1
|
Isoflurane attenuates carbogen-induced blood–brain barrier disruption independent of body temperature in mice and rats. Neuroreport 2020; 31:118-124. [DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
|
2
|
Hillman TC, Matei N, Tang J, Zhang JH. Developing a standardized system of exposure and intervention endpoints for isoflurane in preclinical stroke models. Med Gas Res 2019; 9:46-51. [PMID: 30950418 PMCID: PMC6463442 DOI: 10.4103/2045-9912.254640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Isoflurane is a regularly used anesthetic in translational research. Isoflurane facilitates invasive surgery and a rapid recovery. Specifically, in the pathology of stroke, controversy has surrounded isoflurane's intrinsic neuroprotective abilities, affecting apoptosis, excitotoxicity, and blood brain barrier disruption. Due to the intrinsic neuroprotective nature and lack of standardized guidelines for the use of isoflurane, research has shifted away from this gas in most animal models. Antagonistically, studies have also reported that no neuroprotective effects are observed when a surgery is accompanied with isoflurane exposure under 20 minutes. Isoflurane affects the pathophysiology in stroke patients by altering critical pathways in endothelial, neuronal, and microglial cells. Current studies have elucidated isoflurane neuroprotection to be time dependent and may be minimized in experimental designs if the exposure time is limited to a specific window. Therefore, with detailed and extensive literature on anesthetics, we can hypothesize that isoflurane exposure under the 20-minute benchmark, behavior and molecular pathways can be evaluated at any time-point following ischemic insult without confounding artifacts from isoflurane; however, If the exposure to isoflurane exceeds 20 minutes, the acute neuroprotective effects are evident for 2 weeks in the model, which should be accounted for in molecular and behavioral assessments, with either isoflurane inhibitors or a control group at 2 weeks post middle cerebral artery occlusion. The purpose of this review is to suggest a detailed and standardized outline for interventions and behavioral assessments after the use of isoflurane in experimental designs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler C. Hillman
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Nathanael Matei
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Jiping Tang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - John H. Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chen X, Li LY, Jiang JL, Li K, Su ZB, Zhang FQ, Zhang WJ, Zhao GQ. Propofol elicits autophagy via endoplasmic reticulum stress and calcium exchange in C2C12 myoblast cell line. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197934. [PMID: 29795639 PMCID: PMC5967754 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the relationship between propofol and autophagy and examined whether this relationship depends on ER stress, production of ROS (reactive oxygen species), and disruption of calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis. To this end, we measured C2C12 cell apoptosis in vitro, along with Ca2+ levels; ROS production; and expression of proteins and genes associated with autophagy, Ca2+ homeostasis, and ER stress, including LC3 (microtubule-associate protein 1 light chain 3), p62, AMPK (adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase), phosphorylated AMPK, mTOR (the mammalian target of rapamycin), phosphorylated mTOR, CHOP (C/BEP homologous protein), and Grp78/Bip (78 kDa glucose-regulated protein). We found that propofol treatment induced autophagy, ER stress, and Ca2+ release. The ratio of phosphorylated AMPK to AMPK increased, whereas the ratio of phosphorylated mTOR to mTOR decreased. Collectively, the data suggested that propofol induced autophagy in vitro through ER stress, resulting in elevated ROS and Ca2+. Additionally, co-administration of an ER stress inhibitor blunted the effect of propofol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Long-Yun Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jin-Lan Jiang
- Department of Research Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Kai Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhen-Bo Su
- Department of Anesthesiology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Fu-Qiang Zhang
- Department of Research Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wen-Jing Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Guo-Qing Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rolland WB, Krafft PR, Lekic T, Klebe D, LeGrand J, Weldon AJ, Xu L, Zhang JH. Fingolimod confers neuroprotection through activation of Rac1 after experimental germinal matrix hemorrhage in rat pups. J Neurochem 2017; 140:776-786. [PMID: 28054340 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Fingolimod, a sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor (S1PR) agonist, is clinically available to treat multiple sclerosis and is showing promise in treating stroke. We investigated if fingolimod provides long-term protection from experimental neonatal germinal matrix hemorrhage (GMH), aiming to support a potential mechanism of acute fingolimod-induced protection. GMH was induced in P7 rats by infusion of collagenase (0.3 U) into the right ganglionic eminence. Animals killed at 4 weeks post-GMH received low- or high-dose fingolimod (0.25 or 1.0 mg/kg) or vehicle, and underwent neurocognitive testing before histopathological evaluation. Subsequently, a cohort of animals killed at 72 h post-GMH received 1.0 mg/kg fingolimod; the specific S1PR1 agonist, SEW2871; or fingolimod co-administered with the S1PR1/3/4 inhibitor, VPC23019, or the Rac1 inhibitor, EHT1864. All drugs were injected intraperitoneally 1, 24, and 48 h post-surgery. At 72 h post-GMH, brain water content, extravasated Evans blue dye, and hemoglobin were measured as well as the expression levels of phospho-Akt, Akt, GTP-Rac1, Total-Rac1, ZO1, occludin, and claudin-3 determined. Fingolimod significantly improved long-term neurocognitive performance and ameliorated brain tissue loss. At 72 h post-GMH, fingolimod reduced brain water content and Evans blue dye extravasation as well as reversed GMH-induced loss of tight junctional proteins. S1PR1 agonism showed similar protection, whereas S1PR or Rac1 inhibition abolished the protective effect of fingolimod. Fingolimod treatment improved functional and morphological outcomes after GMH, in part, by tempering acute post-hemorrhagic blood-brain barrier disruption via the activation of the S1PR1/Akt/Rac1 pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William B Rolland
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Paul R Krafft
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Tim Lekic
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Damon Klebe
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Julia LeGrand
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Abby Jones Weldon
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Liang Xu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lekic T, Krafft PR, Klebe D, Flores J, Rolland WB, Tang J, Zhang JH. PAR-1, -4, and the mTOR Pathway Following Germinal Matrix Hemorrhage. ACTA NEUROCHIRURGICA. SUPPLEMENT 2016; 121:213-6. [PMID: 26463951 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-18497-5_38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Germinal matrix hemorrhage (GMH) is the most common cause of neurological complications of prematurity and has lasting implications. PAR-1 and PAR-4 receptors are involved with upstream signaling pathways following brain hemorrhage in adult models of stroke, of which the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a potential downstream mediator. Therefore, we hypothesized a role for PAR-1, -4/ mTOR signaling following GMH brain injury. Postnatal day 7 Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to GMH through stereotactic infusion of collagenase into the right ganglionic eminence. Rodents were euthanized at 72 h (short term), or 4 weeks (long term). Short-term mTOR expression was evaluated by Western blot in the context of PAR-1 (SCH-79797) and PAR-4 (P4pal10) inhibition. Pups in the long-term group were administered the selective mTOR inhibitor (rapamycin) with neurobehavioral and brain pathological examinations performed at 4 weeks. Pharmacological PAR-1, -4 antagonism normalized the increased mTOR expression following GMH. Early inhibition of mTOR by rapamycin improved long-term outcomes in rats. Mammalian-TOR signaling plays an important role in brain injury following neonatal GMH, possibly involving upstream PAR-1, -4 mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Lekic
- Division of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Paul R Krafft
- Division of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Damon Klebe
- Division of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Jerry Flores
- Division of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - William B Rolland
- Division of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Jiping Tang
- Division of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - John H Zhang
- Division of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA. .,Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA. .,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11041 Campus Street, Risley Hall Rm 219, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lekic T, Flores J, Klebe D, Doycheva D, Rolland WB, Tang J, Zhang JH. Intranasal IGF-1 Reduced Rat Pup Germinal Matrix Hemorrhage. ACTA NEUROCHIRURGICA. SUPPLEMENT 2016; 121:209-12. [PMID: 26463950 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-18497-5_37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Germinal matrix hemorrhage (GMH) is the most devastating neurological problem of premature infants. Current treatment strategies are ineffective and brain injury is unpreventable. Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) is an endogenous protein shown to have multiple neuroprotective properties. We therefore hypothesized that IGF-1 would reduce brain injury after GMH. Neonatal rats (P7 age) received stereotactic collagenase into the right ganglionic eminence. The following groups were studied: (1) sham, (2) GMH + vehicle, (3) GMH + intranasal IGF-1. Three days later, the animals were evaluated using the righting-reflex (early neurobehavior), Evans blue dye leakage (blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability), brain water content (edema), and hemoglobin assay (extent of bleeding). Three weeks later, juvenile rats were tested using a water maze (delayed neurobehavior), and then were sacrificed on day 28 for assessment of hydrocephalus (ventricular size). Intranasal IGF-1 treated animals had improved neurological function, and amelioration of BBB permeability, edema, and re-bleeding. IGF-1 may play a part in protective brain signaling following GMH, and our observed protective effect may offer new promise for treatment targeting this vulnerable patient population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Lekic
- Division of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Jerry Flores
- Division of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Damon Klebe
- Division of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Desislava Doycheva
- Division of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - William B Rolland
- Division of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Jiping Tang
- Division of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - John H Zhang
- Division of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA. .,Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA. .,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11041 Campus Street, Risley Hall Rm 219, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Malaguit J, Casel D, Dixon B, Doycheva D, Tang J, Zhang JH, Lekic T. Intranasal Osteopontin for Rodent Germinal Matrix Hemorrhage. ACTA NEUROCHIRURGICA. SUPPLEMENT 2016; 121:217-20. [PMID: 26463952 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-18497-5_39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Germinal matrix hemorrhage (GMH) is the most common and devastating neurological problem of premature infants. Current treatment is largely ineffective and GMH has been nonpreventable. Osteopontin (OPN) is an endogenous protein that has been shown to be neuroprotective, however, it has not been tested in GMH. P7 neonatal rats were subjected to stereotactic ganglionic eminence collagenase infusion. Groups were as follows: (1) sham, (2) GMH + vehicle, (3) GMH + intranasal OPN. Seventy-two hours later, the animals were evaluated using righting reflex, blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability by Evans blue dye leakage, brain water content, and hemoglobin assay. Intranasal OPN improved outcomes after GMH by attenuation of brain swelling, BBB function, re-bleeding, and neurological outcomes. OPN may play an important role in enhancing neuroprotective brain signaling following GMH. These observed effects may offer novel possibilities for therapy in this patient population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jay Malaguit
- Division of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Darlene Casel
- Departments of Neonatology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Brandon Dixon
- Division of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Desislava Doycheva
- Division of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Jiping Tang
- Division of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - John H Zhang
- Division of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA.,Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Tim Lekic
- Division of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA. .,Department of Physiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11041 Campus Street, Risley Hall Rm 129, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibition Provides Lasting Protection Following Germinal Matrix Hemorrhage in Premature Infant Rats. ACTA NEUROCHIRURGICA. SUPPLEMENT 2016; 121:203-7. [PMID: 26463949 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-18497-5_36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Germinal matrix hemorrhage (GMH) is a major cause of brain damage in prematurity and has long-lasting neurological implications. The development of brain inflammation contributes to brain injury, leading to a lifetime of neurologic deficits. PAR-1 and 4 receptors are involved with inflammatory pathways after brain hemorrhage in adult models of stroke, of which cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is a potential mediator. We therefore hypothesized a role for PAR-1, 4/ COX-2 signaling following GMH. Postnatal day 7 Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to GMH induction, which entailed stereotactic collagenase infusion into the ganglionic eminence. Animals were euthanized at two time points: 72 h (short-term) or 4 weeks (long-term). Short-term COX-2 expression was evaluated in the context of PAR-1 (SCH-79797) and PAR-4 (P4pal10) inhibition. Pups in the long-term group were administered the selective COX-2 inhibitor (NS-398); and the neurobehavioral and pathological examinations were performed 4 weeks later. Pharmacological PAR-1, 4 antagonism normalized COX-2 expression following GMH and reduced hydrocephalus. Early inhibition of COX-2 by NS-398 improved long-term neurobehavioral outcomes. COX-2 signaling plays an important role in brain injury following neonatal GMH, possibly through upstream PAR-1, 4 receptor mechanisms.
Collapse
|
9
|
Lekic T, Klebe D, Flores J, Peters R, Rolland WB, Tang J, Zhang JH. Remote Ischemic Postconditioning (RIPC) After GMH in Rodents. ACTA NEUROCHIRURGICA. SUPPLEMENT 2016; 121:63-7. [PMID: 26463924 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-18497-5_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Germinal matrix hemorrhage (GMH) is the most common and devastating neurological injury of premature infants, and current treatment approaches are ineffective. Remote ischemic postconditioning (RIPC) is a method by which brief limb ischemic stimuli protect the injured brain. We hypothesized that RIPC can improve outcomes following GMH in rats. Neonatal rats (P7) were subjected to either stereotactic ganglionic eminence collagenase infusion or sham surgery. Groups were as follows: sham (n = 0), GMH non-RIPC (n = 10), GMH + 1 week RIPC (n = 10), GMH + 2 weeks RIPC (n = 10). Neurobehavior analysis at the fourth week consisted of Morris water maze (MWM) and rotarod (RR). This was followed by euthanasia for histopathology on day 28. Both 1- and 2-week RIPC showed significant improvement in FF and RR motor testing compared with untreated animals (i.e., GMH without RIPC). RIPC treatment also improved cognition (MWM) and attenuated neuropathological ventricular enlargement (hydrocephalus) in juvenile animals following GMH. RIPC is a safe and noninvasive approach that improved sensorimotor and neuropathological outcomes following GMH in rats. Further studies are needed to evaluate for mechanisms of neuroprotection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Lekic
- Division of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Damon Klebe
- Division of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Jerry Flores
- Division of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Regina Peters
- Division of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - William B Rolland
- Division of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Jiping Tang
- Division of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
- Division of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11041 Campus Street, Risley Hall Rm 219, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Tang J, Tao Y, Jiang B, Chen Q, Hua F, Zhang J, Zhu G, Chen Z. Pharmacological Preventions of Brain Injury Following Experimental Germinal Matrix Hemorrhage: an Up-to-Date Review. Transl Stroke Res 2015; 7:20-32. [PMID: 26561051 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-015-0432-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2015] [Revised: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Germinal matrix hemorrhage (GMH) is defined as the rupture of immature blood vessels in the subependymal zone of premature infants with significant mortality and morbidity. Considering the notable social and ecological stress brought by GMH-induced brain injury and sequelae, safe and efficient pharmacological preventions are badly needed. Currently, several appropriate animal models are available to mimic the clinical outcomes of GMH in human patients. In the long run, hemorrhagic strokes are the research target. Previously, we found that minocycline was efficient to alleviate GMH-induced brain edema and posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH) in rats, which may be closely related to the activation of cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2R). However, how the two molecules correlate and the underlined molecular pathway remain unknown. To extensively understand current experimental GMH treatment, this literature review critically evaluates existing therapeutic strategies, potential treatments, and potentially involved molecular mechanisms. Each strategy has its own advantages and disadvantages. Some of the mechanisms are still controversial, requiring an increasing number of animal experiments before the therapeutic strategy would be widely accepted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, No. 30, Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Yihao Tao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, No. 30, Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, No. 30, Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianwei Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, No. 30, Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Hua
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, No. 30, Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - John Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Gang Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, No. 30, Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhi Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, No. 30, Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been known that skeletal muscles show atrophic changes after prolonged sedation or general anesthesia. Whether these effects are due to anesthesia itself or disuse during anesthesia has not been fully clarified. Autophagy dysregulation has been implicated in muscle-wasting conditions. This study tested the hypothesis that the magnitude of skeletal muscle autophagy is affected by both anesthesia and immobility. METHODS The extent of autophagy was analyzed chronologically during general anesthesia. In vivo microscopy was performed using green fluorescent protein-tagged LC3 for the detection of autophagy using sternomastoid muscles of live mice during pentobarbital anesthesia (n = 6 and 7). Western blotting and histological analyses were also conducted on tibialis anterior muscles (n = 3 to 5). To distinguish the effect of anesthesia from that due to disuse, autophagy was compared between animals anesthetized with pentobarbital and those immobilized by short-term denervation without continuation of anesthesia. Conversely, tibialis anterior and sternomastoid muscles were electrically stimulated during anesthesia. RESULTS Western blots and microscopy showed time-dependent autophagy up-regulation during pentobarbital anesthesia, peaking at 3 h (728.6 ± 93.5% of basal level, mean ± SE). Disuse by denervation without sustaining anesthesia did not lead to equivalent autophagy, suggesting that anesthesia is essential to cause autophagy. In contrast, contractile stimulation of the tibialis anterior and sternomastoid muscles significantly reduced the autophagy up-regulation during anesthesia (85% at 300 min). Ketamine, ketamine plus xylazine, isoflurane, and propofol also up-regulated autophagy. CONCLUSIONS Short-term disuse without anesthesia does not lead to autophagy, but anesthesia with disuse leads to marked up-regulation of autophagy.
Collapse
|
12
|
Lekic T, Klebe D, McBride DW, Manaenko A, Rolland WB, Flores JJ, Altay O, Tang J, Zhang JH. Protease-activated receptor 1 and 4 signal inhibition reduces preterm neonatal hemorrhagic brain injury. Stroke 2015; 46:1710-3. [PMID: 25931468 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.114.007889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE This study examines the role of thrombin's protease-activated receptor (PAR)-1, PAR-4 in mediating cyclooxygenase-2 and mammalian target of rapamycin after germinal matrix hemorrhage. METHODS Germinal matrix hemorrhage was induced by intraparenchymal infusion of bacterial collagenase into the right ganglionic eminence of P7 rat pups. Animals were treated with PAR-1, PAR-4, cyclooxygenase-2, or mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors by 1 hour, and ≤5 days. RESULTS We found increased thrombin activity 6 to 24 hours after germinal matrix hemorrhage, and PAR-1, PAR-4, inhibition normalized cyclooxygenase-2, and mammalian target of rapamycin by 72 hours. Early treatment with NS398 or rapamycin substantially improved long-term outcomes in juvenile animals. CONCLUSIONS Suppressing early PAR signal transduction, and postnatal NS398 or rapamycin treatment, may help reduce germinal matrix hemorrhage severity in susceptible preterm infants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Lekic
- From the Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology (T.L., D.K., D.W.M., A.M., W.B.R., J.J.F., O.A., J.T., J.H.Z.), Neurology (T.L.), and Neurosurgery (J.H.Z.), Loma Linda University School of Medicine, CA
| | - Damon Klebe
- From the Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology (T.L., D.K., D.W.M., A.M., W.B.R., J.J.F., O.A., J.T., J.H.Z.), Neurology (T.L.), and Neurosurgery (J.H.Z.), Loma Linda University School of Medicine, CA
| | - Devin W McBride
- From the Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology (T.L., D.K., D.W.M., A.M., W.B.R., J.J.F., O.A., J.T., J.H.Z.), Neurology (T.L.), and Neurosurgery (J.H.Z.), Loma Linda University School of Medicine, CA
| | - Anatol Manaenko
- From the Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology (T.L., D.K., D.W.M., A.M., W.B.R., J.J.F., O.A., J.T., J.H.Z.), Neurology (T.L.), and Neurosurgery (J.H.Z.), Loma Linda University School of Medicine, CA
| | - William B Rolland
- From the Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology (T.L., D.K., D.W.M., A.M., W.B.R., J.J.F., O.A., J.T., J.H.Z.), Neurology (T.L.), and Neurosurgery (J.H.Z.), Loma Linda University School of Medicine, CA
| | - Jerry J Flores
- From the Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology (T.L., D.K., D.W.M., A.M., W.B.R., J.J.F., O.A., J.T., J.H.Z.), Neurology (T.L.), and Neurosurgery (J.H.Z.), Loma Linda University School of Medicine, CA
| | - Orhan Altay
- From the Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology (T.L., D.K., D.W.M., A.M., W.B.R., J.J.F., O.A., J.T., J.H.Z.), Neurology (T.L.), and Neurosurgery (J.H.Z.), Loma Linda University School of Medicine, CA
| | - Jiping Tang
- From the Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology (T.L., D.K., D.W.M., A.M., W.B.R., J.J.F., O.A., J.T., J.H.Z.), Neurology (T.L.), and Neurosurgery (J.H.Z.), Loma Linda University School of Medicine, CA
| | - John H Zhang
- From the Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology (T.L., D.K., D.W.M., A.M., W.B.R., J.J.F., O.A., J.T., J.H.Z.), Neurology (T.L.), and Neurosurgery (J.H.Z.), Loma Linda University School of Medicine, CA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Guo J, Chen Q, Tang J, Zhang J, Tao Y, Li L, Zhu G, Feng H, Chen Z. Minocycline-induced attenuation of iron overload and brain injury after experimental germinal matrix hemorrhage. Brain Res 2014; 1594:115-24. [PMID: 25451129 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 10/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Germinal matrix hemorrhage (GMH) is the most important adverse neurologic event during the newborn period. Evidence has shown that neonates with GMH and hydrocephalus have more severe damage compared to those with GMH alone. Our preliminary study demonstrated the role of iron in hydrocephalus and brain damage in adult rats following intraventricular hemorrhage. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to investigate iron accumulation and iron-handling proteins in a rat model of GMH and whether minocycline reduces iron overload after GMH and iron-induced brain injury in vivo. This study was divided into two parts. In the first part, rats received either a needle insertion or an intracerebral injection of 0.3 U of clostridial collagenase VII-S. Brain iron and brain iron handling proteins (heme oxygenase-1 and ferritin) were measured. In the second part, rats with a GMH were treated with minocycline or vehicle. Brain edema, brain cell death, hydrocephalus, iron-handling proteins and long-term motor function were examined. The result showed iron accumulation and upregulation of iron-handling proteins after GMH. Minocycline treatment significantly reduced GMH-induced brain edema, hydrocephalus and brain damage. Minocycline also suppressed upregulation of ferritin after GMH. In conclusion, the current study found that iron plays a role in brain injury following GMH and that minocycline reduces iron overload after GMH and iron-induced brain injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Qianwei Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jun Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jianbo Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yihao Tao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Gang Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Hua Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Zhi Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
| |
Collapse
|