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Murakami M, Sato H, Taketomi Y. Modulation of immunity by the secreted phospholipase A 2 family. Immunol Rev 2023; 317:42-70. [PMID: 37035998 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
Among the phospholipase A2 (PLA2 ) superfamily, which typically catalyzes the sn-2 hydrolysis of phospholipids to yield fatty acids and lysophospholipids, the secreted PLA2 (sPLA2 ) family contains 11 isoforms in mammals. Individual sPLA2 s have unique enzymatic specificity toward fatty acids and polar heads of phospholipid substrates and display distinct tissue/cellular distributions, suggesting their distinct physiological functions. Recent studies using knockout and/or transgenic mice for a full set of sPLA2 s have revealed their roles in modulation of immunity and related disorders. Application of mass spectrometric lipidomics to these mice has enabled to identify target substrates and products of individual sPLA2 s in given tissue microenvironments. sPLA2 s hydrolyze not only phospholipids in the plasma membrane of activated, damaged or dying mammalian cells, but also extracellular phospholipids such as those in extracellular vesicles, microbe membranes, lipoproteins, surfactants, and dietary phospholipids, thereby exacerbating or ameliorating various diseases. The actions of sPLA2 s are dependent on, or independent of, the generation of fatty acid- or lysophospholipid-derived lipid mediators according to the pathophysiological contexts. In this review, we make an overview of our current understanding of the roles of individual sPLA2 s in various immune responses and associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Murakami
- Laboratory of Microenvironmental and Metabolic Health Science, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Sato
- Laboratory of Microenvironmental and Metabolic Health Science, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Taketomi
- Laboratory of Microenvironmental and Metabolic Health Science, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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2
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Li R, Peng X, Wu Y, Lv W, Xie H, Ishii Y, Zhang C. Exposure to PM 2.5 during pregnancy causes lung inflammation in the offspring: Mechanism of action of mogrosides. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 228:112955. [PMID: 34781127 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological and toxicological studies have demonstrated that exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) during pregnancy is harmful to the tissues of the offspring. However, the mechanism by which PM2.5 exposure causes lung damage in the offspring or potential dietary therapy for this condition remains unclear. Mogrosides (MGs) are derived from the traditional plant Siraitia grosvenorii and are used medicinally, where they can moisten the lungs and relieve coughing. In this study, pregnant rats were exposed to PM2.5 by intratracheal instillation and treated with MGs by gavage to model the effect of PM2.5 in the offspring and the interventional effect of MGs on lung tissue. We then used transcriptomics, metabolomics, and RT-qPCR as tools to look for metabolite and genetic changes in the offspring. We found that when compared to the control group, the mRNA levels of the inflammatory mediator Pla2g2d and the metabolites lysophosphatidylcholines (LysoPCs) and arachidonic acid (AA) were up-regulated in the lung tissues of PM2.5 group. In contrast, these inflammatory changes were restored after treatment with MGs during pregnancy. In addition, the levels of AA, LPC 15:0 and LPC 18:0 were elevated in the PM2.5 group compared with control group. This increase was inhibited by co-administration of MGs. The change of PGA1 was adverse. In conclusion, even a relatively low exposure to PM2.5 in rats during pregnancy produces inflammation in the lungs of the male offspring, and an intervention with MGs could significantly alleviate this effect. Furthermore, Pla2g2d may represent a potential target for MGs resulting in the improvement of PM2.5-induced lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renshi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Sino-Jan Joint Lab of Natural Health Products Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xuewei Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Sino-Jan Joint Lab of Natural Health Products Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yanliang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Weichao Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Haifeng Xie
- Research and Development Department, Chengdu Biopurify Phytochemicals Ltd., Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yuji Ishii
- Laboratory of Molecular Life Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Chaofeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Sino-Jan Joint Lab of Natural Health Products Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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3
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Updating Phospholipase A 2 Biology. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10101457. [PMID: 33086624 PMCID: PMC7603386 DOI: 10.3390/biom10101457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The phospholipase A2 (PLA2) superfamily contains more than 50 enzymes in mammals that are subdivided into several distinct families on a structural and biochemical basis. In principle, PLA2 has the capacity to hydrolyze the sn-2 position of glycerophospholipids to release fatty acids and lysophospholipids, yet several enzymes in this superfamily catalyze other reactions rather than or in addition to the PLA2 reaction. PLA2 enzymes play crucial roles in not only the production of lipid mediators, but also membrane remodeling, bioenergetics, and body surface barrier, thereby participating in a number of biological events. Accordingly, disturbance of PLA2-regulated lipid metabolism is often associated with various diseases. This review updates the current state of understanding of the classification, enzymatic properties, and biological functions of various enzymes belonging to the PLA2 superfamily, focusing particularly on the novel roles of PLA2s in vivo.
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Sato H, Taketomi Y, Miki Y, Murase R, Yamamoto K, Murakami M. Secreted Phospholipase PLA2G2D Contributes to Metabolic Health by Mobilizing ω3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in WAT. Cell Rep 2020; 31:107579. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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5
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Murakami M, Miki Y, Sato H, Murase R, Taketomi Y, Yamamoto K. Group IID, IIE, IIF and III secreted phospholipase A 2s. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1864:803-818. [PMID: 30905347 PMCID: PMC7106514 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Among the 11 members of the secreted phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) family, group IID, IIE, IIF and III sPLA2s (sPLA2-IID, -IIE, -IIF and -III, respectively) are “new” isoforms in the history of sPLA2 research. Relative to the better characterized sPLA2s (sPLA2-IB, -IIA, -V and -X), the enzymatic properties, distributions, and functions of these “new” sPLA2s have remained obscure until recently. Our current studies using knockout and transgenic mice for a nearly full set of sPLA2s, in combination with comprehensive lipidomics, have revealed unique and distinct roles of these “new” sPLA2s in specific biological events. Thus, sPLA2-IID is involved in immune suppression, sPLA2-IIE in metabolic regulation and hair follicle homeostasis, sPLA2-IIF in epidermal hyperplasia, and sPLA2-III in male reproduction, anaphylaxis, colonic diseases, and possibly atherosclerosis. In this article, we overview current understanding of the properties and functions of these sPLA2s and their underlying lipid pathways in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Murakami
- Laboratory of Microenvironmental and Metabolic Health Science, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, 1-7-1 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan.
| | - Yoshimi Miki
- Laboratory of Microenvironmental and Metabolic Health Science, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Sato
- Laboratory of Microenvironmental and Metabolic Health Science, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Remi Murase
- Laboratory of Microenvironmental and Metabolic Health Science, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Taketomi
- Laboratory of Microenvironmental and Metabolic Health Science, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Kei Yamamoto
- PRIME, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, 1-7-1 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan; Division of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8513, Japan.
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In silico investigation of the molecular effects caused by R123H variant in secretory phospholipase A2-IIA associated with ARDS. J Mol Graph Model 2018. [PMID: 29529495 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2018.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipase A2-IIA catalyzes the hydrolysis of the sn-2 ester of glycerophospholipids. A rare c.428G > A (p.Arg143His) variant in PLA2G2A gene was found in two infants affected by acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) by whole coding region and exon/intron boundaries sequencing. To obtain insights into the possible molecular effects of the rare R123H mutation in secretory PLA2-IIA (sPLA2-IIA), molecular modelling, molecular dynamics (MD) using principal component analysis (PCA) and continuum electrostatic calculations were conducted on the crystal structure of the wild type protein and on a generated model structure of the R123H mutant. Analysis of MD trajectories indicate that the overall stability of the protein is not affected by this mutation but nevertheless the catalytically crucial H-bond between Tyr51 and Asp91 as well as main electrostatic interactions in the region close to the mutation site are altered. PCA results indicate that the R123H replacement alter the internal molecular motions of the enzyme and that collective motions are increased. Electrostatic surface potential studies suggest that after mutation the interfacial binding to anionic phospholipid membranes and anionic proteins may be changed. The strengthening of electrostatic interactions may be propagated into the active site region thus potentially affecting the substrate recognition and enzymatic activity. Our findings provide the basis for further investigation and advances our understanding of the effects of mutations on sPLA2 structure and function.
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Ghomashchi F, Brglez V, Payré C, Jeammet L, Bezzine S, Gelb MH, Lambeau G. Preparation of the Full Set of Recombinant Mouse- and Human-Secreted Phospholipases A 2. Methods Enzymol 2016; 583:35-69. [PMID: 28063498 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2016.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A family of 14-20kDa, disulfide-rich, calcium-dependent secreted phospholipases A2 (sPLA2s) that release fatty acids from the sn-2 position of glycerophospholipids can be found in mammals. They have a diverse array of tissue distribution and biological functions. In this chapter we provide detailed protocols for production of nearly all of the mouse and human sPLA2s mainly by expression in bacteria and in vitro refolding or by expression in insect cells. High-resolution mass spectrometry and enzymatic assays were, respectively, used to show that all disulfides are formed and that the enzymes are active, strongly suggesting that each sPLA2 was prepared in the structurally native form. The availability of these proteins has allowed kinetic studies to be carried out, to prepare highly selective antisera, to screen for selective inhibitors, to study receptor binding, and to study the action of each enzyme on mammalian cell membranes and their in vivo biological roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Ghomashchi
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - V Brglez
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Valbonne, France
| | - C Payré
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Valbonne, France
| | - L Jeammet
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Valbonne, France
| | - S Bezzine
- University of Sfax, Laboratoire de Biochimie et de Génie Enzymatique des Lipases, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - M H Gelb
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.
| | - G Lambeau
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Valbonne, France.
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Molecular modeling of Gly80 and Ser80 variants of human group IID phospholipase A2 and their receptor complexes: potential basis for weight loss in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Mol Model 2016; 22:232. [PMID: 27585677 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-016-3095-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Weight loss is a well known systemic manifestation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). A Gly80Ser mutation on human group IID secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) enhances expression of the cytokines that are responsible for weight loss. In this study, we seek to establish a structural correlation of wild type sPLA2 and the Gly80Ser mutation with function. sPLA2 with glycine and serine at the 80th positions and the M-type receptor were modelled. The enzymes were docked to the receptor and molecular dynamics was carried out to 70 ns. Structural analysis revealed the enzymes to comprise three helices (H1-H3), two short helices (SH1 and SH2), and five loops including a calcium binding loop (L1-L5), and to be stabilized by seven disulfide bonds. The overall backbone folds of the two models are very similar, with main chain RMSD of less than 1 Å. The active site within the substrate binding channel shows a catalytic triad of water-His67-Asp112, showing a hydrogen bonded network. Major structural differences between wild type and mutant enzymes were observed locally at the site of the mutation and in their global conformations. These differences include: (1) loop-L3 between H2 and H3, which bears residue Gly80 in the wild type, is in a closed conformation with respect to the channel opening, while in the mutant enzyme it adopts a relatively open conformation; (2) the mutant enzyme is less compact and has higher solvent accessible surface area; and (3) interfacial binding contact surface area is greater, and the quality of interactions with the receptor is better in the mutant enzyme as compared to the wild type. Therefore, the structural differences delineated in this study are potential biophysical factors that could determine the increased potency of the mutant enzyme with macrophage receptor for cytokine secreting function, resulting in exacerbation of cachexia in COPD.
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Murakami M, Yamamoto K, Miki Y, Murase R, Sato H, Taketomi Y. The Roles of the Secreted Phospholipase A 2 Gene Family in Immunology. Adv Immunol 2016; 132:91-134. [PMID: 27769509 PMCID: PMC7112020 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Within the phospholipase A2 (PLA2) family that hydrolyzes phospholipids to yield fatty acids and lysophospholipids, secreted PLA2 (sPLA2) enzymes comprise the largest group containing 11 isoforms in mammals. Individual sPLA2s exhibit unique tissue or cellular distributions and enzymatic properties, suggesting their distinct biological roles. Although PLA2 enzymes, particularly cytosolic PLA2 (cPLA2α), have long been implicated in inflammation by driving arachidonic acid metabolism, the precise biological roles of sPLA2s have remained a mystery over the last few decades. Recent studies employing mice gene-manipulated for individual sPLA2s, in combination with mass spectrometric lipidomics to identify their target substrates and products in vivo, have revealed their roles in diverse biological events, including immunity and associated disorders, through lipid mediator-dependent or -independent processes in given microenvironments. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge of the roles of sPLA2s in various immune responses and associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Murakami
- Lipid Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan; AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - K Yamamoto
- Lipid Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan; Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Y Miki
- Lipid Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - R Murase
- Lipid Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - H Sato
- Lipid Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Y Taketomi
- Lipid Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
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10
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Predictors for mortality from respiratory failure in a general population. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26053. [PMID: 27180927 PMCID: PMC4867438 DOI: 10.1038/srep26053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Risk factors for death from respiratory failure in the general population are not established. The aim of this study was to determine the characteristics of individuals who die of respiratory failure in a Japanese general population. In total, 3253 adults aged 40 years or older participated in annual health check in Takahata, Yamagata, Japan from 2004 to 2006. Subject deaths through the end of 2010 were reviewed; 27 subjects died of respiratory failure (pneumonia, n = 22; COPD, n = 1; pulmonary fibrosis, n = 3; and bronchial asthma, n = 1). Cox proportional hazard analysis revealed that male sex; higher age, high levels of D-dimer and fibrinogen; lower body mass index (BMI) and total cholesterol; and history of stroke and gastric ulcer were independent risk factors for respiratory death. On analysis with C-statistics, net reclassification improvement, and integrated discrimination improvement, addition of the disease history and laboratory data significantly improved the model prediction for respiratory death using age and BMI. In conclusion, we identified risk factors for mortality from respiratory failure in a prospective cohort of a Japanese general population. Men who were older, underweight, hypocholesterolemic, hypercoagulo-fibrinolytic, and had a history of stroke or gastric ulcer had a higher risk of mortality due to respiratory failure.
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Inoue S, Shibata Y, Kishi H, Hasegawa H, Nitobe J, Iwayama T, Yashiro Y, Nemoto T, Sato K, Nakano H, Sato M, Nunomiya K, Aida Y, Yamauchi K, Igarashi A, Abe S, Kubota I. Low arterial blood oxygenation is associated with calcification of the coronary arteries in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir Investig 2015; 53:111-116. [PMID: 25951097 DOI: 10.1016/j.resinv.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 12/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cigarette smoking is a well-known major cause of both chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and atherosclerosis. However, few studies have investigated the correlation between COPD and coronary atherosclerosis. METHODS We recruited 54 patients with stable COPD (51 men, 3 women) but without angina symptoms. Arterial blood gas analyses were performed, pulmonary function was assessed, and calcification of the coronary arteries was evaluated by computed tomography (CT). RESULTS Calcification of the coronary arteries was noted in 25 patients. There were no significant differences in age, body mass index, respiratory function, and levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, hemoglobin A1c, glucose, or C-reactive protein between patients with or without calcification of the coronary arteries. Arterial blood oxygenation was significantly lower in patients with calcification of the coronary arteries. On both univariate and multivariate analyses, low arterial blood oxygenation was an independent risk factor for calcification of the coronary arteries. CONCLUSIONS In patients with COPD, low arterial blood oxygenation was strongly associated with calcification of the coronary arteries and may be a significant predictor of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumito Inoue
- Yamagata University School of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan.
| | - Yoko Shibata
- Yamagata University School of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Kishi
- Yamagata University School of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan.
| | - Hiromasa Hasegawa
- Yamagata University School of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan.
| | - Joji Nitobe
- Yamagata University School of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan.
| | - Tadateru Iwayama
- Yamagata University School of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan.
| | - Yoshinori Yashiro
- Yamagata University School of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan.
| | - Takako Nemoto
- Yamagata University School of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan.
| | - Kento Sato
- Yamagata University School of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Nakano
- Yamagata University School of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan.
| | - Masamichi Sato
- Yamagata University School of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan.
| | - Keiko Nunomiya
- Yamagata University School of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan.
| | - Yasuko Aida
- Yamagata University School of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan.
| | - Keiko Yamauchi
- Yamagata University School of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan.
| | - Akira Igarashi
- Yamagata University School of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan.
| | - Shuichi Abe
- Yamagata University School of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan.
| | - Isao Kubota
- Yamagata University School of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan.
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12
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Murakami M, Sato H, Miki Y, Yamamoto K, Taketomi Y. A new era of secreted phospholipase A₂. J Lipid Res 2015; 56:1248-61. [PMID: 25805806 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r058123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Among more than 30 members of the phospholipase A2 (PLA2) superfamily, secreted PLA2 (sPLA2) enzymes represent the largest family, being Ca(2+)-dependent low-molecular-weight enzymes with a His-Asp catalytic dyad. Individual sPLA2s exhibit unique tissue and cellular distributions and enzymatic properties, suggesting their distinct biological roles. Recent studies using transgenic and knockout mice for nearly a full set of sPLA2 subtypes, in combination with sophisticated lipidomics as well as biochemical and cell biological studies, have revealed distinct contributions of individual sPLA2s to various pathophysiological events, including production of pro- and anti-inflammatory lipid mediators, regulation of membrane remodeling, degradation of foreign phospholipids in microbes or food, or modification of extracellular noncellular lipid components. In this review, we highlight the current understanding of the in vivo functions of sPLA2s and the underlying lipid pathways as revealed by a series of studies over the last decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Murakami
- Lipid Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Sato
- Lipid Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Miki
- Lipid Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Kei Yamamoto
- Lipid Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Taketomi
- Lipid Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
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13
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Yasunaga K, Chérot-Kornobis N, Edmé JL, Sobaszek A, Boulenguez C, Duhamel A, Faivre JB, Remy J, Remy-Jardin M. Emphysema in asymptomatic smokers: Quantitative CT evaluation in correlation with pulmonary function tests. Diagn Interv Imaging 2013; 94:609-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diii.2013.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Emerging roles of secreted phospholipase A2 enzymes: An update. Biochimie 2013; 95:43-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2012.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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15
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Sato M, Shibata Y, Abe S, Inoue S, Igarashi A, Yamauchi K, Aida Y, Kishi H, Nunomiya K, Nakano H, Sato K, Watanabe T, Konta T, Ueno Y, Kato T, Kayama T, Kubota I. Retrospective analysis of the relationship between decline in FEV(1) and abdominal circumference in male smokers: the Takahata study. Int J Med Sci 2012; 10:1-7. [PMID: 23288999 PMCID: PMC3534871 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.5003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic syndrome (Mets) is reportedly associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, the relationship between abdominal circumference (AC) and decline in FEV(1) has not been elucidated. We aimed to investigate this relationship among male current smokers. METHODS Spirometry was performed on subjects (n = 3,257) ≥ 40 years of age, who participated in a community-based annual health check in Takahata, Japan, from 2004 through 2006 (visit 1). Spirometry was re-evaluated, and AC was assessed in 147 of the male current smokers in 2009 (visit 2). The diagnosis of Mets was based on the criteria used in the Hisayama Study. RESULTS No significant relationships were observed between AC and spirometric parameters such as % predicted forced vital capacity (FVC), % predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV(1)) and FEV(1)/FVC. However, decline in FEV(1) was significantly correlated with AC. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that AC was a significant discriminating factor for decline in FEV(1), independently of age, Brinkman index and change in body mass index from visit 1 to visit 2. At visit 2, there was a greater prevalence of decline in FEV(1) among subjects with Mets (n=17) than among those without Mets. Although there were no differences in % predicted FVC, % predicted FEV(1) or FEV(1)/FVC between subjects with or without Mets, the rate of decline in FEV(1) was significantly greater in subjects with Mets than in those without. CONCLUSIONS This retrospective analysis suggested that measuring AC may be useful for discriminating male smokers who show a decline in FEV(1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Masamichi Sato
- 1. Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology
| | - Yoko Shibata
- 1. Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology
| | - Shuichi Abe
- 1. Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology
| | - Sumito Inoue
- 1. Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology
| | - Akira Igarashi
- 1. Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology
| | - Keiko Yamauchi
- 1. Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology
| | - Yasuko Aida
- 1. Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology
| | - Hiroyuki Kishi
- 1. Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology
| | - Keiko Nunomiya
- 1. Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology
| | - Hiroshi Nakano
- 1. Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology
| | - Kento Sato
- 1. Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology
| | - Tetsu Watanabe
- 1. Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology
| | - Tsuneo Konta
- 1. Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology
| | - Yoshiyuki Ueno
- 2. Global Center of Excellence Program Study Group, Yamagata University School of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Takeo Kato
- 2. Global Center of Excellence Program Study Group, Yamagata University School of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Takamasa Kayama
- 2. Global Center of Excellence Program Study Group, Yamagata University School of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Isao Kubota
- 1. Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology
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De Luca D, Capoluongo E, Rigo V. Secretory phospholipase A2 pathway in various types of lung injury in neonates and infants: a multicentre translational study. BMC Pediatr 2011; 11:101. [PMID: 22067747 PMCID: PMC3247178 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2431-11-101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) is a group of enzymes involved in lung tissue inflammation and surfactant catabolism. sPLA2 plays a role in adults affected by acute lung injury and seems a promising therapeutic target. Preliminary data allow foreseeing the importance of such enzyme in some critical respiratory diseases in neonates and infants, as well. Our study aim is to clarify the role of sPLA2 and its modulators in the pathogenesis and clinical severity of hyaline membrane disease, infection related respiratory failure, meconium aspiration syndrome and acute respiratory distress syndrome. sPLA2 genes will also be sequenced and possible genetic involvement will be analysed. METHODS/DESIGN Multicentre, international, translational study, including several paediatric and neonatal intensive care units and one coordinating laboratory. Babies affected by the above mentioned conditions will be enrolled: broncho-alveolar lavage fluid, serum and whole blood will be obtained at definite time-points during the disease course. Several clinical, respiratory and outcome data will be recorded. Laboratory researchers who perform the bench part of the study will be blinded to the clinical data. DISCUSSION This study, thanks to its multicenter design, will clarify the role(s) of sPLA2 and its pathway in these diseases: sPLA2 might be the crossroad between inflammation and surfactant dysfunction. This may represent a crucial target for new anti-inflammatory therapies but also a novel approach to protect surfactant or spare it, improving alveolar stability, lung mechanics and gas exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele De Luca
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Dept of Emergency and Intensive Care, University Hospital "A.Gemelli", Catholic University of the Sacred Heart - Rome, Italy
- Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Biology, Dept of Molecular Medicine, University Hospital "A.Gemelli", Catholic University of the Sacred Heart - Rome, Italy
| | - Ettore Capoluongo
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Dept of Emergency and Intensive Care, University Hospital "A.Gemelli", Catholic University of the Sacred Heart - Rome, Italy
| | - Vincent Rigo
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University of Liège, CHU de Liège (CHR Citadelle), Belgium
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17
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Murakami M, Taketomi Y, Sato H, Yamamoto K. Secreted phospholipase A2 revisited. J Biochem 2011; 150:233-55. [PMID: 21746768 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvr088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) catalyses the hydrolysis of the sn-2 position of glycerophospholipids to yield fatty acids and lysophospholipids. So far, more than 30 enzymes that possess PLA(2) or related activity have been identified in mammals. About one third of these enzymes belong to the secreted PLA(2) (sPLA(2)) family, which comprises low molecular weight, Ca(2+) requiring, secreted enzymes with a His/Asp catalytic dyad. Individual sPLA(2)s display distinct localizations and enzymatic properties, suggesting their specialized biological roles. However, in contrast to intracellular PLA(2)s, whose roles in signal transduction and membrane homoeostasis have been well documented, the biological roles of sPLA(2)s in vivo have remained obscure until recently. Over the past decade, information fuelled by studies employing knockout and transgenic mice as well as specific inhibitors, in combination with lipidomics, has clarified when and where the different sPLA(2) isoforms are expressed, which isoforms are involved in what types of pathophysiology, and how they exhibit their specific functions. In this review, we highlight recent advances in PLA(2) research, focusing mainly on the physiological functions of sPLA(2)s and their modes of action on 'extracellular' phospholipid targets versus lipid mediator production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Murakami
- Lipid Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
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18
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Murakami M, Taketomi Y, Miki Y, Sato H, Hirabayashi T, Yamamoto K. Recent progress in phospholipase A₂ research: from cells to animals to humans. Prog Lipid Res 2010; 50:152-92. [PMID: 21185866 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2010.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 368] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian genomes encode genes for more than 30 phospholipase A₂s (PLA₂s) or related enzymes, which are subdivided into several classes including low-molecular-weight secreted PLA₂s (sPLA₂s), Ca²+-dependent cytosolic PLA₂s (cPLA₂s), Ca²+-independent PLA₂s (iPLA₂s), platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolases (PAF-AHs), lysosomal PLA₂s, and a recently identified adipose-specific PLA. Of these, the intracellular cPLA₂ and iPLA₂ families and the extracellular sPLA₂ family are recognized as the "big three". From a general viewpoint, cPLA₂α (the prototypic cPLA₂ plays a major role in the initiation of arachidonic acid metabolism, the iPLA₂ family contributes to membrane homeostasis and energy metabolism, and the sPLA₂ family affects various biological events by modulating the extracellular phospholipid milieus. The cPLA₂ family evolved along with eicosanoid receptors when vertebrates first appeared, whereas the diverse branching of the iPLA₂ and sPLA₂ families during earlier eukaryote development suggests that they play fundamental roles in life-related processes. During the past decade, data concerning the unexplored roles of various PLA₂ enzymes in pathophysiology have emerged on the basis of studies using knockout and transgenic mice, the use of specific inhibitors, and information obtained from analysis of human diseases caused by mutations in PLA₂ genes. This review focuses on current understanding of the emerging biological functions of PLA₂s and related enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Murakami
- Lipid Metabolism Project, The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan.
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19
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Wan ES, Cho MH, Boutaoui N, Klanderman BJ, Sylvia JS, Ziniti JP, Won S, Lange C, Pillai SG, Anderson WH, Kong X, Lomas DA, Bakke PS, Gulsvik A, Regan EA, Murphy JR, Make BJ, Crapo JD, Wouters EF, Celli BR, Silverman EK, DeMeo DL. Genome-wide association analysis of body mass in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2010; 45:304-10. [PMID: 21037115 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2010-0294oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cachexia, whether assessed by body mass index (BMI) or fat-free mass index (FFMI), affects a significant proportion of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and is an independent risk factor for increased mortality, increased emphysema, and more severe airflow obstruction. The variable development of cachexia among patients with COPD suggests a role for genetic susceptibility. The objective of the present study was to determine genetic susceptibility loci involved in the development of low BMI and FFMI in subjects with COPD. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) of BMI was conducted in three independent cohorts of European descent with Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease stage II or higher COPD: Evaluation of COPD Longitudinally to Identify Predictive Surrogate End-Points (ECLIPSE; n = 1,734); Norway-Bergen cohort (n = 851); and a subset of subjects from the National Emphysema Treatment Trial (NETT; n = 365). A genome-wide association of FFMI was conducted in two of the cohorts (ECLIPSE and Norway). In the combined analyses, a significant association was found between rs8050136, located in the first intron of the fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene, and BMI (P = 4.97 × 10(-7)) and FFMI (P = 1.19 × 10(-7)). We replicated the association in a fourth, independent cohort consisting of 502 subjects with COPD from COPDGene (P = 6 × 10(-3)). Within the largest contributing cohort of our analysis, lung function, as assessed by forced expiratory volume at 1 second, varied significantly by FTO genotype. Our analysis suggests a potential role for the FTO locus in the determination of anthropomorphic measures associated with COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S Wan
- Channing Laboratory, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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20
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Murakami M, Taketomi Y, Girard C, Yamamoto K, Lambeau G. Emerging roles of secreted phospholipase A2 enzymes: Lessons from transgenic and knockout mice. Biochimie 2010; 92:561-82. [PMID: 20347923 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2010.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2009] [Accepted: 03/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Among the emerging phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) superfamily, the secreted PLA(2) (sPLA(2)) family consists of low-molecular-mass, Ca(2+)-requiring extracellular enzymes with a His-Asp catalytic dyad. To date, more than 10 sPLA(2) enzymes have been identified in mammals. Individual sPLA(2)s exhibit unique tissue and cellular localizations and enzymatic properties, suggesting their distinct pathophysiological roles. Despite numerous enzymatic and cell biological studies on this enzyme family in the past two decades, their precise in vivo functions still remain largely obscure. Recent studies using transgenic and knockout mice for several sPLA(2) enzymes, in combination with lipidomics approaches, have opened new insights into their distinct contributions to various biological events such as food digestion, host defense, inflammation, asthma and atherosclerosis. In this article, we overview the latest understanding of the pathophysiological functions of individual sPLA(2) isoforms fueled by studies employing transgenic and knockout mice for several sPLA(2)s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Murakami
- Biomembrane Signaling Project, The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan.
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21
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Takabatake N, Toriyama S, Igarashi A, Tokairin Y, Takeishi Y, Konta T, Inoue S, Abe S, Shibata Y, Kubota I. A novel polymorphism in CDC6 is associated with the decline in lung function of ex-smokers in COPD. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 381:554-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.02.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2009] [Accepted: 02/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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22
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Multiple roles of phospholipase A2 during lung infection and inflammation. Infect Immun 2008; 76:2259-72. [PMID: 18411286 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00059-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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23
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Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a complex inflammatory disease with a myriad of pulmonary and nonpulmonary disease manifestations. COPD is a heterogeneous disease consisting of emphysematous destruction, airway inflammation, remodeling, and obstruction. Once conceptualized as a unidimensional disease isolated to the lung, it is now recognized to have significant systemic manifestations, such as osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease, and skeletal muscle wasting. As the clinical phenotypic expressions of COPD become more precisely characterized, so does the pathogenesis of this disease. Great strides are now being made in our understanding of genetic susceptibility, airway inflammation, the immune response to cigarette smoke, and inflammatory biomarkers. This review will discuss the most recent progress on selected topics in COPD pathogenesis, inflammation, and genetics. With time, we hope to expand our current understanding to predict who will develop disease and who will not, and why some patients develop particular disease phenotypes. In addition, we hope to clarify the inflammatory mechanisms involved in order to develop novel therapies and identify disease biomarkers that will lead to better tools for monitoring disease activity. Finally, we hope to develop treatments aimed at lung regeneration and repair, to reverse lung damage that has already occurred. We are optimistic that novel therapies like gene therapy and advanced antiinflammatory agents will be in our future. Judging by the progress made in the last decade, these tools may soon become a reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Kim
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA.
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24
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Exploration of associations between phospholipase A2 gene family polymorphisms and AIDS progression using the SNPlex™ method. Biomed Pharmacother 2008; 62:31-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2007.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2007] [Accepted: 11/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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25
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Makita H, Nasuhara Y, Nagai K, Ito Y, Hasegawa M, Betsuyaku T, Onodera Y, Hizawa N, Nishimura M. Characterisation of phenotypes based on severity of emphysema in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 2007; 62:932-7. [PMID: 17573447 PMCID: PMC2117136 DOI: 10.1136/thx.2006.072777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2006] [Accepted: 04/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Airflow limitation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is caused by a mixture of small airway disease and emphysema, the relative contributions of which may vary among patients. Phenotypes of COPD classified purely based on severity of emphysema are not well defined and may be different from the classic phenotypes of "pink puffers" and "blue bloaters". METHODS To characterise clinical phenotypes based on severity of emphysema, 274 subjects with COPD were recruited, excluding those with physician-diagnosed bronchial asthma. For all subjects a detailed interview of disease history and symptoms, quality of life (QOL) measurement, blood sampling, pulmonary function tests before and after inhalation of salbutamol (0.4 mg) and high-resolution CT scanning were performed. RESULTS Severity of emphysema visually evaluated varied widely even among subjects with the same stage of disease. No significant differences were noted among three groups of subjects classified by severity of emphysema in age, smoking history, chronic bronchitis symptoms, blood eosinophil count, serum IgE level or bronchodilator response. However, subjects with severe emphysema had significantly lower body mass index (BMI) and poorer QOL scores, evaluated using St George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ), than those with no/mild emphysema (mean (SD) BMI 21.2 (0.5) vs 23.5 (0.3) kg/m(2), respectively; SGRQ total score 40 (3) vs 28 (2), respectively; p<0.001 for both). These characteristics held true even if subjects with the same degree of airflow limitation were chosen. CONCLUSIONS The severity of emphysema varies widely even in patients with the same stage of COPD, and chronic bronchitis symptoms are equally distributed irrespective of emphysema severity. Patients with the phenotype in which emphysema predominates have lower BMI and poorer health-related QOL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironi Makita
- First Department of Medicine, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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26
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Takabatake N, Shibata Y, Abe S, Wada T, Machiya JI, Igarashi A, Tokairin Y, Ji G, Sato H, Sata M, Takeishi Y, Emi M, Muramatsu M, Kubota I. A single nucleotide polymorphism in the CCL1 gene predicts acute exacerbations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006; 174:875-85. [PMID: 16864713 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200603-443oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Acute exacerbations (AEs) in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in COPD. OBJECTIVES The marked heterogeneity in the host defense mechanisms may be attributed to single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the inflammatory chemokines that show enhanced expression in the airway of patients with COPD who experience AEs. METHODS We investigated four SNPs of the CCL11, CCL1, and CCL5 genes in relation to the frequency and severity of AEs in retrospective and prospective studies of a cohort of 276 male patients with COPD. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS In the 2-yr retrospective study , one SNP (National Center for Biotechnology Information SNP reference: rs2282691) in the predicted enhancer region of the CCL1 gene, encoding a chemotactic factor for a series of leukocytes, was significantly associated with the frequency of AEs in a dominant model (Fisher's exact test: odds ratio [OR], 2.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.36-5.36; p=0.004; logistic regression: OR, 3.06; 95% CI, 1.46-6.41; p=0.003; and Kruskal-Wallis test: p=0.003). In the 30-mo prospective study, the "A" allele was a significant risk allele for the severity of AEs, with a gene-dosage effect (Kaplan-Meier method with log-rank test: AA vs. TT; log-rank statistic: 7.67, p=0.006; Cox proportional hazards regression method: OR, 5.93; 95% CI, 1.28-27.48; p=0.023). The electromobility shift assay showed that C/EBPbeta, a key transcriptional factor in response to pulmonary infections, binds to the "T" allele, but not to the "A" allele. CONCLUSIONS Variants in the CCL1 gene are associated with susceptibility to AEs through their potential implication in the host defense mechanisms against AEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriaki Takabatake
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Yamagata University School of Medicine. 2-2-2, Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan.
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Ruaño G, Windemuth A, Kocherla M, Holford T, Fernandez ML, Forsythe CE, Wood RJ, Kraemer WJ, Volek JS. Physiogenomic analysis of weight loss induced by dietary carbohydrate restriction. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2006; 3:20. [PMID: 16700901 PMCID: PMC1479825 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-3-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2006] [Accepted: 05/15/2006] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diets that restrict carbohydrate (CHO) have proven to be a successful dietary treatment of obesity for many people, but the degree of weight loss varies across individuals. The extent to which genetic factors associate with the magnitude of weight loss induced by CHO restriction is unknown. We examined associations among polymorphisms in candidate genes and weight loss in order to understand the physiological factors influencing body weight responses to CHO restriction. METHODS We screened for genetic associations with weight loss in 86 healthy adults who were instructed to restrict CHO to a level that induced a small level of ketosis (CHO approximately 10% of total energy). A total of 27 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were selected from 15 candidate genes involved in fat digestion/metabolism, intracellular glucose metabolism, lipoprotein remodeling, and appetite regulation. Multiple linear regression was used to rank the SNPs according to probability of association, and the most significant associations were analyzed in greater detail. RESULTS Mean weight loss was 6.4 kg. SNPs in the gastric lipase (LIPF), hepatic glycogen synthase (GYS2), cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) and galanin (GAL) genes were significantly associated with weight loss. CONCLUSION A strong association between weight loss induced by dietary CHO restriction and variability in genes regulating fat digestion, hepatic glucose metabolism, intravascular lipoprotein remodeling, and appetite were detected. These discoveries could provide clues to important physiologic adaptations underlying the body mass response to CHO restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Theodore Holford
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Maria Luz Fernandez
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Cassandra E Forsythe
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Richard J Wood
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - William J Kraemer
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Jeff S Volek
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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28
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Fabbri LM, Luppi F, Beghé B, Rabe KF. Update in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 2005. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006; 173:1056-65. [PMID: 16679444 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.2603005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo M Fabbri
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via del Pozzo 71, 41100 Modena, Italy.
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