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Antonioni A, Raho EM, Straudi S, Granieri E, Koch G, Fadiga L. The cerebellum and the Mirror Neuron System: A matter of inhibition? From neurophysiological evidence to neuromodulatory implications. A narrative review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 164:105830. [PMID: 39069236 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2024] [Revised: 07/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Mirror neurons show activity during both the execution (AE) and observation of actions (AO). The Mirror Neuron System (MNS) could be involved during motor imagery (MI) as well. Extensive research suggests that the cerebellum is interconnected with the MNS and may be critically involved in its activities. We gathered evidence on the cerebellum's role in MNS functions, both theoretically and experimentally. Evidence shows that the cerebellum plays a major role during AO and MI and that its lesions impair MNS functions likely because, by modulating the activity of cortical inhibitory interneurons with mirror properties, the cerebellum may contribute to visuomotor matching, which is fundamental for shaping mirror properties. Indeed, the cerebellum may strengthen sensory-motor patterns that minimise the discrepancy between predicted and actual outcome, both during AE and AO. Furthermore, through its connections with the hippocampus, the cerebellum might be involved in internal simulations of motor programs during MI. Finally, as cerebellar neuromodulation might improve its impact on MNS activity, we explored its potential neurophysiological and neurorehabilitation implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annibale Antonioni
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Ferrara 44121, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, Ferrara University Hospital, Ferrara 44124, Italy; Doctoral Program in Translational Neurosciences and Neurotechnologies, University of Ferrara, Ferrara 44121, Italy.
| | - Emanuela Maria Raho
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Sofia Straudi
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Ferrara 44121, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, Ferrara University Hospital, Ferrara 44124, Italy
| | - Enrico Granieri
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Giacomo Koch
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Ferrara 44121, Italy; Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and Communication (CTNSC), Italian Institute of Technology (IIT), Ferrara 44121 , Italy; Non Invasive Brain Stimulation Unit, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Santa Lucia, Rome 00179, Italy
| | - Luciano Fadiga
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Ferrara 44121, Italy; Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and Communication (CTNSC), Italian Institute of Technology (IIT), Ferrara 44121 , Italy
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Langlois ET, Bennequin D, de Marco G. Role of the Cerebellum in the Construction of Functional and Geometrical Spaces. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2024:10.1007/s12311-024-01693-y. [PMID: 38625534 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-024-01693-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
The perceptual and motor systems appear to have a set of movement primitives that exhibit certain geometric and kinematic invariances. Complex patterns and mental representations can be produced by (re)combining some simple motor elements in various ways using basic operations, transformations, and respecting a set of laws referred to as kinematic laws of motion. For example, point-to-point hand movements are characterized by straight hand paths with single-peaked-bell-shaped velocity profiles, whereas hand speed profiles for curved trajectories are often irregular and more variable, with speed valleys and inflections extrema occurring at the peak curvature. Curvature and speed are generically related by the 2/3 power law. Mathematically, such laws can be deduced from a combination of Euclidean, affine, and equi-affine geometries, whose neural correlates have been partially detected in various brain areas including the cerebellum and the basal ganglia. The cerebellum has been found to play an important role in the control of coordination, balance, posture, and timing over the past years. It is also assumed that the cerebellum computes forward internal models in relationship with specific cortical and subcortical brain regions but its motor relationship with the perceptual space is unclear. A renewed interest in the geometrical and spatial role of the cerebellum may enable a better understanding of its specific contribution to the action-perception loop and behavior's adaptation. In this sense, we complete this overview with an innovative theoretical framework that describes a possible implementation and selection by the cerebellum of geometries adhering to different mathematical laws.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eya Torkhani Langlois
- LINP2, UPL, Université Paris Nanterre, 200 avenue de la République, Nanterre, 92000, France
| | - Daniel Bennequin
- Equipe Géométrie et Dynamique, Paris-Cité, UFR de Mathématiques, Bâtiment Sophie Germain, 8 place Aurélie Nemours, Paris, 75013, France
| | - Giovanni de Marco
- LINP2, UPL, Université Paris Nanterre, 200 avenue de la République, Nanterre, 92000, France.
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Mannarelli D, Pauletti C, Petritis A, Maffucci A, Currà A, Trompetto C, Marinelli L, Fattapposta F. The role of cerebellum in timing processing: a contingent negative variation study. Neurosci Lett 2023:137301. [PMID: 37244448 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2023.137301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Time management is an important aspect of human behaviour and cognition. Several brain regions are thought to be involved in motor timing and time estimation tasks. However, subcortical regions such as the basal nuclei and cerebellum seem to play a role in timing control. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of the cerebellum in temporal processing. For this purpose, we transitorily inhibited cerebellar activity by means of cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and studied the effects of this inhibition on contingent negative variation (CNV) parameters elicited during a S1-S2 motor task in healthy subjects. Sixteen healthy subjects underwent a S1-S2 motor task prior to and after cathodal and sham cerebellar tDCS in separate sessions. The CNV task consisted of a duration discrimination task in which subjects had to determine whether the duration of a probe interval trial was shorter (800 ms), longer (1600 ms), or equal to the target interval of 1200 ms. A reduction in total CNV amplitude emerged only after cathodal tDCS for short and target interval trials, while no differences were detected for the long interval trial. Errors were significantly higher after cathodal tDCS than at baseline evaluation of short and target intervals. No reaction time differences were found for any time interval after the cathodal and sham sessions. These results point to a role of the cerebellum in time perception. In particular, the cerebellum seems to regulate temporal interval discrimination for second and sub-second ranges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Mannarelli
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell'Università 30, Rome, Italy.
| | - Caterina Pauletti
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell'Università 30, Rome, Italy.
| | - Alessia Petritis
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell'Università 30, Rome, Italy.
| | - Andrea Maffucci
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell'Università 30, Rome, Italy.
| | - Antonio Currà
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, A. Fiorini Hospital, Terracina, LT, Sapienza University of Rome, Polo Pontino, Latina, Italy.
| | - Carlo Trompetto
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy.
| | - Lucio Marinelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy.
| | - Francesco Fattapposta
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell'Università 30, Rome, Italy.
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Grégoire A, Deggouj N, Dricot L, Decat M, Kupers R. Brain Morphological Modifications in Congenital and Acquired Auditory Deprivation: A Systematic Review and Coordinate-Based Meta-Analysis. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:850245. [PMID: 35418829 PMCID: PMC8995770 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.850245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroplasticity following deafness has been widely demonstrated in both humans and animals, but the anatomical substrate of these changes is not yet clear in human brain. However, it is of high importance since hearing loss is a growing problem due to aging population. Moreover, knowing these brain changes could help to understand some disappointing results with cochlear implant, and therefore could improve hearing rehabilitation. A systematic review and a coordinate-based meta-analysis were realized about the morphological brain changes highlighted by MRI in severe to profound hearing loss, congenital and acquired before or after language onset. 25 papers were included in our review, concerning more than 400 deaf subjects, most of them presenting prelingual deafness. The most consistent finding is a volumetric decrease in gray matter around bilateral auditory cortex. This change was confirmed by the coordinate-based meta-analysis which shows three converging clusters in this region. The visual areas of deaf children is also significantly impacted, with a decrease of the volume of both gray and white matters. Finally, deafness is responsible of a gray matter increase within the cerebellum, especially at the right side. These results are largely discussed and compared with those from deaf animal models and blind humans, which demonstrate for example a much more consistent gray matter decrease along their respective primary sensory pathway. In human deafness, a lot of other factors than deafness could interact on the brain plasticity. One of the most important is the use of sign language and its age of acquisition, which induce among others changes within the hand motor region and the visual cortex. But other confounding factors exist which have been too little considered in the current literature, such as the etiology of the hearing impairment, the speech-reading ability, the hearing aid use, the frequent associated vestibular dysfunction or neurocognitive impairment. Another important weakness highlighted by this review concern the lack of papers about postlingual deafness, whereas it represents most of the deaf population. Further studies are needed to better understand these issues, and finally try to improve deafness rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Grégoire
- Department of ENT, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
- Institute of NeuroScience (IoNS), UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Naïma Deggouj
- Department of ENT, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
- Institute of NeuroScience (IoNS), UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laurence Dricot
- Institute of NeuroScience (IoNS), UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Monique Decat
- Department of ENT, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
- Institute of NeuroScience (IoNS), UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ron Kupers
- Institute of NeuroScience (IoNS), UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Neuroscience, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Ecole d’Optométrie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Adamaszek M, Cattaneo Z, Ciricugno A, Chatterjee A. The Cerebellum and Beauty: The Impact of the Cerebellum in Art Experience and Creativity. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1378:213-233. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-99550-8_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Zhao R, Song Y, Guo X, Yang X, Sun H, Chen X, Liang M, Xue Y. Enhanced Information Flow From Cerebellum to Secondary Visual Cortices Leads to Better Surgery Outcome in Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy Patients: A Stochastic Dynamic Causal Modeling Study With Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:632829. [PMID: 34248520 PMCID: PMC8261284 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.632829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM) damages the spinal cord, resulting in long-term neurological impairment including motor and visual deficits. Given that visual feedback is crucial in guiding movements, the visual disorder may be a cause of motor deficits in patients with DCM. It has been shown that increased functional connectivity between secondary visual cortices and cerebellum, which are functionally related to the visually guided movements, was correlated with motor function in patients with DCM. One possible explanation is that the information integration between these regions was increased to compensate for impaired visual acuity in patients with DCM and resulted in better visual feedback during motor function. However, direct evidence supporting this hypothesis is lacking. To test this hypothesis and explore in more detail the information flow within the "visual-cerebellum" system, we measured the effective connectivity (EC) among the "visual-cerebellum" system via dynamic causal modeling and then tested the relationship between the EC and visual ability in patients with DCM. Furthermore, the multivariate pattern analysis was performed to detect the relationship between the pattern of EC and motor function in patients with DCM. We found (1) significant increases of the bidirectional connections between bilateral secondary visual cortices and cerebellum were observed in patients with DCM; (2) the increased self-connection of the cerebellum was positively correlated with the impaired visual acuity in patients; (3) the amplitude of effectivity from the cerebellum to secondary visual cortices was positively correlated with better visual recovery following spinal cord decompression surgery; and (4) the pattern of EC among the visual-cerebellum system could be used to predict the pre-operative motor function. In conclusion, this study provided direct evidence that the increased information integration within the "visual-cerebellum" system compensated for visual impairments, which might have importance for sustaining better motor function in patients with DCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,School of Medical Imaging, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yingchao Song
- School of Medical Imaging, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xing Guo
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaotian Yang
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Haoran Sun
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xukang Chen
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Meng Liang
- School of Medical Imaging, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuan Xue
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
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Lu X, Inoue KI, Ohmae S, Uchida Y. New Cerebello-Cortical Pathway Involved in Higher-Order Oculomotor Control. THE CEREBELLUM 2021; 19:401-408. [PMID: 32076936 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-020-01108-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The cerebellum and the basal ganglia play an important role in the control of voluntary eye movement associated with complex behavior, but little is known about how cerebellar projections project to cortical eye movement areas. Here we used retrograde transneuronal transport of rabies virus to identify neurons in the cerebellar nuclei that project via the thalamus to supplementary eye field (SEF) of the frontal cortex of macaques. After rabies injections into the SEF, many neurons in the restricted region, the ventral aspects of the dentate nucleus (DN), the caudal pole of the DN, and the posterior interpositus nucleus (PIN) were labeled disynaptically via the thalamus, whereas no neuron labeling was found in the anterior interpositus nucleus (AIN). The distribution of the labeled neurons was dorsoventrally different from that of DN and PIN neurons labeled from the motor cortex. In the basal ganglia, a large number of labeled neurons were confined to the dorsomedial portion of the internal segment of the globus pallidus (GPi) as more neurons were labeled in the inner portion of the GPi (GPii) than in the outer portion of the GPi (GPio). This is the first evidence of a projection between cerebellum/basal ganglia and the SEF that could enable the cerebellum to modulate the cognitive control of voluntary eye movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Lu
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55414, USA.
- Brain Science Center, Veterans Administration Medical Center, One Veterans Drive, Bldg 49, Rm 240, Minneapolis, MN, 55417-2399, USA.
- Department of Neurophysiology, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan.
| | - Ken-Ichi Inoue
- Systems Neuroscience Section, Department of Neuroscience, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, 484-8506, Japan
| | - Shogo Ohmae
- Department of Neurophysiology, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yusuke Uchida
- Department of Neurophysiology, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
- Department of Science and Technology, Meijo University 1-501 Shiogamaguchi, Tempaku, Nagoya, 468-8502, Japan
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8
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Thier P, Markanday A. Role of the Vermal Cerebellum in Visually Guided Eye Movements and Visual Motion Perception. Annu Rev Vis Sci 2019; 5:247-268. [PMID: 31299168 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-vision-091718-015000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The cerebellar cortex is a crystal-like structure consisting of an almost endless repetition of a canonical microcircuit that applies the same computational principle to different inputs. The output of this transformation is broadcasted to extracerebellar structures by way of the deep cerebellar nuclei. Visually guided eye movements are accommodated by different parts of the cerebellum. This review primarily discusses the role of the oculomotor part of the vermal cerebellum [the oculomotor vermis (OMV)] in the control of visually guided saccades and smooth-pursuit eye movements. Both types of eye movements require the mapping of retinal information onto motor vectors, a transformation that is optimized by the OMV, considering information on past performance. Unlike the role of the OMV in the guidance of eye movements, the contribution of the adjoining vermal cortex to visual motion perception is nonmotor and involves a cerebellar influence on information processing in the cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Thier
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany;
| | - Akshay Markanday
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany;
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Thomasson M, Saj A, Benis D, Grandjean D, Assal F, Péron J. Cerebellar contribution to vocal emotion decoding: Insights from stroke and neuroimaging. Neuropsychologia 2019; 132:107141. [PMID: 31306617 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2019.107141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
While the role of the cerebellum in emotion recognition has been explored with facial expressions, its involvement in the auditory modality (i.e., emotional prosody) remains to be demonstrated. The present study investigated the recognition of emotional prosody in 15 patients with chronic cerebellar ischaemic stroke and 15 matched healthy controls, using a validated task, as well as clinical, motor, neuropsychological, and psychiatric assessments. We explored the cerebellar lesion-behaviour relationship using voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping. Results showed a significant difference between the stroke and healthy control groups, with patients giving erroneous ratings on the Surprise scale when they listened to fearful stimuli. Moreover, voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping revealed that these emotional misattributions correlated with lesions in right Lobules VIIb, VIIIa,b and IX. Interestingly, the posterior cerebellum has previously been found to be involved in affective processing, and Lobule VIIb in rhythm discrimination. These results point to the cerebellum's functional involvement in vocal emotion decoding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Thomasson
- Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology Laboratory, Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland; Neuroscience of Emotion and Affective Dynamics Laboratory, Department of Psychology and Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Arnaud Saj
- Cognitive Neurology Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Psychology, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Damien Benis
- Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology Laboratory, Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland; Neuroscience of Emotion and Affective Dynamics Laboratory, Department of Psychology and Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Didier Grandjean
- Neuroscience of Emotion and Affective Dynamics Laboratory, Department of Psychology and Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Frédéric Assal
- Cognitive Neurology Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Julie Péron
- Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology Laboratory, Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland; Neuroscience of Emotion and Affective Dynamics Laboratory, Department of Psychology and Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland; Cognitive Neurology Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Gilligan TM, Rafal RD. An Opponent Process Cerebellar Asymmetry for Regulating Word Association Priming. THE CEREBELLUM 2019; 18:47-55. [PMID: 29949097 PMCID: PMC6351516 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-018-0949-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
A consensus has emerged that the cerebellum makes important contributions to a spectrum of linguistic processes, but that the psychobiology of these contributions remains enigmatic (Mariën et al., Cerebellum 13(3):386–410, 2014). One aspect of this enigma arises from the fact that, although the language-dominant left cerebral hemisphere is connected to the right cerebellum, distinctive contributions of the left cerebellar hemisphere have been documented (Murdoch and Whelan, Folia Phoniatr Logop 59:184–9, 2007), but remain poorly understood. Here, we report that neurodisruption of the left and right cerebellar hemispheres have opposite effects on associative word priming in a lexical decision task. Reaction time was measured for decisions on whether a target letter string constituted a word (e.g. bread) or, with equal probability, a pronounceable non-word (e.g. dreab). A prime word was presented for 150 ms before the target and could either, and with equal probability, be related (e.g. BUTTER) or unrelated (TRACTOR). Associative word priming was computed as the reduction in lexical decision RT on trials with related primes. Left cerebellar hemisphere continuous theta-burst transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) decreased, and right hemisphere stimulation increased, priming. The results suggest that the cerebellum contributes to predictive sequential processing, in this case language, through an opponent process mechanism coordinated by both cerebellar hemispheres.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert D Rafal
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
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Marinho V, Pinto GR, Bandeira J, Oliveira T, Carvalho V, Rocha K, Magalhães F, de Sousa VG, Bastos VH, Gupta D, Orsini M, Teixeira S. Impaired decision-making and time perception in individuals with stroke: Behavioral and neural correlates. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2019; 175:367-376. [PMID: 30922589 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have demonstrated that stroke subjects present impairment of functions related to decision-making and timing, involving the information processing in the neural circuits of the cerebellum in association with the prefrontal cortex. This review is aimed to identify the gaps, and demonstrate a better understanding of decision-making and timing functions in the patients with stroke. Electronic literature database was searched and the findings of relevant studies were used to explore the mechanisms of decision-making and timing in patients with stroke, as well as the circuit connections in timing mediated by prefrontal cortex and cerebellum. A literature review was conducted with 65 studies that synthesized findings on decision-making and time perception in individuals with stroke. Types of neurobiological modalities in this study included: Relationships among decision-making, time perception, related cognitive aspects (such as discrimination tasks, verbal estimation, bisection tasks, time production and motor reproduction), and motor control. We demonstrate that the timing processes are important for the performance in cognitive tasks and that the cerebellum and prefrontal cortex are involved in decision-making and time perception. In the context, the decision-making is impaired in stroke patients has a great impact on executive functions, and this seems to be important in determining neurobiological aspects relevant to the time interval interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Marinho
- Neuro-innovation Technology & Brain Mapping Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí, Parnaíba, Brazil; Genetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí, Parnaíba-PI, Brazil; The Northeast Biotechnology Network, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina-PI, Brazil.
| | - G R Pinto
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí, Parnaíba-PI, Brazil; The Northeast Biotechnology Network, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina-PI, Brazil
| | - J Bandeira
- Teresina Unified Education Center - CEUT, Teresina-PI, Brazil
| | - T Oliveira
- Neuro-innovation Technology & Brain Mapping Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí, Parnaíba, Brazil; Genetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí, Parnaíba-PI, Brazil; The Northeast Biotechnology Network, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina-PI, Brazil
| | - V Carvalho
- Neuro-innovation Technology & Brain Mapping Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí, Parnaíba, Brazil; The Northeast Biotechnology Network, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina-PI, Brazil
| | - K Rocha
- Neuro-innovation Technology & Brain Mapping Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí, Parnaíba, Brazil; The Northeast Biotechnology Network, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina-PI, Brazil
| | - F Magalhães
- Neuro-innovation Technology & Brain Mapping Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí, Parnaíba, Brazil; The Northeast Biotechnology Network, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina-PI, Brazil
| | - V G de Sousa
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí, Parnaíba-PI, Brazil
| | - V H Bastos
- The Northeast Biotechnology Network, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina-PI, Brazil; Brain Mapping and Functionality Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí, Parnaíba-PI, Brazil
| | - D Gupta
- Department of Biology, Camden County College, Blackwood, NJ, USA
| | - M Orsini
- Master's Program in Local Development Program, University Center Augusto Motta - UNISUAM, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - S Teixeira
- Neuro-innovation Technology & Brain Mapping Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí, Parnaíba, Brazil; The Northeast Biotechnology Network, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina-PI, Brazil
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12
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The Cerebellum Modulates Attention Network Functioning: Evidence from a Cerebellar Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation and Attention Network Test Study. THE CEREBELLUM 2019; 18:457-468. [DOI: 10.1007/s12311-019-01014-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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13
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Stark‐Inbar A, Dayan E. Preferential encoding of movement amplitude and speed in the primary motor cortex and cerebellum. Hum Brain Mapp 2017; 38:5970-5986. [PMID: 28885740 PMCID: PMC6867018 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Voluntary movements require control of multiple kinematic parameters, a task carried out by a distributed brain architecture. However, it remains unclear whether regions along the motor system encode single, or rather a mixture of, kinematic parameters during action execution. Here, rapid event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to differentiate brain activity along the motor system during the encoding of movement amplitude, duration, and speed. We present cumulative evidence supporting preferential encoding of kinematic parameters along the motor system, based on blood-oxygenation-level dependent signal recorded in a well-controlled single-joint wrist-flexion task. Whereas activity in the left primary motor cortex (M1) showed preferential encoding of movement amplitude, the anterior lobe of the right cerebellum (primarily lobule V) showed preferential encoding of movement speed. Conversely, activity in the left supplementary motor area (SMA), basal ganglia (putamen), and anterior intraparietal sulcus was not preferentially modulated by any specific parameter. We found no preference in peak activation for duration encoding in any of the tested regions. Electromyographic data was mainly modulated by movement amplitude, restricting the distinction between amplitude and muscle force encoding. Together, these results suggest that during single-joint movements, distinct kinematic parameters are controlled by largely distinct brain-regions that work together to produce and control precise movements. Hum Brain Mapp 38:5970-5986, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alit Stark‐Inbar
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCalifornia
| | - Eran Dayan
- Department of RadiologyBiomedical Research Imaging Center and Neuroscience Curriculum, University of North Carolina at Chapel HillNorth Carolina
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Colnaghi S, Honeine JL, Sozzi S, Schieppati M. Body Sway Increases After Functional Inactivation of the Cerebellar Vermis by cTBS. THE CEREBELLUM 2017; 16:1-14. [PMID: 26780373 PMCID: PMC5243877 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-015-0758-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Balance stability correlates with cerebellar vermis volume. Furthermore, the cerebellum is involved in precise timing of motor processes by fine-tuning the sensorimotor integration. We tested the hypothesis that any cerebellar action in stance control and in timing of visuomotor integration for balance is impaired by continuous theta-burst stimulation (cTBS) of the vermis. Ten subjects stood quietly and underwent six sequences of 10-min acquisition of center of foot pressure (CoP) data after cTBS, sham stimulation, and no stimulation. Visual shifts from eyes closed (EC) to eyes open (EO) and vice versa were presented via electronic goggles. Mean anteroposterior and mediolateral CoP position and oscillation, and the time delay at which body sway changed after visual shift were calculated. CoP position under both EC and EO condition was not modified after cTBS. Sway path length was greater with EC than EO and increased in both visual conditions after cTBS. CoP oscillation was also larger with EC and increased under both visual conditions after cTBS. The delay at which body oscillation changed after visual shift was longer after EC to EO than EO to EC, but unaffected by cTBS. The time constant of decrease or increase of oscillation was longer in EC to EO shifts, but unaffected by cTBS. Functional inactivation of the cerebellar vermis is associated with increased sway. Despite this, cTBS does not detectably modify onset and time course of the sensorimotor integration process of adaptation to visual shifts. Cerebellar vermis normally controls oscillation, but not timing of adaptation to abrupt changes in stabilizing information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Colnaghi
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Via Forlanini 2, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Jean-Louis Honeine
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Via Forlanini 2, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Stefania Sozzi
- Centro Studi Attività Motorie, Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri (IRCCS), Pavia, Italy
| | - Marco Schieppati
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Via Forlanini 2, 27100, Pavia, Italy
- Centro Studi Attività Motorie, Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri (IRCCS), Pavia, Italy
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15
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Okahara Y, Takano K, Komori T, Nagao M, Iwadate Y, Kansaku K. Operation of a P300-based brain-computer interface by patients with spinocerebellar ataxia. Clin Neurophysiol Pract 2017; 2:147-153. [PMID: 30214988 PMCID: PMC6123944 DOI: 10.1016/j.cnp.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective We investigated the efficacy of a P300-based brain-computer interface (BCI) for patients with spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA), which is often accompanied by cerebellar impairment. Methods Eight patients with SCA and eight age- and gender-matched healthy controls were instructed to input Japanese hiragana characters using the P300-based BCI with green/blue flicker. All patients depended on some assistance in their daily lives (modified Rankin scale: mean 3.5). The chief symptom was cerebellar ataxia; no cognitive deterioration was present. A region-based, two-step P300-based BCI was used. During the P300 task, eight-channel EEG data were recorded, and a linear discriminant analysis distinguished the target from other nontarget regions of the matrix. Results The mean online accuracy in BCI operation was 82.9% for patients with SCA and 83.2% for controls; no significant difference was detected. Conclusion The P300-based BCI was operated successfully not only by healthy controls but also by individuals with SCA. Significance These results suggest that the P300-based BCI may be applicable for patients with SCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoji Okahara
- Systems Neuroscience Section, Department of Rehabilitation for Brain Functions, Research Institute of National Rehabilitation for Persons with Disabilities, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8555, Japan.,Department of Neurological Surgery, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Kouji Takano
- Systems Neuroscience Section, Department of Rehabilitation for Brain Functions, Research Institute of National Rehabilitation for Persons with Disabilities, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8555, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Komori
- Department of Neurology, National Hakone Hospital, Odawara, Kanagawa 250-0032, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nagao
- Department of Neurology, Tokyo Metropolitan Neurological Hospital, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-0042, Japan
| | - Yasuo Iwadate
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Kenji Kansaku
- Systems Neuroscience Section, Department of Rehabilitation for Brain Functions, Research Institute of National Rehabilitation for Persons with Disabilities, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8555, Japan.,Brain Science Inspired Life Support Research Center, The University of Electro-Communications, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
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16
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Sokolov AA, Miall RC, Ivry RB. The Cerebellum: Adaptive Prediction for Movement and Cognition. Trends Cogn Sci 2017; 21:313-332. [PMID: 28385461 PMCID: PMC5477675 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 382] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Over the past 30 years, cumulative evidence has indicated that cerebellar function extends beyond sensorimotor control. This view has emerged from studies of neuroanatomy, neuroimaging, neuropsychology, and brain stimulation, with the results implicating the cerebellum in domains as diverse as attention, language, executive function, and social cognition. Although the literature provides sophisticated models of how the cerebellum helps refine movements, it remains unclear how the core mechanisms of these models can be applied when considering a broader conceptualization of cerebellar function. In light of recent multidisciplinary findings, we examine how two key concepts that have been suggested as general computational principles of cerebellar function- prediction and error-based learning- might be relevant in the operation of cognitive cerebro-cerebellar loops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arseny A Sokolov
- Service de Neurologie, Département des Neurosciences Cliniques, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne 1011, Switzerland; Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK.
| | - R Chris Miall
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Richard B Ivry
- Department of Psychology and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley 94720, USA
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17
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Ronconi L, Casartelli L, Carna S, Molteni M, Arrigoni F, Borgatti R. When one is Enough: Impaired Multisensory Integration in Cerebellar Agenesis. Cereb Cortex 2017; 27:2041-2051. [PMID: 26946125 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last two decades, an intriguing shift in the understanding of the cerebellum has led to consider the nonmotor functions of this structure. Although various aspects of perceptual and sensory processing have been linked to the cerebellar activity, whether the cerebellum is essential for binding information from different sensory modalities remains uninvestigated. Multisensory integration (MSI) appears very early in the ontogenesis and is critical in several perceptual, cognitive, and social domains. For the first time, we investigated MSI in a rare case of cerebellar agenesis without any other associated brain malformations. To this aim, we measured reaction times (RTs) after the presentation of visual, auditory, and audiovisual stimuli. A group of neurotypical age-matched individuals was used as controls. Although we observed the typical advantage of the auditory modality relative to the visual modality in our patient, a clear impairment in MSI was found. Beyond the obvious prudence necessary for inferring definitive conclusions from this single-case picture, this finding is of interest in the light of reduced MSI abilities reported in several neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders-such as autism, dyslexia, and schizophrenia-in which the cerebellum has been implicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ronconi
- Developmental and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy.,Child Psychopathology Unit, Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, 23842 Lecco, Italy
| | - L Casartelli
- Child Psychopathology Unit, Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, 23842 Lecco, Italy.,Developmental Psychopathology Unit, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - S Carna
- Child Psychopathology Unit, Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, 23842 Lecco, Italy.,Developmental Psychopathology Unit, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - M Molteni
- Child Psychopathology Unit, Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, 23842 Lecco, Italy
| | | | - R Borgatti
- Neuropsychiatry and Neurorehabilitation Unit, Scientific Institute, IRCCSEugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, 23842 Lecco, Italy
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18
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Weeks HM, Therrien AS, Bastian AJ. The cerebellum contributes to proprioception during motion. J Neurophysiol 2017; 118:693-702. [PMID: 28404825 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00417.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Proprioception, the sense of limb position and motion, is essential for generating accurate movements. Limb position sense has typically been studied under static conditions (i.e., the fixed position of a limb in space), with less known about dynamic position sense (i.e., limb position during movement). Here we investigated how a person's estimate of hand position varies when using spatial or temporal information to judge the unseen hand's location during reaching. We assessed the acuity of dynamic position sense in two directions, orthogonal to hand movement, which only requires spatial information, and in line with hand movement, which has both spatial and temporal components. Our results showed that people have better proprioceptive acuity in the orthogonal condition where only spatial information is used. We then assessed whether cerebellar damage impairs proprioceptive acuity in both tasks during passive and active movement. Cerebellar patients showed reduced acuity in both tasks and in both movement conditions relative to age-matched controls. However, patients' deficits were most apparent when judgments of active movement relied on temporal information. Furthermore, both cerebellar patient and control performance correlated with the trial-to-trial variability of their active movements: subjects are worse at the proprioceptive tasks when movements are variable. Our results suggest that, during active movements, proprioceptive acuity may be reliant on the motor system's ability to predict motor output. Therefore, the resultant proprioceptive deficits occurring after cerebellar damage may be related to a more general impairment in movement prediction.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We assessed limb position sense during movement in patients with cerebellar damage and found deficits in proprioceptive acuity during both passive and active movement. The effect of cerebellar damage was most apparent when individuals relied on both timing and spatial information during active movement. Thus proprioceptive acuity during active movements may be reliant on the motor system's ability to predict motor output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi M Weeks
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Amanda S Therrien
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland; and.,Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Amy J Bastian
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland; and .,Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Lega C, Vecchi T, D'Angelo E, Cattaneo Z. A TMS investigation on the role of the cerebellum in pitch and timbre discrimination. CEREBELLUM & ATAXIAS 2016; 3:6. [PMID: 26937285 PMCID: PMC4774184 DOI: 10.1186/s40673-016-0044-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Growing neuroimaging and clinical evidence suggests that the cerebellum plays a critical role in perception. In the auditory domain, the cerebellum seems to be important in different aspects of music and sound processing. Here we investigated the possible causal role of the cerebellum in two auditory tasks, a pitch discrimination and a timbre discrimination task. Specifically, participants performed a pitch and a timbre discrimination task prior and after receiving offline low frequency transcranical magnetic stimulation (TMS) over their (right) cerebellum. Results Suppressing activity in the right cerebellum by means of inhibitory 1 Hz TMS affected participants’ ability to discriminate pitch but not timbre. Conclusion These findings point to a causal role of the cerebellum in at least certain aspects of sound processing and are important in a clinical perspective helping understanding the impact of cerebellar lesions on sensory functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Lega
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Tomaso Vecchi
- Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy ; Brain Connectivity Center, C. Mondino National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy
| | - Egidio D'Angelo
- Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy ; Brain Connectivity Center, C. Mondino National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy
| | - Zaira Cattaneo
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy ; Brain Connectivity Center, C. Mondino National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy
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20
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Raghavan RT, Prevosto V, Sommer MA. Contribution of Cerebellar Loops to Action Timing. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2016; 8:28-34. [PMID: 27933311 DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies of sensorimotor processing have benefited from decision-making paradigms that emphasize the selection of appropriate movements. Selecting when to make those responses, or action timing, is important as well. Although the cerebellum is commonly viewed as a controller of movement dynamics, its role in action timing is also firmly supported. Several lines of research have now extended this idea. Anatomical findings have revealed connections between the cerebellum and broader timing circuits, neurophysiological results have suggested mechanisms for timing within its microcircuitry, and theoretical work has indicated how temporal signals are processed through it and decoded by its targets. These developments are inspiring renewed studies of the role of the cerebellar loops in action timing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramanujan T Raghavan
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham NC 27708
| | - Vincent Prevosto
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham NC 27708; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham NC 27708
| | - Marc A Sommer
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham NC 27708; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham NC 27708; Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham NC 27708
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21
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Starowicz-Filip A, Chrobak AA, Milczarek O, Kwiatkowski S. The visuospatial functions in children after cerebellar low-grade astrocytoma surgery: A contribution to the pediatric neuropsychology of the cerebellum. J Neuropsychol 2015; 11:201-221. [DOI: 10.1111/jnp.12093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Starowicz-Filip
- Jagiellonian University Medical College; Krakow Poland
- Neurosurgery Department; Childrens’ University Hospital in Krakow; Poland
| | | | - Olga Milczarek
- Jagiellonian University Medical College; Krakow Poland
- Neurosurgery Department; Childrens’ University Hospital in Krakow; Poland
| | - Stanisław Kwiatkowski
- Jagiellonian University Medical College; Krakow Poland
- Neurosurgery Department; Childrens’ University Hospital in Krakow; Poland
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22
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Baumann O, Borra RJ, Bower JM, Cullen KE, Habas C, Ivry RB, Leggio M, Mattingley JB, Molinari M, Moulton EA, Paulin MG, Pavlova MA, Schmahmann JD, Sokolov AA. Consensus paper: the role of the cerebellum in perceptual processes. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2015; 14:197-220. [PMID: 25479821 PMCID: PMC4346664 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-014-0627-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Various lines of evidence accumulated over the past 30 years indicate that the cerebellum, long recognized as essential for motor control, also has considerable influence on perceptual processes. In this paper, we bring together experts from psychology and neuroscience, with the aim of providing a succinct but comprehensive overview of key findings related to the involvement of the cerebellum in sensory perception. The contributions cover such topics as anatomical and functional connectivity, evolutionary and comparative perspectives, visual and auditory processing, biological motion perception, nociception, self-motion, timing, predictive processing, and perceptual sequencing. While no single explanation has yet emerged concerning the role of the cerebellum in perceptual processes, this consensus paper summarizes the impressive empirical evidence on this problem and highlights diversities as well as commonalities between existing hypotheses. In addition to work with healthy individuals and patients with cerebellar disorders, it is also apparent that several neurological conditions in which perceptual disturbances occur, including autism and schizophrenia, are associated with cerebellar pathology. A better understanding of the involvement of the cerebellum in perceptual processes will thus likely be important for identifying and treating perceptual deficits that may at present go unnoticed and untreated. This paper provides a useful framework for further debate and empirical investigations into the influence of the cerebellum on sensory perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Baumann
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia,
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23
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Zihl J, Heywood CA. The contribution of LM to the neuroscience of movement vision. Front Integr Neurosci 2015; 9:6. [PMID: 25741251 PMCID: PMC4330684 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2015.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The significance of early and sporadic reports in the 19th century of impairments of motion vision following brain damage was largely unrecognized. In the absence of satisfactory post-mortem evidence, impairments were interpreted as the consequence of a more general disturbance resulting from brain damage, the location and extent of which was unknown. Moreover, evidence that movement constituted a special visual perception and may be selectively spared was similarly dismissed. Such skepticism derived from a reluctance to acknowledge that the neural substrates of visual perception may not be confined to primary visual cortex. This view did not persist. First, it was realized that visual movement perception does not depend simply on the analysis of spatial displacements and temporal intervals, but represents a specific visual movement sensation. Second persuasive evidence for functional specialization in extrastriate cortex, and notably the discovery of cortical area V5/MT, suggested a separate region specialized for motion processing. Shortly thereafter the remarkable case of patient LM was published, providing compelling evidence for a selective and specific loss of movement vision. The case is reviewed here, along with an assessment of its contribution to visual neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Zihl
- Department of Psychology, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Ludwig Maximilian UniversityMunich, Germany
| | - Charles A. Heywood
- Department of Psychology, Science Laboratories, Durham UniversityDurham, UK
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Mannarelli D, Pauletti C, De Lucia MC, Currà A, Fattapposta F. Insights from ERPs into attention during recovery after cerebellar stroke: a case report. Neurocase 2015; 21:721-6. [PMID: 25372555 DOI: 10.1080/13554794.2014.977922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The role of the cerebellum in cognitive performance and attentional processes is a focus of research in recent years. We investigated the P300 component in a patient with a left posterior cerebellar ischemic stroke during both the acute phase and over 4 weeks of follow-up. After stroke, auditory event-related potentials showed a reduction in P3 amplitude, which appears to improve instead after 4 weeks of follow-up. These event-related potential findings could suggest a specific neural pattern of disruption in selective attention during the discrimination processes of the stimulus following a posterior cerebellar lesion. A recovery is observed in the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Mannarelli
- a Department of Neurology and Psychiatry , Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
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25
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26
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Bieńkiewicz M, Young W, Craig C. Balls to the wall: How acoustic information from a ball in motion guides interceptive movement in people with Parkinson’s disease. Neuroscience 2014; 275:508-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Mioni G, Grondin S, Stablum F. Temporal dysfunction in traumatic brain injury patients: primary or secondary impairment? Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:269. [PMID: 24817847 PMCID: PMC4012215 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adequate temporal abilities are required for most daily activities. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients often present with cognitive dysfunctions, but few studies have investigated temporal impairments associated with TBI. The aim of the present work is to review the existing literature on temporal abilities in TBI patients. Particular attention is given to the involvement of higher cognitive processes in temporal processing in order to determine if any temporal dysfunction observed in TBI patients is due to the disruption of an internal clock or to the dysfunction of general cognitive processes. The results showed that temporal dysfunctions in TBI patients are related to the deficits in cognitive functions involved in temporal processing rather than to a specific impairment of the internal clock. In fact, temporal dysfunctions are observed when the length of temporal intervals exceeds the working memory span or when the temporal tasks require high cognitive functions to be performed. The consistent higher temporal variability observed in TBI patients is a sign of impaired frontally mediated cognitive functions involved in time perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Mioni
- École de Psychologie, Université LavalQuébec, QC, Canada
- Department of General Psychology, University of PadovaPadova, Italy
| | - Simon Grondin
- École de Psychologie, Université LavalQuébec, QC, Canada
| | - Franca Stablum
- Department of General Psychology, University of PadovaPadova, Italy
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28
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Cerebellar vermis plays a causal role in visual motion discrimination. Cortex 2014; 58:272-80. [PMID: 24656591 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2014.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cerebellar patients have been found to show deficits in visual motion discrimination, suggesting that the cerebellum may play a role in visual sensory processing beyond mediating motor control. Here we show that triple-pulse online transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over cerebellar vermis but not over the cerebellar hemispheres significantly impaired motion discrimination. Critically, the interference caused by vermis TMS on motion discrimination did not depend on an indirect effect of TMS over nearby visual areas, as demonstrated by a control experiment in which TMS over V1 but not over cerebellar vermis significantly impaired orientation discrimination. These findings demonstrate the causal role of the cerebellar vermis in visual motion processing in neurologically normal participants.
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E KH, Chen SHA, Ho MHR, Desmond JE. A meta-analysis of cerebellar contributions to higher cognition from PET and fMRI studies. Hum Brain Mapp 2014; 35:593-615. [PMID: 23125108 PMCID: PMC3866223 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Revised: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing interest in cerebellar function and its involvement in higher cognition have prompted much research in recent years. Cerebellar presence in a wide range of cognitive functions examined within an increasing body of neuroimaging literature has been observed. We applied a meta-analytic approach, which employed the activation likelihood estimate method, to consolidate results of cerebellar involvement accumulated in different cognitive tasks of interest and systematically identified similarities among the studies. The current analysis included 88 neuroimaging studies demonstrating cerebellar activations in higher cognitive domains involving emotion, executive function, language, music, timing and working memory. While largely consistent with a prior meta-analysis by Stoodley and Schmahmann ([2009]: Neuroimage 44:489-501), our results extended their findings to include music and timing domains to provide further insights into cerebellar involvement and elucidate its role in higher cognition. In addition, we conducted inter- and intradomain comparisons for the cognitive domains of emotion, language, and working memory. We also considered task differences within the domain of verbal working memory by conducting a comparison of the Sternberg with the n-back task, as well as an analysis of the differential components within the Sternberg task. Results showed a consistent cerebellar presence in the timing domain, providing evidence for a role in time keeping. Unique clusters identified within the domain further refine the topographic organization of the cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keren-Happuch E
- Division of Psychology, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
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Sex differences in the development of brain mechanisms for processing biological motion. Neuroimage 2013; 83:751-60. [PMID: 23876243 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Disorders related to social functioning including autism and schizophrenia differ drastically in incidence and severity between males and females. Little is known about the neural systems underlying these sex-linked differences in risk and resiliency. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging and a task involving the visual perception of point-light displays of coherent and scrambled biological motion, we discovered sex differences in the development of neural systems for basic social perception. In adults, we identified enhanced activity during coherent biological motion perception in females relative to males in a network of brain regions previously implicated in social perception including amygdala, medial temporal gyrus, and temporal pole. These sex differences were less pronounced in our sample of school-age youth. We hypothesize that the robust neural circuitry supporting social perception in females, which diverges from males beginning in childhood, may underlie sex differences in disorders related to social processing.
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31
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Bhanpuri NH, Okamura AM, Bastian AJ. Active force perception depends on cerebellar function. J Neurophysiol 2012; 107:1612-20. [PMID: 22190620 PMCID: PMC3311671 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00983.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Damage to the cerebellum causes characteristic movement abnormalities but is thought to have minimal impact on somatosensory perception. Traditional clinical assessments of patients with cerebellar lesions reveal no perceptual deficits despite the fact that the cerebellum receives substantial somatosensory information. Given that abnormalities have been reported in predicting the visual consequences of movement, we suspect that the cerebellum broadly participates in perception when motor output is required (i.e., active perception). Thus we hypothesize that cerebellar integrity is essential for somatosensory perception that requires motor activity, but not passive somatosensory perception. We compared the perceptual acuity of human cerebellar patients to that of healthy control subjects in several different somatosensory perception tasks with minimal visual information. We found that patients were worse at active force and stiffness discrimination but similar to control subjects with regard to passive cutaneous force detection, passive proprioceptive detection, and passive proprioceptive discrimination. Furthermore, the severity of movement symptoms as assessed by a clinical exam was positively correlated with impairment of active force perception. Notably, within the context of these perceptual tasks, control subjects and cerebellar patients displayed similar movement characteristics, and hence differing movement strategies are unlikely to underlie the differences in perception. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that the cerebellum is vital to sensory prediction of self-generated movement and suggest a general role for the cerebellum in multiple forms of active perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasir H Bhanpuri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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32
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Smith AB, Giampietro V, Brammer M, Halari R, Simmons A, Rubia K. Functional development of fronto-striato-parietal networks associated with time perception. Front Hum Neurosci 2011; 5:136. [PMID: 22087089 PMCID: PMC3213530 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2011.00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Compared to our understanding of the functional maturation of executive functions, little is known about the neurofunctional development of perceptive functions. Time perception develops during late adolescence, underpinning many functions including motor and verbal processing, as well as late maturing higher order cognitive skills such as forward planning and future-related decision making. Nothing, however, is known about the neurofunctional changes associated with time perception from childhood to adulthood. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging we explored the effects of age on the brain activation and functional connectivity of 32 male participants from 10 to 53 years of age during a time discrimination task that required the discrimination of temporal intervals of seconds differing by several hundred milliseconds. Increasing development was associated with progressive activation increases within left lateralized dorsolateral and inferior fronto-parieto-striato-thalamic brain regions. Furthermore, despite comparable task performance, adults showed increased functional connectivity between inferior/dorsolateral interhemispheric fronto-frontal activation as well as between inferior fronto-parietal regions compared with adolescents. Activation in caudate, specifically, was associated with both increasing age and better temporal discrimination. Progressive decreases in activation with age were observed in ventromedial prefrontal cortex, limbic regions, and cerebellum. The findings demonstrate age-dependent developmentally dissociated neural networks for time discrimination. With increasing age there is progressive recruitment of later maturing left hemispheric and lateralized fronto-parieto-striato-thalamic networks, known to mediate time discrimination in adults, while earlier developing brain regions such as ventromedial prefrontal cortex, limbic and paralimbic areas, and cerebellum subserve fine-temporal processing functions in children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna B Smith
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London London, UK
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33
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Bastian AJ. Moving, sensing and learning with cerebellar damage. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2011; 21:596-601. [PMID: 21733673 PMCID: PMC3177958 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2011.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Revised: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 06/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The cerebellum is a subcortical brain structure that is essential for learning and controlling movement. Recent work shows that the cerebellum also plays a role in certain perceptual abilities, beyond what would be expected secondary to poor movement control. This review covers these and other recent advances, focusing on how cerebellar damage affects human abilities ranging from sensory perception to movement control and motor learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy J Bastian
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, United States.
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34
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Limitations of PET and lesion studies in defining the role of the human cerebellum in motor learning. Behav Brain Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00081899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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35
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36
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37
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Eyeblink conditioning, motor control, and the analysis of limbic-cerebellar interactions. Behav Brain Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00081929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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38
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39
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Grasping cerebellar function depends on our understanding the principles of sensorimotor integration: The frame of reference hypothesis. Behav Brain Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00081607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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40
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Dysmetria of thought: Correlations and conundrums in the relationship between the cerebellum, learning, and cognitive processing. Behav Brain Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00081851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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41
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42
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43
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Q: Is the cerebellum an adaptive combiner of motor and mental/motor activities? A: Yes, maybe, certainly not, who can say? Behav Brain Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00082017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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44
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45
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What behavioral benefit does stiffness control have? An elaboration of Smith's proposal. Behav Brain Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00081917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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46
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47
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Baumann O, Mattingley JB. Scaling of neural responses to visual and auditory motion in the human cerebellum. J Neurosci 2010; 30:4489-95. [PMID: 20335485 PMCID: PMC6634498 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5661-09.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2009] [Revised: 02/08/2010] [Accepted: 02/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The human cerebellum contains approximately half of all the neurons within the cerebrum, yet most experimental work in human neuroscience over the last century has focused exclusively on the structure and functions of the forebrain. The cerebellum has an undisputed role in a range of motor functions (Thach et al., 1992), but its potential contributions to sensory and cognitive processes are widely debated (Stoodley and Schmahmann, 2009). Here we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to test the hypothesis that the human cerebellum is involved in the acquisition of auditory and visual sensory data. We monitored neural activity within the cerebellum while participants engaged in a task that required them to discriminate the direction of a visual or auditory motion signal in noise. We identified a distinct set of cerebellar regions that were differentially activated for visual stimuli (vermal lobule VI and right-hemispheric lobule X) and auditory stimuli (right-hemispheric lobules VIIIA and VIIIB and hemispheric lobule VI bilaterally). In addition, we identified a region in left crus I in which activity correlated significantly with increases in the perceptual demands of the task (i.e., with decreasing signal strength), for both auditory and visual stimuli. Our results support suggestions of a role for the cerebellum in the processing of auditory and visual motion and suggest that parts of cerebellar cortex are concerned with tracking movements of objects around the animal, rather than with controlling movements of the animal itself (Paulin, 1993).
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Baumann
- Queensland Brain Institute and School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia.
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48
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Händel B, Thier P, Haarmeier T. Visual motion perception deficits due to cerebellar lesions are paralleled by specific changes in cerebro-cortical activity. J Neurosci 2009; 29:15126-33. [PMID: 19955364 PMCID: PMC6665957 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3972-09.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2009] [Revised: 10/14/2009] [Accepted: 10/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent anatomical studies have revealed strong cerebellar projections into parietal and prefrontal cortex. These findings suggest that the cerebellum might not only play a functional role in motor control but also cognitive domains, an idea also supported by neuropsychological testing of patients with cerebellar lesions that has revealed specific deficits. The goal of the present study was to test whether or not cognitive impairments after cerebellar damage are resulting from changes in cerebro-cortical signal processing. The detection of global visual motion embedded in noise, a faculty compromised after cerebellar lesions, was chosen as a model system. Using magnetoencephalography, cortical responses were recorded in a group of patients with cerebellar lesions (n = 8) and controls (n = 13) who observed visual motion of varied coherence, i.e., motion strength, presented in the peripheral visual field during controlled stationary fixation. Corroborating earlier results, the patients showed a significant impairment in global motion discrimination despite normal fixation behavior. This deficit was paralleled by qualitative differences in responses recorded from parieto-temporal cortex, including a reduced responsiveness to coherent visual motion and a striking loss of bilateral representations of motion coherence. Moreover, the perceptual thresholds correlated with the cortical representation of motion strength on single subject basis. These results demonstrate that visual motion processing in cerebral cortex critically depends on an intact cerebellum and establish a correlation between cortical activity and impaired visual perception resulting from cerebellar damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Händel
- Departments of Cognitive Neurology and
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, 6526 EN Nijmegen, Netherlands, and
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Maastricht, 6200 MD, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | | | - Thomas Haarmeier
- Departments of Cognitive Neurology and
- General Neurology, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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49
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Ignashchenkova A, Dash S, Dicke PW, Haarmeier T, Glickstein M, Thier P. Normal Spatial Attention But Impaired Saccades and Visual Motion Perception After Lesions of the Monkey Cerebellum. J Neurophysiol 2009; 102:3156-68. [DOI: 10.1152/jn.00659.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lesions of the cerebellum produce deficits in movement and motor learning. Saccadic dysmetria, for example, is caused by lesions of the posterior cerebellar vermis. Monkeys and patients with such lesions are unable to modify the amplitude of saccades. Some have suggested that the effects on eye movements might reflect a more global cognitive deficit caused by the cerebellar lesion. We tested that idea by studying the effects of vermis lesions on attention as well as saccadic eye movements, visual motion perception, and luminance change detection. Lesions in posterior vermis of four monkeys caused the known deficits in saccadic control. Attention tested by examination of acuity threshold changes induced by prior cueing of the location of the targets remained normal after vermis lesions. Luminance change detection was also unaffected by the lesions. In one case, after a lesion restricted to lobulus VIII, the animal had impaired visual motion perception.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - S. Dash
- Departments of Cognitive Neurology and
| | | | - T. Haarmeier
- Departments of Cognitive Neurology and
- General Neurology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; and
| | - M. Glickstein
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, University College of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - P. Thier
- Departments of Cognitive Neurology and
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50
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Frings M, Gaertner K, Buderath P, Gerwig M, Christiansen H, Schoch B, Gizewski ER, Hebebrand J, Timmann D. Timing of conditioned eyeblink responses is impaired in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Exp Brain Res 2009; 201:167-76. [PMID: 19777220 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-009-2020-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2009] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Structural changes of the cerebellum have been reported in several psychiatric diseases like schizophrenia, autism and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Beside behavioral deficits children with ADHD often show slight motor abnormalities. Cerebellar malfunction may contribute. The cerebellum is a structure essential for motor coordination, various forms of motor learning and timing of motor responses. In the present study, eyeblink conditioning was applied to investigate learning and timing of motor responses both in children with ADHD and children with cerebellar lesions. Acquisition, timing and extinction of conditioned eyeblink responses were investigated in children with ADHD, children with chronic surgical cerebellar lesions and controls using a standard delay paradigm with two different interstimulus intervals. Timing of conditioned eyeblink responses was significantly impaired in children with ADHD in the long interstimulus interval condition. Also in children with cerebellar lesions conditioned responses (CR) tended to occur earlier than in controls. Incidences of CRs were significantly reduced in children with cerebellar lesions and tended to be less in children with ADHD than in controls. Extinction of the CRs was impaired in children with cerebellar lesions in both interstimulus interval conditions and in children with ADHD in the long interstimulus interval condition. Cerebellar malfunction may contribute to disordered eyeblink conditioning in ADHD. However, because CR abnormalities differed between ADHD and cerebellar subjects, dysfunction of non-cerebellar structures cannot be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Frings
- Department of Neurology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122, Essen, Germany.
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