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Lim JH, Kim MJ. Considerations for the Use of Stereotactic Radiosurgery to Treat Large Arteriovenous Malformations. Biomedicines 2024; 12:2003. [PMID: 39335517 PMCID: PMC11428206 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12092003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2024] [Revised: 08/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is an effective treatment strategy for cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). Aggressive treatment achieving complete obliteration is necessary to prevent further intracranial hemorrhage and neurological deficits. However, SRS treatment of large AVMs (>10 cm3) is challenging. To prevent toxicity in the normal brain tissue, it is imperative to reduce the radiation dose as the lesion volume increases; however, this also reduces the rate of obliteration. In this study, we review the various radiosurgical approaches for treating large AVMs and their outcomes, and suggest ways to improve treatment outcomes during SRS for large AVMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Hyun Lim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, 123 Jeokgeum-ro, Danwon-gu, Ansan 15355, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Ji Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, 123 Jeokgeum-ro, Danwon-gu, Ansan 15355, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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2
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Hirano Y, Shinya Y, Hasegawa H, Umekawa M, Iwagami M, Koizumi S, Katano A, Saito N. Sustaining consistent cobalt-60 dose rate enhances radiosurgical outcomes in brain arteriovenous malformation management. Radiother Oncol 2024; 197:110375. [PMID: 38857704 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2024.110375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The impact of cobalt-60 dose rate (Co-60 DR) on outcomes of stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) remains fully elucidated. This study explored the association between Co-60 DR and SRS outcomes in AVM treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS 772 AVM patients from 1990 to 2020 were included. High DR was defined as ≥ 2.4 Gy/min. AVM patients were categorized into 3 cohorts based on the nidus volume: small (<5 mL), medium (≥5 mL and < 10 mL), and large (≥10 mL). The primary endpoint was AVM obliteration; secondary endpoints included post-SRS hemorrhage. RESULTS Cumulative obliteration rates of the large AVM were significantly increased in the high DR group than those in the low DR group (84 % vs. 45 % at 5 years, log-rank test; p = 0.011). Multivariable analysis showed that the obliteration rate was significantly elevated for the high DR group in the large AVM cohort with an adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of 1.78 (95 % confidence interval [CI]: 1.00-3.17, p = 0.049). Post-SRS hemorrhage rates of the entire cohort were significantly decreased in the high DR group than in the low DR group (2.5 % vs. 5.3 % at 5 years, log-rank test; p = 0.035). Multivariable analysis revealed post-SRS hemorrhage was reduced in the high DR group with an adjusted HR of 0.47 (95 % CI: 0.24-0.92, p = 0.026). CONCLUSION High DR may lead to increased efficiency for large AVMs and decreased post-SRS hemorrhage in all AVM cases. Sustaining a higher Co-60 DR could potentially yield favorable outcomes for SRS for AVMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudai Hirano
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Yuki Shinya
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan.
| | - Hirotaka Hasegawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Motoyuki Umekawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Masao Iwagami
- Department of Health Services Research, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Satoshi Koizumi
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Atsuto Katano
- Department of Radiology, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Nobuhito Saito
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
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Pinheiro LCP, Wolak Junior M, Ferreira MY, Magalhaes RB, Fernandes AY, Paiva WS, Zanini MA, Marchesan Rodrigues MA. Unruptured Brain Arteriovenous Malformations: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Mortality and Morbidity in Aruba-Eligible Studies. World Neurosurg 2024; 185:381-392.e1. [PMID: 38423455 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2024.02.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treating unruptured brain arteriovenous malformations (bAVMs) represent significant challenges, with numerous uncertainties still in debate. The ARUBA trial induced further investigation into optimal management strategies for these lesions. Here, we present a systematic-review and meta-analysis focusing on ARUBA-eligible studies, aiming to correlate patient data with outcomes and discuss key aspects of these studies. METHODS Following PRISMA guidelines, we conducted a systematic-review. Variables analyzed included bAVM Spetzler-Martin (SM) grade, treatment modalities, and outcomes such as mortality and neurological deficits. We compared studies with a minimum of 50% cases classified as SM 1-2 lesions and those with less than 50% in this category. Similarly, a comparison between studies with at least 50% microsurgery-cases and those with less than 50% was performed. We examined correlations between mortality incidence, SM distribution, and treatment modalities. RESULTS Our analysis included 16 studies with 2.417 patients. The frequency of bAVMs SM-grade 1-2 ranged from 44% to 76%, SM-grade 3 from 19% to 48%, and SM 4-5 from 5 to 23%. Notably, studies with more than 50% cases presenting lesions SM-grade 1-2 presented significantly lower mortality rates than those with less than 50% cases of SM 1-2 lesions (P < 0.001). No significant difference in mortality rates or neurological deficits was identified between studies with more than 50% of microsurgery-cases and those with less than 50%. CONCLUSIONS The analysis revealed that studies with a higher proportion of bAVMs presenting SM 1-2 lesions were associated with lower mortality rates. Mortality did not show a significant association with treatment modalities.
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Huang PW, Peng SJ, Pan DHC, Yang HC, Tsai JT, Shiau CY, Su IC, Chen CJ, Wu HM, Lin CJ, Chung WY, Guo WY, Lo WL, Lai SW, Lee CC. Vascular compactness of unruptured brain arteriovenous malformation predicts risk of hemorrhage after stereotactic radiosurgery. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4011. [PMID: 38369533 PMCID: PMC10874940 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54369-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate whether morphology (i.e. compact/diffuse) of brain arteriovenous malformations (bAVMs) correlates with the incidence of hemorrhagic events in patients receiving Stereotactic Radiosurgery (SRS) for unruptured bAVMs. This retrospective study included 262 adult patients with unruptured bAVMs who underwent upfront SRS. Hemorrhagic events were defined as evidence of blood on CT or MRI. The morphology of bAVMs was evaluated using automated segmentation which calculated the proportion of vessel, brain tissue, and cerebrospinal fluid in bAVMs on T2-weighted MRI. Compactness index, defined as the ratio of vessel to brain tissue, categorized bAVMs into compact and diffuse types based on the optimal cutoff. Cox proportional hazard model was used to identify the independent factors for post-SRS hemorrhage. The median clinical follow-ups was 62.1 months. Post-SRS hemorrhage occurred in 13 (5.0%) patients and one of them had two bleeds, resulting in an annual bleeding rate of 0.8%. Multivariable analysis revealed bAVM morphology (compact versus diffuse), bAVM volume, and prescribed margin dose were significant predictors. The post-SRS hemorrhage rate increased with larger bAVM volume only among the diffuse nidi (1.7 versus 14.9 versus 30.6 hemorrhage per 1000 person-years in bAVM volume < 20 cm3 versus 20-40 cm3 versus > 40 cm3; p = 0.022). The significantly higher post-SRS hemorrhage rate of Spetzler-Martin grade IV-V compared with grade I-III bAVMs (20.0 versus 3.3 hemorrhages per 1000 person-years; p = 0.001) mainly originated from the diffuse bAVMs rather than the compact subgroup (30.9 versus 4.8 hemorrhages per 1000 person-years; p = 0.035). Compact and smaller bAVMs, with higher prescribed margin dose harbor lower risks of post-SRS hemorrhage. The post-SRS hemorrhage rate exceeded 2.2% annually within the diffuse and large (> 40 cm3) bAVMs and the diffuse Spetzler-Martin IV-V bAVMs. These findings may help guide patient selection of SRS for the unruptured bAVMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Wei Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Syu-Jyun Peng
- Program in Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - David Hung-Chi Pan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Taipei Neuroscience Institute, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Huai-Che Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jo-Ting Tsai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Ying Shiau
- Cancer Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - I-Chang Su
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Taipei Neuroscience Institute, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Jen Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hsiu-Mei Wu
- Department of Radiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Jung Lin
- Department of Radiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yuh Chung
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Taipei Neuroscience Institute, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Yuo Guo
- Department of Radiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Lun Lo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Taipei Neuroscience Institute, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Wen Lai
- Product and Engineering, Zippin, San Carlos, CA, USA
| | - Cheng-Chia Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Brain Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Alrohimi A, Achey RL, Thompson N, Abdalla RN, Patterson T, Moazeni Y, Rasmussen PA, Toth G, Bain MD, Ansari SA, Hussain SM, Moore NZ. Treatment outcomes for ARUBA-eligible brain arteriovenous malformations: a comparison of real-world data from the NVQI-QOD AVM registry with the ARUBA trial. J Neurointerv Surg 2024:jnis-2023-020525. [PMID: 38195249 DOI: 10.1136/jnis-2023-020525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Significant controversy exists about the management of unruptured cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). Results from A Randomized Trial of Unruptured Brain Arteriovenous Malformations (ARUBA) suggested that intervention increases the risk of stroke/death compared with medical management. However, numerous study limitations raised concerns about the trial's generalizability. OBJECTIVE To assess the rate of stroke/death and functional outcomes in ARUBA-eligible patients from a multicenter database, the Neurovascular Quality Initiative-Quality Outcomes Database (NVQI-QOD). METHODS We performed a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data of ARUBA-eligible patients who underwent intervention at 18 participating centers. The primary endpoint was stroke/death from any cause. Secondary endpoints included neurologic, systemic, radiographic, and functional outcomes. RESULTS 173 ARUBA-eligible patients underwent intervention with median follow-up of 269 (25-722.5) days. Seventy-five patients received microsurgery±embolization, 37 received radiosurgery, and 61 received embolization. Baseline demographics, risk factors, and general AVM characteristics were similar between groups. A total of 15 (8.7%) patients experienced stroke/death with no significant difference in primary outcome between treatment modalities. Microsurgery±embolization was more likely to achieve AVM obliteration (P<0.001). Kaplan-Meier survival curves demonstrated no difference in overall death/stroke outcomes between the different treatment modalities' 5-year period (P=0.087). Additionally, when compared with the ARUBA interventional arm, our patients were significantly less likely to experience death/stroke (8.7% vs 30.7%; P<0.001) and functional impairment (mRS score ≥2 25.4% vs 46.2%; P<0.01). CONCLUSION Our results suggest that intervention for unruptured brain AVMs at comprehensive stroke centers across the United States is safe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anas Alrohimi
- Cerebrovascular Center, Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), King Saud University, Riyadh, Riyadh Province, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rebecca L Achey
- Cerebrovascular Center, Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Nicolas Thompson
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (NRT), Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Ramez N Abdalla
- Department of Radiology, Neurology, and Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Thomas Patterson
- Cerebrovascular Center, Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Yasaman Moazeni
- Department of Radiology, Neurology, and Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Peter A Rasmussen
- Cerebrovascular Center, Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Gabor Toth
- Cerebrovascular Center, Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Mark D Bain
- Cerebrovascular Center, Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Sameer A Ansari
- Department of Radiology, Neurology, and Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Shazam M Hussain
- Cerebrovascular Center, Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Nina Z Moore
- Cerebrovascular Center, Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Park JA, Kim Y, Yang J, Choi BK, Katoch N, Park S, Hur YH, Kim JW, Kim HJ, Kim HC. Effects of Irradiation on Brain Tumors Using MR-Based Electrical Conductivity Imaging. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 15:cancers15010022. [PMID: 36612018 PMCID: PMC9817812 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation delivers sufficient energy inside the human body to create ions, which kills cancerous tissues either by damaging the DNA directly or by creating charged particles that can damage the DNA. Recent magnetic resonance (MR)-based conductivity imaging shows higher sensitivity than other MR techniques for evaluating the responses of normal tissues immediately after irradiation. However, it is still necessary to verify the responses of cancer tissues to irradiation by conductivity imaging for it to become a reliable tool in evaluating therapeutic effects in clinical practice. In this study, we applied MR-based conductivity imaging to mouse brain tumors to evaluate the responses in irradiated and non-irradiated tissues during the peri-irradiation period. Absolute conductivities of brain tissues were measured to quantify the irradiation effects, and the percentage changes were determined to estimate the degree of response. The conductivity of brain tissues with irradiation was higher than that without irradiation for all tissue types. The percentage changes of tumor tissues with irradiation were clearly different than those without irradiation. The measured conductivity and percentage changes between tumor rims and cores to irradiation were clearly distinguished. The contrast of the conductivity images following irradiation may reflect the response to the changes in cellularity and the amounts of electrolytes in tumor tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Ae Park
- Division of Applied RI, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Science, Seoul 01812, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngsung Kim
- Office of Strategic R&D Planning (MOTIE), Seoul 06152, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiung Yang
- Division of Applied RI, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Science, Seoul 01812, Republic of Korea
| | - Bup Kyung Choi
- Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Nitish Katoch
- Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungwoo Park
- Comprehensive Radiation Irradiation Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Science, Seoul 01812, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hoe Hur
- Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreas Surgery, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Woong Kim
- Department of Radiology, Chosun University Hospital, Gwangju 61453, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Joong Kim
- Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Chul Kim
- Department of Radiology, Chosun University Hospital, Gwangju 61453, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence:
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Ung TH, Belanger K, Hashmi A, Sekar V, Meola A, Chang SD. Microenvironment changes in arteriovenous malformations after stereotactic radiation. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:982190. [PMID: 36590065 PMCID: PMC9797682 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.982190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral arteriovenous malformations are dysplastic vascular tangles with aberrant vascular dynamics and can result significant morbidity and mortality. A myriad of challenges are encountered when treating these lesions and are largely based on nidal size, location, and prior hemorrhage. Currently, stereotactic radiosurgery is an accepted form of treatment for small to medium sized lesions and is especially useful in the treatment of lesions in non-surgically assessable eloquent areas of the brain. Despite overall high rates of nidal obliteration, there is relatively limited understand on the mechanisms that drive the inflammatory and obliterative pathways observed after treatment with stereotactic radiosurgery. This review provides an overview of arteriovenous malformations with respect to stereotactic radiosurgery and the current understanding of the mechanisms that lead to nidal obliteration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy H. Ung
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States,*Correspondence: Timothy H. Ung
| | - Katherine Belanger
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Ayesha Hashmi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Vashisht Sekar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Antonio Meola
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Steven D. Chang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
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Dumot C, Picart T, Eker O, Guyotat J, Berhouma M, Pelissou-Guyotat I. Outcomes of Unruptured Low-Grade Brain Arteriovenous Malformations Using TOBAS (Treatment of Brain Arteriovenous Malformations Study) Criteria. World Neurosurg 2022; 167:e1050-e1061. [PMID: 36089272 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2022.08.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment of an unruptured brain arteriovenous malformation (bAVM) is a matter of debate, especially for low-grade bAVM (Spetzler-Martin grade I and II). The aim is to compare the outcomes of patients with low-grade unruptured bAVM after interventional or medical management in a pragmatic manner. METHODS Adults with unruptured low-grade bAVM diagnosed between 2006 and 2016 were included. The primary end points were death from all causes and disabling stroke that resulted in a modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score >2 at last follow-up. RESULTS Eighty-four patients presented with an unruptured Spetzler-Martin low-grade bAVM. Among these patients, 55 (65.5%) were treated and 29 (34.5%) were untreated, with no differences regarding clinical and radiologic characteristics. The modality of treatment was embolization in 25.5%, radiosurgery (alone, 30.9%; with embolization, 18.2%), and surgery (alone, 5.5%; with embolization, 20%). The rupture rate was 6.7% person-year in the untreated group; 12.7% (n = 7) of treated and 16.7% (n = 5) of untreated patients achieved the primary evaluation criteria (P = 0.744). Using a Kaplan-Meier curve, the probability of reaching this criterion at 5 years was not different between groups (P = 0.07). Complications resulting in an mRS score >2 at last follow-up occurred in 9.1%, in 80% of cases after embolization. CONCLUSIONS This study shows no differences between treated and untreated low-grade bAVM. Embolization seems to carry a high risk of complication and should be used with caution. The small number of cases must encourage cautious interpretations especially because of the spontaneous high-rupture rate. One major interest is to investigate center habits in pathology when treatment standards are limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe Dumot
- Department of Neurosurgical Oncology and Vascular Neurosurgery, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological and Neurosurgical Hospital, Lyon, France; Claude Bernard University, Lyon, Lyon, France; CarMeN laboratory, InsermU1060, INRAU1397, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard, Lyon, Lyon, France.
| | - Thiebaud Picart
- Department of Neurosurgical Oncology and Vascular Neurosurgery, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological and Neurosurgical Hospital, Lyon, France; Claude Bernard University, Lyon, Lyon, France; Department of Cancer Cell Plasticity-INSERMU1052, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Omer Eker
- Claude Bernard University, Lyon, Lyon, France; CarMeN laboratory, InsermU1060, INRAU1397, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard, Lyon, Lyon, France; Department of Neurointerventional Radiology, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological and Neurosurgical Hospital, Lyon, France
| | - Jacques Guyotat
- Department of Neurosurgical Oncology and Vascular Neurosurgery, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological and Neurosurgical Hospital, Lyon, France
| | - Moncef Berhouma
- Department of Neurosurgical Oncology and Vascular Neurosurgery, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological and Neurosurgical Hospital, Lyon, France; Claude Bernard University, Lyon, Lyon, France; CREATIS Laboratory, InsermU1206, UMR 5220, Claude Bernard University of Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Isabelle Pelissou-Guyotat
- Department of Neurosurgical Oncology and Vascular Neurosurgery, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological and Neurosurgical Hospital, Lyon, France
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Kim B, Yang JU, Chang Y, Choi HJ, Jang K, Yoon SY, Park SH. Development of an Animal Stereotactic Device for Preclinical Research on Tumor Response After Stereotactic Radiosurgery. World Neurosurg 2022; 166:220-224. [PMID: 35953040 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2022.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In gamma knife radiosurgery, the tumor response to radiation is an important predictor of clinical treatment results. Since brain tumors have different characteristics and growth patterns, depending on the type, the tumors' response to radiation are also different. Compared with various other clinical treatments, there is a dearth of research on the development of gamma knife-magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) preclinical experimental equipment. Hence, the identification of preclinical equipment necessity for experimental animals will provide meaningful data for the provision of clinical assistance to humans. OBJECTIVES A device for stereotactic radiosurgery capable of MRI in small animals was developed. The feasibility of creating a preplan by means of small animal images was then assessed. METHODS A device for stereotaxic surgery of small animals using a 48-channel MRI coil was developed using a 3 dimensional printer. Rat brain-MRI images were obtained with a 3.0 T MRI scanner using a multi-channel coil. The acquired MRI images were transferred to a GammaPlan workstation to establish a preplan. RESULTS To gamma rays to the targeted site on animals, a positioning device combined with a G-frame was mounted on a gamma knife. Planning of radiosurgery based on MRI images became possible with GammaPlan workstations. CONCLUSIONS Preclinical experiments using small animals are possible with the use of stereotactic devices. In clinical treatment, preclinical experimental results will provide meaningful information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byungmok Kim
- Department of Medical & Biological Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurosurgery, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Ung Yang
- Department of Medical & Biological Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea; Division of Applied RI, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences (KIRAMS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongmin Chang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea; Department of Radiology, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hea Jung Choi
- Department of Medical & Biological Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea; Department of Radiation Oncology, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungeun Jang
- Department of Medical & Biological Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea; AIRS Medical, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Youl Yoon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Hyun Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurosurgery, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
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Ilyas A, Chen CJ, Abecassis IJ, Al-Saiegh F, Ironside N, Jabbour PM, Tjoumakaris S, Gooch MR, Lee CC, Sheehan JP, Ding D. Stereotactic Radiosurgery for A Randomized Trial of Unruptured Brain Arteriovenous Malformations-Eligible Patients: A Meta-Analysis. Neurosurgery 2022; 91:684-692. [PMID: 36001787 DOI: 10.1227/neu.0000000000002115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The outcomes of A Randomized Trial of Unruptured Brain Arteriovenous Malformations (ARUBA) were controversial, and they suggested that intervention is inferior to medical management for unruptured brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). However, several studies have shown that stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is an acceptable therapy for unruptured AVMs. OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that ARUBA intervention arm's SRS results are meaningfully inferior to those from similar populations reported by other studies. METHODS We performed a literature review to identify SRS studies of patients who met the eligibility criteria for ARUBA. Patient, AVM, treatment, and outcome data were extracted for statistical analysis. Regression analyses were pooled to identify factors associated with post-SRS obliteration and hemorrhage. RESULTS The study cohort included 8 studies comprising 1620 ARUBA-eligible patients who underwent SRS. At the time of AVM diagnosis, 36% of patients were asymptomatic. The mean follow-up duration was 80 months. Rates of radiologic, symptomatic, and permanent radiation-induced changes were 45%, 11%, and 2%, respectively. The obliteration rate was 68% at last follow-up. The post-SRS hemorrhage and mortality rates were 8%, and 2%, respectively. Lower Spetzler-Martin grade (odds ratios [OR] = 0.84 [0.74-0.95], P = .005), lower radiosurgery-based AVM score (OR = 0.75 [0.64-0.95], P = .011), lower Virginia Radiosurgery AVM Scale (OR = 0.86 [0.78-0.95], P = .003), and higher margin dose (OR = 1.13 [1.02-1.25], P = .025) were associated with obliteration. CONCLUSION SRS carries a favorable risk to benefit profile for appropriately selected ARUBA-eligible patients, particularly those with smaller volume AVMs. Our findings suggest that the results of ARUBA do not reflect the real-world safety and efficacy of SRS for unruptured AVMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeel Ilyas
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Ching-Jen Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Isaac Josh Abecassis
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Fadi Al-Saiegh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Natasha Ironside
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Pascal M Jabbour
- Department of Neurosurgery, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Stavropoula Tjoumakaris
- Department of Neurosurgery, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - M Reid Gooch
- Department of Neurosurgery, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Cheng-Chia Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jason P Sheehan
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Dale Ding
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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11
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Takeda Y, Hasegawa H, Kin T, Shinya Y, Kawashima M, Furuta Y, Suzuki Y, Sekine T, Saito N. Hemodynamic changes during the obliteration process for cerebral arteriovenous malformations after radiosurgery. Neurosurg Focus 2022; 53:E7. [PMID: 35901715 DOI: 10.3171/2022.4.focus2214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The process of cerebral arteriovenous malformation (AVM) obliteration following radiosurgery is poorly understood. Authors of this retrospective study aimed to assess the changes in AVM hemodynamics after stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) by using 3D flow magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to elucidate the process of AVM obliteration. METHODS Twenty-four patients with AVMs treated with SRS between July 2015 and December 2017 were included in this study and classified into two groups depending on the duration of AVM obliteration: group A, obliteration within 3 years (n = 15); and group B, obliteration taking more than 3 years or no obliteration (n = 9). Blood flow (ml/min) in the largest feeding artery was measured before and after SRS by using time-averaged 3D flow MRI. The decreasing rate of blood flow in the feeding artery after SRS was calculated as the percent change from baseline blood flow. A Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used to compare the decreasing blood flow rate between the two groups at 4 and 12 months after SRS. RESULTS For the entire cohort, the mean decrease in blood flow in the feeding artery from baseline was 29% at 4 months and 71% at 12 months after SRS. In general, blood flow after SRS decreased faster in group A and slower in group B. The decreasing rates in blood flow at 4 and 12 months after SRS were significantly different between the two groups (p = 0.02 and < 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Tracking changes in AVM hemodynamics after SRS may be useful for assessing the progress of AVM obliteration and the therapeutic effects of SRS, possibly contributing to the prediction of subsequent obliteration outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tetsuro Sekine
- 3Department of Radiology, Nippon Medical School Musashi-Kosugi Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan
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12
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Snyder MH, Chen CJ, Farzad F, Ironside N, Kellogg RT, Southerland AM, Park MS, Sheehan JP, Ding D. Interventional outcomes for patients eligible for entry into the ARUBA clinical trial: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurosurg 2022; 137:108-120. [PMID: 34740184 DOI: 10.3171/2021.7.jns211186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A Randomized Trial of Unruptured Brain Arteriovenous Malformations (ARUBA) suggested that medical management afforded outcomes superior to those following intervention for unruptured arteriovenous malformations (AVMs), but its findings have been controversial. Subsequent studies of AVMs that would have met the eligibility requirements of ARUBA have supported intervention for the management of some cases. The present meta-analysis was conducted with the object of summarizing interventional outcomes for ARUBA-eligible patients reported in the literature. METHODS A systematic literature search (PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar) for AVM intervention studies that used inclusion criteria identical to those of ARUBA (age ≥ 18 years, no history of AVM hemorrhage, no prior intervention) was performed. The primary outcome was death or symptomatic stroke. Secondary outcomes included AVM obliteration, hemorrhage, death, and poor outcome (modified Rankin Scale score ≥ 2 at final follow-up). Bias assessment was performed with the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale, and the results were synthesized as pooled proportions. RESULTS Of the 343 articles identified through database searches, 13 studies met the inclusion criteria, yielding an overall study cohort of 1909 patients. The primary outcome occurred in 11.2% of patients (pooled = 11%, 95% CI 8%-13%). The rates of AVM obliteration, hemorrhage, poor outcome, and death were 72.7% (pooled = 78%, 95% CI 70%-85%), 8.4% (pooled = 8%, 95% CI 6%-11%), 9.9% (pooled = 10%, 95% CI 7%-13%), and 3.5% (pooled = 2%, 95% CI 1%-4%), respectively. Annualized primary outcome and hemorrhage risks were 1.85 (pooled = 2.05, 95% CI 1.31-2.94) and 1.34 (pooled = 1.41, 95% CI 0.83-2.13) per 100 patient-years, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Intervention for unruptured AVMs affords acceptable outcomes for appropriately selected patients. The risk of hemorrhage following intervention compared favorably to the natural history of unruptured AVMs. The included studies were retrospective and varied in treatment and AVM characteristics, thereby limiting the generalizability of their data. Future studies from prospective registries may clarify patient, nidus, and intervention selection criteria that will refine the challenging management of patients with unruptured AVMs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Andrew M Southerland
- 2Neurology, and
- 4Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia; and
| | | | | | - Dale Ding
- 3Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
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13
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Oomori M, Ito S, Higuchi K. Fatal ruptured occult arteriovenous malformation in a young adult: An autopsy case report. Surg Neurol Int 2022; 13:284. [PMID: 35855123 PMCID: PMC9282792 DOI: 10.25259/sni_427_2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background:
Brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are congenital developmental disorders with unclear causative factors and pathogenic mechanisms. Various epigenetic factors may influence the development and rupture of AVMs. Ruptured AVMs may lead to poor outcomes. Therefore, the risk factors of AVM rupture and treatment strategies for unruptured AVMs should be explored. Herein, we report a case of a fatal ruptured AVM diagnosed by radiological and autopsy findings and review the literature regarding AVM treatment.
Case Description:
A 46-year-old man was brought to the hospital with sudden loss of consciousness while sitting on the edge of the bathtub. On examination, he was unconscious with poor breathing efforts. He was intubated and a brain CT scan was performed, which showed an intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) adjacent to the right trigone with massive intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) and subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Contrast-enhanced CT scan showed abnormal vessels adjacent to the hematoma. He was diagnosed with ICH associated with IVH and SAH caused by a ruptured abnormal vascular lesion. He underwent external ventricular drainage to control the intracranial pressure. He remained unconscious and died 16 h after hospital admission. Autopsy was performed to identify the cause of ICH. Pathological sections showed a mass of blood vessels, measuring 20 × 10 × 10 mm in size, within the hematoma with a single drainer connecting to the transverse sinus. These blood vessels had variable size, shape, and wall thickness on microscopy. Some vessels had abnormal thickened walls with discontinuous elastic fibers. Based on the radiological and autopsy findings, an ICH secondary to SpetzlerMartin Grade I AVM was confirmed.
Conclusion:
If the cause of ICH cannot be determined during a patient’s life, autopsy may be performed to determine the pathophysiology of occult vascular lesions, including AVMs. Patients with AVMs may have moderate or no symptoms before and after rupture. Because deep AVMs fed by posterior circulation have high risk of bleeding, surgical intervention should be considered for these patients to prevent a poor outcome. Low-grade and paraventricular AVMs in a young adult may be successfully treated with multimodal surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makiko Oomori
- Department of Residency, Japanese Red Cross Nagahama Hospital, Nagahama, Nagahama, Japan
| | - Sayaka Ito
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kohka Public Hospital, Kohka, Nagahama, Japan
| | - Kazushi Higuchi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Japanese Red Cross Nagahama Hospital, Nagahama, Japan
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14
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Bethanabatla R, Spencer T, Kelly L, Gan P, Taha A. Stereotactic Radio Surgery, Embolization and Conservative Management for Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformation: A New Zealand Experience of Long-Term Outcomes. World Neurosurg 2022; 164:e992-e1000. [PMID: 35643401 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2022.05.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) can be treated by microsurgery, stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) as a stand-alone procedure, or combining embolization and conservative management. This single-center, retrospective review explored the outcomes of patients treated with SRS alone, embolization before SRS (ESRS), or conservative management for cerebral AVMs. METHODS Demographic details, Spetzler-Martin grade, SRS dose, obliteration, time to obliteration, imaging modality, rebleed, disease-specific mortality, and post-SRS complications were collected. Chi-square tests of independence and 1-way analysis of variance/Kruskal-Wallis tests were performed. RESULTS Two-hundred and thirty-nine patients were treated with SRS alone, 37 were treated with ESRS, and 83 were conservatively managed. Obliteration rates were 78% (SRS alone) and 70% (ESRS). Rebleed rates were comparable among SRS alone (4%), ESRS (0%), and conservative management (8%). Disease-specific mortality rates were significantly lower for SRS alone (1%) and ESRS (0%) compared with conservative management (6%, X2 [2, n = 358] = 7.50, P = 0.024). Post-SRS complications occurred with SRS alone only and included radiation necrosis (n = 5), cavernous malformations (n = 2), and stroke (n = 1). Obliteration, rebleed, and disease-specific mortality rates were comparable among pediatric (<18 years), nonelderly (18-59 years), and elderly (≥60 years) age groups. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that SRS and ESRS are safe and effective treatments for cerebral AVM (when quantified by obliteration, rebleed, and disease-specific mortality rates). With multinational, prospective, randomized controlled trials with long follow-up periods, the effectiveness and safety of SRS and ESRS compared with conservative management for AVM will be further clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Spencer
- Trainee Intern, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Lyndell Kelly
- Southern Blood and Cancer Service, Southern District Health Board, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Peter Gan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Waikato District Health Board, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Ahmad Taha
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southern District Health Board, Dunedin, New Zealand
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15
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Jiao Y, Zhao S, Li H, Wu J, Weng J, Huo R, Wang J, Wang S, Cao Y, Zhao JZ. Grading scale based on arcuate fasciculus segmentation to predict postoperative language outcomes of brain arteriovenous malformations. Stroke Vasc Neurol 2022; 7:svn-2021-001330. [PMID: 35589330 PMCID: PMC9614134 DOI: 10.1136/svn-2021-001330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The long-term postoperative language outcomes for brain arteriovenous malformations (bAVMs) have not been well characterised. With fibres scattered in the Broca's, Wernicke's and Geschwind's area, the arcuate fasciculus (AF) is considered as a crucial structure of language function. This study aimed to observe the language outcomes, determine the risk factors and construct a grading system for long-term postoperative language deficits (LDs) in patients with bAVMs involving the AF (AF-bAVMs). METHODS We retrospectively reviewed 135 patients with AF-bAVMs. Based on the course of the AF and our clinical experience, three boundary lines were drawn to divide the AF into segments I, II, III and IV in spatial order from the frontal lobe to the temporal lobe. Surgery-related LD evaluations were performed 1 week (short term) and at the last follow-up (long term) after surgery. Finally, based on multivariable logistic regression analysis, a grading system was constructed to predict long-term postoperative LD. The predictive accuracy was assessed using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). RESULTS Sixty-two (45.9%) patients experienced short-term postoperative LD. After a mean follow-up of 50.2±24.9 months, long-term LD was found in 14 (10.4%) patients. Nidus size (p=0.007), LD history (p=0.009) and segment II involvement (p=0.030) were independent risk factors for short-term LD. Furthermore, segment II involvement (p=0.002), anterior choroidal artery (AChA) feeding (p=0.001), patient age (p=0.023) and LD history (p=0.001) were independent risk factors for long-term LD. A grading system was developed by combining the risk factors for long-term LD; its predictive accuracy was 0.921. CONCLUSIONS The involvement of the trunk of the AF between Broca's area and the inferior parietal lobule, a nidus supplied by the AChA, older patient age and history of LD were associated with long-term postoperative LD. The grading system combining these factors demonstrated favourable predictive accuracy for long-term language outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuming Jiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaozhi Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiancong Weng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ran Huo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Cao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji Zong Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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16
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Cezayirli PC, Türe H, Türe U. Microsurgical Treatment of Deep and Eloquent AVMs. Adv Tech Stand Neurosurg 2022; 44:17-53. [PMID: 35107672 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-87649-4_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Over the past 30 years, the treatment of deep and eloquent arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) has moved away from microneurosurgical resection and towards medical management and the so-called minimally invasive techniques, such as endovascular embolization and radiosurgery. The Spetzler-Martin grading system (and subsequent modifications) has done much to aid in risk stratification for surgical intervention; however, the system does not predict the risk of hemorrhage nor risk from other interventions. In more recent years, the ARUBA trial has suggested that unruptured AVMs should be medically managed. In our experience, although these eloquent regions of the brain should be discussed with patients in assessing the risks and benefits of intervention, we believe each AVM should be assessed based on the characteristics of the patient and the angio-architecture of the AVM, in particular venous hypertension, which may guide us to treat even high-grade AVMs when we believe we can (and need to) to benefit the patient. Advances in imaging and intraoperative adjuncts have helped us in decision making, preoperative planning, and ensuring good outcomes for our patients. Here, we present several cases to illustrate our primary points that treating low-grade AVMs can be more difficult than treating high-grade ones, mismanagement of deep and eloquent AVMs at the behest of dogma can harm patients, and the treatment of any AVM should be tailored to the individual patient and that patient's lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Cem Cezayirli
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yeditepe University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Hatice Türe
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yeditepe University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Uğur Türe
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yeditepe University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.
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17
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Abstract
The treatment of arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) has evolved over the last 10 years. It is now possible to see that obliteration continues for up to 10 years and that the final obliteration rate may be between 85% and 90%. Improved imaging has made the treatment more efficient and has reduced the complications. It is possible to treat larger AVMs in a single session than was previously thought possible without increases in the complication rates. In addition, treatments of larger lesions can be staged. The use of 3D rotating angiography produces remarkable images which can be imported into GammaPlan. On the other hand efforts are ongoing to avoid the need for digital subtraction angiography, which would make the treatment a lot more comfortable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy C Ganz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
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18
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Li W, Wang Y, Lu L, Zhang Y. The factors associated with obliteration following stereotactic radiosurgery in patients with brain arteriovenous malformations: a meta-analysis. ANZ J Surg 2021; 92:970-979. [PMID: 34676665 DOI: 10.1111/ans.17299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Various factors have been reported to affect the obliteration of brain arteriovenous malformations (AVM) following stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS). This meta-analysis was conducted to identify the factors potentially associated with AVM obliteration after SRS. METHODS We comprehensively searched databases and included studies that evaluated predictors of AVM obliteration after SRS using Cox proportional hazard regression analysis. Hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were utilized as effect estimates. RESULTS Twelve studies, involving 4415 AVM cases, were included. According to combined estimates on univariate (UV) and multivariate (MV) analysis, age, gender and prior haemorrhage did not affect the closure probability. The following factors showed a significant and independent association with increased AVM obliteration: smaller AVMs maximal diameter (MV, HR: 1.32), smaller AVM volume (MV, HR: 1.05), AVM volume <10-15 cc (MV, HR: 1.55), higher margin dose (MV, HR: 1.05), margin dose ≥17-18 Gy (MV, HR: 3.71) and early treatment period (MV, HR: 1.78). Previous embolization and deep-seated AVM were independently negative predictors of obliteration whereas deep venous drainage was a positive predictor. Prior surgery, compactness of nidus, lower grading scores and higher SRS maximum dose were associated factors subject to confounding factors. CONCLUSION Multiple factors associated with obliteration should be taken into consideration for selection of candidates with AVMs for SRS. AVM volume and radiation dose are the most prominent factor in assessing obliteration after SRS. Age, gender and prior haemorrhage may not affect the consideration of SRS treatment. Cautious use of SRS is needed for previously embolized AVM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyan Li
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Fifth Central Hospital, Tianjin, 300450, China
| | - Yuqiang Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Fifth Central Hospital, Tianjin, 300450, China
| | - Lantao Lu
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Fifth Central Hospital, Tianjin, 300450, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Fifth Central Hospital, Tianjin, 300450, China
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19
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Presurgical Planning with Open-Source Horos Software for Superficial Brain Arteriovenous Malformations. World Neurosurg 2021; 157:3-12. [PMID: 34582999 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2021.09.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surgical planning for treating brain arteriovenous malformations (bAVMs) is challenging because it entails visualizing 3-dimensional (3D) relationships between the nidus, its feeding and en passage arteries, and draining veins. Surgical experience in developing the capacity to mentally visualize pathological bAVM angioarchitecture could be complemented by this software, and thus potentially lower the steep learning curve for understanding complex bAVM angioarchitecture. We evaluated the clinical application of freely available online 3D reconstruction software in facilitating visualization of AVM angioarchitecture for presurgical planning. METHODS Preoperative Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine magnetic resonance imaging/magnetic resonance angiography images of 56 superficial bAVMs from 2013 to 2018 were processed using open-source software Horos. 3D rendered images were compared with the surgical view to evaluate software accuracy and determine its value as a preoperative tool. 3D reconstructed images were compared with intraoperative recordings. RESULTS A useful image identifying both the main feeding artery and draining vein was achieved in 35 of 56 cases (62.5%). Reconstructions of small AVMs (nidus ≤2 cm) and those located within the temporal or cerebellar cortex were less useful due to soft tissue artifacts. Frontal and parietal lobe lesions had significantly higher rates of identifying feeding arteries and draining veins (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Presurgical planning for resection of superficial bAVMs using Horos software allows for a comprehensive 3D analysis of the bAVM angioarchitecture. This technique is most useful for frontal and parietal lobe lesions, and aids the surgeon in formulating an optimal surgical strategy. The 3D reconstruction of the brain surface offers a surgical map not influenced by brain shift.
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20
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Current concepts and perspectives on brain arteriovenous malformations: A review of pathogenesis and multidisciplinary treatment. World Neurosurg 2021; 159:314-326. [PMID: 34339893 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2021.07.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Brain arteriovenous malformations (bAVMs) are unusual vascular pathologies characterized by the abnormal aggregation of dilated arteries and veins in the brain parenchyma and for which the absence of a normal vascular structure and capillary bed leads to direct connections between arteries and veins. Although bAVMs have long been believed to be congenital anomalies that develop during the prenatal period, current studies show that inflammation is associated with AVM genesis, growth, and rupture. Interventional treatment options include microsurgery, stereotactic radiosurgery, and endovascular embolization, and management often comprises a multidisciplinary combination of these modalities. The appropriate selection of patients with brain arteriovenous malformations for interventional treatment requires balancing the risk of treatment complications against the risk of hemorrhaging during the natural course of the pathology; however, no definitive guidelines have been established for the management of brain arteriovenous malformations. In this paper, we comprehensively review the current basic and clinical studies on bAVMs and discuss the contemporary status of multidisciplinary management of bAVMs.
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Abou-Al-Shaar H, Faramand A, Zhang X, Mallela AN, Branstetter BF, Wiley CA, Lunsford LD. Chronic encapsulated expanding hematomas after stereotactic radiosurgery for intracranial arteriovenous malformations. J Neurosurg 2021; 136:492-502. [PMID: 34330101 DOI: 10.3171/2021.1.jns203476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are rare cerebral vascular lesions that are associated with high morbidity and mortality from hemorrhage; however, stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is a well-validated treatment modality. Few reports have delineated a subgroup of patients who develop delayed chronic encapsulated expanding hematomas (CEEHs) despite angiographic evidence of AVM obliteration following radiosurgery. In this report, the authors performed a retrospective review of more than 1000 radiosurgically treated intracranial AVM cases to delineate the incidence and management of this rare entity. METHODS Between 1988 and 2019, 1010 patients with intracranial AVM underwent Gamma Knife SRS at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center. In addition to a review of a prospective institutional database, the authors performed a retrospective chart review of the departmental AVM database to specifically identify patients with CEEH. Pertinent clinical and radiological characteristics as well as patient outcomes were recorded and analyzed. RESULTS Nine hundred fifty patients with intracranial AVM (94%) had sufficient clinical follow-up for analysis. Of these, 6 patients with CEEH underwent delayed resection (incidence rate of 0.0045 event per person-year). These patients included 4 males and 2 females with a mean age of 45.3 ± 13.8 years at the time of initial SRS. Four patients had smaller AVM volumes (4.9-10 cm3), and 3 of them were treated with a single SRS procedure. Two patients had larger-volume AVMs (55 and 56 cm3), and both underwent multimodal management that included staged SRS and embolization. Time to initial recognition of the CEEH after initial SRS ranged between 66 and 243 months. The time between CEEH recognition and resection ranged from 2 to 9 months. Resection was required because of progressive neurological symptoms that correlated with imaging evidence of gradual hematoma expansion. All 6 patients had angiographically confirmed obliteration of their AVM. Pathology revealed a mixed chronicity hematoma with areas of fibrosed blood vessels and rare areas of neovascularization with immature blood vessels but no evidence of a persistent AVM. All 6 patients reported persistent clinical improvement after hematoma resection. CONCLUSIONS CEEH after SRS for AVM is a rare complication with an incidence rate of 0.0045 event per person-year over the authors' 30-year experience. When clinical symptoms progress and imaging reveals progressive enlargement over time, complete resection of a CEEH results in significant clinical recovery. Knowledge of this rare entity facilitates timely detection and eventual surgical intervention to achieve optimal outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Clayton A Wiley
- 3Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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22
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Liu R, Zhan Y, Piao J, Yang Z, Wei Y, Liu P, Chen X, Jiang Y. Treatments of unruptured brain arteriovenous malformations: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e26352. [PMID: 34160402 PMCID: PMC8238300 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000026352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The best therapeutic option for unruptured brain arteriovenous malformations (bAVMs) patients is disputed. OBJECTIVE To assess the occurrence of obliteration and complications of patients with unruptured bAVMs after various treatments. METHODS A systematic literature search was performed in PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and so on to identify studies fulfilling predefined inclusion criteria. Baseline, treatment, and outcomes data were extracted for statistical analysis. RESULTS We identified 28 eligible studies totaling 5852 patients. The obliteration rates were 98% in microsurgery group (95% confidence interval (CI): 96%-99%, I2 = 74.5%), 97% in surgery group (95%CI: 95%-99%, I2 = 18.3%), 87% in endovascular treatment group (95%CI: 80%-93%, I2 = 0.0%), and 68% in radiosurgery group (95%CI: 66%-69%, I2 = 92.0%). The stroke or death rates were 1% in microsurgery group (95%CI: 0%-2%, I2 = 0.0%), 0% in surgery group (95%CI: 0%-1%, I2 = 0.0%), 4% in endovascular treatment group (95%CI: 0%-8%, I2 = 85.8%), and 3% in radiosurgery group (95%CI: 3%-4%, I2 = 82.9%). In addition, the proportions of hemorrhage were 2% in microsurgery group (95%CI: 1%-4%, I2 = 0.0%), 23% in endovascular treatment group (95%CI: 7%-39%), and 12% in radiosurgery group (95%CI: 12%-13%, I2 = 99.2%). As to neurological deficit, the occurrence was 9% in microsurgery group (95%CI: 6%-11%, I2 = 94.1%), 20% in surgery group (95%CI: 13%-27%, I2 = 0.0%), 14% in endovascular treatment group (95%CI: 10%-18%, I2 = 64.0%), and 8% in radiosurgery group (95%CI: 7%-9%, I2 = 66.6%). CONCLUSIONS We found that microsurgery might provide lasting clinical benefits in some unruptured bAVMs patients for its high obliteration rates and low hemorrhage. These findings are helpful to provide a reference basis for neurosurgeons to choose the treatment of patients with unruptured bAVMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renjie Liu
- Department of Neurovascular Surgery, The First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province
| | - Yongle Zhan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Jianmin Piao
- Department of Neurovascular Surgery, The First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province
| | - Zhongxi Yang
- Department of Neurovascular Surgery, The First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province
| | - Yun Wei
- Department of Neurovascular Surgery, The First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province
| | - Pengcheng Liu
- Department of Neurovascular Surgery, The First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province
| | - Xuan Chen
- Department of Neurovascular Surgery, The First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province
| | - Yu Jiang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
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23
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Catapano JS, Frisoli FA, Nguyen CL, Labib MA, Cole TS, Baranoski JF, Kim H, Spetzler RF, Lawton MT. Intermediate-grade brain arteriovenous malformations and the boundary of operability using the supplemented Spetzler-Martin grading system. J Neurosurg 2021; 136:125-133. [PMID: 34171830 DOI: 10.3171/2020.11.jns203298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Supplemented Spetzler-Martin grading (Supp-SM), which is the combination of Spetzler-Martin and Lawton-Young grades, was validated as being more accurate than stand-alone Spetzler-Martin grading, but an operability cutoff was not established. In this study, the authors surgically treated intermediate-grade AVMs to provide prognostic factors for neurological outcomes and to define AVMs at the boundary of operability. METHODS Surgically treated Supp-SM intermediate-grade (5, 6, and 7) AVMs were analyzed from 2011 to 2018 at two medical centers. Worsened neurological outcomes were defined as increased modified Rankin Scale (mRS) scores on postoperative examinations. A second analysis of 2000-2011 data for Supp-SM grade 6 and 7 AVMs was performed to determine the subtypes with improved or unchanged outcomes. Patients were separated into three groups based on nidus size (S1: < 3 cm, S2: 3-6 cm, S3: > 6 cm) and age (A1: < 20 years, A2: 20-40 years, A3: > 40 years), followed by any combination of the combined supplemented grade: low risk (S1A1, S1A2, S2A1), intermediate risk (S2A2, S1A3, S3A1, or high risk (S3A3, S3A2, S2A3). RESULTS Two hundred forty-six patients had intermediate Supp-SM grade AVMs. Of these patients, 102 had Supp-SM grade 5 (41.5%), 99 had Supp-SM grade 6 (40.2%), and 45 had Supp-SM grade 7 (18.3%). Significant differences in the proportions of patients with worse mRS scores at follow-up were found between the groups, with 24.5% (25/102) of patients in Supp-SM grade 5, 29.3% (29/99) in Supp-SM grade 6, and 57.8% (26/45) in Supp-SM grade 7 (p < 0.001). Patients with Supp-SM grade 7 AVMs had significantly increased odds of worse postoperative mRS scores (p < 0.001; OR 3.7, 95% CI 1.9-7.3). In the expanded cohort of 349 Supp-SM grade 6 AVM patients, a significantly higher proportion of older patients with larger Supp-SM grade 6 AVMs (grade 6+, 38.6%) had neurological deterioration than the others with Supp-SM grade 6 AVMs (22.9%, p = 0.02). Conversely, in an expanded cohort of 197 Supp-SM grade 7 AVM patients, a significantly lower proportion of younger patients with smaller Supp-SM grade 7 AVMs (grade 7-, 19%) had neurological deterioration than the others with Supp-SM grade 7 AVMs (44.9%, p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Patients with Supp-SM grade 7 AVMs are at increased risk of worse postoperative neurological outcomes, making Supp-SM grade 6 an appropriate operability cutoff. However, young patients with small niduses in the low-risk Supp-SM grade 7 group (grade 7-) have favorable postoperative outcomes. Outcomes in Supp-SM grade 7 patients did not improve with surgeon experience, indicating that the operability boundary is a hard limit reflecting the complexity of high-grade AVMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua S Catapano
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona and
| | - Fabio A Frisoli
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona and
| | - Candice L Nguyen
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona and
| | - Mohamed A Labib
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona and
| | - Tyler S Cole
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona and
| | - Jacob F Baranoski
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona and
| | - Helen Kim
- 2Center for Cerebrovascular Research Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Robert F Spetzler
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona and
| | - Michael T Lawton
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona and
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24
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Bigder M, Choudhri O, Gupta M, Gummidipundi S, Han SS, Church EW, Chang SD, Levy RP, Do HM, Marks MP, Steinberg GK. Radiosurgery as a microsurgical adjunct: outcomes after microsurgical resection of intracranial arteriovenous malformations previously treated with stereotactic radiosurgery. J Neurosurg 2021; 136:185-196. [PMID: 34116503 DOI: 10.3171/2020.9.jns201538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Microsurgical resection of arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) can be aided by staged treatment consisting of stereotactic radiosurgery followed by resection in a delayed fashion. This approach is particularly useful for high Spetzler-Martin (SM) grade lesions because radiosurgery can reduce flow through the AVM, downgrade the SM rating, and induce histopathological changes that additively render the AVM more manageable for resection. The authors present their 28-year experience in managing AVMs with adjunctive radiosurgery followed by resection. METHODS The authors retrospectively reviewed records of patients treated for cerebral AVMs at their institution between January 1990 and August 2019. All patients who underwent stereotactic radiosurgery (with or without embolization), followed by resection, were included in the study. Of 1245 patients, 95 met the eligibility criteria. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were performed to assess relationships between key variables and clinical outcomes. RESULTS The majority of lesions treated (53.9%) were high grade (SM grade IV-V), 31.5% were intermediate (SM grade III), and 16.6% were low grade (SM grade I-II). Hemorrhage was the initial presenting sign in half of all patients (49.5%). Complete resection was achieved among 84% of patients, whereas 16% had partial resection, the majority of whom received additional radiosurgery. Modified Rankin Scale (mRS) scores of 0-2 were achieved in 79.8% of patients, and 20.2% had poor (mRS scores 3-6) outcomes. Improved (44.8%) or stable (19%) mRS scores were observed among 63.8% of patients, whereas 36.2% had a decline in mRS scores. This includes 22 patients (23.4%) with AVM hemorrhage and 6 deaths (6.7%) outside the perioperative period but prior to AVM obliteration. CONCLUSIONS Stereotactic radiosurgery is a useful adjunct in the presurgical management of cerebral AVMs. Multimodal therapy allowed for high rates of AVM obliteration and acceptable morbidity rates, despite the predominance of high-grade lesions in this series of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Bigder
- 1Department of Neurosurgery and Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford
| | - Omar Choudhri
- 1Department of Neurosurgery and Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford
| | - Mihir Gupta
- 1Department of Neurosurgery and Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford
| | - Santosh Gummidipundi
- 2Quantitative Sciences Unit, Stanford Center for Biomedical Informatics Research (BMIR), Stanford
| | - Summer S Han
- 1Department of Neurosurgery and Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford.,2Quantitative Sciences Unit, Stanford Center for Biomedical Informatics Research (BMIR), Stanford
| | - Ephraim W Church
- 1Department of Neurosurgery and Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford
| | - Steven D Chang
- 1Department of Neurosurgery and Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford
| | - Richard P Levy
- 3Department of Radiation Oncology, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda; and
| | - Huy M Do
- 1Department of Neurosurgery and Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford.,4Department of Radiology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California
| | - Michael P Marks
- 1Department of Neurosurgery and Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford.,4Department of Radiology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California
| | - Gary K Steinberg
- 1Department of Neurosurgery and Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford
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25
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Shinya Y, Hasegawa H, Shin M, Kawashima M, Sugiyama T, Ishikawa O, Koizumi S, Suzuki Y, Nakatomi H, Saito N. Rotational Angiography-Based Gamma Knife Radiosurgery for Brain Arteriovenous Malformations: Preliminary Therapeutic Outcomes of the Novel Method. Neurosurgery 2021; 89:60-69. [PMID: 33770182 DOI: 10.1093/neuros/nyab066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-definition vascular imaging is desirable for treatment planning in Gamma Knife radiosurgery (GKRS; Elekta AB) for brain arteriovenous malformations (BAVMs). Currently, rotational angiography (RA) provides the clearest 3-dimensional visualization of niduses with high spatial resolution; however, its efficacy for GKRS has not been clarified. At our institution, RA has been integrated into GKRS (RA-GKRS) for better treatment planning and outcomes since 2015. OBJECTIVE To evaluate RA-GKRS outcomes of BAVMs and compare them with conventional GKRS (c-GKRS) outcomes. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed the radiosurgical outcomes of 50 BAVMs treated with RA-GKRS compared with the 306 BAVMs treated with c-GKRS. Considering possible differences in the baseline characteristics, we also created propensity score-matched cohorts and compared the radiosurgical outcomes between them to ensure comparability. RESULTS The obliteration time was shorter in the RA-GKRS group (cumulative rate, 88% vs 65% at 4 yr [P = .001]). Multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis demonstrated that the RA-GKRS group (hazard ratio 2.38, 95% CI 1.58-3.60; P = .001) had a better obliteration rate. The cumulative 4-yr post-GKRS hemorrhage rates were 4.0% and 2.6% in the RA-GKRS and c-GKRS groups, respectively (P = .558). There was a trend toward early post-GKRS signal change in the RA-GKRS group compared with the c-GKRS group (cumulative rate, 38% vs 29% at 2 yr; P = .118). Those results were also confirmed in the matched cohort analyses. CONCLUSION The integration of RA into GKRS is promising and may provide earlier nidus obliteration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Shinya
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Hasegawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Masahiro Shin
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mariko Kawashima
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takehiro Sugiyama
- Diabetes and Metabolism Information Center, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Health Services Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Osamu Ishikawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Koizumi
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuichi Suzuki
- Department of Radiology, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Nakatomi
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuhito Saito
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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26
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Kim BS, Yeon JY, Shin HS, Kim JS, Hong SC, Shin HJ, Hwang YS, Lee JI. Gamma Knife Radiosurgery for Incidental, Symptomatic Unruptured, and Ruptured Brain Arteriovenous Malformations. Cerebrovasc Dis 2021; 50:222-230. [PMID: 33652439 DOI: 10.1159/000513280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was performed to investigate clinical characteristics and outcome after gamma knife radiosurgery (GKS) in patients with incidental, symptomatic unruptured, or ruptured arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). METHODS A total of 491 patients with brain AVMs treated with GKS from June 2002 to September 2017 were retrospectively reviewed. All patients were classified into the incidental (n = 105), symptomatic unruptured (n = 216), or ruptured AVM (n = 170) groups. RESULTS The mean age at diagnosis of incidental, symptomatic unruptured, and ruptured AVMs was 40.3, 36.7, and 27.6 years, respectively. The mean nidus volume was 3.9, 5.7, and 2.4 cm3, respectively. Deep venous drainage was identified in 34, 54, and 76% patients, respectively. There were no significant differences in obliteration rates after GKS between the 3 groups (64.8, 61.1, and 65.9%, respectively) after a mean follow-up period of 60.5 months; however, patients with incidental AVM had a significantly lower post-GKS hemorrhage rate than patients with symptomatic unruptured or ruptured AVMs (annual hemorrhage rate of 1.07, 2.87, and 2.69%; p = 0.028 and p = 0.049, respectively). CONCLUSIONS There is a significant difference in clinical and anatomical characteristics between incidental, symptomatic unruptured, and ruptured AVMs. The obliteration rate after GKS is not significantly different between the 3 groups. Meanwhile, an older age at diagnosis and lower hemorrhage rate after GKS in incidental AVMs suggest that they have a more indolent natural course with a lower life-long risk of hemorrhage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung Sup Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanggye Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Je Young Yeon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Shik Shin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanggye Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Soo Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Chyul Hong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Jin Shin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Soon Hwang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanggye Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Il Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea,
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27
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Rutledge C, Cooke DL, Hetts SW, Abla AA. Brain arteriovenous malformations. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2021; 176:171-178. [PMID: 33272394 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64034-5.00020-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Brain arteriovenous malformations are an important cause of intracerebral hemorrhage in the young. Ruptured AVM's are often treated, as the risk of rebleeding is high. The treatment of incidentally discovered, unruptured AVMs is controversial as the morbidity and mortality of treatment may exceed that of the AVM's natural history. Management is multimodal and includes observation with follow up, as well as microsurgical resection, endovascular embolization, and stereotactic radiosurgery. Multidisciplinary teams are important in evaluating patients for treatment. The goal of treatment is complete AVM obliteration while preserving neurologic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb Rutledge
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Daniel L Cooke
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Steven W Hetts
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Adib A Abla
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.
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28
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Graffeo CS, Sahgal A, De Salles A, Fariselli L, Levivier M, Ma L, Paddick I, Regis JM, Sheehan J, Suh J, Yomo S, Pollock BE. Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Spetzler-Martin Grade I and II Arteriovenous Malformations: International Society of Stereotactic Radiosurgery (ISRS) Practice Guideline. Neurosurgery 2020; 87:442-452. [PMID: 32065836 PMCID: PMC7426190 DOI: 10.1093/neuros/nyaa004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND No guidelines have been published regarding stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) in the management of Spetzler-Martin grade I and II arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). OBJECTIVE To establish SRS practice guidelines for grade I-II AVMs on the basis of a systematic literature review. METHODS Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA)-compliant search of Medline, Embase, and Scopus, 1986-2018, for publications reporting post-SRS outcomes in ≥10 grade I-II AVMs with a follow-up of ≥24 mo. Primary endpoints were obliteration and hemorrhage; secondary outcomes included Spetzler-Martin parameters, dosimetric variables, and “excellent” outcomes (defined as total obliteration without new post-SRS deficit). RESULTS Of 447 abstracts screened, 8 were included (n = 1, level 2 evidence; n = 7, level 4 evidence), representing 1102 AVMs, of which 836 (76%) were grade II. Obliteration was achieved in 884 (80%) at a median of 37 mo; 66 hemorrhages (6%) occurred during a median follow-up of 68 mo. Total obliteration without hemorrhage was achieved in 78%. Of 836 grade II AVMs, Spetzler-Martin parameters were reported in 680: 377 were eloquent brain and 178 had deep venous drainage, totaling 555/680 (82%) high-risk SRS-treated grade II AVMs. CONCLUSION The literature regarding SRS for grade I-II AVM is low quality, limiting interpretation. Cautiously, we observed that SRS appears to be a safe, effective treatment for grade I-II AVM and may be considered a front-line treatment, particularly for lesions in deep or eloquent locations. Preceding publications may be influenced by selection bias, with favorable AVMs undergoing resection, whereas those at increased risk of complications and nonobliteration are disproportionately referred for SRS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arjun Sahgal
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Antonio De Salles
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Laura Fariselli
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta Milano, Unità di Radioterapia, Milan, Italy
| | - Marc Levivier
- Neurosurgery Service and Gamma Knife Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lijun Ma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Ian Paddick
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jean Marie Regis
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Timone University Hospital, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Jason Sheehan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - John Suh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Shoji Yomo
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Aizawa Comprehensive Cancer Center, Aizawa Hospital, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Bruce E Pollock
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Department Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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29
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Ruigrok YM. Management of Unruptured Cerebral Aneurysms and Arteriovenous Malformations. Continuum (Minneap Minn) 2020; 26:478-498. [PMID: 32224762 DOI: 10.1212/con.0000000000000835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Unruptured intracranial aneurysms and brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) may be detected as incidental findings on cranial imaging. This article provides a practical approach to the management of unruptured intracranial aneurysms and unruptured brain AVMs and reviews the risk of rupture, risk factors for rupture, preventive treatment options with their associated risks, and the approach of treatment versus observation for both types of vascular malformations. RECENT FINDINGS For unruptured intracranial aneurysms, scoring systems on the risk of rupture can help with choosing preventive treatment or observation with follow-up imaging. Although the literature provides detailed information on the complication risks of preventive treatment of unruptured intracranial aneurysms, individualized predictions of these procedural complication risks are not yet available. With observation with imaging, growth of unruptured intracranial aneurysms can be monitored, and prediction scores for growth can help determine the optimal timing of monitoring. The past years have revealed more about the risk of complications of the different treatment modalities for brain AVMs. A randomized clinical trial and prospective follow-up data have shown that preventive interventional therapy in patients with brain AVMs is associated with a higher rate of neurologic morbidity and mortality compared with observation. SUMMARY The risk of hemorrhage from both unruptured intracranial aneurysms and brain AVMs varies depending on the number of risk factors associated with hemorrhage. For both types of vascular malformations, different preventive treatment options are available, and all carry risks of complications. For unruptured intracranial aneurysms, the consideration of preventive treatment versus observation is complex, and several factors should be included in the decision making. Overall, it is recommended that patients with unruptured asymptomatic brain AVMs should be observed.
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Radiosurgery for unruptured brain arteriovenous malformations in the pre-ARUBA era: long-term obliteration rate, risk of hemorrhage and functional outcomes. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21427. [PMID: 33293642 PMCID: PMC7723058 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78547-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The management of non-hemorrhagic arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) remains a subject of debate, even more since the ARUBA trial. Here, we report the obliteration rate, the risk of hemorrhage and the functional outcomes after Gamma Knife radiosurgery (GKRS) as first-line treatment for non-hemorrhagic AVMs treated before the ARUBA publication, in a reference university center with multimodal AVM treatments available. We retrospectively analyzed data from a continuous series of 172 patients harboring unruptured AVMs treated by GKRS as first-line treatment in our Lille University Hospital, France, between April 2004 and December 2013. The primary outcome was obliteration rate. Secondary outcomes were the hemorrhage rate, the modified Rankin Scale (mRS), morbidity and epilepsy control at last follow-up. The minimal follow-up period was of 3 years. Median age at presentation was 40 years (IQR 28; 51). Median follow-up was 8.8 years (IQR 6.8; 11.3). Median target volume was 1.9 cm3 (IQR 0.8–3.3 cm3), median Spetzler-Martin grade: 2 (IQR 1–2), median Pollock-Flickinger score: 1.07 (IQR 0.82–2.94), median Virginia score: 1 (IQR 1–2). Median treatment dose was 24 Gy at 50% isodose line. Twenty-three patients underwent a second GKRS after a median time of 58 months after first GKRS. The overall obliteration rate was of 76%, based primarily on cerebral angiography and/or rarely only upon MRI. Hemorrhage during the post-treatment follow-up was reported in 18 (10%) patients (annual risk of 1.1%). Transient post-GKRS morbidity was reported in 14 cases (8%) and persistent neurological deficit in 8 (4.6%) of patients. At last follow-up, 86% of patients had a mRS ≤ 1. Concerning patients with pretherapeutic epilepsy, 84.6% of them were seizure-free at last follow-up. GKRS as first-line therapeutic option for unruptured cerebral AVMs achieves high obliteration rates (76%) while maintaining a high-level patient’s autonomy. All hemorrhagic events occurred during the first 4 years after the initial GKRS. In cases with epilepsy, there was 84.6% seizure free at last follow-up. Permanent morbidity was reported in only 4.6%.
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Healy V, O'Halloran PJ, Husien MB, Bolger C, Farrell M. Intermixed arteriovenous malformation and hemangioblastoma: case report and literature review. CNS Oncol 2020; 9:CNS66. [PMID: 33244995 PMCID: PMC7737198 DOI: 10.2217/cns-2020-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the third presentation of an intermixed arteriovenous malformation and hemangioblastoma. The rare occurrence of the diagnostic histologic features of both a neoplasm and vascular malformation in a single lesion is more common in gliomas, as angioglioma, and is termed an 'intermixed' lesion. We review the literature concerning the developmental biology of each lesion, and potential interplay in the formation of an intermixed vascular neoplasm and vascular malformation. The roles of cellular origin, genetic susceptibility, favourable microenvironment, altered local gene expression and key regulatory pathways are reviewed. Our review supports angiography and genetic profiling in intermixed lesions to inform management strategies. Consideration should be given to multimodality therapeutic interventions as required, including microsurgical resection, stereotactic radiosurgery and further research to exploit emerging molecular targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Healy
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Neuroscience, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Philip J O'Halloran
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Neuroscience, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Ciaran Bolger
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Neuroscience, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michael Farrell
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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Blakely EA. The 20th Gray lecture 2019: health and heavy ions. Br J Radiol 2020; 93:20200172. [PMID: 33021811 PMCID: PMC8519642 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20200172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Particle radiobiology has contributed new understanding of radiation safety and underlying mechanisms of action to radiation oncology for the treatment of cancer, and to planning of radiation protection for space travel. This manuscript will highlight the significance of precise physical and biologically effective dosimetry to this translational research for the benefit of human health.This review provides a brief snapshot of the evolving scientific basis for, and the complex current global status, and remaining challenges of hadron therapy for the treatment of cancer. The need for particle radiobiology for risk planning in return missions to the Moon, and exploratory deep-space missions to Mars and beyond are also discussed. METHODS Key lessons learned are summarized from an impressive collective literature published by an international cadre of multidisciplinary experts in particle physics, radiation chemistry, medical physics of imaging and treatment planning, molecular, cellular, tissue radiobiology, biology of microgravity and other stressors, theoretical modeling of biophysical data, and clinical results with accelerator-produced particle beams. RESULTS Research pioneers, many of whom were Nobel laureates, led the world in the discovery of ionizing radiations originating from the Earth and the Cosmos. Six radiation pioneers led the way to hadron therapy and the study of charged particles encountered in outer space travel. Worldwide about 250,000 patients have been treated for cancer, or other lesions such as arteriovenous malformations in the brain between 1954 and 2019 with charged particle radiotherapy, also known as hadron therapy. The majority of these patients (213,000) were treated with proton beams, but approximately 32,000 were treated with carbon ion radiotherapy. There are 3500 patients who have been treated with helium, pions, neon or other ions. There are currently 82 facilities operating to provide ion beam clinical treatments. Of these, only 13 facilities located in Asia and Europe are providing carbon ion beams for preclinical, clinical, and space research. There are also numerous particle physics accelerators worldwide capable of producing ion beams for research, but not currently focused on treating patients with ion beam therapy but are potentially available for preclinical and space research. Approximately, more than 550 individuals have traveled into Lower Earth Orbit (LEO) and beyond and returned to Earth. CONCLUSION Charged particle therapy with controlled beams of protons and carbon ions have significantly impacted targeted cancer therapy, eradicated tumors while sparing normal tissue toxicities, and reduced human suffering. These modalities still require further optimization and technical refinements to reduce cost but should be made available to everyone in need worldwide. The exploration of our Universe in space travel poses the potential risk of exposure to uncontrolled charged particles. However, approaches to shield and provide countermeasures to these potential radiation hazards in LEO have allowed an amazing number of discoveries currently without significant life-threatening medical consequences. More basic research with components of the Galactic Cosmic Radiation field are still required to assure safety involving space radiations and combined stressors with microgravity for exploratory deep space travel. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE The collective knowledge garnered from the wealth of available published evidence obtained prior to particle radiation therapy, or to space flight, and the additional data gleaned from implementing both endeavors has provided many opportunities for heavy ions to promote human health.
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Burke RM, Chen CJ, Ding D, Buell TJ, Sokolowski JD, Lee CC, Kano H, Kearns KN, Tzeng SW, Yang HC, Huang PP, Kondziolka D, Ironside N, Mathieu D, Iorio-Morin C, Grills IS, Feliciano C, Barnett GH, Starke RM, Lunsford LD, Sheehan JP. Early obliteration of pediatric brain arteriovenous malformations after stereotactic radiosurgery: an international multicenter study. J Neurosurg Pediatr 2020; 26:398-405. [PMID: 32590353 DOI: 10.3171/2020.4.peds19738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is a treatment option for pediatric brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs), and early obliteration could encourage SRS utilization for a subset of particularly radiosensitive lesions. The objective of this study was to determine predictors of early obliteration after SRS for pediatric AVMs. METHODS The authors performed a retrospective review of the International Radiosurgery Research Foundation AVM database. Obliterated pediatric AVMs were sorted into early (obliteration ≤ 24 months after SRS) and late (obliteration > 24 months after SRS) responders. Predictors of early obliteration were identified, and the outcomes of each group were compared. RESULTS The overall study cohort was composed of 345 pediatric patients with obliterated AVMs. The early and late obliteration cohorts were made up of 95 (28%) and 250 (72%) patients, respectively. Independent predictors of early obliteration were female sex, a single SRS treatment, a higher margin dose, a higher isodose line, a deep AVM location, and a smaller AVM volume. The crude rate of post-SRS hemorrhage was 50% lower in the early (3.2%) than in the late (6.4%) obliteration cohorts, but this difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.248). The other outcomes of the early versus late obliteration cohorts were similar, with respect to symptomatic radiation-induced changes (RICs), cyst formation, and tumor formation. CONCLUSIONS Approximately one-quarter of pediatric AVMs that become obliterated after SRS will achieve this radiological endpoint within 24 months of initial SRS. The authors identified multiple factors associated with early obliteration, which may aid in prognostication and management. The overall risks of delayed hemorrhage, RICs, cyst formation, and tumor formation were not statistically different in patients with early versus late obliteration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M Burke
- 1Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Ching-Jen Chen
- 1Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Dale Ding
- 5Department of Neurosurgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Thomas J Buell
- 1Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Jennifer D Sokolowski
- 1Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Cheng-Chia Lee
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital
- 3School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hideyuki Kano
- 4Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Kathryn N Kearns
- 1Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Shih-Wei Tzeng
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital
| | - Huai-Che Yang
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital
| | - Paul P Huang
- 7Department of Neurosurgery, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Douglas Kondziolka
- 7Department of Neurosurgery, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Natasha Ironside
- 1Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - David Mathieu
- 8Division of Neurosurgery, Centre de recherché du CHUS, University of Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Christian Iorio-Morin
- 8Division of Neurosurgery, Centre de recherché du CHUS, University of Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Inga S Grills
- 9Department of Radiation Oncology, Beaumont Health System, Royal Oak, Michigan
| | - Caleb Feliciano
- 10Section of Neurological Surgery, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico; and
| | - Gene H Barnett
- 6Department of Neurosurgery, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | - L Dade Lunsford
- 4Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jason P Sheehan
- 1Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia
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Naylor RM, Flemming KD, Brinjikji W, Brown RD, Chiu S, Lanzino G. Changes in Clinical Presentation and Treatment Over Time in Patients with Unruptured Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations. World Neurosurg 2020; 141:e261-e265. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.05.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Jacob J, Reyns N, Valéry CA, Feuvret L, Simon JM, Mazeron JJ, Jenny C, Cuttat M, Maingon P, Pasquier D. Radiotherapy of non-tumoral refractory neurological pathologies. Cancer Radiother 2020; 24:523-533. [PMID: 32859467 DOI: 10.1016/j.canrad.2020.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Intracranial radiotherapy has been improved, primarily because of the development of stereotactic approaches. While intracranial stereotactic body radiotherapy is mainly indicated for treatment of benign or malignant tumors, this procedure is also effective in the management of other neurological pathologies; it is delivered using GammaKnife® and linear accelerators. Thus, brain arteriovenous malformations in patients who are likely to experience permanent neurological sequelae can be managed by single session intracranial stereotactic body radiotherapy, or radiosurgery, in specific situations, with an advantageous benefit/risk ratio. Radiosurgery can be recommended for patients with disabling symptoms, which are poorly controlled by medication, such as trigeminal neuralgia, and tremors, whether they are essential or secondary to Parkinson's disease. This literature review aims at defining the place of intracranial stereotactic body radiotherapy in the management of patients suffering from non-tumoral refractory neurological pathologies. It is clear that the multidisciplinary collaboration of experienced teams from Neurosurgery, Neurology, Neuroradiology, Radiation Oncology and Medical Physics is needed for the procedures using high precision radiotherapy techniques, which deliver high doses to locations near functional brain areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jacob
- Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière-Charles-Foix, Department of Radiation Oncology, 47-83, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France.
| | - N Reyns
- Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Lille, Department of Neurosurgery and Neuro-Oncology, Neurosurgery service, 2, avenue Oscar-Lambret, 59000 Lille, France; Lille University, Inserm, U1189-ONCO-THAI-Image Assisted Laser Therapy for Oncology, 1, avenue Oscar-Lambret, 59000 Lille, France
| | - C-A Valéry
- Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière-Charles-Foix, Department of Neurosurgery, 47-83, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - L Feuvret
- Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière-Charles-Foix, Department of Radiation Oncology, 47-83, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - J-M Simon
- Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière-Charles-Foix, Department of Radiation Oncology, 47-83, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - J-J Mazeron
- Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière-Charles-Foix, Department of Radiation Oncology, 47-83, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - C Jenny
- Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière-Charles-Foix, Department of Medical Physics, 47-83, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - M Cuttat
- Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière-Charles-Foix, Department of Medical Physics, 47-83, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - P Maingon
- Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière-Charles-Foix, Department of Radiation Oncology, 47-83, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - D Pasquier
- Centre Oscar-Lambret, Academic Department of Radiation Oncology, 3, rue Frédéric-Combemale, 59000 Lille, France; Lille University, Centre de Recherche en Informatique, Signal et Automatique de Lille, CRIStAL UMR 9189, Scientific Campus, bâtiment Esprit, avenue Henri-Poincaré, 59655 Villeneuve-d'Ascq, France
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Higbie C, Khatri D, Ligas B, Ortiz R, Langer D. N-Butyl Cyanoacrylate Transvenous Arteriovenous Malformation Embolization with Arterial Balloon Assistance: Defining Parameters for a Transvenous Approach as a Potential Upfront Treatment Option in Managing Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations. Asian J Neurosurg 2020; 15:434-439. [PMID: 32656149 PMCID: PMC7335129 DOI: 10.4103/ajns.ajns_357_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Complete obliteration of arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) using a transvenous approach as the primary and stand-alone treatment modality has been increasingly considered as a useful endovascular approach in the treatment of AVMs. AVMs are typically treated with microsurgery, stereotactic radiosurgery, endovascular embolization, or some combination of the three methods. Preservation of the draining vein is a key requisite common to all treatment modalities. Transvenous embolization (TVE) is conventionally not recommended as a stand-alone treatment for the vast majority of AVMs and has been thought to be best indicated when traditional approaches are considered less safe and when specific evaluation criteria are met. We report a case of a 35-year-old asymptomatic male diagnosed with a small intracranial AVM adjacent to the right motor strip which was managed utilizing this approach. We employed endovascular embolization via a transvenous approach with arterial balloon assistance due to the small size of the nidus, eloquent location, en passage arterial supply proximal to the venous varix, and a single draining vein from the fistula. This case illustrates the selective indications and technical nuances of TVE approach in managing AVMs as a potential upfront treatment option. When patients harbor AVMs with specific angio-architectural findings as outlined, TVE utilizing Onyx or N-butyl cyanoacrylate can be safely performed as a primary treatment modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Higbie
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lenox Hill Hospital, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Deepak Khatri
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lenox Hill Hospital, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Barbara Ligas
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lenox Hill Hospital, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Rafael Ortiz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lenox Hill Hospital, New York City, New York, USA
| | - David Langer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lenox Hill Hospital, New York City, New York, USA
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Daou BJ, Palmateer G, Thompson BG, Maher CO, Hayman JA, Lam KL, Wahl DR, Kim M, Pandey AS. Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Brain Arteriovenous Malformations: Evaluation of Obliteration and Review of Associated Predictors. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2020; 29:104863. [PMID: 32689634 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.104863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High arteriovenous malformation (AVM) obliteration rates have been reported with stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS), and multiple factors have been found to be associated with AVM obliteration. These predictors have been inconsistent throughout studies. We aimed to analyze our experience with linear accelerator (LINAC)-based SRS for brain AVMs, evaluate outcomes, assess factors associated with AVM obliteration and review the various reported predictors of AVM obliteration. METHODS Electronic medical records were retrospectively reviewed to identify consecutive patients with brain AVMs treated with SRS over a 27-year period with at least 2 years of follow-up. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors associated with AVM obliteration. RESULTS One hundred twenty-eight patients with 142 brain AVMs treated with SRS were included. Mean age was 34.4 years. Fifty-two percent of AVMs were associated with a hemorrhage before SRS, and 14.8% were previously embolized. Mean clinical and angiographic follow-up times were 67.8 months and 58.6 months, respectively. The median Spetzler-Martin grade was 3. Mean maximal AVM diameter was 2.8 cm and mean AVM target volume was 7.4 cm3 with a median radiation dose of 16 Gy. Complete AVM obliteration was achieved in 80.3%. Radiation-related signs and symptoms were encountered in 32.4%, only 4.9% of which consisted of a permanent deficit. Post-SRS AVM-related hemorrhage occurred in 6.3% of cases. In multivariate analysis, factors associated with AVM obliteration included younger patient age (P = .019), male gender (P = .008), smaller AVM diameter (P = .04), smaller AVM target volume (P = .009), smaller isodose surface volume (P = .005), a higher delivered radiation dose (P = .013), and having only one major draining vein (P = .04). CONCLUSIONS AVM obliteration with LINAC-based radiosurgery was safe and effective and achieved complete AVM obliteration in about 80% of cases. The most prominent predictors of AVM success included AVM size, AVM volume, radiation dose, number of draining veins and patient age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badih J Daou
- Departments of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
| | - Gregory Palmateer
- Departments of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
| | - B Gregory Thompson
- Departments of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
| | - Cormac O Maher
- Departments of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
| | - James A Hayman
- Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
| | - Kwok L Lam
- Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
| | - Daniel R Wahl
- Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
| | - Michelle Kim
- Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
| | - Aditya S Pandey
- Departments of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
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Starke RM. Editorial. Assessment of the natural history of cerebral aneurysms in the setting of competing risk. J Neurosurg 2020; 132:1059-1061. [PMID: 30849764 DOI: 10.3171/2018.12.jns183135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Qureshi AI, Saeed O, Sahito S, Lobanova I, Liaqat J, Siddiq F, Gomez CR. Treatment Outcomes of Endovascular Embolization Only in Patients with Unruptured Brain Arteriovenous Malformations: A Subgroup Analysis of ARUBA (A Randomized Trial of Unruptured Brain Arteriovenous Malformations). AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2020; 41:676-680. [PMID: 32115419 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a6443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Endovascular embolization only has been advocated for treatment of brain arteriovenous malformations in recent trials. Our aim was to evaluate the results of embolization only in a cohort of patients who were enrolled in the A Randomized Trial of Unruptured Brain Arteriovenous Malformations (ARUBA) study at 39 clinical sites in 9 countries. MATERIALS AND METHODS We analyzed the rates and severity of stroke and death in patients who underwent embolization only. Events were identified through in-person neurologic follow-up visits performed at 6-month intervals during the first 2 years and annually, with telephone contact every 6 months thereafter. All event-related data were reviewed by independent adjudicators. RESULTS Among 30 patients who had embolization planned, 26 underwent embolization only. A total of 13 stroke events were reported in the follow-up period among 26 subjects (ischemic, hemorrhagic, or both in 4, 7, and 2 subjects, respectively). The adverse event occurred after the first embolization in 11 of 13 patients. One patient had a major motor deficit, and 2 patients developed major visual field deficits. One event was fatal. The modified Rankin Scale score was 0-2 at last follow-up in 11 of the 12 stroke survivors. Estimated stroke-free survival was 46% at 12 months. CONCLUSIONS Although the rates of stroke and/or death were high in patients treated with embolization only in ARUBA, the rates of favorable outcomes following stroke were high during follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Qureshi
- From the Zeenat Qureshi Stroke Institute (A.I.Q., O.S., S.S., I.L., J.L.), St. Cloud, Minnesota .,Department of Neurology (A.I.Q., C.R.G.) and
| | - O Saeed
- From the Zeenat Qureshi Stroke Institute (A.I.Q., O.S., S.S., I.L., J.L.), St. Cloud, Minnesota.,Department of Neurology (O.S.), University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - S Sahito
- From the Zeenat Qureshi Stroke Institute (A.I.Q., O.S., S.S., I.L., J.L.), St. Cloud, Minnesota.,Department of Neurology (S.S.), JFK Medical Center, Edison, New Jersey
| | - I Lobanova
- From the Zeenat Qureshi Stroke Institute (A.I.Q., O.S., S.S., I.L., J.L.), St. Cloud, Minnesota
| | - J Liaqat
- From the Zeenat Qureshi Stroke Institute (A.I.Q., O.S., S.S., I.L., J.L.), St. Cloud, Minnesota.,Pakistan Emirates Military Hospital (J.L.), Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - F Siddiq
- Division of Neurological Surgery (F.S.), University of Missouri, Colombia, Missouri
| | - C R Gomez
- Department of Neurology (A.I.Q., C.R.G.) and
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Graffeo CS, Link MJ, Stafford SL, Garces YI, Foote RL, Pollock BE. More II It than Meets the Eye: Outcomes After Single-Fraction Stereotactic Radiosurgery in a Case Series of Low-Grade Arteriovenous Malformations. Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown) 2020; 18:136-144. [PMID: 31250901 DOI: 10.1093/ons/opz153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surgical resection is typically cited as the optimal treatment of patients with Spetzler-Martin Grade I-II arteriovenous malformation (AVM). OBJECTIVE To report our experience with single-fraction stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for Spetzler-Martin Grade I-II AVM. METHODS A prospectively maintained registry was reviewed for patients with nonsyndromic Spetzler-Martin Grade I-II AVM having SRS from 1990 to 2011. Patients with <24 mo of follow-up or prior radiotherapy/SRS were excluded, resulting in a study population of 173 patients. Actuarial analysis was performed using the Kaplan-Meier method, and Cox proportional hazards modeling was performed with excellent outcomes (obliteration without new deficits) as the dependent variable. RESULTS Median post-SRS follow-up was 68 mo (range, 24-275). AVM obliteration was achieved in 132 (76%) after initial SRS. Eleven additional patients achieved obliteration after repeat SRS for an overall obliteration rate of 83%. The rate of obliteration was 60% at 4 yr and 78% at 8 yr. Post-SRS hemorrhage occurred in 7 patients (4%), resulting in 3 minor deficits (2%) and 1 death (<1%). Radiation-induced complications occurred in 5 patients (3%), resulting in minor deficits only. One hundred and thirty-seven patients (79%) had excellent outcomes at last follow-up. CONCLUSION SRS is a safe and effective treatment for patients with Spetzler-Martin Grade I-II AVM. Selection bias is likely a contributing factor to explain the superior outcomes generally noted in reported series of microsurgery for patients with low grade AVM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S Graffeo
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Michael J Link
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Scott L Stafford
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Yolanda I Garces
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Robert L Foote
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Bruce E Pollock
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota
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41
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Chen CJ, Ding D, Wang TR, Buell TJ, Ilyas A, Ironside N, Lee CC, Kalani MY, Park MS, Liu KC, Sheehan JP. Microsurgery Versus Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Brain Arteriovenous Malformations: A Matched Cohort Study. Neurosurgery 2020; 84:696-708. [PMID: 29762746 DOI: 10.1093/neuros/nyy174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microsurgery (MS) and stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) remain the preferred interventions for the curative treatment of brain arteriovenous malformations (AVM), but their relative efficacy remains incompletely defined. OBJECTIVE To compare the outcomes of MS to SRS for AVMs through a retrospective, matched cohort study. METHODS We evaluated institutional databases of AVM patients who underwent MS and SRS. MS-treated patients were matched, in a 1:1 ratio based on patient and AVM characteristics, to SRS-treated patients. Statistical analyses were performed to compare outcomes data between the 2 cohorts. The primary outcome was defined as AVM obliteration without a new permanent neurological deficit. RESULTS The matched MS and SRS cohorts were each comprised of 59 patients. Both radiological (85 vs 11 mo; P < .001) and clinical (92 vs 12 mo; P < .001) follow-up were significantly longer for the SRS cohort. The primary outcome was achieved in 69% of each cohort. The MS cohort had a significantly higher obliteration rate (98% vs 72%; P = .001), but also had a significantly higher rate of new permanent deficit (31% vs 10%; P = .011). The posttreatment hemorrhage rate was significantly higher for the SRS cohort (10% for SRS vs 0% for MS; P = .027). In subgroup analyses of ruptured and unruptured AVMs, no significant differences between the primary outcomes were observed. CONCLUSION For patients with comparable AVMs, MS and SRS afford similar rates of deficit-free obliteration. Nidal obliteration is more frequently achieved with MS, but this intervention also incurs a greater risk of new permanent neurological deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Jen Chen
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Dale Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Tony R Wang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Thomas J Buell
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Adeel Ilyas
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Natasha Ironside
- Department of Neurosurgery, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Cheng-Chia Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - M Yashar Kalani
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Min S Park
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Kenneth C Liu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Jason P Sheehan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia
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42
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Chen CJ, Kearns KN, Ding D, Kano H, Mathieu D, Kondziolka D, Feliciano C, Rodriguez-Mercado R, Grills IS, Barnett GH, Lunsford LD, Sheehan JP. Stereotactic radiosurgery for arteriovenous malformations of the basal ganglia and thalamus: an international multicenter study. J Neurosurg 2020; 132:122-131. [PMID: 30641831 DOI: 10.3171/2018.8.jns182106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) of the basal ganglia (BG) and thalamus are associated with elevated risks of both hemorrhage if left untreated and neurological morbidity after resection. Therefore, stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) has become a mainstay in the management of these lesions, although its safety and efficacy remain incompletely understood. The aim of this retrospective multicenter cohort study was to evaluate the outcomes of SRS for BG and thalamic AVMs and determine predictors of successful endpoints and adverse radiation effects. METHODS The authors retrospectively reviewed data on patients with BG or thalamic AVMs who had undergone SRS at eight institutions participating in the International Gamma Knife Research Foundation (IGKRF) from 1987 to 2014. Favorable outcome was defined as AVM obliteration, no post-SRS hemorrhage, and no permanently symptomatic radiation-induced changes (RICs). Multivariable models were developed to identify independent predictors of outcome. RESULTS The study cohort comprised 363 patients with BG or thalamic AVMs. The mean AVM volume and SRS margin dose were 3.8 cm3 and 20.7 Gy, respectively. The mean follow-up duration was 86.5 months. Favorable outcome was achieved in 58.5% of patients, including obliteration in 64.8%, with rates of post-SRS hemorrhage and permanent RIC in 11.3% and 5.6% of patients, respectively. Independent predictors of favorable outcome were no prior AVM embolization (p = 0.011), a higher margin dose (p = 0.008), and fewer isocenters (p = 0.044). CONCLUSIONS SRS is the preferred intervention for the majority of BG and thalamic AVMs. Patients with morphologically compact AVMs that have not been previously embolized are more likely to have a favorable outcome, which may be related to the use of a higher margin dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Jen Chen
- 1Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Kathryn N Kearns
- 1Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Dale Ding
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Hideyuki Kano
- 3Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - David Mathieu
- 4Division of Neurosurgery, Centre de recherché du CHUS, University of Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Douglas Kondziolka
- 5Department of Neurosurgery, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Caleb Feliciano
- 6Section of Neurological Surgery, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | | | - Inga S Grills
- 7Department of Radiation Oncology, Beaumont Health System, Royal Oak, Michigan; and
| | - Gene H Barnett
- 8Department of Neurosurgery, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - L Dade Lunsford
- 3Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jason P Sheehan
- 1Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia
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Abstract
Neuroendovascular surgery and interventional neuroradiology both describe the catheter-based (most often) endovascular diagnosis and treatment of vascular lesions affecting the brain and spinal cord. This article traces the evolution of these techniques and their current role as the dominant and frequently standard approach for many of these conditions. The article also discusses the important changes that have been brought to bear on open cerebrovascular neurosurgery by neuroendovascular surgery and their effects on resident and fellow training and describes new concepts for clinical care.
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44
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Hasegawa H, Yamamoto M, Shin M, Barfod BE. Gamma Knife Radiosurgery For Brain Vascular Malformations: Current Evidence And Future Tasks. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2019; 15:1351-1367. [PMID: 31819462 PMCID: PMC6874113 DOI: 10.2147/tcrm.s200813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Gamma Knife radiosurgery (GKRS) has long been used for treating brain vascular malformations, including arteriovenous malformations (AVMs), dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVFs), and cavernous malformations (CMs). Herein, current evidence and controversies regarding the role of stereotactic radiosurgery for vascular malformations are described. 1) It has already been established that GKRS achieves 70–85% obliteration rates after a 3–5-year latency period for small to medium-sized AVMs. However, late radiation-induced adverse events (RAEs) including cyst formation, encapsulated hematoma, and tumorigenesis have recently been recognized, and the associated risks, clinical courses, and outcomes are under investigation. SRS-based therapeutic strategies for relatively large AVMs, including staged GKRS and a combination of GKRS and embolization, continue to be developed, though their advantages and disadvantages warrant further investigation. The role of GKRS in managing unruptured AVMs remains controversial since a prospective trial showed no benefit of treatment, necessitating further consideration of this issue. 2) Regarding DAVFs, GKRS achieves 41–90% obliteration rates at the second post-GKRS year with a hemorrhage rate below 5%. Debate continues as to whether GKRS might serve as a first-line solo therapeutic modality given its latency period. Although the post-GKRS outcomes are thought to differ among lesion locations, further outcome analyses regarding DAVF locations are required. 3) GKRS is generally accepted as an alternative for small or medium-sized CMs in which surgery is considered to be too risky. The reported hemorrhage rates ranged from 0.5–5% after GKRS. Higher dose treatments (>15 Gy) were performed during the learning curve, while, with the current standard treatment, a dose range of 12–15 Gy is generally selected, and has resulted in acceptable complication rates (< 5%). Nevertheless, further elucidation of long-term outcomes is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Hasegawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Masahiro Shin
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Bierta E Barfod
- Katsuta Hospital Mito Gamma House, Hitachinaka, Ibaraki, Japan
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45
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Chan MD, Soltys SG, Halasz LM, Laack NN, Minniti G, Kirkpatrick JP. Management of Unruptured AVMs: The Pendulum Swings. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2019; 105:687-689. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2019.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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46
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Kim BS, Yeon JY, Kim JS, Hong SC, Shin HJ, Lee JI. Gamma Knife Radiosurgery for ARUBA-Eligible Patients with Unruptured Brain Arteriovenous Malformations. J Korean Med Sci 2019; 34:e232. [PMID: 31538418 PMCID: PMC6753365 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2019.34.e232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A randomized trial of unruptured brain arteriovenous malformations (ARUBA) reported superior outcomes in conservative management compared to interventional treatment. There were numerous limitations to the study. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of gamma knife radiosurgery (GKS) for patients with brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) by comparing its outcomes to those of the ARUBA study. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed ARUBA-eligible patients treated with GKS from June 2002 to September 2017 and compared against those in the ARUBA study. AVM obliteration and hemorrhage rates, and clinical outcomes following GKS were also evaluated. RESULTS The ARUBA-eligible cohort comprised 264 patients. The Spetzler-Martin grade was Grade I to II in 52.7% and III to IV in 47.3% of the patients. The mean AVM nidus volume, marginal dose, and follow-up period were 4.8 cm³, 20.8 Gy, and 55.5 months, respectively. AVM obliteration was achieved in 62.1%. The annual hemorrhage rate after GKS was 3.4%. A stroke or death occurred in 14.0%. The overall stroke or death rate of the ARUBA-eligible cohort was significantly lower than that of the interventional arm of the ARUBA study (P < 0.001) and did not significantly differ from that of the medical arm in the ARUBA study (P = 0.601). CONCLUSION GKS was shown to achieve a favorable outcome with low procedure-related morbidity in majority of the ARUBA-eligible patients. The outcome after GKS in our patients was not inferior to that of medical care alone in the ARUBA study. It is suggested that GKS is rather superior to medical care considering the short follow-up duration of the ARUBA study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung Sup Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kosin University Gospel Hospital, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Je Young Yeon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Soo Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Chyul Hong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyung Jin Shin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Il Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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47
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Feghali J, Huang J. Updates in arteriovenous malformation management: the post-ARUBA era. Stroke Vasc Neurol 2019; 5:34-39. [PMID: 32411406 PMCID: PMC7213498 DOI: 10.1136/svn-2019-000248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are complex and heterogeneous lesions that can rupture, causing significant morbidity and mortality. While ruptured lesions are usually treated, the management of unruptured AVMs remains unclear. A Randomized trial of Unruptured Brain Arteriovenous Malformations (ARUBA) was the first trial conducted to compare the effects of medical and interventional therapy. Although it concluded that medical therapy was superior in preventing stroke and death over a follow-up period of 33 months, the findings were met with intense criticism regarding several aspects of study design, progression, and analysis/conclusion. Namely, the increased use of stand-alone embolisation relative to microsurgery in a cohort with predominantly low-grade lesions combined with a short follow-up period amplified treatment risk. Subsequently, several observational studies were conducted on ARUBA-eligible patients to investigate the safety and efficacy of microsurgery, radiosurgery, and endovascular embolisation over longer follow-up periods. These reports showed that favourable safety profiles and cure rates can be achieved with appropriate patient selection and judicious use of different treatment modalities in multidisciplinary centres. Since large prospective randomised trials on AVMs may not be feasible, it is important to make use of practice-based data beyond the flawed ARUBA study to optimise patients' lifetime outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Feghali
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Judy Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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48
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Shaligram SS, Winkler E, Cooke D, Su H. Risk factors for hemorrhage of brain arteriovenous malformation. CNS Neurosci Ther 2019; 25:1085-1095. [PMID: 31359618 PMCID: PMC6776739 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with brain arteriovenous malformation (bAVM) are at risk of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH). Overall, bAVM accounts for 25% of hemorrhagic strokes in adults <50 years of age. The treatment of unruptured bAVMs has become controversial, because the natural history of these patients may be less morbid than invasive therapies. Available treatments include observation, surgical resection, endovascular embolization, stereotactic radiosurgery, or combination thereof. Knowing the risk factors for bAVM hemorrhage is crucial for selecting appropriate therapeutic strategies. In this review, we discussed several biological risk factors, which may contribute to bAVM hemorrhage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali S Shaligram
- Center for Cerebrovascular Research, Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative care, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Ethan Winkler
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Daniel Cooke
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Hua Su
- Center for Cerebrovascular Research, Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative care, University of California, San Francisco, California
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49
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Seizure Presentation in Patients with Brain Arteriovenous Malformations Treated with Stereotactic Radiosurgery: A Multicenter Study. World Neurosurg 2019; 126:e634-e640. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2019.02.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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50
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Kondziolka D. Current and novel practice of stereotactic radiosurgery. J Neurosurg 2019; 130:1789-1798. [PMID: 31153140 DOI: 10.3171/2019.2.jns181712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Stereotactic radiosurgery emerged as a neurosurgical discipline in order to utilize energy for the manipulation of brain or nerve tissue, with the goal of minimal access and safe and effective care of a spectrum of neurosurgical disorders. Perhaps no other branch of neurosurgery has been so disruptive across the entire discipline of brain tumor care, treatment of vascular disorders, and management of functional problems. Radiosurgery is mainstream, supported by thousands of peer-reviewed outcomes reports. This article reviews current practice with a focus on challenges, emerging trends, and areas of investigation.
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