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Habiby Alaoui S, Adam-Darqué A, Schnider A. Flexible adjustment of anticipations in human outcome processing. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8945. [PMID: 35624314 PMCID: PMC9142485 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12741-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
To sense whether thoughts refer to current reality or not, a capacity called orbitofrontal reality filtering, depends on an orbitofrontal signal when anticipated outcomes fail to occur. Here, we explored the flexibility and precision of outcome processing in a deterministic reversal learning task. Healthy subjects decided which one of two colored squares hid a target stimulus. Brain activity was measured with high-density electroencephalography. Stimuli resembling, but not identical with, the target stimuli were initially processed like different stimuli from 210 to 250 ms, irrespective of behavioral relevance. From 250 ms on, they were processed according to behavioral relevance: If they required a subsequent switch, they were processed like different stimuli; if they had been declared potential targets, they were treated like true targets. Stimuli requiring a behavioral switch induced strong theta activity in orbitofrontal, ventromedial, and medial temporal regions. The study indicates flexible adaptation of anticipations but precise processing of outcomes, mainly determined by behavioral relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selim Habiby Alaoui
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neurorehabilitation, Division of Neurorehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University Hospital and University of Geneva, Av. de Beau-Séjour 26, 1205, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Adam-Darqué
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neurorehabilitation, Division of Neurorehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University Hospital and University of Geneva, Av. de Beau-Séjour 26, 1205, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Armin Schnider
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neurorehabilitation, Division of Neurorehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University Hospital and University of Geneva, Av. de Beau-Séjour 26, 1205, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Tautvydaitė D, Adam-Darqué A, Manuel AL, Ptak R, Schnider A. Rapid Sequential Implication of the Human Medial Temporal Lobe in Memory Encoding and Recognition. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:684647. [PMID: 34744649 PMCID: PMC8570128 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.684647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The medial temporal lobe (MTL) is crucial for memory encoding and recognition. The time course of these processes is unknown. The present study juxtaposed encoding and recognition in a single paradigm. Twenty healthy subjects performed a continuous recognition task as brain activity was monitored with a high-density electroencephalography. The task presented New pictures thought to evoke encoding. The stimuli were then repeated up to 4 consecutive times to produce over-familiarity. These repeated stimuli served as "baseline" for comparison with the other stimuli. Stimuli later reappeared after 9-15 intervening items, presumably associated with new encoding and recognition. Encoding-related differences in evoked response potential amplitudes and in spatiotemporal analysis were observed at 145-300 ms, whereby source estimation indicated MTL and orbitofrontal activity from 145 to 205 ms. Recognition-related activity evoked by late repetitions occurred at 405-470 ms, implicating the MTL and neocortical structures. These findings indicate that encoding of information is initiated before it is recognized. The result helps to explain modifications of memories over time, including false memories, confabulation, and consolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domilė Tautvydaitė
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neurorehabilitation, Division of Neurorehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University Hospital and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Adam-Darqué
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neurorehabilitation, Division of Neurorehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University Hospital and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Aurélie L Manuel
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neurorehabilitation, Division of Neurorehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University Hospital and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Radek Ptak
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neurorehabilitation, Division of Neurorehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University Hospital and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Armin Schnider
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neurorehabilitation, Division of Neurorehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University Hospital and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Chapman S, Cosentino S, Igwe KC, Abdurahman A, Elkind MSV, Brickman AM, Charlton R, Cocchini G. Mnemonic monitoring in anosognosia for memory loss. Neuropsychology 2020; 34:675-685. [PMID: 32852998 DOI: 10.1037/neu0000643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Anosognosia, or unawareness, for memory loss has been proposed to underlie cognitive functions such as memory and executive function. However, there is an inconsistent association between these constructs. Recent studies have shown that compromise ongoing self-monitoring of one's memory associates with anosognosia for memory loss. Yet to date it is unclear which memory monitoring mechanisms are impaired in these patients. In this study, we examined the extent to which temporal monitoring or orbitofrontal reality filtering (e.g., ability to monitor the temporal relevance of a memory) and source monitoring (e.g., the ability to distinguish which memories stem from internal as opposed to external sources) are associated with awareness of memory deficits. METHOD A total of 35 patients (M = 69 years; M = 14 years of education) with memory difficulties following a stroke were recruited from outpatient clinics. Patients were assessed with measures of self-awareness of memory difficulties, cognitive abilities and 2 experimental paradigms assessing source and temporal monitoring. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Results showed that patients unaware of their memory difficulties were more likely to externalize the source of their memories. Specifically, those unaware of their deficits were more likely to assign an external source to memories that were internally produced (e.g., imagined). No differences were observed in relation to temporal monitoring between patients aware and unaware of their deficits. This study informs current theoretical models of self-awareness of memory loss. Future studies should attempt to replicate these findings and explore different memory monitoring mechanisms in relation to anosognosia for memory loss. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Chapman
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths University of London
| | - Stephanie Cosentino
- Cognitive Neuroscience Section of the Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University
| | - Kay C Igwe
- Cognitive Neuroscience Section of the Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University
| | | | - Mitchell S V Elkind
- Department of Neurology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University
| | - Adam M Brickman
- Cognitive Neuroscience Section of the Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University
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Liverani MC, Freitas LGA, Siffredi V, Mikneviciute G, Martuzzi R, Meskaldij D, Borradori Tolsa C, Ha‐Vinh Leuchter R, Schnider A, Van De Ville D, Hüppi PS. Get real: Orbitofrontal cortex mediates the ability to sense reality in early adolescents. Brain Behav 2020; 10:e01552. [PMID: 32073744 PMCID: PMC7177588 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Orbitofrontal reality filtering (ORFi) is a memory mechanism that distinguishes whether a thought is relevant to present reality or not. In adults, it is mediated by the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). This region is still not fully developed in preteenagers, but ORFi is already active from age 7. Here, we probe the neural correlates of ORFi in early adolescents, hypothesizing that OFC mediates the sense of reality in this population. METHODS Functional magnetic resonance images (fMRI) were acquired in 22 early adolescents during a task composed of two runs: run 1 measuring recognition capacity; run 2 measuring ORFi; each containing two types of images (conditions): distractors (D: images seen for the first time in the current run) and targets (T: images seen for the second time in the current run). Group region of interest (ROI) analysis was performed in a flexible factorial design with two factors (run and condition) using SPM12. RESULTS We found significant main effects for the experimental run and condition. The bilateral OFC activation was higher during ORFi than during the first run. Additionally, the OFC was more active while processing distractors than targets. CONCLUSION These results confirm, for the first time, the role of OFC in reality filtering in early adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chiara Liverani
- Department of Paediatrics, Gynecology and ObstetricsDivision of Development and GrowthGeneva University HospitalsGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Lorena G. A. Freitas
- Department of Paediatrics, Gynecology and ObstetricsDivision of Development and GrowthGeneva University HospitalsGenevaSwitzerland
- Institute of BioengineeringÉcole Polytechnique Fédérale de LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Vanessa Siffredi
- Department of Paediatrics, Gynecology and ObstetricsDivision of Development and GrowthGeneva University HospitalsGenevaSwitzerland
- Institute of BioengineeringÉcole Polytechnique Fédérale de LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Greta Mikneviciute
- Department of Paediatrics, Gynecology and ObstetricsDivision of Development and GrowthGeneva University HospitalsGenevaSwitzerland
| | | | - Djalel‐Eddine Meskaldij
- Department of Paediatrics, Gynecology and ObstetricsDivision of Development and GrowthGeneva University HospitalsGenevaSwitzerland
- Institute of MathematicsÉcole Polytechnique Fédérale de LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Cristina Borradori Tolsa
- Department of Paediatrics, Gynecology and ObstetricsDivision of Development and GrowthGeneva University HospitalsGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Russia Ha‐Vinh Leuchter
- Department of Paediatrics, Gynecology and ObstetricsDivision of Development and GrowthGeneva University HospitalsGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Armin Schnider
- Department of Clinical NeurosciencesDivision of NeurorehabilitationGeneva University HospitalsGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Dimitri Van De Ville
- Institute of BioengineeringÉcole Polytechnique Fédérale de LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Petra Susan Hüppi
- Department of Paediatrics, Gynecology and ObstetricsDivision of Development and GrowthGeneva University HospitalsGenevaSwitzerland
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Thézé R, Manuel AL, Pedrazzini E, Chantraine F, Patru MC, Nahum L, Guggisberg AG, Schnider A. Neural correlates of reality filtering in schizophrenia spectrum disorder. Schizophr Res 2019; 204:214-221. [PMID: 30057100 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2018.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A false sense of reality is a characteristic of schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD). Reality confusion may also emanate from posterior orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) lesions, as evident in confabulations that patients act upon and disorientation. This confusion can be measured by repeated runs of a continuous recognition task (CRT): patients increase their false positive rate from the second run on, failing to realize that an item is not a repetition within the current run. Correct handling of these stimuli, a faculty called orbitofrontal reality filtering (ORFi), induces a distinct frontal potential at 200-300 ms, the "ORFi potential". Patients with schizophrenia have been reported to fail in this task, too. Here, we explored the electrophysiology of ORFi in SSD. METHODS Evoked potentials, source, and connectivity analyses derived from high-density electroencephalograms of 17 patients with SSD and 15 age-matched healthy controls performing two runs of a CRT. RESULTS Although the patients obtained normal performance, they did not normally express the frontal potential typical of ORFi between 200 and 300 ms. Coherence analysis demonstrated virtually absent functional connectivity in the theta band within the memory network in this period. Source analysis showed increased activity in left medial temporal and prefrontal regions in patients. CONCLUSIONS SSD patients appear to invoke compensatory resources to handle the challenges of reality filtering. An abnormal ORFi potential may be an early biomarker of SSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Thézé
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neurorehabilitation, Division of Neurorehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University Hospital and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Aurélie L Manuel
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neurorehabilitation, Division of Neurorehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University Hospital and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Elena Pedrazzini
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neurorehabilitation, Division of Neurorehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University Hospital and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Fabrice Chantraine
- Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, University Hospital of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Maria Cristina Patru
- Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, University Hospital of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Louis Nahum
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neurorehabilitation, Division of Neurorehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University Hospital and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Adrian G Guggisberg
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neurorehabilitation, Division of Neurorehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University Hospital and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Armin Schnider
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neurorehabilitation, Division of Neurorehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University Hospital and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Thézé R, Manuel AL, Nahum L, Guggisberg AG, Schnider A. Simultaneous Reality Filtering and Encoding of Thoughts: The Substrate for Distinguishing between Memories of Real Events and Imaginations? Front Behav Neurosci 2017; 11:216. [PMID: 29163088 PMCID: PMC5671946 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Any thought, whether it refers to the present moment or reflects an imagination, is again encoded as a new memory trace. Orbitofrontal reality filtering (ORFi) denotes an on-line mechanism which verifies whether upcoming thoughts relate to ongoing reality or not. Its failure induces reality confusion with confabulations and disorientation. If the result of this process were simultaneously encoded, it would easily explain later distinction between memories relating to a past reality and memories relating to imagination, a faculty called reality monitoring. How the brain makes this distinction is unknown but much research suggests that it depends on processes active when information is encoded. Here we explored the precise timing between ORFi and encoding as well as interactions between the involved brain structures. We used high-density evoked potentials and two runs of a continuous recognition task (CRT) combining the challenges of ORFi and encoding. ORFi was measured by the ability to realize that stimuli appearing in the second run had not appeared in this run yet. Encoding was measured with immediately repeated stimuli, which has been previously shown to induce a signal emanating from the medial temporal lobe (MTL), which has a protective effect on the memory trace. We found that encoding, as measured with this task, sets in at about 210 ms after stimulus presentation, 35 ms before ORFi. Both processes end at about 330 ms. Both were characterized by increased coherence in the theta band in the MTL during encoding and in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) during ORFi. The study suggests a complex interaction between OFC and MTL allowing for thoughts to be re-encoded while they undergo ORFi. The combined influence of these two processes at 200-300 ms may leave a memory trace that allows for later effortless reality monitoring in most everyday situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Thézé
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neurorehabilitation, Division of Neurorehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University Hospital and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Aurélie L Manuel
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neurorehabilitation, Division of Neurorehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University Hospital and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Louis Nahum
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neurorehabilitation, Division of Neurorehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University Hospital and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Adrian G Guggisberg
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neurorehabilitation, Division of Neurorehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University Hospital and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Armin Schnider
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neurorehabilitation, Division of Neurorehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University Hospital and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Brion M, de Timary P, Pitel AL, Maurage P. Source Memory in Korsakoff Syndrome: Disentangling the Mechanisms of Temporal Confusion. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2017; 41:596-607. [DOI: 10.1111/acer.13318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Brion
- Laboratory for Experimental Psychopathology; Psychological Sciences Research Institute; Université catholique de Louvain; Louvain-la-Neuve Belgium
| | - Philippe de Timary
- Laboratory for Experimental Psychopathology; Psychological Sciences Research Institute; Université catholique de Louvain; Louvain-la-Neuve Belgium
- Department of Adult Psychiatry; St Luc Hospital and Institute of Neuroscience; Université catholique de Louvain; Brussels Belgium
| | - Anne-Lise Pitel
- INSERM; École Pratique des Hautes Études; Université de Caen-Basse Normandie; Unité U1077; GIP Cyceron; CHU Caen; Caen France
| | - Pierre Maurage
- Laboratory for Experimental Psychopathology; Psychological Sciences Research Institute; Université catholique de Louvain; Louvain-la-Neuve Belgium
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Schnider A, Nahum L, Ptak R. What does extinction have to do with confabulation? Cortex 2017; 87:5-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2016.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Dalla Barba G, Kopelman M. Confabulations and related disorders: We've come a long way, but there is still a lot to do! Cortex 2016; 87:1-4. [PMID: 28012549 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gianfranco Dalla Barba
- INSERM, Paris, France; Institut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d'Alzheimer (IM2A), Département de Neurologie, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris6, Paris, France; Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Italy; Centro Medico di Foniatria, Padua, Italy
| | - Michael Kopelman
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), Academic Unit of Neuropsychiatry, St Thomas's Hospital, London, UK.
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Liverani MC, Manuel AL, Guggisberg AG, Nahum L, Schnider A. No Influence of Positive Emotion on Orbitofrontal Reality Filtering: Relevance for Confabulation. Front Behav Neurosci 2016; 10:98. [PMID: 27303276 PMCID: PMC4886537 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Orbitofrontal reality filtering (ORFi) is a mechanism that allows us to keep thought and behavior in phase with reality. Its failure induces reality confusion with confabulation and disorientation. Confabulations have been claimed to have a positive emotional bias, suggesting that they emanate from a tendency to embellish the situation of a handicap. Here we tested the influence of positive emotion on ORFi in healthy subjects using a paradigm validated in reality confusing patients and with a known electrophysiological signature, a frontal positivity at 200-300 ms after memory evocation. Subjects made two continuous recognition tasks ("two runs"), composed of the same set of neutral and positive pictures, but arranged in different order. In both runs, participants had to indicate picture repetitions within, and only within, the ongoing run. The first run measures learning and recognition. The second run, where all items are familiar, requires ORFi to avoid false positive responses. High-density evoked potentials were recorded from 19 healthy subjects during completion of the task. Performance was more accurate and faster on neutral than positive pictures in both runs and for all conditions. Evoked potential correlates of emotion and reality filtering occurred at 260-350 ms but dissociated in terms of amplitude and topography. In both runs, positive stimuli evoked a more negative frontal potential than neutral ones. In the second run, the frontal positivity characteristic of reality filtering was separately, and to the same degree, expressed for positive and neutral stimuli. We conclude that ORFi, the ability to place oneself correctly in time and space, is not influenced by emotional positivity of the processed material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chiara Liverani
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neurorehabilitation, Division of Neurorehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University Hospital and University of Geneva Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Aurélie L Manuel
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neurorehabilitation, Division of Neurorehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University Hospital and University of Geneva Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Adrian G Guggisberg
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neurorehabilitation, Division of Neurorehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University Hospital and University of Geneva Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Louis Nahum
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neurorehabilitation, Division of Neurorehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University Hospital and University of Geneva Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Armin Schnider
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neurorehabilitation, Division of Neurorehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University Hospital and University of Geneva Geneva, Switzerland
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Liverani MC, Manuel AL, Nahum L, Guardabassi V, Tomasetto C, Schnider A. [Formula: see text]Children's sense of reality: The development of orbitofrontal reality filtering. Child Neuropsychol 2015; 23:408-421. [PMID: 26678872 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2015.1120861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Orbitofrontal reality filtering denotes a memory control mechanism necessary to keep thought and behavior in phase with reality. In adults, it is mediated by the orbitofrontal cortex and subcortical connections and its failure induces reality confusion, confabulations, and disorientation. Here we investigated for the first time the development of this mechanism in 83 children from ages 7 to 11 years and 20 adults. We used an adapted version of a continuous recognition task composed of two runs with the same picture set but arranged in different order. The first run measures storage and recognition capacity (item memory), the second run measures reality filtering. We found that accuracy and reaction times in response to all stimulus types of the task improved in parallel across ages. Importantly, at no age was there a notable performance drop in the second run. This means that reality filtering was already efficacious at age 7 and then steadily improved as item memory became stronger. At the age of 11 years, reality filtering dissociated from item memory, similar to the pattern observed in adults. However, performance in 11-year-olds was still inferior as compared to adults. The study shows that reality filtering develops early in childhood and becomes more efficacious as memory capacity increases. For the time being, it remains unresolved, however, whether this function already depends on the orbitofrontal cortex, as it does in adults, or on different brain structures in the developing brains of children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chiara Liverani
- a Laboratory of Cognitive Neurorehabilitation, Medical School , University of Geneva , Switzerland
| | - Aurélie L Manuel
- a Laboratory of Cognitive Neurorehabilitation, Medical School , University of Geneva , Switzerland
| | - Louis Nahum
- a Laboratory of Cognitive Neurorehabilitation, Medical School , University of Geneva , Switzerland
| | | | - Carlo Tomasetto
- b Department of Psychology , University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
| | - Armin Schnider
- a Laboratory of Cognitive Neurorehabilitation, Medical School , University of Geneva , Switzerland.,c Division of Neurorehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neurosciences , University Hospital and University of Geneva , Switzerland
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