish Stroke Care Audit were used.
Review methods
Systematic searches of electronic bibliographies were used to identify relevant literature. Study inclusion and data extraction processes were described using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines.
Results
The paramedic assessment trial found a clinically important but statistically non-significant reduction in thrombolysis among intervention patients, compared with standard care patients [197/500 (39.4%) vs. 319/714 (44.7%), respectively] (adjusted odds ratio 0.81, 95% confidence interval 0.61 to 1.08; p = 0.15). The rate of poor health outcomes was not significantly different, but was lower in the intervention group than in the standard care group [313/489 (64.0%) vs. 461/690 (66.8%), respectively] (adjusted odds ratio 0.86, 95% confidence interval 0.60 to 1.2; p = 0.39). There was no difference in the quality-adjusted life-years gained between the groups (0.005, 95% confidence interval –0.004 to 0.015), but total costs were significantly lower for patients in the intervention group than for those in the standard care group (–£1086, 95% confidence interval –£2236 to –£13). It has been estimated that, in the UK, 10,140–11,530 patients per year (i.e. 12% of stroke admissions) are eligible for thrombectomy. Meta-analysis of published data confirmed that thrombectomy-treated patients were significantly more likely to be functionally independent than patients receiving standard care (odds ratio 2.39, 95% confidence interval 1.88 to 3.04; n = 1841). Expert consensus and most public survey respondents favoured selective secondary transfer for accessing thrombectomy at regional neuroscience centres. The discrete-event simulation model suggested that six new English centres might generate 190 quality-adjusted life-years (95% confidence interval –6 to 399 quality-adjusted life-years) and a saving of £1,864,000 per year (95% confidence interval –£1,204,000 to £5,017,000 saving per year). The total mean thrombectomy cost up to 72 hours was £12,440, mostly attributable to the consumables. There was no significant cost difference between direct admission and secondary transfer (mean difference –£368, 95% confidence interval –£1016 to £279; p = 0.26).
Limitations
Evidence for paramedic assessment fidelity was limited and group allocation could not be masked. Thrombectomy surveys represented respondent views only. Simulation models assumed that populations were consistent with published meta-analyses, included limited parameters reflecting underlying data sets and did not consider the capital costs of setting up new services.
Conclusions
Paramedic assessment did not increase the proportion of patients receiving thrombolysis, but outcomes were consistent with improved cost-effectiveness at day 90, possibly reflecting better informed treatment decisions and/or adherence to clinical guidelines. However, the health difference was non-significant, small and short term. Approximately 12% of stroke patients are suitable for thrombectomy and widespread provision is likely to generate health and resource gains. Clinician and public views support secondary transfer to access treatment.
Future work
Further evaluation of emergency care pathways will determine whether or not enhanced paramedic assessment improves hospital guideline compliance. Validation of the simulation model post reconfiguration will improve precision and describe wider resource implications.
Trial registration
This trial is registered as ISRCTN12418919 and the systematic review protocols are registered as PROSPERO CRD42014010785 and PROSPERO CRD42015016649.
Funding
The project was funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Programme Grants for Applied Research programme and will be published in full in Programme Grants for Applied Research; Vol. 10, No. 4. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher I Price
- Stroke Research Group, Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Phil White
- Stroke Research Group, Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Joyce Balami
- Department of Stroke Medicine, Norfolk and Norwich University Teaching Hospital NHS Trust, Norwich, UK
| | - Nawaraj Bhattarai
- Stroke Research Group, Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Diarmuid Coughlan
- Stroke Research Group, Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Catherine Exley
- Stroke Research Group, Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Darren Flynn
- School of Health & Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - Kristoffer Halvorsrud
- Stroke Research Group, Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Joanne Lally
- Stroke Research Group, Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Peter McMeekin
- School of Health, Community and Education Studies, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Lisa Shaw
- Stroke Research Group, Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Helen Snooks
- Centre for Health Information Research and Evaluation, Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Luke Vale
- Stroke Research Group, Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Alan Watkins
- Centre for Health Information Research and Evaluation, Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Gary A Ford
- Oxford Academic Health Science Network, Oxford University and Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, UK
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Aroor SR, Asif KS, Potter-Vig J, Sharma A, Menon BK, Inoa V, Zevallos CB, Romano JG, Ortega-Gutierrez S, Goldstein LB, Yavagal DR. Mechanical Thrombectomy Access for All? Challenges in Increasing Endovascular Treatment for Acute Ischemic Stroke in the United States. J Stroke 2022; 24:41-48. [PMID: 35135058 PMCID: PMC8829477 DOI: 10.5853/jos.2021.03909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical thrombectomy (MT) is the most effective treatment for selected patients with an acute ischemic stroke due to emergent large vessel occlusions (LVOs). There is an urgent need to identify and address challenges in access to MT to maximize the numbers of patients who can benefit from this treatment. Barriers in access to MT include delays in evaluation and accurate diagnosis of LVO leading to inappropriate triage, logistical delays related to availability of facilities and trained interventionalists, and financial hurdles that affect treatment reimbursement. Collection of regional data related to these barriers is critical to better understand current access gaps and a measurable access score to thrombectomy could be useful to plan local public health intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushanth Rao Aroor
- Department of Neurology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Kaiz S. Asif
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Illinois and AMITA Health, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Arun Sharma
- University of Miami, Herbert Business School, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Bijoy K. Menon
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cummings School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Violiza Inoa
- Semmes Murphey Clinic, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Cynthia B. Zevallos
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Hospital and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Jose G. Romano
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - Larry B. Goldstein
- Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Dileep R. Yavagal
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Correspondence: Dileep R. Yavagal Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1600 NW 10th Ave 1140, Miami, FL 33136, USA Tel: +1-305-355-1103 E-mail:
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Bhattarai N, Price CI, McMeekin P, Javanbakht M, Vale L, Ford GA, Shaw L. Cost-effectiveness of an enhanced Paramedic Acute Stroke Treatment Assessment (PASTA) during emergency stroke care: Economic results from a pragmatic cluster randomized trial. Int J Stroke 2021; 17:282-290. [PMID: 33724103 PMCID: PMC8864331 DOI: 10.1177/17474930211006302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background The Paramedic Acute Stroke Treatment Assessment (PASTA) trial evaluated an
enhanced emergency care pathway which aimed to facilitate thrombolysis in
hospital. A pre-planned health economic evaluation was included. The main
results showed no statistical evidence of a difference in either
thrombolysis volume (primary outcome) or 90-day dependency. However,
counter-intuitive findings were observed with the intervention group showing
fewer thrombolysis treatments but less dependency. Aims Cost-effectiveness of the PASTA intervention was examined relative to
standard care. Methods A within trial cost-utility analysis estimated mean costs and
quality-adjusted life years over 90 days’ time horizon. Costs were derived
from resource utilization data for individual trial participants.
Quality-adjusted life years were calculated by mapping modified Rankin scale
scores to EQ-5D-3L utility tariffs. A post-hoc subgroup analysis examined
cost-effectiveness when trial hospitals were divided into compliant and
non-compliant with recommendations for a stroke specialist thrombolysis
rota. Results The trial enrolled 1214 patients: 500 PASTA and 714 standard care. There was
no evidence of a quality-adjusted life year difference between groups [0·007
(95% CI: −0·003 to 0·018)] but costs were lower in the PASTA group [−£1473
(95% CI: −£2736 to −£219)]. There was over 97.5% chance that the PASTA
pathway would be considered cost-effective. There was no evidence of a
difference in costs at seven thrombolysis rota compliant hospitals but costs
at eight non-complaint hospitals costs were lower in PASTA with more
dominant cost-effectiveness. Conclusions Analyses indicate that the PASTA pathway may be considered cost-effective,
particularly if deployed in areas where stroke specialist availability is
limited. Trial Registration: ISRCTN12418919 www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN12418919
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawaraj Bhattarai
- Health Economics Group, Population Health Sciences Institute, 5994Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Christopher I Price
- Stroke Research Group, Population Health Sciences Institute, 5994Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Peter McMeekin
- Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Mehdi Javanbakht
- Health Economics Group, Population Health Sciences Institute, 5994Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Luke Vale
- Health Economics Group, Population Health Sciences Institute, 5994Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Gary A Ford
- Stroke Research Group, Population Health Sciences Institute, 5994Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Lisa Shaw
- Stroke Research Group, Population Health Sciences Institute, 5994Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Narasimhalu K, Ang YK, Tan DSY, De Silva DA, Tan KB. Cost Effectiveness of Genotype-Guided Antiplatelet Therapy in Asian Ischemic Stroke Patients: Ticagrelor as an Alternative to Clopidogrel in Patients with CYP2C19 Loss of Function Mutations. Clin Drug Investig 2020; 40:1063-1070. [PMID: 32959334 DOI: 10.1007/s40261-020-00970-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with ischemic stroke are often treated with clopidogrel monotherapy as part of secondary stroke prevention. The prevalence of loss of function (LOF) mutations in the CYP2C19 gene is higher in Asians than in Western populations. Patients with loss of function (LOF) mutations are at risk for poorer secondary outcomes when prescribed clopidogrel. OBJECTIVE We aimed to determine the cost effectiveness of genotype-guided antiplatelet therapy in an Asian population with the aim of prescribing ticagrelor as an alternative to patients with LOF mutations. METHODS Markov models were developed to look at the cost effectiveness of genetic testing of CYP2C19, with patients who screened positive for LOF alleles being switched to ticagrelor compared to universal clopidogrel treatment. Effect ratios were obtained from the literature and incidence rates and costs were obtained from the national data published by the Singapore Ministry of Health. Lifetime costs and quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) were calculated. The primary endpoints were the incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs). RESULTS The prevalence of the LOF mutations was 61% in the population, with 65% of ethnic Chinese, 60% of ethnic Indian, and 53% of ethnic Malay patients having LOF mutations. Based on this prevalence, the overall ICER of genetic testing was S$33,839/QALY with ICERS of S$30,755/QALY, S$33,177/QALY, and S$41,470/QALY for Chinese, Indians, and Malays, respectively. CONCLUSION This study suggests that it is cost effective to screen for LOF mutations in the CYP2C19 gene in ischemic stroke populations, with ticagrelor as a substitute for clopidogrel in those with LOF mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaavya Narasimhalu
- Department of Neurology (SGH Campus), National Neuroscience Institute, Outram Road, 169608, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Yoong Kwei Ang
- Policy, Research and Evaluation Division, Ministry of Health, Singapore, Singapore
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Doreen Su Yin Tan
- Policy, Research and Evaluation Division, Ministry of Health, Singapore, Singapore
- Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Deidre Anne De Silva
- Department of Neurology (SGH Campus), National Neuroscience Institute, Outram Road, 169608, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kelvin Bryan Tan
- Policy, Research and Evaluation Division, Ministry of Health, Singapore, Singapore
- School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Peultier AC, Pandya A, Sharma R, Severens JL, Redekop WK. Cost-effectiveness of Mechanical Thrombectomy More Than 6 Hours After Symptom Onset Among Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke. JAMA Netw Open 2020; 3:e2012476. [PMID: 32840620 PMCID: PMC7448828 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.12476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Two 2018 randomized controlled trials (DAWN and DEFUSE 3) demonstrated the clinical benefit of mechanical thrombectomy (MT) more than 6 hours after onset in acute ischemic stroke (AIS). Health-economic evidence is needed to determine whether the short-term health benefits of late MT translate to a cost-effective option during a lifetime in the United States. OBJECTIVE To compare the cost-effectiveness of 2 strategies (MT added to standard medical care [SMC] vs SMC alone) for various subgroups of patients with AIS receiving care more than 6 hours after symptom onset. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This economic evaluation study used the results of the DAWN and DEFUSE 3 trials to populate a cost-effectiveness model from a US health care perspective combining a decision tree and Markov trace. The DAWN and DEFUSE 3 trials enrolled 206 international patients from 2014 to 2017 and 182 US patients from 2016 to 2017, respectively. Patients were followed until 3 months after stroke. The clinical outcome at 3 months was available for 29 subgroups of patients with AIS and anterior circulation large vessel occlusions. Data analysis was conducted from July 2018 to October 2019. EXPOSURES MT with SMC in the extended treatment window vs SMC alone. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Expected costs and quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) during lifetime were estimated. Deterministic results (incremental costs and effectiveness, incremental cost-effectiveness ratios, and net monetary benefit) were presented, and probabilistic analyses were performed for the total populations and 27 patient subgroups. RESULTS In the DAWN study, the MT group had a mean (SD) age of 69.4 (14.1) years and 42 of 107 (39.3%) were men, and the control group had a mean (SD) age of 70.7 (13.2) years and 51 of 99 (51.5%) were men. In the DEFUSE 3 study, the MT group had a median (interquartile range) age of 70 (59-79) years, and 46 of 92 (50.0%) were men, and the control group had a median (interquartile range) age of 71 (59-80) years, and 44 of 90 (48.9%) were men. For the total trial population, incremental cost-effectiveness ratios were $662/QALY and $13 877/QALY based on the DAWN and DEFUSE 3 trials, respectively. MT with SMC beyond 6 hours had a probability greater than 99.9% of being cost-effective vs SMC alone at a willingness-to-pay threshold of $100 000/QALY. Subgroup analyses showed a wide range of probabilities for MT with SMC to be cost-effective at a willingness-to-pay threshold of $50 000/QALY, with the greatest uncertainty observed for patients with a National Institute of Health Stroke Scale score of at least 16 and for those aged 80 years or older. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The results of this study suggest that late MT added to SMC is cost-effective in all subgroups evaluated in the DAWN and DEFUSE 3 trials, with most results being robust in probabilistic sensitivity analyses. Future MT evidence-gathering could focus on older patients and those with National Institute of Health Stroke Scale scores of 16 and greater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Claire Peultier
- Erasmus School of Health Policy and Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ankur Pandya
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Richa Sharma
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Johan L. Severens
- Erasmus School of Health Policy and Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Institute for Medical Technology Assessment, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - W. Ken Redekop
- Erasmus School of Health Policy and Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Institute for Medical Technology Assessment, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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10
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Freriks RD, Mierau JO, Buskens E, Pizzo E, Luijckx GJ, van der Zee DJ, Lahr MMH. Centralising acute stroke care within clinical practice in the Netherlands: lower bounds of the causal impact. BMC Health Serv Res 2020; 20:103. [PMID: 32041670 PMCID: PMC7011566 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-020-4959-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Authors in previous studies demonstrated that centralising acute stroke care is associated with an increased chance of timely Intra-Venous Thrombolysis (IVT) and lower costs compared to care at community hospitals. In this study we estimated the lower bound of the causal impact of centralising IVT on health and cost outcomes within clinical practice in the Northern Netherlands. Methods We used observational data from 267 and 780 patients in a centralised and decentralised system, respectively. The original dataset was linked to the hospital information systems. Literature on healthcare costs and Quality of Life (QoL) values up to 3 months post-stroke was searched to complete the input. We used Synthetic Control Methods (SCM) to counter selection bias. Differences in SCM outcomes included 95% Confidence Intervals (CI). To deal with unobserved heterogeneity we focused on recently developed methods to obtain the lower bounds of the causal impact. Results Using SCM to assess centralising acute stroke 3 months post-stroke revealed healthcare savings of $US 1735 (CI, 505 to 2966) while gaining 0.03 (CI, − 0.01 to 0.73) QoL per patient. The corresponding lower bounds of the causal impact are $US 1581 and 0.01. The dominant effect remained stable in the deterministic sensitivity analyses with $US 1360 (CI, 476 to 2244) as the most conservative estimate. Conclusions In this study we showed that a centralised system for acute stroke care appeared both cost-saving and yielded better health outcomes. The results are highly relevant for policy makers, as this is the first study to address the issues of selection and unobserved heterogeneity in the evaluation of centralising acute stroke care, hence presenting causal estimates for budget decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roel D Freriks
- Department of Economics, Econometrics & Finance, Faculty of Economics & Business, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. .,Unit Patient Centred Health Technology Assessment, Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. .,Aletta Jacobs School of Public Health, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Jochen O Mierau
- Department of Economics, Econometrics & Finance, Faculty of Economics & Business, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Aletta Jacobs School of Public Health, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Buskens
- Unit Patient Centred Health Technology Assessment, Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Aletta Jacobs School of Public Health, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Operations, Faculty of Economics & Business, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Elena Pizzo
- Department of Applied Health Research, Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, London, England
| | - Gert-Jan Luijckx
- Department of Neurology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Durk-Jouke van der Zee
- Department of Operations, Faculty of Economics & Business, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten M H Lahr
- Unit Patient Centred Health Technology Assessment, Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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11
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Fedin AI, Badalyan KR. [Review of clinical guidelines for the treatment and prevention of ischemic stroke]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2020; 119:95-100. [PMID: 31825369 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro201911908295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
One of the leading causes of death, disability and severe maladaptation of patients is ischemic stroke, which accounts for about 80% of all types of acute cerebrovascular accidents. At the same time, approximately 2/3 of the patients show residual effects of cerebral circulation disorders of varying severity. Currently, the problem of ischemic stroke attracts great attention and international and domestic recommendations developed for the prevention, treatment and rehabilitation of stroke patients are one of the aspects of work in this area. The article provides an overview of the latest clinical guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke of the American Heart Association and the American Stroke Association, as well as features of stroke therapy and prevention in Russia, Europe and USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Fedin
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Russian Ministry of Health, Moscow, Russia
| | - K R Badalyan
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Russian Ministry of Health, Moscow, Russia
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12
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Peultier AC, Redekop WK, Allen M, Peters J, Eker OF, Severens JL. Exploring the Cost-Effectiveness of Mechanical Thrombectomy Beyond 6 Hours Following Advanced Imaging in the United Kingdom. Stroke 2019; 50:3220-3227. [PMID: 31637975 PMCID: PMC6824506 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.119.026816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. In the United Kingdom, mechanical thrombectomy (MT) for acute ischemic stroke patients assessed beyond 6 hours from symptom onset will be commissioned up to 12 hours provided that advanced imaging (AdvImg) demonstrates salvageable brain tissue. While the accuracy of AdvImg differs across technologies, evidence is limited regarding the proportion of patients who would benefit from late MT. We compared the cost-effectiveness of 2 care pathways: (1) MT within and beyond 6 hours based on AdvImg selection versus (2) MT only within 6 hours based on conventional imaging selection. The impact of varying AdvImg accuracy and prior probability for acute ischemic stroke patients to benefit from late MT was assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Claire Peultier
- From Erasmus School of Health Policy and Management (A.-C.P., W.K.R., J.L.S.), Erasmus University Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - William K Redekop
- From Erasmus School of Health Policy and Management (A.-C.P., W.K.R., J.L.S.), Erasmus University Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Institute for Medical Technology Assessment (W.K.R., J.L.S.), Erasmus University Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Michael Allen
- University of Exeter Medical School, United Kingdom (M.A.).,National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care (CLAHRC) South West Peninsula, United Kingdom (M.A.)
| | - Jaime Peters
- Exeter Test Group, University of Exeter Medical School, United Kingdom (J.P.)
| | - Omer Faruk Eker
- Department of Neuroradiology, Lyon University Hospital, France (O.F.E.)
| | - Johan L Severens
- From Erasmus School of Health Policy and Management (A.-C.P., W.K.R., J.L.S.), Erasmus University Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Institute for Medical Technology Assessment (W.K.R., J.L.S.), Erasmus University Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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13
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Yarnoff B, Khavjou O, Elmi J, Lowe-Beasley K, Bradley C, Amoozegar J, Wachtmeister D, Tzeng J, Chapel JM, Teixeira-Poit S. Estimating Costs of Implementing Stroke Systems of Care and Data-Driven Improvements in the Paul Coverdell National Acute Stroke Program. Prev Chronic Dis 2019; 16:E134. [PMID: 31580797 PMCID: PMC6795072 DOI: 10.5888/pcd16.190061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose and Objectives We evaluated the costs of implementing coordinated systems of stroke care by state health departments from 2012 through 2015 to help policy makers and planners gain a sense of the potential return on investments in establishing a stroke care quality improvement (QI) program. Intervention Approach State health departments funded by the Paul Coverdell National Acute Stroke Program (PCNASP) implemented activities to support the start and proficient use of hospital stroke registries statewide and coordinate data-driven QI efforts. These efforts were aimed at improving the treatment and transition of stroke patients from prehospital emergency medical services (EMS) to in-hospital care and postacute care facilities. Health departments provided technical assistance and data to support hospitals, EMS agencies, and posthospital care agencies to carry out small, rapid, incremental QI efforts to produce more effective and efficient stroke care practices. Evaluation Methods Six of the 11 PCNASP-funded state health departments in the United States volunteered to collect and report programmatic costs associated with implementing the components of stroke systems of care. Six health departments reported costs paid directly by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention–provided funds, 5 also reported their own in-kind contributions, and 4 compiled data from a sample of their partners’ estimated costs of resources, such as staff time, involved in program implementation. Costs were analyzed separately for PCNASP-funded expenditures and in-kind contributions by the health department by resource category and program activity. In-kind contributions by partners were also analyzed separately. Results PCNASP-funded expenditures ranged from $790,123 to $1,298,160 across the 6 health departments for the 3-year funding period. In-kind contributions ranged from $5,805 to $1,394,097. Partner contributions (n = 22) ranged from $3,912 to $362,868. Implications for Public Health Our evaluation reports costs for multiple state health departments and their partners for implementing components of stroke systems of care in the United States. Although there are limitations, our findings represent key estimates that can guide future program planning and efforts to achieve sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Yarnoff
- RTI International, Public Health Economics Program, 3040 E. Cornwallis Rd, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709.
| | - Olga Khavjou
- RTI International, Public Health Economics Program, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Joanna Elmi
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Kincaid Lowe-Beasley
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Christina Bradley
- RTI International, Public Health Economics Program, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Jacqueline Amoozegar
- RTI International, Public Health Economics Program, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Devon Wachtmeister
- RTI International, Public Health Economics Program, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Janice Tzeng
- RTI International, Public Health Economics Program, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - John McCoy Chapel
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Stephanie Teixeira-Poit
- North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, College of Health and Human Sciences, Greensboro, North Carolina
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14
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Yeung J, Matsuyama T, Bray J, Reynolds J, Skrifvars MB. Does care at a cardiac arrest centre improve outcome after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest? - A systematic review. Resuscitation 2019; 137:102-115. [PMID: 30779976 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIM To perform a systematic review to answer 'In adults with attempted resuscitation after non-traumatic cardiac arrest does care at a specialised cardiac arrest centre (CAC) compared to care in a healthcare facility not designated as a specialised cardiac arrest centre improve patient outcomes?' METHODS The PRISMA guidelines were followed. We searched bibliographic databases (Embase, MEDLINE and the Cochrane Library (CENTRAL)) from inception to 1st August 2018. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and non-randomised studies were eligible for inclusion. Two reviewers independently scrutinized studies for relevance, extracted data and assessed quality of studies. Risk of bias of studies and quality of evidence were assessed using ROBINS-I tool and GRADEpro respectively. Primary outcomes were survival to 30 days with favourable neurological outcomes and survival to hospital discharge with favourable neurological outcomes. Secondary outcomes were survival to 30 days, survival to hospital discharge and return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) post-hospital arrival for patients with ongoing resuscitation. This systematic review was registered in PROSPERO (CRD 42018093369) RESULTS: We included data from 17 observational studies on out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) patients in meta-analyses. Overall, the certainty of evidence was very low. Pooling data from only adjusted analyses, care at CAC was not associated with increased likelihood of survival to 30 days with favourable neurological outcome (OR 2.92, 95% CI 0.68-12.48) and survival to 30 days (OR 2.14, 95% CI 0.73-6.29) compared to care at other hospitals. Whereas patients cared for at CACs had improved survival to hospital discharge with favourable neurological outcomes (OR 2.22, 95% CI 1.74-2.84) and survival to hospital discharge (OR 1.85, 95% CI 1.46-2.34). CONCLUSIONS Very low certainty of evidence suggests that post-cardiac arrest care at CACs is associated with improved outcomes at hospital discharge. There remains a need for high quality data to fully elucidate the impact of CACs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Yeung
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, United Kingdom.
| | - T Matsuyama
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - J Bray
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne Australia
| | - J Reynolds
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - M B Skrifvars
- Department of Emergency Care and Services, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
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15
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Lahr MMH, van der Zee DJ, Luijckx GJ, Vroomen PCAJ, Buskens E. Centralising and optimising decentralised stroke care systems: a simulation study on short-term costs and effects. BMC Med Res Methodol 2017; 17:5. [PMID: 28073360 PMCID: PMC5223548 DOI: 10.1186/s12874-016-0275-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Centralisation of thrombolysis may offer substantial benefits. The aim of this study was to assess short term costs and effects of centralisation of thrombolysis and optimised care in a decentralised system. Methods Using simulation modelling, three scenarios to improve decentralised settings in the North of Netherlands were compared from the perspective of the policy maker and compared to current decentralised care: (1) improving stroke care at nine separate hospitals, (2) centralising and improving thrombolysis treatment to four, and (3) two hospitals. Outcomes were annual mean and incremental costs per patient up to the treatment with thrombolysis, incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (iCER) per 1% increase in thrombolysis rate, and the proportion treated with thrombolysis. Results Compared to current decentralised care, improving stroke care at individual community hospitals led to mean annual costs per patient of $US 1,834 (95% CI, 1,823–1,843) whereas centralising to four and two hospitals led to $US 1,462 (95% CI, 1,451–1,473) and $US 1,317 (95% CI, 1,306–1,328), respectively (P < 0.001). The iCER of improving community hospitals was $US 113 (95% CI, 91–150) and $US 71 (95% CI, 59–94), $US 56 (95% CI, 44–74) when centralising to four and two hospitals, respectively. Thrombolysis rates decreased from 22.4 to 21.8% and 21.2% (P = 0.120 and P = 0.001) in case of increasing centralisation. Conclusions Centralising thrombolysis substantially lowers mean annual costs per patient compared to raising stroke care at community hospitals simultaneously. Small, but negative effects on thrombolysis rates may be expected. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12874-016-0275-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten M H Lahr
- Health Technology Assessment, Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 30001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Durk-Jouke van der Zee
- Department of Operations, Faculty of Economics & Business, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gert-Jan Luijckx
- Department of Neurology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick C A J Vroomen
- Department of Neurology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Buskens
- Health Technology Assessment, Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 30001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
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16
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Kalra VB, Wu X, Forman HP, Malhotra A. Cost-Effectiveness of Angiographic Imaging in Isolated Perimesencephalic Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Stroke 2014; 45:3576-82. [DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.114.006679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background and Purpose—
The purpose of this study is to perform a comprehensive cost-effectiveness analysis of all possible permutations of computed tomographic angiography (CTA) and digital subtraction angiography imaging strategies for both initial diagnosis and follow-up imaging in patients with perimesencephalic subarachnoid hemorrhage on noncontrast CT.
Methods—
Each possible imaging strategy was evaluated in a decision tree created with TreeAge Pro Suite 2014, with parameters derived from a meta-analysis of 40 studies and literature values. Base case and sensitivity analyses were performed to assess the cost-effectiveness of each strategy. A Monte Carlo simulation was conducted with distributional variables to evaluate the robustness of the optimal strategy.
Results—
The base case scenario showed performing initial CTA with no follow-up angiographic studies in patients with perimesencephalic subarachnoid hemorrhage to be the most cost-effective strategy ($5422/quality adjusted life year). Using a willingness-to-pay threshold of $50 000/quality adjusted life year, the most cost-effective strategy based on net monetary benefit is CTA with no follow-up when the sensitivity of initial CTA is >97.9%, and CTA with CTA follow-up otherwise. The Monte Carlo simulation reported CTA with no follow-up to be the optimal strategy at willingness-to-pay of $50 000 in 99.99% of the iterations. Digital subtraction angiography, whether at initial diagnosis or as part of follow-up imaging, is never the optimal strategy in our model.
Conclusions—
CTA without follow-up imaging is the optimal strategy for evaluation of patients with perimesencephalic subarachnoid hemorrhage when modern CT scanners and a strict definition of perimesencephalic subarachnoid hemorrhage are used. Digital subtraction angiography and follow-up imaging are not optimal as they carry complications and associated costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek B. Kalra
- From the Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (V.B.K., H.P.F., A.M.); and Timothy Dwight College, Yale University, New Haven, CT (X.W.)
| | - Xiao Wu
- From the Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (V.B.K., H.P.F., A.M.); and Timothy Dwight College, Yale University, New Haven, CT (X.W.)
| | - Howard P. Forman
- From the Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (V.B.K., H.P.F., A.M.); and Timothy Dwight College, Yale University, New Haven, CT (X.W.)
| | - Ajay Malhotra
- From the Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (V.B.K., H.P.F., A.M.); and Timothy Dwight College, Yale University, New Haven, CT (X.W.)
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17
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The cost-effectiveness of returning incidental findings from next-generation genomic sequencing. Genet Med 2014; 17:587-95. [PMID: 25394171 DOI: 10.1038/gim.2014.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) recommended that clinical laboratories performing next-generation sequencing analyze and return pathogenic variants for 56 specific genes it considered medically actionable. Our objective was to evaluate the clinical and economic impact of returning these results. METHODS We developed a decision-analytic policy model to project the quality-adjusted life-years and lifetime costs associated with returning ACMG-recommended incidental findings in three hypothetical cohorts of 10,000 patients. RESULTS Returning incidental findings to cardiomyopathy patients, colorectal cancer patients, or healthy individuals would increase costs by $896,000, $2.9 million, and $3.9 million, respectively, and would increase quality-adjusted life-years by 20, 25.4, and 67 years, respectively, for incremental cost-effectiveness ratios of $44,800, $115,020, and $58,600, respectively. In probabilistic analyses, returning incidental findings cost less than $100,000/quality-adjusted life-year gained in 85, 28, and 91%, respectively, of simulations. Assuming next-generation sequencing costs $500, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio for primary screening of healthy individuals was $133,400 (<$100,000/quality-adjusted life-year gained in 10% of simulations). Results were sensitive to the cohort age and assumptions about gene penetrance. CONCLUSION Returning incidental findings is likely cost-effective for certain patient populations. Screening of generally healthy individuals is likely not cost-effective based on current data, unless next-generation sequencing costs less than $500.
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18
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Boudreau DM, Guzauskas GF, Chen E, Lalla D, Tayama D, Fagan SC, Veenstra DL. Cost-Effectiveness of Recombinant Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator Within 3 Hours of Acute Ischemic Stroke. Stroke 2014; 45:3032-9. [DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.114.005852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background and Purpose—
Despite the availability of results from multiple newer clinical trials and changing healthcare costs, the cost-effectiveness of recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (r-tPA) for treatment of acute ischemic stroke within 0 to 3 hours of symptom onset was last evaluated in 1998 for the United States Using current evidence, we evaluate the long-term cost-effectiveness of r-tPA administered 0 to 3 hours after acute ischemic stroke onset versus no r-tPA.
Methods—
A disease-based decision model to project lifetime outcomes of patients after acute ischemic stroke by r-tPA treatment status from the US payer perspective was developed. Model inputs were derived from a recent meta-analysis of r-tPA trials, cohort studies, and health state preference studies. Cost data, inflated to 2013 dollars, were based on drug wholesale acquisition cost and the literature. To compare r-tPA to no r-tPA, we calculated incremental total direct costs, incremental quality-adjusted life years, and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios. We performed 1-way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses to evaluate uncertainty in the results.
Results—
r-tPA resulted in a gain of 0.39 quality-adjusted life years (95% confidence range, 0.16–0.66) on average per patient and a lifetime cost-saving of $25 000 (95% confidence range, −$42 500 to −$11 000) compared with no r-tPA. In probabilistic sensitivity analyses, r-tPA was dominant compared with no r-tPA in ≈100% of simulations. The model was sensitive to inputs for r-tPA efficacy, healthcare costs for disabled patients, mortality rates for disabled and nondisabled patients, and quality of life estimates.
Conclusions—
Our analysis supports earlier economic evaluations that r-tPA is a cost-effective method to treat stroke. Appropriate use of r-tPA should be prioritized nationally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise M. Boudreau
- From the University of Washington, Seattle (D.M.B., G.F.G., D.L.V.); Genentech, Inc South San Francisco, CA (E.C., D.T.); Palo Alto Outcomes Research, CA (D.L.); and University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Athens (S.C.F.)
| | - Gregory F. Guzauskas
- From the University of Washington, Seattle (D.M.B., G.F.G., D.L.V.); Genentech, Inc South San Francisco, CA (E.C., D.T.); Palo Alto Outcomes Research, CA (D.L.); and University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Athens (S.C.F.)
| | - Er Chen
- From the University of Washington, Seattle (D.M.B., G.F.G., D.L.V.); Genentech, Inc South San Francisco, CA (E.C., D.T.); Palo Alto Outcomes Research, CA (D.L.); and University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Athens (S.C.F.)
| | - Deepa Lalla
- From the University of Washington, Seattle (D.M.B., G.F.G., D.L.V.); Genentech, Inc South San Francisco, CA (E.C., D.T.); Palo Alto Outcomes Research, CA (D.L.); and University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Athens (S.C.F.)
| | - Darren Tayama
- From the University of Washington, Seattle (D.M.B., G.F.G., D.L.V.); Genentech, Inc South San Francisco, CA (E.C., D.T.); Palo Alto Outcomes Research, CA (D.L.); and University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Athens (S.C.F.)
| | - Susan C. Fagan
- From the University of Washington, Seattle (D.M.B., G.F.G., D.L.V.); Genentech, Inc South San Francisco, CA (E.C., D.T.); Palo Alto Outcomes Research, CA (D.L.); and University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Athens (S.C.F.)
| | - David L. Veenstra
- From the University of Washington, Seattle (D.M.B., G.F.G., D.L.V.); Genentech, Inc South San Francisco, CA (E.C., D.T.); Palo Alto Outcomes Research, CA (D.L.); and University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Athens (S.C.F.)
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Simpson KN, Simpson AN, Mauldin PD, Hill MD, Yeatts SD, Spilker JA, Foster LD, Khatri P, Martin R, Jauch EC, Kleindorfer D, Palesch YY, Broderick JP. Drivers of costs associated with reperfusion therapy in acute stroke: the Interventional Management of Stroke III Trial. Stroke 2014; 45:1791-8. [PMID: 24876261 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.113.003874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The Interventional Management of Stroke (IMS) III study tested the effect of intravenous tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) alone when compared with intravenous tPA followed by endovascular therapy and collected cost data to assess the economic implications of the 2 therapies. This report describes the factors affecting the costs of the initial hospitalization for acute stroke subjects from the United States. METHODS Prospective cost analysis of the US subjects was treated with intravenous tPA alone or with intravenous tPA followed by endovascular therapy in the IMS III trial. Results were compared with expected Medicare payments. RESULTS The adjusted cost of a stroke admission in the study was $35 130 for subjects treated with endovascular therapy after intravenous tPA treatment and $25 630 for subjects treated with intravenous tPA alone (P<0.0001). Significant factors related to costs included treatment group, baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, time from stroke onset to intravenous tPA, age, stroke location, and comorbid diabetes mellitus. The mean cost for subjects who had routine use of general anesthesia as part of endovascular therapy was $46 444 when compared with $30 350 for those who did not have general anesthesia. The costs of embolectomy for IMS III subjects and patients from the National Inpatient Sample cohort exceeded the Medicare diagnosis-related group payment in ≥75% of patients. CONCLUSIONS Minimizing the time to start of intravenous tPA and decreasing the use of routine general anesthesia may improve the cost-effectiveness of medical and endovascular therapy for acute stroke. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION URL http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT00359424.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kit N Simpson
- From the Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, OH (J.P.B., D.K., P.K., J.A.S.); Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (M.D.H.); and Department of Healthcare Leadership and Management (K.N.S., A.N.S.), Department of General Internal Medicine (P.D.M.), Department of Public Health Sciences (S.D.Y., L.D.F., R.M., Y.Y.P.), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.C.J.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston.
| | - Annie N Simpson
- From the Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, OH (J.P.B., D.K., P.K., J.A.S.); Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (M.D.H.); and Department of Healthcare Leadership and Management (K.N.S., A.N.S.), Department of General Internal Medicine (P.D.M.), Department of Public Health Sciences (S.D.Y., L.D.F., R.M., Y.Y.P.), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.C.J.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston
| | - Patrick D Mauldin
- From the Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, OH (J.P.B., D.K., P.K., J.A.S.); Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (M.D.H.); and Department of Healthcare Leadership and Management (K.N.S., A.N.S.), Department of General Internal Medicine (P.D.M.), Department of Public Health Sciences (S.D.Y., L.D.F., R.M., Y.Y.P.), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.C.J.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston
| | - Michael D Hill
- From the Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, OH (J.P.B., D.K., P.K., J.A.S.); Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (M.D.H.); and Department of Healthcare Leadership and Management (K.N.S., A.N.S.), Department of General Internal Medicine (P.D.M.), Department of Public Health Sciences (S.D.Y., L.D.F., R.M., Y.Y.P.), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.C.J.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston
| | - Sharon D Yeatts
- From the Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, OH (J.P.B., D.K., P.K., J.A.S.); Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (M.D.H.); and Department of Healthcare Leadership and Management (K.N.S., A.N.S.), Department of General Internal Medicine (P.D.M.), Department of Public Health Sciences (S.D.Y., L.D.F., R.M., Y.Y.P.), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.C.J.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston
| | - Judith A Spilker
- From the Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, OH (J.P.B., D.K., P.K., J.A.S.); Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (M.D.H.); and Department of Healthcare Leadership and Management (K.N.S., A.N.S.), Department of General Internal Medicine (P.D.M.), Department of Public Health Sciences (S.D.Y., L.D.F., R.M., Y.Y.P.), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.C.J.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston
| | - Lydia D Foster
- From the Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, OH (J.P.B., D.K., P.K., J.A.S.); Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (M.D.H.); and Department of Healthcare Leadership and Management (K.N.S., A.N.S.), Department of General Internal Medicine (P.D.M.), Department of Public Health Sciences (S.D.Y., L.D.F., R.M., Y.Y.P.), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.C.J.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston
| | - Pooja Khatri
- From the Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, OH (J.P.B., D.K., P.K., J.A.S.); Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (M.D.H.); and Department of Healthcare Leadership and Management (K.N.S., A.N.S.), Department of General Internal Medicine (P.D.M.), Department of Public Health Sciences (S.D.Y., L.D.F., R.M., Y.Y.P.), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.C.J.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston
| | - Renee Martin
- From the Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, OH (J.P.B., D.K., P.K., J.A.S.); Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (M.D.H.); and Department of Healthcare Leadership and Management (K.N.S., A.N.S.), Department of General Internal Medicine (P.D.M.), Department of Public Health Sciences (S.D.Y., L.D.F., R.M., Y.Y.P.), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.C.J.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston
| | - Edward C Jauch
- From the Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, OH (J.P.B., D.K., P.K., J.A.S.); Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (M.D.H.); and Department of Healthcare Leadership and Management (K.N.S., A.N.S.), Department of General Internal Medicine (P.D.M.), Department of Public Health Sciences (S.D.Y., L.D.F., R.M., Y.Y.P.), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.C.J.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston
| | - Dawn Kleindorfer
- From the Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, OH (J.P.B., D.K., P.K., J.A.S.); Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (M.D.H.); and Department of Healthcare Leadership and Management (K.N.S., A.N.S.), Department of General Internal Medicine (P.D.M.), Department of Public Health Sciences (S.D.Y., L.D.F., R.M., Y.Y.P.), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.C.J.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston
| | - Yuko Y Palesch
- From the Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, OH (J.P.B., D.K., P.K., J.A.S.); Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (M.D.H.); and Department of Healthcare Leadership and Management (K.N.S., A.N.S.), Department of General Internal Medicine (P.D.M.), Department of Public Health Sciences (S.D.Y., L.D.F., R.M., Y.Y.P.), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.C.J.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston
| | - Joseph P Broderick
- From the Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, OH (J.P.B., D.K., P.K., J.A.S.); Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (M.D.H.); and Department of Healthcare Leadership and Management (K.N.S., A.N.S.), Department of General Internal Medicine (P.D.M.), Department of Public Health Sciences (S.D.Y., L.D.F., R.M., Y.Y.P.), Department of Emergency Medicine (E.C.J.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston
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Assuncao MSC, Teich V, Shiramizo SCPL, Araújo DV, Carrera RM, Serpa Neto A, Silva E. The cost-effectiveness ratio of a managed protocol for severe sepsis. J Crit Care 2014; 29:692.e1-6. [PMID: 24857400 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2014.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Severe sepsis is a time-dependent disease, and implementation of early treatment has been associated with mortality rate reduction. However, the literature is controversial regarding cost-effectiveness analysis of this intervention. The aim was to assess the cost-effectiveness of a managed protocol for the treatment of severe sepsis. MATERIALS AND METHODS This is a prospective cohort study involving a historical comparison (before and after the implementation of the protocol) of patients who had been hospitalized with severe sepsis and septic shock. The group of patients who were treated before the assistance routine was implemented was considered to be the control. The case-managed nurse involved with assistance protocol performed the data collection. This nurse received special training to ensure the quality of the data and to measure the intervention throughout the implementation process. RESULTS A total of 414 patients were analyzed. The mortality rates were 57% in the control group and 38% in the protocol group (P=.002). After the implementation of the protocol, the absolute risk reduction was 18%; and the relative risk reduction was 31.8%. There was a tendency for a reduction in the cost of the full hospitalization, but this trend did not reach statistical significance. Nevertheless, the cost of hospitalization in the intensive care unit was reduced significantly from US $138,237±$202,418 in the control group to US $85,484±$127,471 in the protocol group (P=.003). The managed protocol for sepsis resulted in an average gain of 3.2 life-years after being discharged from the hospital (8.8±13.3 years in the control group and 12.0±14.0 years in the protocol group, P=.01). CONCLUSIONS Given that the incremental cost was lower than or equal to zero, the effectiveness of the protocol was justified by the significant increase in the life-years saved and the reduced mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murillo Santucci Cesar Assuncao
- Department of Critically Ill Patient, Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Av Albert Einstein, 627/701, Sao Paulo (SP), Brazil 05652-000.
| | - Vanessa Teich
- MedInsight, Decisions in Health Care, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Sandra Christina Pereira Lima Shiramizo
- Department of Critically Ill Patient, Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Av Albert Einstein, 627/701, Sao Paulo (SP), Brazil 05652-000.
| | - Denizart Vianna Araújo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Sciences School, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Renato Melli Carrera
- Department of Critically Ill Patient, Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Av Albert Einstein, 627/701, Sao Paulo (SP), Brazil 05652-000
| | - Ary Serpa Neto
- Department of Critically Ill Patient, Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Av Albert Einstein, 627/701, Sao Paulo (SP), Brazil 05652-000.
| | - Eliezer Silva
- Department of Critically Ill Patient, Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Av Albert Einstein, 627/701, Sao Paulo (SP), Brazil 05652-000.
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Silva GS, Schwamm LH. Review of Stroke Center Effectiveness and Other Get with the Guidelines Data. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2013; 15:350. [DOI: 10.1007/s11883-013-0350-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Garrison LP, Lalla D, Brammer M, Babigumira JB, Wang B, Perez EA. Assessing the potential cost-effectiveness of retesting IHC0, IHC1+, or FISH-negative early stage breast cancer patients for HER2 status. Cancer 2013; 119:3113-22. [PMID: 23775560 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.28196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) tests are commonly used to assess human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2) status of tumors in patients with breast cancer. This analysis evaluates the likely cost-effectiveness of expanded retesting to assess HER2 tumor status in women with early stage breast cancer. METHODS We developed a decision-analytic model to estimate the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of expanded reflex testing from a US payer perspective. Expanded reflex testing is defined as retesting tumor specimens from patients whose tumors are IHC0, IHC1+, or FISH-negative on their first test. In the base case, we assumed that 80% of patient tumors are initially IHC-tested and 20% are FISH-tested. Testing outcomes for IHC and FISH with and without retesting were based on published meta-analyses. The cost of tests and treatment and the long-term health outcomes were obtained from the literature. RESULTS In the base case, we estimated that 2.27% of women who received expanded reflex testing would be HER2-positive and receive trastuzumab treatment: the projected ICER was $36,721 per life year or $39,745 per quality-adjusted life year (QALY). This varied between $47,100 per QALY and $35,500 per QALY if we assumed that 1%-8% of patients retested were then HER2+, respectively. The results of deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analysis were robust. This strategy would result in 4700 (2000-17,000) patients being eligible to receive trastuzumab treatment annually. CONCLUSIONS Retesting patients who are IHC0, IHC1+, or FISH-negative is projected to be a cost-effective clinical strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis P Garrison
- VeriTech Corporation, Mercer Island, Washington; University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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Rymer MM, Armstrong EP, Meredith NR, Pham SV, Thorpe K, Kruzikas DT. Analysis of the costs and payments of a coordinated stroke center and regional stroke network. Stroke 2013; 44:2254-9. [PMID: 23715961 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.113.001370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE An earlier study demonstrated significantly improved access, treatment, and outcomes after the implementation of a progressive, comprehensive stroke program at a tertiary care community hospital, Saint Luke's Neuroscience Institute (SLNI). This study evaluated the costs associated with implementing such a program. METHODS Retrospective analysis of total hospital costs and payments for treating patients with ischemic stroke at SLNI (n=1570) as program enhancement evolved over time (2005, 2007, and 2010) and compared with published national estimates. Analyses were stratified by patient demographic characteristics, patient outcomes, treatments, time, and comorbidities. RESULTS Controlling for inflation, there was no difference in SLNI total costs between 2005 and either 2007 or 2010, suggesting that while SLNI provided an increased level of services, any additional expenditures were offset by efficiencies. SLNI total costs were slightly lower than published benchmarks. Consistent with previous stroke care cost estimates, the median overall differential between total hospital costs and payments for all ischemic stroke cases was negative. CONCLUSIONS SLNI total costs remained consistent over time and were slightly lower than previously published estimates, suggesting that a focused, streamlined stroke program can be implemented without a significant economic impact. This finding further demonstrates that providing comprehensive stroke care with improved access and treatment may be financially feasible for other hospitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn M Rymer
- Saint Luke's Neuroscience Institute and University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO 64111, USA.
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Chang KC, Lee HC, Huang YC, Hung JW, Chiu HE, Chen JJ, Lee TH. Cost-effectiveness analysis of stroke management under a universal health insurance system. J Neurol Sci 2012; 323:205-15. [PMID: 23046751 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2012.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Revised: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) of stroke management was evaluated in three care models: Neurology/Rehabilitation wards (NW), Neurosurgery wards (NS), and General/miscellaneous wards (GW) under a universal health insurance system. METHODS From 1997 to 2002, subjects with first-ever acute stroke were sampled from claims data of a nationally representative cohort in Taiwan, categorized as hemorrhage stroke (HS) including subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH); or, ischemic stroke (IS), including cerebral infarction (CI), transient ischemic attack/ unspecified stroke (TIA/unspecified); with mild-moderate and severe severity. All-cause readmissions or mortality (AE) and direct medical cost during first-year (FYMC) after stroke were explored. CEA was performed by incremental cost-effectiveness ratios. RESULTS 2368 first-ever stroke subjects including SAH 3.3%, ICH 17.9%, CI 49.8%, and TIA/unspecified 29.0% were identified with AE 59.0%, 63.0%, 48.6%, 46.8%, respectively. There were 50.8%, 13.5%, 35.6% of stroke patients served by NW, NS and GW with AE 44.9%, 60.6%, 56.0%, and medical costs of US$ 5,031, US$ 8,235, US$ 4,350, respectively. NW was cost-effective for both mild-moderate and severe IS. NS was the dominant care model in mild-moderate HS, while NW appeared to be a cost-minimization model for severe HS. CONCLUSIONS TIA/unspecified stroke carried substantial risk of AE. NS performed better in serving mild-moderate HS, whereas NW was the optimal care model in management of IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ku-Chou Chang
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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