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Pagani D, Galliera E, Dogliotti G, De Bernardi di Valserra M, Torretta S, Solimene U, Corsi MM, Pignataro L. Carbon dioxide-enriched water inhalation in patients with allergic rhinitis and its relationship with nasal fluid cytokine/chemokine release. Arch Med Res 2011; 42:329-33. [PMID: 21820613 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2011.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Allergic rhinitis is characterized by eosinophil infiltration and accumulation in the nasal mucosa mainly due to IL-3, IL-5, and eotaxin activities. We undertook this study to investigate a possible in vivo effect of carbon dioxide-enriched water inhalation in patients with allergic rhinitis. METHODS Twenty five consecutive patients inhaled carbon dioxide-enriched water at Fonti di Rabbi Spa Centre (Trento, Italy). Symptom scores for nasal obstruction, itching and sneezing were obtained before and after treatment. Nasal lavage was collected, and IL-3, IL-5, and eotaxin levels were assessed using the quantitative sandwich enzyme immunoassay technique. Cytometric analysis was performed on samples to measure total cell count, CD45+ cells, and percentages of polymorphonucleates and lymphocytes. RESULTS There were statistically significant differences in chemokine levels and in cell populations between patients and healthy controls before treatment. After carbon dioxide-enriched water inhalation, we observed statistically significant improvements in symptom scores, chemokine levels, and percentages of cell populations. CONCLUSIONS Our results seem to confirm the role of IL-3, IL-5, and eotaxin in the pathophysiology of allergy and the beneficial effect of carbon dioxide-enriched water inhalation in patients affected by allergic rhinitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Pagani
- Department of Special Surgical Sciences, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Italy.
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Kakinoki, Yoshihiro Ohashi, Akifumi Y. Seasonal Increase in Specific IgE in Serum Induced by Natural Japanese Cedar Pollen Exposure in Asymptomatic and Symptomatic Sensitized Individuals. Acta Otolaryngol 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/00016489850182873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Tanaka, Yoshihiro Ohashi, Yasushi K A. The Herbal Medicine Shoseiryu-to inhibits Allergen-induced Synthesis of Tumour Necrosis Factor Alpha by Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells in Patients with Perennial Allergic Rhinitis. Acta Otolaryngol 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/00016489850182837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Hamzaoui A, Cheik Rouhou S, Graïri H, Abid H, Ammar J, Chelbi H, Hamzaoui K. NKT cells in the induced sputum of severe asthmatics. Mediators Inflamm 2007; 2006:71214. [PMID: 16883065 PMCID: PMC1592585 DOI: 10.1155/mi/2006/71214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine whether there was a specific inflammatory process in
severe asthmatics, the phenotypic characteristics of induced
sputum immune cells were analysed among patients with severe
asthma. Twenty-two induced sputa (10 severe asthmatics) were
studied. Flow cytometric analysis was performed using immune cells
of the sputum and monoclonal antibodies to CD3, CD4, CD8, CD56,
CD25, and TCRγδ. The number of NKT
(CD3+CD56+) cells was significantly higher in the sputum
of severe asthmatics compared with mild asthmatic and
healthy control groups (P < .05). CD8+CD56+ cells were
the predominant subtype of the increased NKT cells in severe
asthmatics. CD3+CD56+Vα24+,
TCRγδ+ CD56+, and CD4+CD25+ T cells were
significantly increased in severe asthmatic patients. These
results suggest that the immunopathogenesis of severe asthmatics
vary between severe and mild asthmatics, and that
CD8+CD56+ NKT cells may play an important role in the
immunopathogenesis of severe asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Hamzaoui
- Department of Pediatric and Respiratory Diseases,
Abderrahmane Mami Hospital, Pavillon B, Ariana 2080, Tunisia
- Homeostasis and Cell Dysfunction Unit Research
99/UR/08-40, Medicine University of Tunis, 1007 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Sana Cheik Rouhou
- Department of Pediatric and Respiratory Diseases,
Abderrahmane Mami Hospital, Pavillon B, Ariana 2080, Tunisia
- Homeostasis and Cell Dysfunction Unit Research
99/UR/08-40, Medicine University of Tunis, 1007 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Hedia Graïri
- Department of Pediatric and Respiratory Diseases,
Abderrahmane Mami Hospital, Pavillon B, Ariana 2080, Tunisia
- Homeostasis and Cell Dysfunction Unit Research
99/UR/08-40, Medicine University of Tunis, 1007 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Hanadi Abid
- Department of Pediatric and Respiratory Diseases,
Abderrahmane Mami Hospital, Pavillon B, Ariana 2080, Tunisia
- Homeostasis and Cell Dysfunction Unit Research
99/UR/08-40, Medicine University of Tunis, 1007 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Jamel Ammar
- Department of Pediatric and Respiratory Diseases,
Abderrahmane Mami Hospital, Pavillon B, Ariana 2080, Tunisia
- Homeostasis and Cell Dysfunction Unit Research
99/UR/08-40, Medicine University of Tunis, 1007 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Hanene Chelbi
- Homeostasis and Cell Dysfunction Unit Research
99/UR/08-40, Medicine University of Tunis, 1007 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Kamel Hamzaoui
- Homeostasis and Cell Dysfunction Unit Research
99/UR/08-40, Medicine University of Tunis, 1007 Tunis, Tunisia
- *Kamel Hamzaoui:
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Na HJ, Moon PD, Lee HJ, Kim HR, Chae HJ, Shin T, Seo Y, Hong SH, Kim HM. Regulatory effect of atopic allergic reaction by Carpopeltis affinis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2005; 101:43-8. [PMID: 15893895 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2005.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2004] [Revised: 02/28/2005] [Accepted: 03/23/2005] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Carpopeltis affinis Okamura (CA, Halymeniaceae) has long been used as therapeutics for various allergic diseases in Korea. The precise effects of CA in experimental models, however, have remained unknown. We studied the effects of a methanol extract of CA on atopic allergic reaction. Histamine content was measured by the o-phthalaldehyde spectrofluorometric procedure. Cytokines were measured by a modified enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Cytotoxicity was determined by the 3-(4,5-dimethythiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. CA significantly inhibited the histamine release and beta-hexosaminidase release from rat peritoneal mast cells. CA also inhibited interleukin-8 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha secretion from the phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and A23187-induced HMC-1 cells (human mast cell line). 48 h exposure to CA (1.0, 10, and 100 microg/ml) had little effect on HMC-1 cell viability. Our results suggest that CA has an inhibitory effect on mast cell-dependent allergic reaction and thus may be useful in the treatment of atopic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Jeong Na
- College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 1 Hoegi-Dong, Dongdaemun-Gu, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
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Na HJ, Moon PD, Ko SG, Lee HJ, Jung HA, Hong SH, Seo Y, Oh JM, Lee BH, Choi BW, Kim HM. Sargassum hemiphyllum inhibits atopic allergic reaction via the regulation of inflammatory mediators. J Pharmacol Sci 2005; 97:219-26. [PMID: 15699580 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.fp0040326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sargassum hemiphyllum (SH) has long been used in Korean folk medicine for the therapeutic treatment of various allergic diseases. The effects of SH in previous experimental models, however, have been inconclusive. We studied the effects of methanol extract of SH on mast cells. Our experiments showed that SH significantly inhibited compound 48/80-induced histamine and beta-hexosaminidase release from rat peritoneal mast cells. SH inhibited interleukin (IL)-8 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha release induced by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and A23187 from HMC-1, and it also showed an inhibitory effect on the anti-dinitrophenyl IgE antibody-induced passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reaction. In addition, SH inhibited the increase of TNF-alpha-induced NF-kappaB protein levels, transcription factor of TNF-alpha from 293T cells. A period of 48 h exposure to SH had little effect on HMC-1 cell viability. Our results suggest that SH has an inhibitory effect on the atopic allergic reaction and thus this may be useful in the treatment of allergic inflammatory diseases, such as atopic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Jeong Na
- College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Na HJ, Shin HY, Kim NH, Kwon MW, Park EJ, Hong SH, Kim NI, Kim HM. Regulatory Effects of Cytokine Production in Atopic Allergic Reaction by Gammi-Danguieumja. Inflammation 2004; 28:291-8. [PMID: 16134003 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-004-6053-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Gammi-danguieumja (GD) is clinically used in South Korea for treating atopic dermatitis. However, its effects in experimental models remain unknown. We investigated a possible effect of GD on cytokines production using human T cell line (MOLT-4) or human mast cell line. As a result, GD (0.01 mg/mL)-containing medium in stimulated culture supernatants increased IL-2 and IFN-gamma, and decreased IL-4 secretion in MOLT-4. GD (0.01-1 mg/mL)-containing medium in stimulated culture supernatants dose-dependently and significantly decreased IL-8, IL-13, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha secretion on the phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and A23187-stimulated HMC-1. In addition, GD inhibited histamine release from activated mast cells. These results suggest that GD contributes to the regulation of atopic allergic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Jeong Na
- College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-Gu, Seoul, South Korea
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9
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Kawano T, Matsuse H, Kondo Y, Machida I, Saeki S, Tomari S, Mitsuta K, Obase Y, Fukushima C, Shimoda T, Kohno S. Cysteinyl leukotrienes induce nuclear factor kappa b activation and RANTES production in a murine model of asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003; 112:369-74. [PMID: 12897744 DOI: 10.1067/mai.2003.1636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been demonstrated that both cysteinyl leukotrienes (cysLTs) and cytokines are involved in the pathophysiology of bronchial asthma. Nonetheless, the exact mechanism involved in the interaction between these 2 molecules has yet to be determined. OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of cysLTs on allergic airway inflammation and allergen-specific cytokine production in a murine model of asthma. METHODS Four groups of BALB/c mice (control mice, Dermatophagoides farinae allergen-sensitized mice, pranlukast cysLT receptor antagonist-treated allergen-sensitized mice, and dexamethasone-treated allergen-sensitized mice) were examined. RESULTS Allergen-sensitized mice exhibited increased airway responsiveness and inflammation. Pranlukast-treated mice showed significant attenuation of these changes concomitant with reduction of T(H)2 cytokine and IFN-gamma production by isolated lung mononuclear cells (MNCs). A much stronger inhibition of all cytokines was noted in dexamethasone-treated mice. Pranlukast also significantly inhibited production of RANTES and activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B) in the isolated lung MNCs. Leukotriene D(4) stimulated isolated lung MNCs to produce RANTES but not any other cytokines and also activated NF-kappa B in these cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that cysLTs activate NF-kappa B and induce RANTES production from isolated lung MNCs, which in turn might cause migration of eosinophils and activated T lymphocytes into the airway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Kawano
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
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Smit EE, Sra SK, Grabowski LR, Ward SL, Trocme SD. Modulation of IL-8 and RANTES release in human conjunctival epithelial cells: primary cells and cell line compared and contrasted. Cornea 2003; 22:332-7. [PMID: 12792476 DOI: 10.1097/00003226-200305000-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Recent research indicates that epithelial cells of the ocular surface can contribute to the allergic reaction by the release of inflammatory and/or chemotactic mediators. In this study, the role of two inflammatory mediators, previously identified in the tear film of ocular allergy subjects, TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma, were evaluated for their effect on the release of two chemotactic mediators, IL-8 and RANTES, from cultured human conjunctival epithelial cells. METHODS Human conjunctival epithelial cells (primary cells or HC0597 cell line) were grown to confluence and stimulated with various concentrations of TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, or a combination of both. Supernatants were collected at 6, 24, and 48 hours and stored frozen for subsequent ELISA analyses of RANTES and IL-8. RESULTS RANTES and IL-8 release from HC0597 cells was stimulated in a dose- and time-dependent manner following treatment with TNF-alpha. However, only RANTES release was modulated by IFN-gamma treatment. Treatment of HC0597 cells with both TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma resulted in a synergistic increase in the release of RANTES. This synergistic effect was confirmed using primary cultures of human conjunctival epithelial cells. CONCLUSIONS Stimulation of conjunctival epithelium with proinflammatory mediators, TNF-alpha and/or IFN-gamma, generated the release of the chemotactic factors IL-8 and RANTES, which could act to prolong inflammation. These two chemokines may prolong inflammation by recruiting eosinophils to the ocular surface. This is the first study to compare chemokine release in a cell line and primary cells; similar chemokine release after mediator stimulation was demonstrated, indicating that the two cell types are phenotypically similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eefke E Smit
- Department of Opthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-1106, USA
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11
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Tsuda M, Ohashi Y, Washio Y, Kakinoki Y, Nakai Y, Tanaka A, Nakai Y. Seasonal changes in phytohemagglutinin-induced cytokine synthesis by peripheral blood lymphocytes of patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis due to Japanese cedar pollens. ACTA OTO-LARYNGOLOGICA. SUPPLEMENTUM 1999; 538:156-68. [PMID: 9879416 DOI: 10.1080/00016489850182882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the seasonal changes in non-specific stimulation-induced cytokine production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis due to Japanese cedar pollen. This study included 16 non-allergic healthy adult volunteers and 115 patients with detectable levels of Japanese cedar pollen-specific IgE in their serum. The 115 patients were divided into five groups, an asymptomatic group (specific IgE was positive but there were no nasal symptoms), a medication group (typical symptoms of Japanese cedar pollinosis and treated with antihistamine tablets), a good-IT group (responded well to immunotherapy), a poor-IT group (responded poorly to immunotherapy) and a cure group (no symptoms after discontinuation of immunotherapy). PBMCs (1.0 x 10(6) cells/ml) were collected before and during the cedar pollen season in 1998, and were cultured for 24 h in the presence of 10 micrograms/ml phytohemagglutinin. The concentrations of IL-4, IL-5 and IFN-gamma in the culture supernatants were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. None of the levels of IL-4, IL-5 and IFN-gamma synthesized by PBMCs in the asymptomatic group, medication group, good-IT group, poor-IT group or cure group were significantly different from those in the non-atopic group. In the medication group, the synthesis of TH2-type cytokines (both IL-4 and IL-5), but not of TH1-type cytokine (IFN-gamma) was significantly increased during the pollen season compared with before the pollen season, whereas in the non-atopic group, the synthesis of IL-4, IL-5 and IFN-gamma did not differ significantly before and during the pollen season. The synthesis of both IL-4 and IL-5 was significantly increased during the pollen season in the poor-IT group, whereas the synthesis of IL-4 and IL-5 was not increased during the pollen season in the good-IT or cure groups. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that T-cell reactivity to non-specific stimulation outside of the pollen season did not differ between the patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis and non-atopic individuals, that T-cells in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis are affected or primed by the natural pollen exposure to synthesize TH2-type cytokines even in response to non-specific stimulation, and that successful immunotherapy could decrease the natural pollen exposure-primed hyperreactivity of TH2 cells to non-specific stimulants.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tsuda
- Department of Otolaryngology, Osaka City University Medical School, Japan
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12
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Ohashi Y, Nakai Y, Tanaka A, Kakinoki Y, Washio Y, Nakai Y. Allergen-specific immunotherapy for allergic rhinitis: a new insight into its clinical efficacy and mechanism. ACTA OTO-LARYNGOLOGICA. SUPPLEMENTUM 1999; 538:178-90. [PMID: 9879418 DOI: 10.1080/00016489850182909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy has been used widely for allergic diseases for more than 90 years but, in the opinion of many physicians, it is still a controversial form of treatment. The exact mechanism of action of immunotherapy remains to be determined. In the present study, we review the clinical efficacy and mechanism of action of immunotherapy for allergic rhinitis. Recent double-blind placebo-controlled studies have demonstrated the clinical efficacy of immunotherapy for allergic rhinitis. This therapeutic method has several advantages over conventional pharmacological treatment. Immunotherapy is inferior to pharmacological treatment in the short term, but in the long term it is substantially superior with respect to clinical efficacy. Immunotherapy has the potential permanently to alleviate the abnormal immunological responses of allergic rhinitis and to cure the nasal symptoms in the long term, even after discontinuation of injections. In addition, immunotherapy can prevent the onset of new sensitizations in allergic patients and may prevent the progression of rhinitis to asthma. It may therefore be possible for immunotherapy to alter the natural history of allergic sensitization and its clinical manifestation. These lines of clinical evidence could affect strategies of long-term therapy for allergic rhinitis. Modern molecular biological techniques have suggested that immunotherapy may affect allergen-induced TH responses or cytokine profiles, but there is no general agreement among investigators. However, IL-5 is likely to be the most important cytokine involved in the clinical efficacy of immunotherapy, and the suppression of allergen-induced IL-5 synthesis is most likely to be involved in the mechanism of immunotherapy. Our recent investigations, focusing on specific IgE and IgG4 responses, suggest that immunotherapy-induced changes in these specific antibodies play a clinical role and are involved in the mechanism of action of immunotherapy. It is probable that immunotherapy modulates and affects many different immunological and non-immunological phenomena to produce clinical efficacy and that clinical improvement is a consequence of different mechanisms over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ohashi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Osaka City University Medical School, Japan
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Woschnagg C, Rak S, Venge P. Blood eosinophils from asymptomatic allergics have a reduced capacity to produce oxygen-free radicals. Allergy 1998; 53:1162-71. [PMID: 9930592 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1998.tb03836.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The eosinophil granulocyte is an inflammatory cell that plays an active part in diseases such as asthma and rhinitis. This study aimed to investigate oxidative metabolism by blood eosinophils taken from allergic rhinitis patients, asthmatics, and nonallergic controls before and during the birch-pollen season. METHODS Twenty patients with allergy to birch pollen and seasonal symptoms of rhinitis, some of whom were also asthmatic, were followed before and during the birch-pollen season in Sweden. The cells were purified using a Percoll gradient and the MACS system. Eosinophil purity in all samples was > 95%. Oxidative metabolism was measured by a chemiluminescence (CL) assay, with luminol and lucigenin acting as enhancers, and PMA, serum-treated zymosan (STZ), interleukin (IL)-5, or RANTES as stimuli. RESULTS The allergic subjects showed reduced luminol CL when activated before the season with PMA (P = 0.040) or STZ (P = 0.0055). This was not seen during pollen exposure. STZ-activated lucigenin CL was also reduced before the season (P = 0.0027). The reduction was most evident in the group with asymptomatic rhinitis. In terms of eosinophil stimulation, IL-5 and RANTES were equally effective in allergic and nonallergic subjects, both before and during the pollen season. CONCLUSIONS Blood eosinophils from asymptomatic allergics may have a lower capacity to produce oxygen-free radicals than eosinophils from nonallergics.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Woschnagg
- Asthma Research Centre, Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
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14
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Hingorani M, Calder VL, Buckley RJ, Lightman SL. The role of conjunctival epithelial cells in chronic ocular allergic disease. Exp Eye Res 1998; 67:491-500. [PMID: 9878210 DOI: 10.1006/exer.1998.0528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that mucosal epithelial cells are capable of actively participating in immune reactions via expression of surface antigens, such as adhesion molecules, and synthesis of cytokines. This appears to be important in the pathophysiology of non-ocular allergic disorders. The objectives of the experiments were to compare the expression of HLA-DR, ICAM-I and pro-allergic cytokines in conjunctival epithelial cells in the different chronic ocular allergic disorders with each other and with normal subjects. Conjunctiva from normal patients (n=10) and patients with vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC, n=10), atopic keratoconjunctivitis (AKC, n=10) and contact lens-associated giant papillary conjunctivitis (GPC, n=10) were examined by immunohistochemistry. Epithelial cell staining for surface antigens and cytokines was graded by one masked observer using a four point scale based on the percentage of epithelial cells staining positive. There was no expression of ICAM-1 or HLA-DR in the normal conjunctival epithelial cells, but both antigens were induced on conjunctival epithelial cells in the allergic tissue, and there was greater expression in AKC and VKC compared with GPC. Cytokines IL-6, IL-8, RANTES and TNF-alphaall localised to normal conjunctival epithelial cells. RANTES was upregulated in all the allergic disorders and IL-8 was upregulated in GPC. IL-3 and GM-CSF were not expressed in normal conjunctival epithelial cells. GM-CSF was expressed in all disorders and there was greater expression in AKC compared with GPC and VKC. IL-3 was expressed only in AKC and VKC epithelial cells. These results suggest that conjunctival epithelial cells play an important pro-inflammatory role in chronic ocular allergic diseases; ICAM-1 may allow epithelial cells to recruit, retain and locally concentrate leukocytes; the presence of HLA-DR raises the question of conjunctival epithelial cell antigen presentation. The epithelial cytokines which are upregulated are known to promote eosinophilic inflammation and are typical of allergic inflammation. The differences in cytokine patterns may be exploitable for future therapy.
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Niessen FB, Spauwen PH, Robinson PH, Fidler V, Kon M. The use of silicone occlusive sheeting (Sil-K) and silicone occlusive gel (Epiderm) in the prevention of hypertrophic scar formation. Plast Reconstr Surg 1998; 102:1962-72. [PMID: 9810992 DOI: 10.1097/00006534-199811000-00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The development of hypertrophic scars and keloids is an unsolved problem in the process of wound healing. For this reason, a successful treatment to prevent excessive scar formation still has not been found. Over the last decade, however, a promising new treatment has been introduced. Silicone materials have proved to reduce the amount of scar tissue and are believed even to prevent hypertrophic scar and keloid formation. In this study, the prophylactic effect of a silicone occlusive sheeting (Sil-K, Degania, Israel) and a silicone occlusive gel (Epiderm, Inamed B.V., The Netherlands) was investigated in a bilateral breast-reduction scar model in which the nontreated scars were supported by nonocclusive Micropore (3M, The Netherlands). The inframammary scars of 129 female patients with a mean age of 31 years ( 14 to 69 years) were studied up to 1 year after the operation. The width and height were measured, and B-scan ultrasound, laser-Doppler flowmetry, and color measurements were used as objective indicators to distinguish between normal and exuberant scars. Three months following the operation, 64.3 percent of the patients developed a hypertrophic scar, which was reduced to 56.6 percent after 6 months and down to 35.3 percent after 1 year. No keloids were seen. Patients with an easily tanning skin, nonsmokers, and patients with an allergy showed more hypertrophic scar formation. Neither Sil-K, used in 68 patients, nor Epiderm, used in 61 patients, could prevent the formation of hypertrophic scars. If both groups were taken together, the scars treated with silicone materials even developed significantly more hypertrophy compared with the Micropore-applicated scars.
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Affiliation(s)
- F B Niessen
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Hand Surgery at the University Hospital of Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
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16
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Tanaka A, Ohashi Y, Kakinoki Y, Nakai Y. Immunotherapy suppresses both Th1 and Th2 responses by allergen stimulation, but suppression of the Th2 response is a more important mechanism related to the clinical efficacy of immunotherapy for perennial allergic rhinitis. Scand J Immunol 1998; 48:201-11. [PMID: 9716113 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3083.1998.00362.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Increased attention has recently been directed at the possibility that the clinical efficacy of immunotherapy might be elaborated by alteration of T-cell reactivity. However, there is no general agreement among different investigators regarding the effect of immunotherapy on Th-cell reactivity. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 15 nonatopic subjects and 76 patients with perennial allergic rhinitis (18 untreated patients and 58 patients on immunotherapy) were cultured in the absence and in the presence of a major Dermatophagoides farinae allergen, Der f 1, and the levels of IgE, interleukin-5 (IL-5), interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in the culture supernatants were determined. The difference between the absence and presence of Der f 1 was calculated to consider the Der f 1-dependent synthesis of IgE, IL-5, IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha. The levels of Der f 1-dependent synthesis of IgE, IL-5 and TNF-alpha were significantly higher in the untreated group than in the nonatopic group, whereas Der f 1-dependent synthesis of IFN-gamma was significantly lower in the untreated group than in the nonatopic group. Immunotherapy decreased the enhanced Der f 1-dependent synthesis of IgE, IL-5 and TNF-alpha, and further decreased the suppressed Der f 1-dependent synthesis of IFN-gamma as the therapy proceeded. The levels of Der f 1-dependent synthesis of IgE and IL-5 did not differ between nonatopic individuals and patients whose duration of immunotherapy was 10 or more years. The levels of Der f 1-dependent synthesis of IgE and IL-5, but not of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha, were correlated significantly with the levels of symptom scores. In addition, the levels of Der f 1-dependent synthesis of IgE and IL-5, but not of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha, differed significantly between good and poor responders. In conclusion, immunotherapy for perennial allergic rhinitis may possibly work via induction of tolerance or anergy of both Th1- and Th2 cells. However, our study is likely to support a view that the mechanisms responsible for the clinically beneficial effects of immunotherapy principally involve the tolerance of Th2- rather than Th1 cells. In addition, suppression of IgE synthesis is also likely to be linked to the clinical efficacy of immunotherapy for perennial allergic rhinitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tanaka
- Department of Otolaryngology, Osaka City University Medical School, Abeno, Japan
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17
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Ohashi Y, Nakai Y, Tanaka A, Kakinoki Y, Masamoto T, Kato A, Washio Y, Yamada K, Hayashi M, Ohmoto Y. Allergen-induced synthesis of interleukin-5, but not of IgE, is a key mechanism linked to symptomatic episodes of seasonal allergic rhinitis in sensitized individuals. Scand J Immunol 1998; 47:596-602. [PMID: 9652829 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3083.1998.00337.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Some individuals with detectable levels of Japanese cedar (Criptomeria japonica) pollen-specific immunoglobulin (Ig)E in serum have no apparent nasal symptoms during the pollen season. The response of CD4+ T-helper (Th) cells to the pollen allergen might differ fundamentally between asymptomatic and symptomatic individuals who are already sensitized to the pollen. The aim of this study was to discern the possible differences in responses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to the pollen allergen between asymptomatic and symptomatic subjects who have been sensitized to the pollen. This study included 20 non-atopic healthy volunteers (non-atopic group) and 48 patients who had detectable levels of the pollen-specific IgE before the pollen season in 1997. In the review of nasal symptoms during the pollen season 1997, 24 patients had typical symptoms of seasonal allergic rhinitis (symptomatic group), and the remainder had no seasonal aggravation of nasal symptoms (asymptomatic group). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (1.0 x 10(7) cells/well) were obtained from each individual during the pollen season and cultured in the absence or presence of 12.5 microg of Cry j 1 for 4 days. The concentrations of IgE, interleukin-5 (IL-5), and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) in the culture supernatants were measured. The levels of IgE produced by Cry j 1-stimulated PBMCs of the asymptomatic and symptomatic groups were significantly higher than those of the non-atopic group, but did not differ between the asymptomatic and symptomatic groups. The levels of IL-5 produced by Cry j 1-stimulated PBMCs did not differ significantly between the non-atopic group and the asymptomatic group, but the levels of IL-5 were significantly higher in the symptomatic group than in the asymptomatic group as well as the non-atopic group. The levels of IFN-gamma produced by Cry j 1-stimulated PBMCs did not differ significantly among the three groups. In conclusion, our study has suggested that Japanese cedar pollen-induced synthesis of IL-5, but not of IgE or IFN-gamma, is likely to be a key mechanism linked to the symptomatic episode of seasonal allergic rhinitis in individuals sensitized to the pollen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ohashi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Osaka City University Medical School, Osaka, Japan
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18
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Abstract
This review examines our current understanding of the mechanisms underlying allergic diseases. The IgE molecule plays a central role in the pathogenesis of immediate hypersensitivity reactions by virtue of its capacity to bind specifically to high-affinity IgE receptors on mast cells and mediate the release of various mast cell-derived mediators and proinflammatory cytokines on exposure to allergen. Clinically significant allergic responses are followed by a late-phase response dominated by eosinophils and T lymphocytes. The majority of T cells in allergic responses are memory T cells secreting helper type 2 (TH2)-like cytokines, i.e., interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-13, but not interferon-gamma. These cytokines regulate IgE synthesis and promote eosinophil development, thus contributing to allergic inflammatory responses. Failure to control immune activation early in the course of allergic disease blunts responses to glucocorticoid therapy and contributes to disease progression. The identification of key cells and molecules involved in the initiation and maintenance of allergic inflammation is likely to become an important target in the treatment of this common group of illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Y Leung
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, Colorado 80206, USA.
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19
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van der Velden VH, Wierenga-Wolf AF, Adriaansen-Soeting PW, Overbeek SE, Möller GM, Hoogsteden HC, Versnel MA. Expression of aminopeptidase N and dipeptidyl peptidase IV in the healthy and asthmatic bronchus. Clin Exp Allergy 1998; 28:110-20. [PMID: 9537773 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1998.00198.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma is characterized by reversible airway obstruction, airway hyperresponsiveness, and chronic inflammation of the airways. Since peptides are able to produce many of the pathophysiological features which are characteristic of asthma, peptide-mediated inflammation is thought to play a role in this disease. The effects of peptides are modulated by peptidases, which are able to degrade peptides, mostly resulting in their inactivation. OBJECTIVES In this study, we investigated the distribution of two peptidases, aminopeptidase N and dipeptidyl peptidase IV, in the human bronchus and determined whether their expression was altered in allergic asthmatics. METHODS We first determined the distribution of aminopeptidase N and dipeptidyl peptidase IV in the human bronchus using immuno- and enzymehistochemistry and compared this with the distribution of neutral endopeptidase. Secondly, the expression of aminopeptidase N and dipeptidyl peptidase IV was determined in bronchial biopsies of healthy subjects (n = 8) and allergic asthmatics (n = 12). RESULTS Aminopeptidase N was localized in connective tissue, blood vessels, gland ducts, perichondrium, nerves and leucocytes (mainly mononuclear phagocytes, dendritic cells, and eosinophils). Dipeptidyl peptidase IV was localized in serosal glands, blood vessels, and T cells. Immunohistochemistry and enzymehistochemistry gave similar results. Comparison of the expression of aminopeptidase N and dipeptidyl peptidase IV in bronchial biopsies of healthy controls and atopic asthmatics revealed no significant differences in the lamina propria. In contrast, in the bronchial epithelium of atopic asthmatics an increased number of aminopeptidase N-positive cells could be found. Double-staining identified these cells as L25+ dendritic cells and eosinophils. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that expression of aminopeptidase N and dipeptidyl peptidase IV is restricted to specific sites within the human bronchus. Furthermore, in the bronchial epithelium of allergic asthmatics an increased number of aminopeptidase N-expressing dendritic cells and eosinophils can be found.
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Affiliation(s)
- V H van der Velden
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus University and University Hospital Dijkzigt, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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20
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Abstract
During the past decade there have been significant advances in our understanding of the mechanisms underlying allergic responses. Immediate hypersensitivity reactions are mediated primarily by mast cells in an IgE-dependent manner. After the local release of various mediators, proinflammatory cytokines, and chemokines, there is a cell-mediated response that is dominated by eosinophils and T lymphocytes. The majority of T cells in early allergic reactions are memory T cells secreting helper type 2 (TH2)-like cytokines, i.e. IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, but not interferon-gamma. These cytokines regulate IgE synthesis and promote eosinophil differentiation and cell survival, thus contributing to allergic inflammatory responses. Failure to control immune activation early in the course of allergic inflammation may blunt the response to glucocorticoid therapy and contribute to long-term morbidity of disease. The identification of key cells and cytokines involved in the initiation and maintenance of allergic inflammation is likely to become an important therapeutic target in the future management of this important group of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Y Leung
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, The National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, Colorado 80206, USA
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21
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Jirapongsananuruk O, Leung DY. Clinical applications of cytokines: new directions in the therapy of atopic diseases. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 1997; 79:5-16; quiz 19-20. [PMID: 9236494 DOI: 10.1016/s1081-1206(10)63078-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This review will enable the readers to understand the pathogenesis of allergic inflammation, and the role of various cells and cytokines in allergic diseases. Pathogenic cytokines may become key therapeutic targets in the future treatment of allergic diseases. DATA SOURCES MEDLINE literature search limited to the English language was performed using the relation between specific cytokines and allergic inflammation as well as therapy of allergic diseases. Relevant articles referenced in retrieved sources and current texts on ctyokines and allergic responses were also utilized. RESULTS The mechanism underlying allergic inflammation involves complex interactions between various cells and cytokines. The immediate reaction is caused mainly by mast cells and followed by a cell mediated response that involves eosinophils, mononuclear cells, neutrophils, T lymphocytes and macrophages. The majority of T cells in early allergic reactions are T helper type 2 (TH2)-like producing IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 but not IFN-gamma. These cytokines regulate IgE synthesis, promote eosinophil differentiation and survival, and induce vascular endothelial adhesion molecules, thus contributing to allergic inflammation. CONCLUSIONS Although studies of cytokine modulation have utilized animal models of allergic diseases, the increasing availability of recombinant cytokines and cytokine antagonists is likely to lead to more wide scale applications in allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Jirapongsananuruk
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, Colorado, USA
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22
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Wen LP, Fahrni JA, Matsui S, Rosen GD. Airway epithelial cells produce stem cell factor. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1996; 1314:183-6. [PMID: 8982273 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4889(96)00138-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Airway epithelial cells modulate the inflammatory response in asthmatic, allergic and fibrotic lung diseases through the secretion of cytokines that regulate the movement and activation of inflammatory cells. Mast cells play an important role in the pathogenesis of these lung diseases. In this study we report that normal airway epithelial cells express stem cell factor which is a critical mediator of mast cell growth and differentiation and that transforming growth factor-beta inhibits secretion of stem cell factor by airway epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- L P Wen
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, CA 94305-5236, USA
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