1
|
Xiao H, Sylla K, Gong X, Wilkowski B, Rossello-Martinez A, Jordan SN, Mintah EY, Zheng A, Sun H, Herzog EL, Mak M. Proteolysis and Contractility Regulate Tissue Opening and Wound Healing by Lung Fibroblasts in 3D Microenvironments. Adv Healthc Mater 2024:e2400941. [PMID: 38967294 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202400941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Damage and repair are recurring processes in tissues, with fibroblasts playing key roles by remodeling extracellular matrices (ECM) through protein synthesis, proteolysis, and cell contractility. Dysregulation of fibroblasts can lead to fibrosis and tissue damage, as seen in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). In advanced IPF, tissue damage manifests as honeycombing, or voids in the lungs. This study explores how transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), a crucial factor in IPF, induces lung fibroblast spheroids to create voids in reconstituted collagen through proteolysis and cell contractility, a process is termed as hole formation. These voids reduce when proteases are blocked. Spheroids mimic fibroblast foci observed in IPF. Results indicate that cell contractility mediates tissue opening by stretching fractures in the collagen meshwork. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), including MMP1 and MT1-MMP, are essential for hole formation, with invadopodia playing a significant role. Blocking MMPs reduces hole size and promotes wound healing. This study shows how TGF-β induces excessive tissue destruction and how blocking proteolysis can reverse damage, offering insights into IPF pathology and potential therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hugh Xiao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Kadidia Sylla
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Xiangyu Gong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Brendan Wilkowski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | | | - Seyma Nayir Jordan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Emmanuel Y Mintah
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Allen Zheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Huanxing Sun
- Department of Medicine (Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Erica L Herzog
- Department of Medicine (Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Michael Mak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tsushima Y, Okoshi EN, Ishijima S, Bychkov A, Lami K, Morimoto S, Yamano Y, Kataoka K, Johkoh T, Kondoh Y, Fukuoka J. Presence of focal usual interstitial pneumonia is a key prognostic factor in progressive pulmonary fibrosis. Histopathology 2024; 85:104-115. [PMID: 38571437 DOI: 10.1111/his.15179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
AIMS Progressive pulmonary fibrosis (PPF) is a newly recognised clinical phenotype of interstitial lung diseases in the 2022 interstitial pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) guidelines. This category is based entirely on clinical and radiological factors, and the background histopathology is unknown. Our objective was to investigate the histopathological characteristics of PPF and to examine the correlation between usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) and prognosis in this new disease type. We hypothesised that the presence of UIP-like fibrosis predicts patients' survival in PPF cases. METHODS AND RESULTS We selected 201 cases fulfilling the clinical criteria of PPF from case archives. Cases diagnosed as IPF by a multidisciplinary team were excluded. Whole slide images were evaluated by three pathologists who were blinded to clinical and radiological data. We measured areas of UIP-like fibrosis and calculated what percentage of the total lesion area they occupied. The presence of focal UIP-like fibrosis amounting to 10% or more of the lesion area was seen in 148 (73.6%), 168 (83.6%) and 165 (82.1%) cases for each pathologist, respectively. Agreement of the recognition of UIP-like fibrosis in PPF cases was above κ = 0.6 between all pairs. Survival analysis showed that the presence of focal UIP-like fibrosis correlated with worsened survival under all parameters tested (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The presence of UIP-like fibrosis is a core pathological feature of clinical PPF, and its presence within diseased areas is associated with poorer prognosis. This study highlights the importance of considering the presence of focal UIP-like fibrosis in the evaluation and management of PPF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yukio Tsushima
- Department of Pathology Informatics, Nagasaki University School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Ethan N Okoshi
- Department of Pathology Informatics, Nagasaki University School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Sousuke Ishijima
- Department of Pathology Informatics, Nagasaki University School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Andrey Bychkov
- Department of Pathology, Kameda Medical Center, Kamogawa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kris Lami
- Department of Pathology Informatics, Nagasaki University School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Shimpei Morimoto
- Innovation Platform and Office for Precision Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Yamano
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Tosei General Hospital, Seto, Japan
| | - Kensuke Kataoka
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Tosei General Hospital, Seto, Japan
| | - Takeshi Johkoh
- Department of Radiology, Kansai Rosai Hospital, Amagasaki, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kondoh
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Tosei General Hospital, Seto, Japan
| | - Junya Fukuoka
- Department of Pathology Informatics, Nagasaki University School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Shah RM, Kolansky AM, Kligerman S. Thin-Section CT in the Categorization and Management of Pulmonary Fibrosis including Recently Defined Progressive Pulmonary Fibrosis. Radiol Cardiothorac Imaging 2024; 6:e230135. [PMID: 38358328 PMCID: PMC10912896 DOI: 10.1148/ryct.230135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
While idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is the most common type of fibrotic lung disease, there are numerous other causes of pulmonary fibrosis that are often characterized by lung injury and inflammation. Although often gradually progressive and responsive to immune modulation, some cases may progress rapidly with reduced survival rates (similar to IPF) and with imaging features that overlap with IPF, including usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP)-pattern disease characterized by peripheral and basilar predominant reticulation, honeycombing, and traction bronchiectasis or bronchiolectasis. Recently, the term progressive pulmonary fibrosis has been used to describe non-IPF lung disease that over the course of a year demonstrates clinical, physiologic, and/or radiologic progression and may be treated with antifibrotic therapy. As such, appropriate categorization of the patient with fibrosis has implications for therapy and prognosis and may be facilitated by considering the following categories: (a) radiologic UIP pattern and IPF diagnosis, (b) radiologic UIP pattern and non-IPF diagnosis, and (c) radiologic non-UIP pattern and non-IPF diagnosis. By noting increasing fibrosis, the radiologist contributes to the selection of patients in which therapy with antifibrotics can improve survival. As the radiologist may be first to identify developing fibrosis and overall progression, this article reviews imaging features of pulmonary fibrosis and their significance in non-IPF-pattern fibrosis, progressive pulmonary fibrosis, and implications for therapy. Keywords: Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis, Progressive Pulmonary Fibrosis, Thin-Section CT, Usual Interstitial Pneumonia © RSNA, 2024.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosita M. Shah
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman
School of Medicine, 3400 Spruce St, Philadelphia, PA 19104 (R.M.S., A.M.K.); and
Department of Radiology, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colo (S.K.)
| | - Ana M. Kolansky
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman
School of Medicine, 3400 Spruce St, Philadelphia, PA 19104 (R.M.S., A.M.K.); and
Department of Radiology, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colo (S.K.)
| | - Seth Kligerman
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman
School of Medicine, 3400 Spruce St, Philadelphia, PA 19104 (R.M.S., A.M.K.); and
Department of Radiology, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colo (S.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lettieri S, Bertuccio FR, del Frate L, Perrotta F, Corsico AG, Stella GM. The Plastic Interplay between Lung Regeneration Phenomena and Fibrotic Evolution: Current Challenges and Novel Therapeutic Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:547. [PMID: 38203718 PMCID: PMC10779349 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) are a heterogeneous group of pulmonary disorders characterized by variable degrees of inflammation, interstitial thickening, and fibrosis leading to distortion of the pulmonary architecture and gas exchange impairment. Among them, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) displays the worst prognosis. The only therapeutic options consist of the two antifibrotic drugs, pirfenidone and nintedanib, which limit fibrosis progression but do not reverse the lung damage. The shift of the pathogenetic paradigm from inflammatory disease to epithelium-derived disease has definitively established the primary role of type II alveolar cells, which lose their epithelial phenotype and acquire a mesenchymal phenotype with production of collagen and extracellular matrix (EMC) deposition. Some predisposing environmental and genetic factors (e.g., smoke, pollution, gastroesophageal reflux, variants of telomere and surfactant genes) leading to accelerated senescence set a pro-fibrogentic microenvironment and contribute to the loss of regenerative properties of type II epithelial cells in response to pathogenic noxae. This review provides a complete overview of the different pathogenetic mechanisms leading to the development of IPF. Then, we summarize the currently approved therapies and the main clinical trials ongoing. Finally, we explore the potentialities offered by agents not only interfering with the processes of fibrosis but also restoring the physiological properties of alveolar regeneration, with a particular focus on potentialities and concerns about cell therapies based on mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), whose anti-inflammatory and immunomodulant properties have been exploited in other fibrotic diseases, such as graft versus host disease (GVHD) and COVID-19-related ARDS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Lettieri
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapeutics, University of Pavia Medical School, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (S.L.); (F.R.B.); (L.d.F.); (A.G.C.)
- Cardiothoracic and Vascular Department, Unit of Respiratory Diseases, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesco R. Bertuccio
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapeutics, University of Pavia Medical School, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (S.L.); (F.R.B.); (L.d.F.); (A.G.C.)
- Cardiothoracic and Vascular Department, Unit of Respiratory Diseases, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Lucia del Frate
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapeutics, University of Pavia Medical School, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (S.L.); (F.R.B.); (L.d.F.); (A.G.C.)
- Cardiothoracic and Vascular Department, Unit of Respiratory Diseases, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Fabio Perrotta
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80055 Naples, Italy;
| | - Angelo G. Corsico
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapeutics, University of Pavia Medical School, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (S.L.); (F.R.B.); (L.d.F.); (A.G.C.)
- Cardiothoracic and Vascular Department, Unit of Respiratory Diseases, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Giulia M. Stella
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapeutics, University of Pavia Medical School, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (S.L.); (F.R.B.); (L.d.F.); (A.G.C.)
- Cardiothoracic and Vascular Department, Unit of Respiratory Diseases, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Nho RS, Rice C, Prasad J, Bone H, Farkas L, Rojas M, Horowitz JC. Persistent hypoxia promotes myofibroblast differentiation via GPR-81 and differential regulation of LDH isoenzymes in normal and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis fibroblasts. Physiol Rep 2023; 11:e15759. [PMID: 37653539 PMCID: PMC10471601 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia, a state of insufficient oxygen availability, promotes cellular lactate production. Lactate levels are increased in lungs from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), a disease characterized by excessive scar formation, and lactate is implicated in the pathobiology of lung fibrosis. However, the mechanisms underlying the effects of hypoxia and lactate on fibroblast phenotype are poorly understood. We exposed normal and IPF lung fibroblasts to persistent hypoxia and found that increased lactate generation by IPF fibroblasts was driven by the FoxM1-dependent increase of lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) coupled with decreased LDHB that was not observed in normal lung fibroblasts. Importantly, hypoxia reduced α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression in normal fibroblasts but had no significant impact on this marker of differentiation in IPF fibroblasts. Treatment of control and IPF fibroblasts with TGF-β under hypoxic conditions did not significantly change LDHA or LDHB expression. Surprisingly, lactate directly induced the differentiation of normal, but not IPF fibroblasts under hypoxic conditions. Moreover, while expression of GPR-81, a G-protein-coupled receptor that binds extracellular lactate, was increased by hypoxia in both normal and IPF fibroblasts, its inhibition or silencing only suppressed lactate-mediated differentiation in normal fibroblasts. These studies show that hypoxia differentially affects normal and fibrotic fibroblasts, promoting increased lactate generation by IPF fibroblasts through regulation of the LDHA/LDHB ratio and promoting normal lung fibroblast responsiveness to lactate through GPR-81. This supports a novel paradigm in which lactate may serve as a paracrine intercellular signal in oxygen-deficient microenvironments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard S. Nho
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Davis Heart and Lung Research InstituteThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Cami Rice
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Davis Heart and Lung Research InstituteThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Jayendra Prasad
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Davis Heart and Lung Research InstituteThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Hannah Bone
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Davis Heart and Lung Research InstituteThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Laszlo Farkas
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Davis Heart and Lung Research InstituteThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Mauricio Rojas
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Davis Heart and Lung Research InstituteThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Jeffrey C. Horowitz
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Davis Heart and Lung Research InstituteThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
A2B Adenosine Receptor in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: Pursuing Proper Pit Stop to Interfere with Disease Progression. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054428. [PMID: 36901855 PMCID: PMC10002355 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Purine nucleotides and nucleosides are involved in various human physiological and pathological mechanisms. The pathological deregulation of purinergic signaling contributes to various chronic respiratory diseases. Among the adenosine receptors, A2B has the lowest affinity such that it was long considered to have little pathophysiological significance. Many studies suggest that A2BAR plays protective roles during the early stage of acute inflammation. However, increased adenosine levels during chronic epithelial injury and inflammation might activate A2BAR, resulting in cellular effects relevant to the progression of pulmonary fibrosis.
Collapse
|
7
|
Gu S, Goel K, Forbes LM, Kheyfets VO, Yu YRA, Tuder RM, Stenmark KR. Tensions in Taxonomies: Current Understanding and Future Directions in the Pathobiologic Basis and Treatment of Group 1 and Group 3 Pulmonary Hypertension. Compr Physiol 2023; 13:4295-4319. [PMID: 36715285 PMCID: PMC10392122 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c220010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In the over 100 years since the recognition of pulmonary hypertension (PH), immense progress and significant achievements have been made with regard to understanding the pathophysiology of the disease and its treatment. These advances have been mostly in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH), which was classified as Group 1 Pulmonary Hypertension (PH) at the Second World Symposia on PH in 1998. However, the pathobiology of PH due to chronic lung disease, classified as Group 3 PH, remains poorly understood and its treatments thus remain limited. We review the history of the classification of the five groups of PH and aim to provide a state-of-the-art review of the understanding of the pathogenesis of Group 1 PH and Group 3 PH including insights gained from novel high-throughput omics technologies that have revealed heterogeneities within these categories as well as similarities between them. Leveraging the substantial gains made in understanding the genomics, epigenomics, proteomics, and metabolomics of PAH to understand the full spectrum of the complex, heterogeneous disease of PH is needed. Multimodal omics data as well as supervised and unbiased machine learning approaches after careful consideration of the powerful advantages as well as of the limitations and pitfalls of these technologies could lead to earlier diagnosis, more precise risk stratification, better predictions of disease response, new sub-phenotype groupings within types of PH, and identification of shared pathways between PAH and other types of PH that could lead to new treatment targets. © 2023 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 13:4295-4319, 2023.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sue Gu
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Colorado, USA
- Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Lab, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Colorado, USA
- National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorodo, USA
| | - Khushboo Goel
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Colorado, USA
- National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorodo, USA
| | - Lindsay M. Forbes
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Colorado, USA
| | - Vitaly O. Kheyfets
- Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Lab, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Colorado, USA
| | - Yen-rei A. Yu
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Colorado, USA
- Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Lab, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Colorado, USA
| | - Rubin M. Tuder
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Colorado, USA
- Program in Translational Lung Research, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Colorado, USA
| | - Kurt R. Stenmark
- Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Lab, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Colorado, USA
- Department of Pediatrics Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Colorado, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Herrera JA, Dingle L, Montero MA, Venkateswaran RV, Blaikley JF, Lawless C, Schwartz MA. The UIP/IPF fibroblastic focus is a collagen biosynthesis factory embedded in a distinct extracellular matrix. JCI Insight 2022; 7:e156115. [PMID: 35852874 PMCID: PMC9462507 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.156115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) is a histological pattern characteristic of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). The UIP pattern is patchy with histologically normal lung adjacent to dense fibrotic tissue. At this interface, fibroblastic foci (FF) are present and are sites where myofibroblasts and extracellular matrix (ECM) accumulate. Utilizing laser capture microdissection-coupled mass spectrometry, we interrogated the FF, adjacent mature scar, and adjacent alveoli in 6 fibrotic (UIP/IPF) specimens plus 6 nonfibrotic alveolar specimens as controls. The data were subjected to qualitative and quantitative analysis and histologically validated. We found that the fibrotic alveoli protein signature is defined by immune deregulation as the strongest category. The fibrotic mature scar classified as end-stage fibrosis whereas the FF contained an overabundance of a distinctive ECM compared with the nonfibrotic control. Furthermore, FF were positive for both TGFB1 and TGFB3, whereas the aberrant basaloid cell lining of FF was predominantly positive for TGFB2. In conclusion, spatial proteomics demonstrated distinct protein compositions in the histologically defined regions of UIP/IPF tissue. These data revealed that FF are the main site of collagen biosynthesis and that the adjacent alveoli are abnormal. This essential information will inform future mechanistic studies on fibrosis progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lewis Dingle
- Blond McIndoe Laboratories, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - M. Angeles Montero
- Department of Histopathology, Manchester University National Health Service Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Rajamiyer V. Venkateswaran
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Department of Transplant, Manchester University National Health Service Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - John F. Blaikley
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Department of Transplant, Manchester University National Health Service Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Martin A. Schwartz
- The Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research and
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center and
- Departments of Internal Medicine (Cardiology) and Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale School of Engineering & Applied Science, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Nho RS, Ballinger MN, Rojas MM, Ghadiali SN, Horowitz JC. Biomechanical Force and Cellular Stiffness in Lung Fibrosis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2022; 192:750-761. [PMID: 35183510 PMCID: PMC9088200 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2022.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Lung fibrosis is characterized by the continuous accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins produced by apoptosis-resistant (myo)fibroblasts. Lung epithelial injury promotes the recruitment and activation of fibroblasts, which are necessary for tissue repair and restoration of homeostasis. However, under pathologic conditions, a vicious cycle generated by profibrotic growth factors/cytokines, multicellular interactions, and matrix-associated signaling propagates the wound repair response and promotes lung fibrosis characterized not only by increased quantities of ECM proteins but also by changes in the biomechanical properties of the matrix. Importantly, changes in the biochemical and biomechanical properties of the matrix itself can serve to perpetuate fibroblast activity and propagate fibrosis, even in the absence of the initial stimulus of injury. The development of novel experimental models and methods increasingly facilitates our ability to interrogate fibrotic processes at the cellular and molecular levels. The goal of this review is to discuss the impact of ECM conditions in the development of lung fibrosis and to introduce new approaches to more accurately model the in vivo fibrotic microenvironment. This article highlights the pathologic roles of ECM in terms of mechanical force and the cellular interactions while reviewing in vitro and ex vivo models of lung fibrosis. The improved understanding of the fundamental mechanisms that contribute to lung fibrosis holds promise for identification of new therapeutic targets and improved outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard S Nho
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio.
| | - Megan N Ballinger
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Mauricio M Rojas
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Samir N Ghadiali
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jeffrey C Horowitz
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lawson MJ, Katsamenis OL, Chatelet D, Alzetani A, Larkin O, Haig I, Lackie P, Warner J, Schneider P. Immunofluorescence-guided segmentation of three-dimensional features in micro-computed tomography datasets of human lung tissue. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2021; 8:211067. [PMID: 34737879 PMCID: PMC8564621 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.211067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Micro-computed tomography (µCT) provides non-destructive three-dimensional (3D) imaging of soft tissue microstructures. Specific features in µCT images can be identified using correlated two-dimensional (2D) histology images allowing manual segmentation. However, this is very time-consuming and requires specialist knowledge of the tissue and imaging modalities involved. Using a custom-designed µCT system optimized for imaging unstained formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded soft tissues, we imaged human lung tissue at isotropic voxel sizes less than 10 µm. Tissue sections were stained with haematoxylin and eosin or cytokeratin 18 in columnar airway epithelial cells using immunofluorescence (IF), as an exemplar of this workflow. Novel utilization of tissue autofluorescence allowed automatic alignment of 2D microscopy images to the 3D µCT data using scripted co-registration and automated image warping algorithms. Warped IF images, which were accurately aligned with the µCT datasets, allowed 3D segmentation of immunoreactive tissue microstructures in the human lung. Blood vessels were segmented semi-automatically using the co-registered µCT datasets. Correlating 2D IF and 3D µCT data enables accurate identification, localization and segmentation of features in fixed soft lung tissue. Our novel correlative imaging workflow provides faster and more automated 3D segmentation of µCT datasets. This is applicable to the huge range of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues held in biobanks and archives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Lawson
- School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Orestis L. Katsamenis
- μ-VIS X-ray Imaging Centre, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - David Chatelet
- School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Aiman Alzetani
- School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Oliver Larkin
- Bioengineering Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Ian Haig
- Nikon X-Tek Systems Ltd, Tring, UK
| | - Peter Lackie
- School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Jane Warner
- School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Philipp Schneider
- Bioengineering Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- High-Performance Vision Systems, Center for Vision, Automation and Control, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Romero Y, Aquino-Gálvez A. Hypoxia in Cancer and Fibrosis: Part of the Problem and Part of the Solution. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8335. [PMID: 34361103 PMCID: PMC8348404 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptive responses to hypoxia are involved in the progression of lung cancer and pulmonary fibrosis. However, it has not been pointed out that hypoxia may be the link between these diseases. As tumors or scars expand, a lack of oxygen results in the activation of the hypoxia response, promoting cell survival even during chronic conditions. The role of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) as master regulators of this adaptation is crucial in both lung cancer and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, which have shown the active transcriptional signature of this pathway. Emerging evidence suggests that interconnected feedback loops such as metabolic changes, fibroblast differentiation or extracellular matrix remodeling contribute to HIF overactivation, making it an irreversible phenomenon. This review will focus on the role of HIF signaling and its possible overlapping in order to identify new opportunities in therapy and regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yair Romero
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Arnoldo Aquino-Gálvez
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias “Ismael Cosío Villegas”, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hou J, Ji Q, Ji J, Ju S, Xu C, Yong X, Xu X, Muddassir M, Chen X, Xie J, Han X. Co-delivery of siPTPN13 and siNOX4 via (myo)fibroblast-targeting polymeric micelles for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis therapy. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:3244-3261. [PMID: 33537085 PMCID: PMC7847691 DOI: 10.7150/thno.54217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: (Myo)fibroblasts are the ultimate effector cells responsible for the production of collagen within alveolar structures, a core phenomenon in the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Although (myo)fibroblast-targeted therapy holds great promise for suppressing the progression of IPF, its development is hindered by the limited drug delivery efficacy to (myo)fibroblasts and the vicious circle of (myo)fibroblast activation and evasion of apoptosis. Methods: Here, a dual small interfering RNA (siRNA)-loaded delivery system of polymeric micelles is developed to suppress the development of pulmonary fibrosis via a two-arm mechanism. The micelles are endowed with (myo)fibroblast-targeting ability by modifying the Fab' fragment of the anti-platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α (PDGFRα) antibody onto their surface. Two different sequences of siRNA targeting protein tyrosine phosphatase-N13 (PTPN13, a promoter of the resistance of (myo)fibroblasts to Fas-induced apoptosis) and NADPH oxidase-4 (NOX4, a key regulator for (myo)fibroblast differentiation and activation) are loaded into micelles to inhibit the formation of fibroblastic foci. Results: We demonstrate that Fab'-conjugated dual siRNA-micelles exhibit higher affinity to (myo)fibroblasts in fibrotic lung tissue. This Fab'-conjugated dual siRNA-micelle can achieve remarkable antifibrotic effects on the formation of fibroblastic foci by, on the one hand, suppressing (myo)fibroblast activation via siRNA-induced knockdown of NOX4 and, on the other hand, sensitizing (myo)fibroblasts to Fas-induced apoptosis by siRNA-mediated PTPN13 silencing. In addition, this (myo)fibroblast-targeting siRNA-loaded micelle did not induce significant damage to major organs, and no histopathological abnormities were observed in murine models. Conclusion: The (myo)fibroblast-targeting dual siRNA-loaded micelles offer a potential strategy with promising prospects in molecular-targeted fibrosis therapy.
Collapse
|
13
|
Knudsen L, Brandenberger C, Ochs M. Stereology as the 3D tool to quantitate lung architecture. Histochem Cell Biol 2020; 155:163-181. [PMID: 33051774 PMCID: PMC7910236 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-020-01927-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Stereology is the method of choice for the quantitative assessment of biological objects in microscopy. It takes into account the fact that, in traditional microscopy such as conventional light and transmission electron microscopy, although one has to rely on measurements on nearly two-dimensional sections from fixed and embedded tissue samples, the quantitative data obtained by these measurements should characterize the real three-dimensional properties of the biological objects and not just their “flatland” appearance on the sections. Thus, three-dimensionality is a built-in property of stereological sampling and measurement tools. Stereology is, therefore, perfectly suited to be combined with 3D imaging techniques which cover a wide range of complementary sample sizes and resolutions, e.g. micro-computed tomography, confocal microscopy and volume electron microscopy. Here, we review those stereological principles that are of particular relevance for 3D imaging and provide an overview of applications of 3D imaging-based stereology to the lung in health and disease. The symbiosis of stereology and 3D imaging thus provides the unique opportunity for unbiased and comprehensive quantitative characterization of the three-dimensional architecture of the lung from macro to nano scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lars Knudsen
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany.,REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christina Brandenberger
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany.,REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover, Germany
| | - Matthias Ochs
- Institute of Functional Anatomy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Philippstr. 11, 10115, Berlin, Germany. .,German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Pathology of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Assessed by a Combination of Microcomputed Tomography, Histology, and Immunohistochemistry. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2020; 190:2427-2435. [PMID: 32919981 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2020.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a fibrotic disease with the histology of usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP). Although the pathologist's visual inspection is central in histologic assessments, three-dimensional microcomputed tomography (microCT) assessment may complement the pathologist's scoring. We examined associations between the histopathologic features of UIP and IPF in explanted lungs and quantitative microCT measurements, including alveolar surface density, total lung volume taken up by tissue (%), and terminal bronchiolar number. Sixty frozen samples from 10 air-inflated explanted lungs with severe IPF and 36 samples from 6 donor control lungs were scanned with microCT and processed for histologic analysis. An experienced pathologist scored three major UIP criteria (patchy fibrosis, honeycomb, and fibroblastic foci), five additional pathologic changes, and immunohistochemical staining for CD68-, CD4-, CD8-, and CD79a-positive cells, graded on a 0 to 3+ scale. The alveolar surface density and terminal bronchiolar number decreased and the tissue percentage increased in lungs with IPF compared with controls. In lungs with IPF, lower alveolar surface density and higher tissue percentage were correlated with greater scores of patchy fibrosis, fibroblastic foci, honeycomb, CD79a-positive cells, and lymphoid follicles. A decreased number of terminal bronchioles was correlated with honeycomb score but not with the other scores. The three-dimensional microCT measurements reflect the pathological UIP and IPF criteria and suggest that the reduction in the terminal bronchioles may be associated with honeycomb cyst formation.
Collapse
|
15
|
Advances in Targeted Therapy for Progressive Fibrosing Interstitial Lung Disease. Lung 2020; 198:597-608. [PMID: 32591895 DOI: 10.1007/s00408-020-00370-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Progressive fibrosing interstitial lung disease (PF-ILD) has been redefined as a new clinical syndrome that shares similar genetics, pathophysiology, and natural history to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). IPF is the most common form of idiopathic interstitial pneumonias, which is progressive in nature and is associated with significant mortality. Therapies targeting an inflammatory and/or immune response have not been consistently effective or well tolerated in patients with IPF. The two antifibrotic drugs approved for IPF treatment, nintedanib and pirfenidone, have been shown to reduce lung function decline in PF-ILD. Novel uses of antifibrotic therapy are emerging due to a paucity of evidence-based treatments for multiple ILD subtypes. In this review, we describe the current body of knowledge on antifibrotic therapy and immunomodulators in PF-ILD, drawing from experience in IPF where appropriate.
Collapse
|
16
|
Verleden SE, Tanabe N, McDonough JE, Vasilescu DM, Xu F, Wuyts WA, Piloni D, De Sadeleer L, Willems S, Mai C, Hostens J, Cooper JD, Verbeken EK, Verschakelen J, Galban CJ, Van Raemdonck DE, Colby TV, Decramer M, Verleden GM, Kaminski N, Hackett TL, Vanaudenaerde BM, Hogg JC. Small airways pathology in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a retrospective cohort study. THE LANCET. RESPIRATORY MEDICINE 2020; 8:573-584. [PMID: 32061334 PMCID: PMC7292784 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-2600(19)30356-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The observation that patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) can have higher than normal expiratory flow rates at low lung volumes led to the conclusion that the airways are spared in IPF. This study aimed to re-examine the hypothesis that airways are spared in IPF using a multiresolution imaging protocol that combines multidetector CT (MDCT), with micro-CT and histology. METHODS This was a retrospective cohort study comparing explanted lungs from patients with severe IPF treated by lung transplantation with a cohort of unused donor (control) lungs. The donor control lungs had no known lung disease, comorbidities, or structural lung injury, and were deemed appropriate for transplantation on review of the clinical files. The diagnosis of IPF in the lungs from patients was established by a multidisciplinary consensus committee according to existing guidelines, and was confirmed by video-assisted thoracic surgical biopsy or by pathological examination of the contralateral lung. The control and IPF groups were matched for age, sex, height, and bodyweight. Samples of lung tissue were compared using the multiresolution imaging approach: a cascade of clinical MDCT, micro-CT, and histological imaging. We did two experiments: in experiment 1, all the lungs were randomly sampled; in experiment 2, samples were selected from regions of minimal and established fibrosis. The patients and donors were recruited from the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (Leuven, Belgium) and the University of Pennsylvania Hospital (Philadelphia, PA, USA). The study took place at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, and the University of British Columbia (Vancouver, BC, Canada). FINDINGS Between Oct 5, 2009, and July 22, 2016, explanted lungs from patients with severe IPF (n=11), were compared with a cohort of unused donor (control) lungs (n=10), providing 240 samples of lung tissue for comparison using the multiresolution imaging approach. The MDCT specimen scans show that the number of visible airways located between the ninth generation (control 69 [SD 22] versus patients with IPF 105 [33], p=0·0023) and 14th generation (control 9 [6] versus patients with IPF 49 [28], p<0·0001) of airway branching are increased in patients with IPF, which we show by micro-CT is due to thickening of their walls and distortion of their lumens. The micro-CT analysis showed that compared with healthy (control) lung anatomy (mean 5·6 terminal bronchioles per mL [SD 1·6]), minimal fibrosis in IPF tissue was associated with a 57% loss of the terminal bronchioles (mean 2·4 terminal bronchioles per mL [SD 1·0]; p<0·0001), the appearance of fibroblastic foci, and infiltration of the tissue by inflammatory immune cells capable of forming lymphoid follicles. Established fibrosis in IPF tissue had a similar reduction (66%) in the number of terminal bronchioles (mean 1·9 terminal bronchioles per mL [SD 1·4]; p<0·0001) and was dominated by increased airspace size, Ashcroft fibrosis score, and volume fractions of tissue and collagen. INTERPRETATION Small airways disease is a feature of IPF, with significant loss of terminal bronchioles occuring within regions of minimal fibrosis. On the basis of these findings, we postulate that the small airways could become a potential therapeutic target in IPF. FUNDING Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, US National Institutes of Health, BC Lung Association, and Genentech.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stijn E Verleden
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Respiratory Diseases, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Naoya Tanabe
- University of British Columbia, Department of Pathology and Center for Heart and Lung Innovation at St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - John E McDonough
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Respiratory Diseases, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dragoş M Vasilescu
- University of British Columbia, Department of Pathology and Center for Heart and Lung Innovation at St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Feng Xu
- University of British Columbia, Department of Pathology and Center for Heart and Lung Innovation at St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Wim A Wuyts
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Respiratory Diseases, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Davide Piloni
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Respiratory Diseases, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; The Respiratory Disease Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Laurens De Sadeleer
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Respiratory Diseases, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stijn Willems
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Respiratory Diseases, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Cindy Mai
- Department of Radiology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Joel D Cooper
- Department of Thoracic Surgery University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Erik K Verbeken
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Respiratory Diseases, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johny Verschakelen
- Department of Radiology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Craig J Galban
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Dirk E Van Raemdonck
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Respiratory Diseases, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thomas V Colby
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Marc Decramer
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Respiratory Diseases, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Geert M Verleden
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Respiratory Diseases, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Naftali Kaminski
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Tillie-Louise Hackett
- University of British Columbia, Department of Pathology and Center for Heart and Lung Innovation at St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Bart M Vanaudenaerde
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Respiratory Diseases, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - James C Hogg
- University of British Columbia, Department of Pathology and Center for Heart and Lung Innovation at St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Matrix metalloproteinase: An upcoming therapeutic approach for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Pharmacol Res 2020; 152:104591. [PMID: 31837390 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
|
18
|
Veith C, Boots AW, Idris M, van Schooten FJ, van der Vliet A. Redox Imbalance in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: A Role for Oxidant Cross-Talk Between NADPH Oxidase Enzymes and Mitochondria. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 31:1092-1115. [PMID: 30793932 PMCID: PMC6767863 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2019.7742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive age-related lung disease with a median survival of only 3 years after diagnosis. The pathogenic mechanisms behind IPF are not clearly understood, and current therapeutic approaches have not been successful in improving disease outcomes. Recent Advances: IPF is characterized by increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), primarily by NADPH oxidases (NOXes) and mitochondria, as well as altered antioxidant defenses. Recent studies have identified the NOX isoform NOX4 as a key player in various important aspects of IPF pathology. In addition, mitochondrial dysfunction is thought to enhance pathological features of IPF, in part by increasing mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) production and altering cellular metabolism. Recent findings indicate reciprocal interactions between NOX enzymes and mitochondria, which affect regulation of NOX activity as well as mitochondrial function and mtROS production, and collectively promote epithelial injury and profibrotic signaling. Critical Issues and Future Directions: The precise molecular mechanisms by which ROS from NOX or mitochondria contribute to IPF pathology are not known. This review summarizes the current knowledge with respect to the various aspects of ROS imbalance in the context of IPF and its proposed roles in disease development, with specific emphasis on the importance of inappropriate NOX activation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and the emerging evidence of NOX-mitochondria cross-talk as important drivers in IPF pathobiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Veith
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition, Translational Research and Metabolism, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Agnes W. Boots
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition, Translational Research and Metabolism, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Musa Idris
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition, Translational Research and Metabolism, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Frederik-Jan van Schooten
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition, Translational Research and Metabolism, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Albert van der Vliet
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
- Address correspondence to: Dr. Albert van der Vliet, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, HSRF 216, 149 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT 05405
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ko J, Mills T, Huang J, Chen NY, Mertens TCJ, Collum SD, Lee G, Xiang Y, Han L, Zhou Y, Lee CG, Elias JA, Jyothula SSK, Rajagopal K, Karmouty-Quintana H, Blackburn MR. Transforming growth factor β1 alters the 3'-UTR of mRNA to promote lung fibrosis. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:15781-15794. [PMID: 31488543 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.009148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic disease characterized by the pathological remodeling of air sacs as a result of excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, but the mechanism governing the robust protein expression is poorly understood. Our recent findings demonstrate that alternative polyadenylation (APA) caused by NUDT21 reduction is important for the increased expression of fibrotic mediators and ECM proteins in lung fibroblasts by shortening the 3'-untranslated regions (3'-UTRs) of mRNAs and stabilizing their transcripts, therefore activating pathological signaling pathways. Despite the importance of NUDT21 reduction in the regulation of fibrosis, the underlying mechanisms for the depletion are unknown. We demonstrate here that NUDT21 is depleted by TGFβ1. We found that miR203, which is increased in IPF, was induced by TGFβ1 to target the NUDT21 3'-UTR, thus depleting NUDT21 in human and mouse lung fibroblasts. TGFβ1-mediated NUDT21 reduction was attenuated by the miR203 inhibitor antagomiR203 in fibroblasts. TGFβ1 transgenic mice revealed that TGFβ1 down-regulates NUDT21 in fibroblasts in vivo Furthermore, TGFβ1 promoted differential APA of fibrotic genes, including FGF14, RICTOR, TMOD2, and UCP5, in association with increased protein expression. This unique differential APA signature was also observed in IPF fibroblasts. Altogether, our results identified TGFβ1 as an APA regulator through NUDT21 depletion amplifying pulmonary fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junsuk Ko
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030.,MD Anderson UTHealth Graduate School, the University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Tingting Mills
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Jingjing Huang
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210003 Jiangsu, China
| | - Ning-Yuan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Tinne C J Mertens
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Scott D Collum
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030.,MD Anderson UTHealth Graduate School, the University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Garam Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Yu Xiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Leng Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030.,MD Anderson UTHealth Graduate School, the University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Yang Zhou
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
| | - Chun Geun Lee
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
| | - Jack A Elias
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
| | - Soma S K Jyothula
- Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School, the University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Keshava Rajagopal
- Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School, the University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Harry Karmouty-Quintana
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030.,MD Anderson UTHealth Graduate School, the University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Michael R Blackburn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030 .,MD Anderson UTHealth Graduate School, the University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Katsamenis OL, Olding M, Warner JA, Chatelet DS, Jones MG, Sgalla G, Smit B, Larkin OJ, Haig I, Richeldi L, Sinclair I, Lackie PM, Schneider P. X-ray Micro-Computed Tomography for Nondestructive Three-Dimensional (3D) X-ray Histology. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2019; 189:1608-1620. [PMID: 31125553 PMCID: PMC6680277 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Historically, micro-computed tomography (μCT) has been considered unsuitable for histologic analysis of unstained formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded soft tissue biopsy specimens because of a lack of image contrast between the tissue and the paraffin. However, we recently demonstrated that μCT can successfully resolve microstructural detail in routinely prepared tissue specimens. Herein, we illustrate how μCT imaging of standard formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded biopsy specimens can be seamlessly integrated into conventional histology workflows, enabling nondestructive three-dimensional (3D) X-ray histology, the use and benefits of which we showcase for the exemplar of human lung biopsy specimens. This technology advancement was achieved through manufacturing a first-of-kind μCT scanner for X-ray histology and developing optimized imaging protocols, which do not require any additional sample preparation. 3D X-ray histology allows for nondestructive 3D imaging of tissue microstructure, resolving structural connectivity and heterogeneity of complex tissue networks, such as the vascular network or the respiratory tract. We also demonstrate that 3D X-ray histology can yield consistent and reproducible image quality, enabling quantitative assessment of a tissue's 3D microstructures, which is inaccessible to conventional two-dimensional histology. Being nondestructive, the technique does not interfere with histology workflows, permitting subsequent tissue characterization by means of conventional light microscopy-based histology, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence. 3D X-ray histology can be readily applied to a plethora of archival materials, yielding unprecedented opportunities in diagnosis and research of disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Orestis L Katsamenis
- μ-VIS X-ray Imaging Centre, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.
| | - Michael Olding
- Biomedical Imaging Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Jane A Warner
- School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - David S Chatelet
- Biomedical Imaging Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Mark G Jones
- School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health Research Respiratory Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Giacomo Sgalla
- National Institute for Health Research Respiratory Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Bennie Smit
- Nikon X-Tek Systems Ltd., Tring, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ian Haig
- Nikon X-Tek Systems Ltd., Tring, United Kingdom
| | - Luca Richeldi
- National Institute for Health Research Respiratory Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Sinclair
- μ-VIS X-ray Imaging Centre, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Engineering Materials Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Peter M Lackie
- Biomedical Imaging Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Philipp Schneider
- μ-VIS X-ray Imaging Centre, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Bioengineering Science Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Albert RK, Smith B, Perlman CE, Schwartz DA. Is Progression of Pulmonary Fibrosis due to Ventilation-induced Lung Injury? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2019; 200:140-151. [PMID: 31022350 PMCID: PMC6635778 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201903-0497pp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Bradford Smith
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado; and
| | - Carrie E. Perlman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Snijder J, Peraza J, Padilla M, Capaccione K, Salvatore MM. Pulmonary fibrosis: a disease of alveolar collapse and collagen deposition. Expert Rev Respir Med 2019; 13:615-619. [DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2019.1623028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Snijder
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jellyana Peraza
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maria Padilla
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kathleen Capaccione
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mary M. Salvatore
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Amano H, Mastui Y, Ito Y, Shibata Y, Betto T, Eshima K, Ogawa F, Satoh Y, Shibuya M, Majima M. The role of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 tyrosine kinase signaling in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 117:109067. [PMID: 31176171 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a lethal lung disease with a poor prognosis. Fibroblast proliferation amplifies extracellular matrix deposition and increases angiogenesis. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is one of the most potent angiogenic factors. VEGF interacts with VEGF receptors (VEGFR1 and VEGFR2). A previous study showed that VEGFR1 tyrosine kinase (TK) signaling induced blood flow recovery mediated by bone marrow (BM)-derived stem cells. We hypothesized that VEGFR1-TK signaling might be related to pulmonary fibrosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS Six-week-old male C57Bl/6 wild-type (WT) mice and VEGFR1 TK knockout mice (TKKO mice) were treated with a single intratracheal injection of bleomycin (BLM; 0.1 μg in 50 μl saline) or vehicle (saline; 50 μl). Lung fibrosis was evaluated by histology, real-time PCR and ELISA for pro-fibrotic factors, and assessment of lung mechanics. RESULTS The fibrotic area in the lung and the lung elastance were significantly reduced in TKKO mice (P < 0.01). The expression of the fibrosis-related factors type I collagen, S100A4, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β was also significantly reduced in TKKO mice on day 21 after BLM injection. TKKO mice also had significantly lower levels of stromal cell-derived factor (SDF)-1 in the lungs and plasma on days 14 and 21 after BLM treatment (P < 0.05). Moreover, the expression of C-X-C chemokine receptor type 7 (CXCR7) and CXCR4, the receptors for SDF-1, was also suppressed in TKKO mice. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that treatment with a CXCR4 antibody decreased the accumulation of VEGFR1+ cells in the lung in WT mice but not in TKKO mice. CONCLUSION These results suggest that VEGFR1 TK signaling promotes BLM-induced pulmonary fibrosis by activating the SDF-1/CXCR4 axis in infiltrating VEGFR1+ cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Amano
- Department of Pharmacology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoshio Mastui
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoshiya Ito
- Department of Pharmacology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yusaku Shibata
- Department of Pharmacology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Betto
- Department of Pharmacology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Koji Eshima
- Department of Immunology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Fumihiro Ogawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yukitoshi Satoh
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masabumi Shibuya
- Gakubunkan Institute of Physiology and Medicine, Jobu University, Gunma, Japan
| | - Masataka Majima
- Department of Pharmacology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Selvarajah B, Azuelos I, Platé M, Guillotin D, Forty EJ, Contento G, Woodcock HV, Redding M, Taylor A, Brunori G, Durrenberger PF, Ronzoni R, Blanchard AD, Mercer PF, Anastasiou D, Chambers RC. mTORC1 amplifies the ATF4-dependent de novo serine-glycine pathway to supply glycine during TGF-β 1-induced collagen biosynthesis. Sci Signal 2019; 12:eaav3048. [PMID: 31113850 PMCID: PMC6584619 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aav3048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The differentiation of fibroblasts into a transient population of highly activated, extracellular matrix (ECM)-producing myofibroblasts at sites of tissue injury is critical for normal tissue repair. Excessive myofibroblast accumulation and persistence, often as a result of a failure to undergo apoptosis when tissue repair is complete, lead to pathological fibrosis and are also features of the stromal response in cancer. Myofibroblast differentiation is accompanied by changes in cellular metabolism, including increased glycolysis, to meet the biosynthetic demands of enhanced ECM production. Here, we showed that transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), the key pro-fibrotic cytokine implicated in multiple fibrotic conditions, increased the production of activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), the transcriptional master regulator of amino acid metabolism, to supply glucose-derived glycine to meet the amino acid requirements associated with enhanced collagen production in response to myofibroblast differentiation. We further delineated the signaling pathways involved and showed that TGF-β1-induced ATF4 production depended on cooperation between canonical TGF-β1 signaling through Smad3 and activation of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) and its downstream target eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 (4E-BP1). ATF4, in turn, promoted the transcription of genes encoding enzymes of the de novo serine-glycine biosynthetic pathway and glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1). Our findings suggest that targeting the TGF-β1-mTORC1-ATF4 axis may represent a novel therapeutic strategy for interfering with myofibroblast function in fibrosis and potentially in other conditions, including cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brintha Selvarajah
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, UCL Respiratory, Rayne Building, University College London, London WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - Ilan Azuelos
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, UCL Respiratory, Rayne Building, University College London, London WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - Manuela Platé
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, UCL Respiratory, Rayne Building, University College London, London WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - Delphine Guillotin
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, UCL Respiratory, Rayne Building, University College London, London WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - Ellen J Forty
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, UCL Respiratory, Rayne Building, University College London, London WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - Greg Contento
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, UCL Respiratory, Rayne Building, University College London, London WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - Hannah V Woodcock
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, UCL Respiratory, Rayne Building, University College London, London WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - Matthew Redding
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, UCL Respiratory, Rayne Building, University College London, London WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - Adam Taylor
- Fibrosis Discovery Performance Unit, Respiratory Therapy Area, Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Gino Brunori
- GlaxoSmithKline, David Jack Centre for R&D, Park Road, Ware, Hertfordshire, SG12 0DP, UK
| | - Pascal F Durrenberger
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, UCL Respiratory, Rayne Building, University College London, London WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - Riccardo Ronzoni
- Centre for Respiratory Biology, UCL Respiratory, Rayne Building, University College London, London WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - Andy D Blanchard
- Fibrosis Discovery Performance Unit, Respiratory Therapy Area, Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Paul F Mercer
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, UCL Respiratory, Rayne Building, University College London, London WC1E 6JF, UK
| | | | - Rachel C Chambers
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, UCL Respiratory, Rayne Building, University College London, London WC1E 6JF, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ramírez-Hernández C, García-Márquez LJ, Decanini-Arcaute H, Martínez-Burnes J, Ramírez-Romero R. Fat, Cartilage, and Bone Metaplasia in Lungs of Cattle With Caudal Pleural Lesions and Subjacent Interstitial Fibrosis. Vet Pathol 2019; 56:599-603. [PMID: 30917746 DOI: 10.1177/0300985819837719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The changes associated with condemned lungs in cattle with chronic pleural lesions of the caudal lobes were characterized by histology and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Fibroproliferative pleural lesions were microscopically confirmed. Occasionally, the pleural lesions also included adipose, chondroid, and osseous metaplasia that were covered by mesothelial cells, mostly in the absence of inflammation. Other lungs also showed fibrosis in the subpleural interstitium and interlobular septa. In both condemned and noncondemned lungs, immunoreactivity to Wilms tumor 1 (WT1) was normally observed on surface mesothelial cells but not on the submesothelial fibroblasts and myofibroblasts. Conversely, the myofibroblasts beneath the pleura, but not the mesothelial cells, showed immunoreactivity to alpha smooth muscle actin and calponin. However, in the lungs with myofibroblastic foci in the pleura, the proliferated cells maintained WT1 immunoreactivity similar to those of some metaplastic cells. These findings may reflect the plasticity of mesothelial cells in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Ramírez-Hernández
- 1 Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Posgrado Conjunto Agronomía-Veterinaria, Gral. Escobedo, Nuevo Leon, México
| | - Luis Jorge García-Márquez
- 2 Centro Universitario de Investigación y Desarrollo Agropecuario (CUIDA), Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad de Colima, México
| | - Horacio Decanini-Arcaute
- 3 Departamento de Patología, Hospital Christus-Muguerza Alta Especialidad, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, México
| | - Julio Martínez-Burnes
- 4 Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia "Dr. Norberto Treviño Zapata", Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, México
| | - Rafael Ramírez-Romero
- 1 Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Posgrado Conjunto Agronomía-Veterinaria, Gral. Escobedo, Nuevo Leon, México
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Bailey KE, Floren ML, D'Ovidio TJ, Lammers SR, Stenmark KR, Magin CM. Tissue-informed engineering strategies for modeling human pulmonary diseases. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2019; 316:L303-L320. [PMID: 30461289 PMCID: PMC6397349 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00353.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic pulmonary diseases, including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), pulmonary hypertension (PH), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), account for staggering morbidity and mortality worldwide but have limited clinical management options available. Although great progress has been made to elucidate the cellular and molecular pathways underlying these diseases, there remains a significant disparity between basic research endeavors and clinical outcomes. This discrepancy is due in part to the failure of many current disease models to recapitulate the dynamic changes that occur during pathogenesis in vivo. As a result, pulmonary medicine has recently experienced a rapid expansion in the application of engineering principles to characterize changes in human tissues in vivo and model the resulting pathogenic alterations in vitro. We envision that engineering strategies using precision biomaterials and advanced biomanufacturing will revolutionize current approaches to disease modeling and accelerate the development and validation of personalized therapies. This review highlights how advances in lung tissue characterization reveal dynamic changes in the structure, mechanics, and composition of the extracellular matrix in chronic pulmonary diseases and how this information paves the way for tissue-informed engineering of more organotypic models of human pathology. Current translational challenges are discussed as well as opportunities to overcome these barriers with precision biomaterial design and advanced biomanufacturing techniques that embody the principles of personalized medicine to facilitate the rapid development of novel therapeutics for this devastating group of chronic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kolene E Bailey
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Michael L Floren
- Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratories, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Tyler J D'Ovidio
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Steven R Lammers
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Kurt R Stenmark
- Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratories, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Chelsea M Magin
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Sandbo N. Mechanisms of Fibrosis in IPF. Respir Med 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-99975-3_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
28
|
Hosseinzadeh A, Javad-Moosavi SA, Reiter RJ, Yarahmadi R, Ghaznavi H, Mehrzadi S. Oxidative/nitrosative stress, autophagy and apoptosis as therapeutic targets of melatonin in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2018; 22:1049-1061. [PMID: 30445883 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2018.1541318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a fatal interstitial lung disease associated with disruption of alveolar epithelial cell layer and expansion of fibroblasts/myofibroblasts. Excessive levels of oxidative/nitrosative stress, induction of apoptosis, and insufficient autophagy may be involved in IPF pathogenesis; hence, the targeting of these pathways may ameliorate IPF. Areas covered: We describe the ameliorative effect of melatonin on IPF. We summarize the research on IPF pathogenesis with a focus on oxidative/nitrosative stress, autophagy and apoptosis pathways and discuss the potential effects of melatonin on these pathways. Expert opinion: Oxidative/nitrosative stress, apoptosis and autophagy could be interesting targets for therapeutic intervention in IPF. Melatonin, as a potent antioxidant, induces the expression of antioxidant enzymes, scavenges free radicals and modulates apoptosis and autophagy pathways. The effect of melatonin in the induction of autophagy could be an important mechanism against fibrotic process in IPF lungs. Further clinical studies are necessary to determine if melatonin could be a candidate for treating IPF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Azam Hosseinzadeh
- a Razi Drug Research Center , Iran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | | | - Russel J Reiter
- c Department of Cellular and Structural Biology , UT Health , San Antonio , TX , USA
| | - Rasoul Yarahmadi
- d Department of Occupational Health , Air Pollution Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Habib Ghaznavi
- e Department of Pharmacology , School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences , Zahedan , Iran
| | - Saeed Mehrzadi
- a Razi Drug Research Center , Iran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Fiore VF, Wong SS, Tran C, Tan C, Xu W, Sulchek T, White ES, Hagood JS, Barker TH. αvβ3 Integrin drives fibroblast contraction and strain stiffening of soft provisional matrix during progressive fibrosis. JCI Insight 2018; 3:97597. [PMID: 30333317 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.97597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is characterized by persistent deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) by fibroblasts. Fibroblast mechanosensing of a stiffened ECM is hypothesized to drive the fibrotic program; however, the spatial distribution of ECM mechanics and their derangements in progressive fibrosis are poorly characterized. Importantly, fibrosis presents with significant histopathological heterogeneity at the microscale. Here, we report that fibroblastic foci (FF), the regions of active fibrogenesis in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), are surprisingly of similar modulus as normal lung parenchyma and are nonlinearly elastic. In vitro, provisional ECMs with mechanical properties similar to those of FF activate both normal and IPF patient-derived fibroblasts, whereas type I collagen ECMs with similar mechanical properties do not. This is mediated, in part, by αvβ3 integrin engagement and is augmented by loss of expression of Thy-1, which regulates αvβ3 integrin avidity for ECM. Thy-1 loss potentiates cell contractility-driven strain stiffening of provisional ECM in vitro and causes elevated αvβ3 integrin activation, increased fibrosis, and greater mortality following fibrotic lung injury in vivo. These data suggest a central role for αvβ3 integrin and provisional ECM in overriding mechanical cues that normally impose quiescent phenotypes, driving progressive fibrosis through physical stiffening of the fibrotic niche.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent F Fiore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Simon S Wong
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Coleen Tran
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Chunting Tan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Wenwei Xu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Todd Sulchek
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Eric S White
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - James S Hagood
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,Rady Children's Hospital of San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Thomas H Barker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Mesothelial to mesenchyme transition as a major developmental and pathological player in trunk organs and their cavities. Commun Biol 2018; 1:170. [PMID: 30345394 PMCID: PMC6191446 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-018-0180-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The internal organs embedded in the cavities are lined by an epithelial monolayer termed the mesothelium. The mesothelium is increasingly implicated in driving various internal organ pathologies, as many of the normal embryonic developmental pathways acting in mesothelial cells, such as those regulating epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, also drive disease progression in adult life. Here, we summarize observations from different animal models and organ systems that collectively point toward a central role of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in driving tissue fibrosis, acute scarring, and cancer metastasis. Thus, drugs targeting pathways of mesothelium’s transition may have broad therapeutic benefits in patients suffering from these diseases. Tim Koopmans and Yuval Rinkevich review recent findings linking the mesothelium’s embryonic programs that drive epithelial-to-mesenchyme transition with adult pathologies, such as fibrosis, acute scarring, and cancer metastasis. They highlight new avenues for drug development that would target pathways of the mesothelium’s mesenchymal transition.
Collapse
|
31
|
Sontake V, Kasam RK, Sinner D, Korfhagen TR, Reddy GB, White ES, Jegga AG, Madala SK. Wilms' tumor 1 drives fibroproliferation and myofibroblast transformation in severe fibrotic lung disease. JCI Insight 2018; 3:121252. [PMID: 30135315 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.121252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Wilms' tumor 1 (WT1) is a critical transcriptional regulator of mesothelial cells during lung development but is downregulated in postnatal stages and adult lungs. We recently showed that WT1 is upregulated in both mesothelial cells and mesenchymal cells in the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), a fatal fibrotic lung disease. Although WT1-positive cell accumulation leading to severe fibrotic lung disease has been studied, the role of WT1 in fibroblast activation and pulmonary fibrosis remains elusive. Here, we show that WT1 functions as a positive regulator of fibroblast activation, including fibroproliferation, myofibroblast transformation, and extracellular matrix (ECM) production. Chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments indicate that WT1 binds directly to the promoter DNA sequence of α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA) to induce myofibroblast transformation. In support, the genetic lineage tracing identifies WT1 as a key driver of mesothelial-to-myofibroblast and fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transformation. Importantly, the partial loss of WT1 was sufficient to attenuate myofibroblast accumulation and pulmonary fibrosis in vivo. Further, our coculture studies show that WT1 upregulation leads to non-cell autonomous effects on neighboring cells. Thus, our data uncovered a pathogenic role of WT1 in IPF by promoting fibroblast activation in the peripheral areas of the lung and as a target for therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vishwaraj Sontake
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Rajesh K Kasam
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.,Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Debora Sinner
- Division of Neonatology and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Thomas R Korfhagen
- Division of Neonatology and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Geereddy B Reddy
- Department of Biochemistry, National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Eric S White
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Anil G Jegga
- Division of Biomedical Informatics Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Satish K Madala
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Hosseinzadeh A, Javad-Moosavi SA, Reiter RJ, Hemati K, Ghaznavi H, Mehrzadi S. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) signaling pathways and protective roles of melatonin. Life Sci 2018; 201:17-29. [PMID: 29567077 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is characterized by the progressive loss of lung function due to tissue scarring. A variety of pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrogenic factors including interleukin‑17A, transforming growth factor β, Wnt/β‑catenin, vascular endothelial growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, fibroblast growth factors, endotelin‑1, renin angiotensin system and impaired caveolin‑1 function are involved in the IPF pathogenesis. Current therapies for IPF have some limitations and this highlights the need for effective therapeutic agents to treat this fatal disease. Melatonin and its metabolites are broad-spectrum antioxidants that not only remove reactive oxygen and nitrogen species by radical scavenging but also up-regulate the expression and activity of endogenous antioxidants. Via these actions, melatonin and its metabolites modulate a variety of molecular pathways in different pathophysiological conditions. Herein, we review the signaling pathways involved in the pathophysiology of IPF and the potentially protective effects of melatonin on these pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Azam Hosseinzadeh
- Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, UT Health, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Karim Hemati
- Department of Anesthesiology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Anesthesiology, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Habib Ghaznavi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Saeed Mehrzadi
- Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Herrera J, Henke CA, Bitterman PB. Extracellular matrix as a driver of progressive fibrosis. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:45-53. [PMID: 29293088 DOI: 10.1172/jci93557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 354] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is dynamically tuned to optimize physiological function. Its major properties, including composition and mechanics, profoundly influence cell biology. Cell-ECM interactions operate through an integrated set of sensor and effector circuits that use several classes of receptors and signal transduction pathways. At the single-cell level, the ECM governs differentiation, metabolism, motility, orientation, proliferation, and survival. At the cell population level, the ECM provides higher-order guidance that is essential for physiological function. When pathological changes in the ECM lead to impairment of organ function, we use the term "fibrosis." In this Review, we differentiate fibrosis initiation from progression and focus primarily on progressive lung fibrosis impairing organ function. We present a working model to explain how the altered ECM is not only a consequence but also a driver of fibrosis. Additionally, we advance the concept that fibrosis progression occurs in a fibrogenic niche that is composed of a fibrogenic ECM that nurtures fibrogenic mesenchymal progenitor cells and their fibrogenic progeny.
Collapse
|
34
|
Discher DE, Smith L, Cho S, Colasurdo M, García AJ, Safran S. Matrix Mechanosensing: From Scaling Concepts in 'Omics Data to Mechanisms in the Nucleus, Regeneration, and Cancer. Annu Rev Biophys 2017; 46:295-315. [PMID: 28532215 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biophys-062215-011206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Many of the most important molecules of life are polymers. In animals, the most abundant of the proteinaceous polymers are the collagens, which constitute the fibrous matrix outside cells and which can also self-assemble into gels. The physically measurable stiffness of gels, as well as tissues, increases with the amount of collagen, and cells seem to sense this stiffness. An understanding of this mechanosensing process in complex tissues, including fibrotic disease states with high collagen, is now utilizing 'omics data sets and is revealing polymer physics-type, nonlinear scaling relationships between concentrations of seemingly unrelated biopolymers. The nuclear structure protein lamin A provides one example, with protein and transcript levels increasing with collagen 1 and tissue stiffness, and with mechanisms rooted in protein stabilization induced by cytoskeletal stress. Physics-based models of fibrous matrix, cytoskeletal force dipoles, and the lamin A gene circuit illustrate the wide range of testable predictions emerging for tissues, cell cultures, and even stem cell-based tissue regeneration. Beyond the epigenetics of mechanosensing, the scaling in cancer of chromosome copy number variations and other mutations with tissue stiffness suggests that genomic changes are occurring by mechanogenomic processes that now require elucidation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis E Discher
- Molecular and Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104;
| | - Lucas Smith
- Molecular and Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104;
| | - Sangkyun Cho
- Molecular and Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104;
| | - Mark Colasurdo
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332
| | - Andrés J García
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332
| | - Sam Safran
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovet 76100, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Yang L, Herrera J, Gilbertsen A, Xia H, Smith K, Benyumov A, Bitterman PB, Henke CA. IL-8 mediates idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis mesenchymal progenitor cell fibrogenicity. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2017; 314:L127-L136. [PMID: 28860143 PMCID: PMC5866425 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00200.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive fibrotic lung disease, but the mechanisms driving progression remain incompletely defined. We previously reported that the IPF lung harbors fibrogenic mesenchymal progenitor cells (MPCs), which serve as a cell of origin for IPF fibroblasts. Proliferating IPF MPCs are located at the periphery of fibroblastic foci in an active cellular front at the interface between the myofibroblast-rich focus core and adjacent normal alveolar structures. Among a large set of genes that distinguish IPF MPCs from their control counterparts, we identified IL-8 as a candidate mediator of IPF MPC fibrogenicity and driver of fibrotic progression. IPF MPCs and their progeny displayed increased steady-state levels of IL-8 and its cognate receptor CXCR1 and secreted more IL-8 than did controls. IL-8 functioned in an autocrine manner promoting IPF MPC self-renewal and the proliferation and motility of IPF MPC progeny. Secreted IL-8 also functioned in a paracrine manner stimulating macrophage migration. Analysis of IPF lung tissue demonstrated codistribution of IPF MPCs with activated macrophages in the active cellular front of the fibroblastic focus. These findings indicate that IPF MPC-derived IL-8 is capable of expanding the mesenchymal cell population and recruiting activated macrophages cells to actively evolving fibrotic lesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Libang Yang
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Jeremy Herrera
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Adam Gilbertsen
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Hong Xia
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Karen Smith
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Alexey Benyumov
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Peter B Bitterman
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Craig A Henke
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Justet A, Joannes A, Besnard V, Marchal-Sommé J, Jaillet M, Bonniaud P, Sallenave JM, Solhonne B, Castier Y, Mordant P, Mal H, Cazes A, Borie R, Mailleux AA, Crestani B. FGF9 prevents pleural fibrosis induced by intrapleural adenovirus injection in mice. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2017; 313:L781-L795. [PMID: 28729349 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00508.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 9 (FGF9) is necessary for fetal lung development and is expressed by epithelium and mesothelium. We evaluated the role of FGF9 overexpression on adenoviral-induced pleural injury in vivo and determined the biological effects of FGF9 on mesothelial cells in vitro. We assessed the expression of FGF9 and FGF receptors by mesothelial cells in both human and mouse lungs. Intrapleural injection of an adenovirus expressing human FGF9 (AdFGF9) or a control adenovirus (AdCont) was performed. Mice were euthanized at days 3, 5, and 14 Expression of FGF9 and markers of inflammation and myofibroblastic differentiation was studied by qPCR and immunohistochemistry. In vitro, rat mesothelial cells were stimulated with FGF9 (20 ng/ml), and we assessed its effect on proliferation, survival, migration, and differentiation. FGF9 was expressed by mesothelial cells in human idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. FGF receptors, mainly FGFR3, were expressed by mesothelial cells in vivo in humans and mice. AdCont instillation induced diffuse pleural thickening appearing at day 5, maximal at day 14 The altered pleura cells strongly expressed α-smooth muscle actin and collagen. AdFGF9 injection induced maximal FGF9 expression at day 5 that lasted until day 14 FGF9 overexpression prevented pleural thickening, collagen and fibronectin accumulation, and myofibroblastic differentiation of mesothelial cells. In vitro, FGF9 decreased mesothelial cell migration and inhibited the differentiating effect of transforming growth factor-β1. We conclude that FGF9 has a potential antifibrotic effect on mesothelial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Justet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1152, Paris, France.,Département Hospitalo-Universitaire Fibrosis Inflammation and Remodeling (DHU FIRE), Paris, France.,Labex Inflamex, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bichat, Service de Pneumologie A, Paris, France
| | - Audrey Joannes
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1152, Paris, France.,Département Hospitalo-Universitaire Fibrosis Inflammation and Remodeling (DHU FIRE), Paris, France.,Labex Inflamex, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Besnard
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1152, Paris, France.,Département Hospitalo-Universitaire Fibrosis Inflammation and Remodeling (DHU FIRE), Paris, France.,Labex Inflamex, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Joëlle Marchal-Sommé
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1152, Paris, France.,Département Hospitalo-Universitaire Fibrosis Inflammation and Remodeling (DHU FIRE), Paris, France.,Labex Inflamex, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Madeleine Jaillet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1152, Paris, France.,Département Hospitalo-Universitaire Fibrosis Inflammation and Remodeling (DHU FIRE), Paris, France.,Labex Inflamex, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Philipe Bonniaud
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U866, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Jean Michel Sallenave
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1152, Paris, France.,Département Hospitalo-Universitaire Fibrosis Inflammation and Remodeling (DHU FIRE), Paris, France.,Labex Inflamex, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Brigitte Solhonne
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1152, Paris, France.,Département Hospitalo-Universitaire Fibrosis Inflammation and Remodeling (DHU FIRE), Paris, France.,Labex Inflamex, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Yves Castier
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1152, Paris, France.,Département Hospitalo-Universitaire Fibrosis Inflammation and Remodeling (DHU FIRE), Paris, France.,Labex Inflamex, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bichat, Service de Chirurgie Thoracique et Vasculaire, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Mordant
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1152, Paris, France.,Département Hospitalo-Universitaire Fibrosis Inflammation and Remodeling (DHU FIRE), Paris, France.,Labex Inflamex, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bichat, Service de Chirurgie Thoracique et Vasculaire, Paris, France
| | - Hervé Mal
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1152, Paris, France.,Département Hospitalo-Universitaire Fibrosis Inflammation and Remodeling (DHU FIRE), Paris, France.,Labex Inflamex, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bichat, Service de Pneumologie et Transplantation, Paris, France; and
| | - Aurélie Cazes
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1152, Paris, France.,Département Hospitalo-Universitaire Fibrosis Inflammation and Remodeling (DHU FIRE), Paris, France.,Labex Inflamex, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bichat, Département d'Anatomie Pathologique, Paris, France
| | - Raphael Borie
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1152, Paris, France.,Département Hospitalo-Universitaire Fibrosis Inflammation and Remodeling (DHU FIRE), Paris, France.,Labex Inflamex, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bichat, Service de Pneumologie A, Paris, France
| | - Arnaud A Mailleux
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1152, Paris, France.,Département Hospitalo-Universitaire Fibrosis Inflammation and Remodeling (DHU FIRE), Paris, France.,Labex Inflamex, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Crestani
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1152, Paris, France; .,Département Hospitalo-Universitaire Fibrosis Inflammation and Remodeling (DHU FIRE), Paris, France.,Labex Inflamex, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bichat, Service de Pneumologie A, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Madala SK, Sontake V, Edukulla R, Davidson CR, Schmidt S, Hardie WD. Unique and Redundant Functions of p70 Ribosomal S6 Kinase Isoforms Regulate Mesenchymal Cell Proliferation and Migration in Pulmonary Fibrosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2017; 55:792-803. [PMID: 27438654 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2016-0090oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The p70 ribosomal S6 kinase (p70S6K) is a downstream substrate that is phosphorylated and activated by the mammalian target of rapamycin complex and regulates multiple cellular processes associated with pulmonary fibrogenesis. Two isoforms of the p70S6K have been identified (S6K1 and S6K2), but their relative contributions in mediating pulmonary fibrosis are unknown. To interrogate the roles of the p70S6K isoforms, we overexpressed transforming growth factor (TGF)-α in mice deficient for the S6K1 or S6K2 genes and measured changes in lung histology, morphometry, total lung collagen, lung function, and proliferation between wild-type and isoform-deficient mice. Deficiency of S6K1, but not S6K2, had a significant effect on reducing proliferation in subpleural fibrotic lesions during TGF-α-induced fibrosis. Migration was significantly decreased in mesenchymal cells isolated from the lungs of S6K1 knockout mice compared with wild-type or S6K2 knockout mice. Conversely, increases in subpleural thickening were significantly decreased in S6K2-deficient mice compared with wild type. Deficiency of S6K2 significantly reduced phosphorylation of the downstream S6 ribosomal protein in lung homogenates and isolated mesenchymal cells after TGF-α expression. However, deficiency of neither isoform alone significantly altered TGF-α-induced collagen accumulation or lung function decline in vivo. Furthermore, deficiency in neither isoform prevented changes in collagen accumulation or lung compliance decline after administration of intradermal bleomycin. Together, these findings demonstrate that the p70S6K isoforms have unique and redundant functions in mediating fibrogenic processes, including proliferation, migration, and S6 phosphorylation, signifying that both isoforms must be targeted to modulate p70S6K-mediated pulmonary fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satish K Madala
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Vishwaraj Sontake
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Ramakrishna Edukulla
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Cynthia R Davidson
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Stephanie Schmidt
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - William D Hardie
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Ahmed Abdi B, Lopez H, Karrar S, Renzoni E, Wells A, Tam A, Etomi O, Hsuan JJ, Martin GR, Shiwen X, Denton CP, Abraham D, Stratton R. Use of Patterned Collagen Coated Slides to Study Normal and Scleroderma Lung Fibroblast Migration. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2628. [PMID: 28572686 PMCID: PMC5453993 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02621-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a spreading fibrotic disease affecting the skin and internal organs. We aimed to model pathogenic fibroblast migration in SSc in order to identify enhancing factors, measure the effect of migrating cells on underlying extracellular matrix (ECM) and test possible therapeutic inhibitors. Novel patterned collagen substrates were used to investigate alignment and migration of skin and lung fibroblasts from SSc patients and healthy controls. Normal lung but not skin fibroblasts consistently elongated and aligned with underlying collagen and migrated dependent on PDGF or serum. SSc lung fibroblasts remained growth factor dependent, did not migrate more rapidly and were less restricted to alignment of the collagen. Multiple collagen proline and lysine-modifying enzymes were identified in SSc but not control fibroblast extracellular matrix preparations, indicating differential levels of ECM modification by the diseased cells. Profiling of migrating cells revealed a possible SCF/c-Kit paracrine mechanism contributing to migration via a subpopulation of cells. Heparin, which binds ligands including PDGF and SCF, and imatininib which blocks downstream tyrosine kinase receptors, both inhibited lung fibroblast migration individually but showed synergy in SSc cells. Pathologic lung fibroblasts from SSc patients modify ECM during migration but remain growth factor dependent and sensitive to inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bahja Ahmed Abdi
- Centre for Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Disease, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College Medical School, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK.
| | - Henry Lopez
- MuriGenics, Inc., 941 Railroad Avenue, Vallejo, CA, 94592, USA
| | - Sarah Karrar
- Centre for Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Disease, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College Medical School, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Elisabetta Renzoni
- Imperial College London, Royal Brompton Campus, Sydney Street, London, SW3 6NP, UK
| | - Athol Wells
- Imperial College London, Royal Brompton Campus, Sydney Street, London, SW3 6NP, UK
| | - Angela Tam
- Centre for Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Disease, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College Medical School, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Oseme Etomi
- Centre for Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Disease, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College Medical School, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK
| | - J Justin Hsuan
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College Medical School Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK
| | - George R Martin
- MuriGenics, Inc., 941 Railroad Avenue, Vallejo, CA, 94592, USA
| | - Xu Shiwen
- Centre for Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Disease, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College Medical School, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Christopher P Denton
- Centre for Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Disease, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College Medical School, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK
| | - David Abraham
- Centre for Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Disease, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College Medical School, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Richard Stratton
- Centre for Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Disease, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College Medical School, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Xia H, Gilbertsen A, Herrera J, Racila E, Smith K, Peterson M, Griffin T, Benyumov A, Yang L, Bitterman PB, Henke CA. Calcium-binding protein S100A4 confers mesenchymal progenitor cell fibrogenicity in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:2586-2597. [PMID: 28530639 DOI: 10.1172/jci90832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive disease with a prevalence of 1 million persons worldwide. The fibrosis spreads from affected alveoli into contiguous alveoli and leads to death by asphyxiation. We previously discovered that the IPF lung harbors fibrogenic mesenchymal progenitor cells (MPCs) that serve as a cell of origin for disease-mediating myofibroblasts. In a prior genomewide transcriptional analysis, we found that IPF MPCs displayed increased expression of S100 calcium-binding A4 (S100A4), a protein linked to cancer cell proliferation and invasiveness. Here, we have examined whether S100A4 mediates MPC fibrogenicity. Ex vivo analysis revealed that IPF MPCs had increased levels of nuclear S100A4, which interacts with L-isoaspartyl methyltransferase to promote p53 degradation and MPC self-renewal. In vivo, injection of human IPF MPCs converted a self-limited bleomycin-induced mouse model of lung fibrosis to a model of persistent fibrosis in an S100A4-dependent manner. S100A4 gain of function was sufficient to confer fibrotic properties to non-IPF MPCs. In IPF tissue, fibroblastic foci contained cells expressing Ki67 and the MPC markers SSEA4 and S100A4. The expression colocalized in an interface region between myofibroblasts in the focus core and normal alveolar structures, defining this region as an active fibrotic front. Our findings indicate that IPF MPCs are intrinsically fibrogenic and that S100A4 confers MPCs with fibrogenicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Timothy Griffin
- Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Richeldi L, Collard HR, Jones MG. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Lancet 2017; 389:1941-1952. [PMID: 28365056 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(17)30866-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1119] [Impact Index Per Article: 159.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a prototype of chronic, progressive, and fibrotic lung disease. Healthy tissue is replaced by altered extracellular matrix and alveolar architecture is destroyed, which leads to decreased lung compliance, disrupted gas exchange, and ultimately respiratory failure and death. In less than a decade, understanding of the pathogenesis and management of this disease has been transformed, and two disease-modifying therapies have been approved, worldwide. In this Seminar, we summarise the presentation, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment options available for patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. This disease has improved understanding of the mechanisms of lung fibrosis, and offers hope that similar approaches will transform the management of patients with other progressive fibrotic lung diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Richeldi
- Unità Operativa Complessa di Pneumologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico A. Gemelli, Rome, Italy; National Institute for Health Research Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit and Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
| | - Harold R Collard
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mark G Jones
- National Institute for Health Research Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit and Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Evans CM, Fingerlin TE, Schwarz MI, Lynch D, Kurche J, Warg L, Yang IV, Schwartz DA. Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: A Genetic Disease That Involves Mucociliary Dysfunction of the Peripheral Airways. Physiol Rev 2017; 96:1567-91. [PMID: 27630174 PMCID: PMC5243224 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00004.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is an incurable complex genetic disorder that is associated with sequence changes in 7 genes (MUC5B, TERT, TERC, RTEL1, PARN, SFTPC, and SFTPA2) and with variants in at least 11 novel loci. We have previously found that 1) a common gain-of-function promoter variant in MUC5B rs35705950 is the strongest risk factor (genetic and otherwise), accounting for 30-35% of the risk of developing IPF, a disease that was previously considered idiopathic; 2) the MUC5B promoter variant can potentially be used to identify individuals with preclinical pulmonary fibrosis and is predictive of radiologic progression of preclinical pulmonary fibrosis; and 3) MUC5B may be involved in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis with MUC5B message and protein expressed in bronchiolo-alveolar epithelia of IPF and the characteristic IPF honeycomb cysts. Based on these considerations, we hypothesize that excessive production of MUC5B either enhances injury due to reduced mucociliary clearance or impedes repair consequent to disruption of normal regenerative mechanisms in the distal lung. In aggregate, these novel considerations should have broad impact, resulting in specific etiologic targets, early detection of disease, and novel biologic pathways for use in the design of future intervention, prevention, and mechanistic studies of IPF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Evans
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado; National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado; and Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Tasha E Fingerlin
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado; National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado; and Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Marvin I Schwarz
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado; National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado; and Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - David Lynch
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado; National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado; and Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jonathan Kurche
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado; National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado; and Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Laura Warg
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado; National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado; and Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Ivana V Yang
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado; National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado; and Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - David A Schwartz
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado; National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado; and Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Many forms of interstitial lung disease (ILD) can progress to extensive fibrosis and respiratory failure. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), which generally has a poor prognosis, has been thoroughly studied over the past two decades, and many important discoveries have been made that pertain to genetic predisposition, epidemiology, disease pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management. Additionally, non-IPF forms of ILD can have radiologic and histopathologic manifestations that mimic IPF, and making an accurate diagnosis is key to providing personalized medicine to patients with pulmonary fibrosis. Areas covered: This manuscript discusses current knowledge pertaining to the genetics, epidemiology, pathogenesis, and diagnosis of pulmonary fibrosis with an emphasis on IPF. The material upon which this discussion is based was obtained from various published texts and manuscripts identified via literature searching (e.g. PubMed). Expert commentary: Many genetic variants have been identified that are associated with risk of developing pulmonary fibrosis, and an improved understanding of the influence of both genomic and epigenomic factors in the development of pulmonary fibrosis is rapidly evolving. Because many forms of fibrosing ILD can have similar radiologic and histopathologic patterns yet have different responses to therapeutic interventions, making an accurate diagnosis of specific forms of pulmonary fibrosis is increasingly important.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keith C Meyer
- a Department of Medicine , University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health - Medicine , Madison , WI , United States
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Sontake V, Wang Y, Kasam RK, Sinner D, Reddy GB, Naren AP, McCormack FX, White ES, Jegga AG, Madala SK. Hsp90 regulation of fibroblast activation in pulmonary fibrosis. JCI Insight 2017; 2:e91454. [PMID: 28239659 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.91454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a severe fibrotic lung disease associated with fibroblast activation that includes excessive proliferation, tissue invasiveness, myofibroblast transformation, and extracellular matrix (ECM) production. To identify inhibitors that can attenuate fibroblast activation, we queried IPF gene signatures against a library of small-molecule-induced gene-expression profiles and identified Hsp90 inhibitors as potential therapeutic agents that can suppress fibroblast activation in IPF. Although Hsp90 is a molecular chaperone that regulates multiple processes involved in fibroblast activation, it has not been previously proposed as a molecular target in IPF. Here, we found elevated Hsp90 staining in lung biopsies of patients with IPF. Notably, fibroblasts isolated from fibrotic lesions showed heightened Hsp90 ATPase activity compared with normal fibroblasts. 17-N-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-AAG), a small-molecule inhibitor of Hsp90 ATPase activity, attenuated fibroblast activation and also TGF-β-driven effects on fibroblast to myofibroblast transformation. The loss of the Hsp90AB, but not the Hsp90AA isoform, resulted in reduced fibroblast proliferation, myofibroblast transformation, and ECM production. Finally, in vivo therapy with 17-AAG attenuated progression of established and ongoing fibrosis in a mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis, suggesting that targeting Hsp90 represents an effective strategy for the treatment of fibrotic lung disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vishwaraj Sontake
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine.,Department of Biochemistry, National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | | | - Rajesh K Kasam
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine.,Department of Biochemistry, National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Debora Sinner
- Division of Neonatology and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio USA
| | - Geereddy B Reddy
- Department of Biochemistry, National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | | | - Francis X McCormack
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio USA
| | - Eric S White
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, AnnArbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Knudsen L, Ruppert C, Ochs M. Tissue remodelling in pulmonary fibrosis. Cell Tissue Res 2016; 367:607-626. [PMID: 27981380 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-016-2543-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Many lung diseases result in fibrotic remodelling. Fibrotic lung disorders can be divided into diseases with known and unknown aetiology. Among those with unknown aetiology, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a common diagnosis. Because of its progressive character leading to a rapid decline in lung function, it is a fatal disease with poor prognosis and limited therapeutic options. Thus, IPF has motivated many studies in the last few decades in order to increase our mechanistic understanding of the pathogenesis of the disease. The current concept suggests an ongoing injury of the alveolar epithelium, an impaired regeneration capacity, alveolar collapse and, finally, a fibroproliferative response. The origin of lung injury remains elusive but a diversity of factors, which will be discussed in this article, has been shown to be associated with IPF. Alveolar epithelial type II (AE2) cells play a key role in lung fibrosis and their crucial role for epithelial regeneration, stabilisation of alveoli and interaction with fibroblasts, all known to be responsible for collagen deposition, will be illustrated. Whereas mechanisms of collagen deposition and fibroproliferation are the focus of many studies in the field, the awareness of other mechanisms in this disease is currently limited to biochemical and imaging studies including quantitative assessments of lung structure in IPF and animal models assigning alveolar collapse and collapse induration crucial roles for the degradation of the lung resulting in de-aeration and loss of surface area. Dysfunctional AE2 cells, instable alveoli and mechanical stress trigger remodelling that consists of collapsed alveoli absorbed by fibrotic tissue (i.e., collapse induration).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lars Knudsen
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg Strasse 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany. .,Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany. .,REBIRTH, Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Clemens Ruppert
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.,Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Universities of Giessen and Marburg, Giessen, Germany
| | - Matthias Ochs
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg Strasse 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.,Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,REBIRTH, Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Huang M, Wang YP, Zhu LQ, Cai Q, Li HH, Yang HF. MAPK pathway mediates epithelial-mesenchymal transition induced by paraquat in alveolar epithelial cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2016; 31:1407-1414. [PMID: 25873302 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is believed to be involved in lung fibrosis process induced by paraquat (PQ); however, the molecular mechanism of this process has not been clearly established. The present study investigated the potential involvement of EMT after PQ poisoning. The expressions of EMT markers, such as E-cadherin and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), at multiple time points after exposure to different concentrations of PQ were evaluated by western blot analysis. Following PQ treatment, EMT induction was observed under microscopy. Related fibrosis genes, including Matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2), Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9), collagens type I (COL I), and type III (COL III), were also evaluated by measuring their mRNA levels using RT-PCR analysis. Signaling pathways were analyzed using selective pharmacological inhibitors for MAPK. Cell migration ability was evaluated by scratch wound and Transwell assays. The data showed that PQ-induced epithelial RLE-6NT cells to develop mesenchymal cell characteristics, as indicated by a significant decrease in the epithelial marker E-cadherin and a significant increase in the extracellular matrix (ECM) marker α-smooth muscle actin in a dose and time-dependent manner. Moreover, PQ-treated RLE-6NT cells had an EMT-like phenotype with elevated expression of MMP-2, MMP-9, and COL I and COL III and enhanced migration ability. Signal pathway analysis revealed that PQ-induced EMT led to ERK-1 and Smad2 phosphorylation through activation of the MAPK pathway. The results of the current study indicate that PQ-induced pulmonary fibrosis occurs via EMT, which is mediated by the MAPK pathway. This implies that the MAPK pathway is a promising therapeutic target in alveolar epithelial cells. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 1407-1414, 2016.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Huang
- The Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Xingqing District, Yinchuan, 750004, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Peng Wang
- The Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Xingqing District, Yinchuan, 750004, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling-Qin Zhu
- The Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Xingqing District, Yinchuan, 750004, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Cai
- The Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Xingqing District, Yinchuan, 750004, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Hui Li
- The Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Xingqing District, Yinchuan, 750004, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Fang Yang
- The Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Xingqing District, Yinchuan, 750004, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Ochs M, Knudsen L, Hegermann J, Wrede C, Grothausmann R, Mühlfeld C. Using electron microscopes to look into the lung. Histochem Cell Biol 2016; 146:695-707. [PMID: 27688057 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-016-1502-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In the nineteenth century, there was a dispute about the existence of a lung alveolar epithelium which remained unsolved until the invention of electron microscopy (EM) and its application to the lung. From the early 1960s, Ewald Weibel became the master of lung EM. He showed that the alveolar epithelium is covered with a lining layer containing surfactant. Weibel also explained the phenomenon of "non-nucleated plates" observed already in 1881 by Albert Kölliker. Weibel's most significant contribution was to the development of stereological methods. Therefore, quantitative characterization of lung structure revealing structure-function relationships became possible. Today, the spectrum of EM methods to study the fine structure of the lung has been extended significantly. Cryo-preparation techniques are available which are necessary for immunogold labeling of molecules. Energy-filtering techniques can be used for the detection of elements. There have also been major improvements in stereology, thus providing a very versatile toolbox for quantitative lung phenotype analyses. A new dimension was added by 3D EM techniques. Depending on the desired sample size and resolution, the spectrum ranges from array tomography via serial block face scanning EM and focused ion beam scanning EM to electron tomography. These 3D datasets provide new insights into lung ultrastructure. Biomedical EM is an ever-developing field. Its high resolution remains unparalleled. Moreover, EM has the unique advantage of providing an "open view" into cells and tissues within their full architectural context. Therefore, EM will remain an indispensable tool for a better understanding of the lung's functional design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Ochs
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany. .,Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany. .,REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Lars Knudsen
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.,Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany.,REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jan Hegermann
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.,REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christoph Wrede
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.,REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover, Germany
| | - Roman Grothausmann
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.,REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christian Mühlfeld
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.,Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany.,REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Jones MG, Fabre A, Schneider P, Cinetto F, Sgalla G, Mavrogordato M, Jogai S, Alzetani A, Marshall BG, O'Reilly KMA, Warner JA, Lackie PM, Davies DE, Hansell DM, Nicholson AG, Sinclair I, Brown KK, Richeldi L. Three-dimensional characterization of fibroblast foci in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. JCI Insight 2016; 1. [PMID: 27275013 PMCID: PMC4889020 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.86375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), the fibroblast focus is a key histological feature representing active fibroproliferation. On standard 2D pathologic examination, fibroblast foci are considered small, distinct lesions, although they have been proposed to form a highly interconnected reticulum as the leading edge of a “wave” of fibrosis. Here, we characterized fibroblast focus morphology and interrelationships in 3D using an integrated micro-CT and histological methodology. In 3D, fibroblast foci were morphologically complex structures, with large variations in shape and volume (range, 1.3 × 104 to 9.9 × 107 μm3). Within each tissue sample numerous multiform foci were present, ranging from a minimum of 0.9 per mm3 of lung tissue to a maximum of 11.1 per mm3 of lung tissue. Each focus was an independent structure, and no interconnections were observed. Together, our data indicate that in 3D fibroblast foci form a constellation of heterogeneous structures with large variations in shape and volume, suggesting previously unrecognized plasticity. No evidence of interconnectivity was identified, consistent with the concept that foci represent discrete sites of lung injury and repair. Integrated histological and microCT analyses reveal that 3D fibroblast foci are discrete structures with marked variations in shape and volume, suggesting previously unrecognized plasticity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark G Jones
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health Research Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Aurélie Fabre
- Department of Histopathology, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Philipp Schneider
- μ-VIS X-ray Imaging Centre, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Francesco Cinetto
- Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Padua University, Padua, Italy
| | - Giacomo Sgalla
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health Research Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Mavrogordato
- μ-VIS X-ray Imaging Centre, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Sanjay Jogai
- Department of Cellular Pathology, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Aiman Alzetani
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Ben G Marshall
- National Institute for Health Research Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine M A O'Reilly
- Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jane A Warner
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Peter M Lackie
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Donna E Davies
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health Research Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - David M Hansell
- Department of Radiology, Royal Brompton Hospital and National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew G Nicholson
- Department of Histopathology, Royal Brompton Hospital and National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Sinclair
- μ-VIS X-ray Imaging Centre, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin K Brown
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Luca Richeldi
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health Research Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Horowitz JC, Osterholzer JJ, Marazioti A, Stathopoulos GT. "Scar-cinoma": viewing the fibrotic lung mesenchymal cell in the context of cancer biology. Eur Respir J 2016; 47:1842-54. [PMID: 27030681 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01201-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer and pulmonary fibrosis are common, yet distinct, pathological processes that represent urgent unmet medical needs. Striking clinical and mechanistic parallels exist between these distinct disease entities. The goal of this article is to examine lung fibrosis from the perspective of cancer-associated phenotypic hallmarks, to discuss areas of mechanistic overlap and distinction, and to highlight profibrotic mechanisms that contribute to carcinogenesis. Ultimately, we speculate that such comparisons might identify opportunities to leverage our current understanding of the pathobiology of each disease process in order to advance novel therapeutic approaches for both. We anticipate that such "outside the box" concepts could be translated to a more precise and individualised approach to fibrotic diseases of the lung.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey C Horowitz
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Dept of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - John J Osterholzer
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Dept of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Antonia Marazioti
- Laboratory for Molecular Respiratory Carcinogenesis, Dept of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Patras, Rio, Greece
| | - Georgios T Stathopoulos
- Laboratory for Molecular Respiratory Carcinogenesis, Dept of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Patras, Rio, Greece Comprehensive Pneumology Center and Institute for Lung Biology and Disease, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Southern BD, Grove LM, Rahaman SO, Abraham S, Scheraga RG, Niese KA, Sun H, Herzog EL, Liu F, Tschumperlin DJ, Egelhoff TT, Rosenfeld SS, Olman MA. Matrix-driven Myosin II Mediates the Pro-fibrotic Fibroblast Phenotype. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:6083-95. [PMID: 26763235 PMCID: PMC4813589 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.712380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pro-fibrotic mesenchymal cells are known to be the key effector cells of fibroproliferative disease, but the specific matrix signals and the induced cellular responses that drive the fibrogenic phenotype remain to be elucidated. The key mediators of the fibroblast fibrogenic phenotype were characterized using a novel assay system that measures fibroblast behavior in response to actual normal and fibrotic lung tissue. Using this system, we demonstrate that normal lung promotes fibroblast motility and polarization, while fibrotic lung immobilizes the fibroblast and promotes myofibroblast differentiation. These context-specific phenotypes are surprisingly both mediated by myosin II. The role of myosin II is supported by the observation of an increase in myosin phosphorylation and a change in intracellular distribution in fibroblasts on fibrotic lung, as compared with normal lung. Moreover, loss of myosin II activity has opposing effects on protrusive activity in fibroblasts on normal and fibrotic lung. Loss of myosin II also selectively inhibits myofibroblast differentiation in fibroblasts on fibrotic lung. Importantly, these findings are recapitulated by varying the matrix stiffness of polyacrylamide gels in the range of normal and fibrotic lung tissue. Comparison of the effects of myosin inhibition on lung tissue with that of polyacrylamide gels suggests that matrix fiber organization drives the fibroblast phenotype under conditions of normal/soft lung, while matrix stiffness drives the phenotype under conditions of fibrotic/stiff lung. This work defines novel roles for myosin II as a key regulatory effector molecule of the pro-fibrotic phenotype, in response to biophysical properties of the matrix.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Huanxing Sun
- Yale ILD Center of Excellence, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Erica L Herzog
- Yale ILD Center of Excellence, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Fei Liu
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, and
| | - Daniel J Tschumperlin
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | | | - Steven S Rosenfeld
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Li S, Geng J, Xu X, Huang X, Leng D, Jiang D, Liang J, Wang C, Jiang D, Dai H. miR-130b-3p Modulates Epithelial-Mesenchymal Crosstalk in Lung Fibrosis by Targeting IGF-1. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150418. [PMID: 26953888 PMCID: PMC4783101 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic, progressive and usually lethal fibrotic lung disease with largely unknown etiology and pathogenesis. Evidence suggests microRNAs (miRNA) contribute to pathogenesis of IPF. In this study, we sought to identify miRNA expression signatures and determine the role of miR-130b-3p in lung fibrosis. The miRNA expression profile of the lungs from patients with IPF and normal donors was determined by Affymetrix microarray, and transcriptome with Affymetrix array. The functions and signal pathways as well as miRNA-mRNA networks were established by bioinformatics analysis. Luciferase assays and ELISA were used to confirm the miRNA target gene. The effect of miRNA-transfected epithelium on fibroblast activities was assessed using a co-culture system. The fibroblast activities were determined by qRT-PCR, western blotting, Transwell and BrdU assays. Seven miRNAs were significantly decreased in IPF lungs, with miR-130b-3p being the highest in the miRNA-mRNA network. Insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) was a target gene of miR-130b-3p in the epithelium. miR-130b-3p inhibition in the epithelium induced collagen I expression and enhanced the proliferation and migration ability of fibroblast in co-culture systems, which mimicked the functions of exogenous IGF-1 on fibroblasts. Neutralizing IGF-1 with an antibody significantly reduced the modulatory effects of miR-130b-3p inhibitor-transfected epithelium on the activation of fibroblasts. Our results show that miR-130b-3p was downregulated in IPF lungs. miR-130b-3p downregulation contributed to the activation of fibroblasts and the dysregulated epithelial-mesenchymal crosstalk by promoting IGF-1 secretion from lung epithelium, suggesting a key regulatory role for this miRNA in preventing lung fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuhong Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Respiratory and Pulmonary Circulation Disorders, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital-Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, P.R. China
| | - Jing Geng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Respiratory and Pulmonary Circulation Disorders, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital-Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, P.R. China
| | - Xuefeng Xu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Respiratory and Pulmonary Circulation Disorders, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital-Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, P.R. China
- National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Hospital, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxi Huang
- Department of Medical Research, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, P.R. China
| | - Dong Leng
- Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, P.R. China
| | - Dingyuan Jiang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Respiratory and Pulmonary Circulation Disorders, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital-Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, P.R. China
| | - Jiurong Liang
- Department of Medicine Pulmonary Division and Women’s Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, United States of America
| | - Chen Wang
- National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Hospital, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, China–Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, P.R. China
| | - Dianhua Jiang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Respiratory and Pulmonary Circulation Disorders, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital-Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, P.R. China
- Department of Medicine Pulmonary Division and Women’s Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, United States of America
- * E-mail: (HD); (DHJ)
| | - Huaping Dai
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Respiratory and Pulmonary Circulation Disorders, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital-Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, P.R. China
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, China–Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, P.R. China
- * E-mail: (HD); (DHJ)
| |
Collapse
|