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Kapellos TS, Conlon TM, Yildirim AÖ, Lehmann M. The impact of the immune system on lung injury and regeneration in COPD. Eur Respir J 2023; 62:2300589. [PMID: 37652569 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00589-2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
COPD is a devastating respiratory condition that manifests via persistent inflammation, emphysema development and small airway remodelling. Lung regeneration is defined as the ability of the lung to repair itself after injury by the proliferation and differentiation of progenitor cell populations, and becomes impaired in the COPD lung as a consequence of cell intrinsic epithelial stem cell defects and signals from the micro-environment. Although the loss of structural integrity and lung regenerative capacity are critical for disease progression, our understanding of the cellular players and molecular pathways that hamper regeneration in COPD remains limited. Intriguingly, despite being a key driver of COPD pathogenesis, the role of the immune system in regulating lung regenerative mechanisms is understudied. In this review, we summarise recent evidence on the contribution of immune cells to lung injury and regeneration. We focus on four main axes: 1) the mechanisms via which myeloid cells cause alveolar degradation; 2) the formation of tertiary lymphoid structures and the production of autoreactive antibodies; 3) the consequences of inefficient apoptotic cell removal; and 4) the effects of innate and adaptive immune cell signalling on alveolar epithelial proliferation and differentiation. We finally provide insight on how recent technological advances in omics technologies and human ex vivo lung models can delineate immune cell-epithelium cross-talk and expedite precision pro-regenerative approaches toward reprogramming the alveolar immune niche to treat COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore S Kapellos
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Health and Immunity, Helmholtz Munich, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas M Conlon
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Health and Immunity, Helmholtz Munich, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Ali Önder Yildirim
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Health and Immunity, Helmholtz Munich, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Pneumology, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Mareike Lehmann
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Health and Immunity, Helmholtz Munich, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
- Institute for Lung Research, Philipps University of Marburg, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Marburg, Germany
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2
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Upadhyay P, Wu CW, Pham A, Zeki AA, Royer CM, Kodavanti UP, Takeuchi M, Bayram H, Pinkerton KE. Animal models and mechanisms of tobacco smoke-induced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2023; 26:275-305. [PMID: 37183431 PMCID: PMC10718174 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2023.2208886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the third leading cause of death worldwide, and its global health burden is increasing. COPD is characterized by emphysema, mucus hypersecretion, and persistent lung inflammation, and clinically by chronic airflow obstruction and symptoms of dyspnea, cough, and fatigue in patients. A cluster of pathologies including chronic bronchitis, emphysema, asthma, and cardiovascular disease in the form of hypertension and atherosclerosis variably coexist in COPD patients. Underlying causes for COPD include primarily tobacco use but may also be driven by exposure to air pollutants, biomass burning, and workplace related fumes and chemicals. While no single animal model might mimic all features of human COPD, a wide variety of published models have collectively helped to improve our understanding of disease processes involved in the genesis and persistence of COPD. In this review, the pathogenesis and associated risk factors of COPD are examined in different mammalian models of the disease. Each animal model included in this review is exclusively created by tobacco smoke (TS) exposure. As animal models continue to aid in defining the pathobiological mechanisms of and possible novel therapeutic interventions for COPD, the advantages and disadvantages of each animal model are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Upadhyay
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Ching-Wen Wu
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Alexa Pham
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Amir A. Zeki
- Department of Internal Medicine; Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, School of Medicine; University of California, Davis, School of Medicine; U.C. Davis Lung Center; Davis, CA USA
| | - Christopher M. Royer
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Urmila P. Kodavanti
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Minoru Takeuchi
- Department of Animal Medical Science, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hasan Bayram
- Koc University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kent E. Pinkerton
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
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3
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Wu J, Zhao X, Xiao C, Xiong G, Ye X, Li L, Fang Y, Chen H, Yang W, Du X. The role of lung macrophages in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir Med 2022; 205:107035. [PMID: 36343504 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2022.107035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) as a common, preventable and treatable chronic respiratory disease in clinic, gets continuous deterioration and we can't take effective intervention at present. Lung macrophages (LMs) are closely related to the occurrence and development of COPD, but the specific mechanism is not completely clear. In this review we will focus on the role of LMs and potential avenues for therapeutic targeting for LMs in COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianli Wu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Xia Zhao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Chuang Xiao
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Guosheng Xiong
- Thoracic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Xiulin Ye
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Yan Fang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Weimin Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, China.
| | - Xiaohua Du
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China.
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4
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Macowan MG, Liu H, Keller MD, Ween M, Hamon R, Tran HB, Hodge S. Interventional low-dose azithromycin attenuates cigarette smoke-induced emphysema and lung inflammation in mice. Physiol Rep 2021; 8:e14419. [PMID: 32652854 PMCID: PMC7354087 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoke (CS)‐induced emphysema is an important contributor to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We have shown the efficacy of azithromycin in reducing airway inflammation in COPD and in reducing exacerbations in severe asthma; however, the effects of long‐term azithromycin on emphysema development have not been shown. We employed live animal imaging to monitor emphysema‐like development and the effects of interventional azithromycin treatment in CS‐exposed mice. BALB/c mice (female, 10 weeks; n = 10) were exposed to CS for 1 hr twice daily, 5 days/week, and for 12 weeks (CS). Half were cotreated with low‐dose azithromycin during weeks 7–12 (CS + Azi; 0.2 mg kg−1 day−1). Microcomputed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans were acquired longitudinally. Histological examinations were performed post mortem (mean linear intercept (Lm) and leukocyte infiltration). CS increased median Lm (CS: 42.45 µm versus control: 34.7 µm; p = .0317), this was recovered in CS + Azi mice (33.03 µm). Average CT values were reduced in CS mice (CS: −399.5 Hounsfield units (HU) versus control: −384.9 HU; p = .0286) but not in CS + Azi mice (−377.3 HU). CT values negatively correlated with Lm (r = −.7972; p = .0029) and T2‐weighted MRI (r = −.6434; p = .0278). MRI also showed significant CS‐induced inflammatory changes that were attenuated by azithromycin in the lungs, and positively correlated with Lm (r = .7622; p = .0055) and inflammatory foci counts (r = .6503; p = .0257). Monitoring of emphysema development is possible via micro‐CT and MRI. Interventional azithromycin treatment in CS‐exposed mice attenuated the development of pulmonary emphysema‐like changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G Macowan
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Marianne D Keller
- Preclinical, Imaging and Research Laboratories (PIRL), South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Miranda Ween
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Rhys Hamon
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Hai B Tran
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Sandra Hodge
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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5
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Matera MG, Calzetta L, Annibale R, Russo F, Cazzola M. Classes of drugs that target the cellular components of inflammation under clinical development for COPD. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2021; 14:1015-1027. [PMID: 33957839 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2021.1925537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The persistent inflammation that characterizes COPD and affects its natural course also impacting on symptoms has prompted research to find molecules that can regulate the inflammatory process but still available anti-inflammatory therapies provide little or no benefit in COPD patients. Consequently, numerous anti-inflammatory molecules that are effective in animal models of COPD have been or are being evaluated in humans. AREAS COVERED In this article we describe several classes of drugs that target the cellular components of inflammation under clinical development for COPD. EXPERT OPINION Although the results of many clinical trials with new molecules have often been disappointing, several studies are underway to investigate whether some of these molecules may be effective in treating specific subgroups of COPD patients. Indeed, the current perspective is to apply a more personalized treatment to the patient. This means being able to better define the patient's inflammatory state and treat it in a targeted manner. Unfortunately, the difficulty in translating encouraging experimental data into human clinical trials, the redundancy in the effects induced by signal-transmitting substances and the nonspecific effects of many classes that are undergoing clinical trials, do not yet allow specific inflammatory cell types to be targeted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gabriella Matera
- Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Luigino Calzetta
- Respiratory Disease and Lung Function Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Rosa Annibale
- Pharmacy Unit, "Luigi Vanvitelli" University Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Russo
- Pharmacy Unit, "Luigi Vanvitelli" University Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Mario Cazzola
- Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
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McNulty MJ, Silberstein DZ, Kuhn BT, Padgett HS, Nandi S, McDonald KA, Cross CE. Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency and recombinant protein sources with focus on plant sources: Updates, challenges and perspectives. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 163:10-30. [PMID: 33279618 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (A1ATD) is an autosomal recessive disease characterized by low plasma levels of A1AT, a serine protease inhibitor representing the most abundant circulating antiprotease normally present at plasma levels of 1-2 g/L. The dominant clinical manifestations include predispositions to early onset emphysema due to protease/antiprotease imbalance in distal lung parenchyma and liver disease largely due to unsecreted polymerized accumulations of misfolded mutant A1AT within the endoplasmic reticulum of hepatocytes. Since 1987, the only FDA licensed specific therapy for the emphysema component has been infusions of A1AT purified from pooled human plasma at the 2020 cost of up to US $200,000/year with the risk of intermittent shortages. In the past three decades various, potentially less expensive, recombinant forms of human A1AT have reached early stages of development, one of which is just reaching the stage of human clinical trials. The focus of this review is to update strategies for the treatment of the pulmonary component of A1ATD with some focus on perspectives for therapeutic production and regulatory approval of a recombinant product from plants. We review other competitive technologies for treating the lung disease manifestations of A1ATD, highlight strategies for the generation of data potentially helpful for securing FDA Investigational New Drug (IND) approval and present challenges in the selection of clinical trial strategies required for FDA licensing of a New Drug Approval (NDA) for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J McNulty
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - David Z Silberstein
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Brooks T Kuhn
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; University of California, Davis, Alpha-1 Deficiency Clinic, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | | | - Somen Nandi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Global HealthShare Initiative®, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Karen A McDonald
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Global HealthShare Initiative®, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Carroll E Cross
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; University of California, Davis, Alpha-1 Deficiency Clinic, Sacramento, CA, USA; Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
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7
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Wang C, Zhou J, Wang J, Li S, Fukunaga A, Yodoi J, Tian H. Progress in the mechanism and targeted drug therapy for COPD. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5:248. [PMID: 33110061 PMCID: PMC7588592 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00345-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is emphysema and/or chronic bronchitis characterised by long-term breathing problems and poor airflow. The prevalence of COPD has increased over the last decade and the drugs most commonly used to treat it, such as glucocorticoids and bronchodilators, have significant therapeutic effects; however, they also cause side effects, including infection and immunosuppression. Here we reviewed the pathogenesis and progression of COPD and elaborated on the effects and mechanisms of newly developed molecular targeted COPD therapeutic drugs. Among these new drugs, we focussed on thioredoxin (Trx). Trx effectively prevents the progression of COPD by regulating redox status and protease/anti-protease balance, blocking the NF-κB and MAPK signalling pathways, suppressing the activation and migration of inflammatory cells and the production of cytokines, inhibiting the synthesis and the activation of adhesion factors and growth factors, and controlling the cAMP-PKA and PI3K/Akt signalling pathways. The mechanism by which Trx affects COPD is different from glucocorticoid-based mechanisms which regulate the inflammatory reaction in association with suppressing immune responses. In addition, Trx also improves the insensitivity of COPD to steroids by inhibiting the production and internalisation of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF). Taken together, these findings suggest that Trx may be the ideal drug for treating COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuixue Wang
- Department of Basic Medicine, Medical College, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Jiedong Zhou
- Department of Basic Medicine, Medical College, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Jinquan Wang
- Department of Basic Medicine, Medical College, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Shujing Li
- Department of Basic Medicine, Medical College, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Atsushi Fukunaga
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Related, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Junji Yodoi
- Laboratory of Infection and Prevention, Department of Biological Response, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hai Tian
- Department of Basic Medicine, Medical College, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China.
- Jiaozhimei Biotechnology (Shaoxing) Co, Ltd, Shaoxing, 312000, China.
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8
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Lung Macrophage Functional Properties in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030853. [PMID: 32013028 PMCID: PMC7037150 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is caused by the chronic exposure of the lungs to toxic particles and gases. These exposures initiate a persistent innate and adaptive immune inflammatory response in the airways and lung tissues. Lung macrophages (LMs) are key innate immune effector cells that identify, engulf, and destroy pathogens and process inhaled particles, including cigarette smoke and particulate matter (PM), the main environmental triggers for COPD. The number of LMs in lung tissues and airspaces is increased in COPD, suggesting a potential key role for LMs in initiating and perpetuating the chronic inflammatory response that underpins the progressive nature of COPD. The purpose of this brief review is to discuss the origins of LMs, their functional properties (chemotaxis, recruitment, mediator production, phagocytosis and apoptosis) and changes in these properties due to exposure to cigarette smoke, ambient particulate and pathogens, as well as their persistent altered functional properties in subjects with established COPD. We also explore the potential to therapeutically modulate and restore LMs functional properties, to improve impaired immune system, prevent the progression of lung tissue destruction, and improve both morbidity and mortality related to COPD.
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Tang S, Ma T, Zhang H, Zhang J, Zhong X, Tan C, Qiu Y, Zeng W, Feng X. Erythromycin Prevents Elastin Peptide-Induced Emphysema and Modulates CD4 +T Cell Responses in Mice. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2019; 14:2697-2709. [PMID: 31819402 PMCID: PMC6890220 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s222195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Elastin peptides (EP) can induce lung inflammation and emphysema. Erythromycin has been shown to decrease acute exacerbation frequency and delay lung function decline in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients and ameliorate emphysema in murine models; however, the mechanism remains unclear. We aimed to observe the preventive and immunomodulatory effects of erythromycin in a mouse model of EP-induced emphysema. Methods In the in vivo study, Balb/c mice were treated with EP intranasally on day 0, and then administered erythromycin (100 mg/kg) or vehicle orally on day 1, which was continued every other day. Mice exposed to cigarette smoke were used as an emphysema positive control. The severity of emphysema and inflammation in the lungs of EP-exposed mice with or without erythromycin treatment were observed on day 40 after EP administration. In the in vitro study, naïve CD4+T cells were isolated from healthy mice spleens and stimulated by EP with or without erythromycin incubation. Flow cytometry was used to measure the proportions of Th1, Th17, and Treg cells. ELISA was used to detect cytokine levels of IFN-γ, IL-17, IL-6, and TGF-β. Transcript levels of Ifnγ, IL17a, and Foxp3 were evaluated by qRT-PCR. Results After exposure to EP, Th1 and Th17 cell percentages and the levels of inflammatory cytokines increased in vivo and in vitro, while Treg cells decreased in vivo. Erythromycin reduced IFN-γ, IL-17, IL-6 inflammatory cytokines, MLI, and the inflammation score in the lungs of EP-exposed mice. In vitro, erythromycin also limited Th17 and Th1 cell differentiation and downregulated transcript levels of Ifnγ and IL17a in the EP-stimulated CD4+T cells. Conclusion The Th1 and Th17 cell responses were increased in EP-induced emphysema. Prophylactic use of erythromycin effectively ameliorated emphysema and modulated CD4+T cells responses in EP-induced lung inflammation in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shudan Tang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Ma
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianquan Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoning Zhong
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Caimei Tan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Qiu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Zeng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Feng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, People's Republic of China
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10
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Namkoong H, Ishii M, Fujii H, Yagi K, Asami T, Asakura T, Suzuki S, Hegab AE, Kamata H, Tasaka S, Atarashi K, Nakamoto N, Iwata S, Honda K, Kanai T, Hasegawa N, Koyasu S, Betsuyaku T. Clarithromycin expands CD11b+Gr-1+ cells via the STAT3/Bv8 axis to ameliorate lethal endotoxic shock and post-influenza bacterial pneumonia. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006955. [PMID: 29621339 PMCID: PMC5886688 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrolides are used to treat various inflammatory diseases owing to their immunomodulatory properties; however, little is known about their precise mechanism of action. In this study, we investigated the functional significance of the expansion of myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC)-like CD11b+Gr-1+ cells in response to the macrolide antibiotic clarithromycin (CAM) in mouse models of shock and post-influenza pneumococcal pneumonia as well as in humans. Intraperitoneal administration of CAM markedly expanded splenic and lung CD11b+Gr-1+ cell populations in naïve mice. Notably, CAM pretreatment enhanced survival in a mouse model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced shock. In addition, adoptive transfer of CAM-treated CD11b+Gr-1+ cells protected mice against LPS-induced lethality via increased IL-10 expression. CAM also improved survival in post-influenza, CAM-resistant pneumococcal pneumonia, with improved lung pathology as well as decreased interferon (IFN)-γ and increased IL-10 levels. Adoptive transfer of CAM-treated CD11b+Gr-1+ cells protected mice from post-influenza pneumococcal pneumonia. Further analysis revealed that the CAM-induced CD11b+Gr-1+ cell expansion was dependent on STAT3-mediated Bv8 production and may be facilitated by the presence of gut commensal microbiota. Lastly, an analysis of peripheral blood obtained from healthy volunteers following oral CAM administration showed a trend toward the expansion of human MDSC-like cells (Lineage−HLA-DR−CD11b+CD33+) with increased arginase 1 mRNA expression. Thus, CAM promoted the expansion of a unique population of immunosuppressive CD11b+Gr-1+ cells essential for the immunomodulatory properties of macrolides. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a heterogeneous population of anti-inflammatory myeloid progenitors that expand in response to acute and chronic inflammation as well as in various diseases, such as autoimmune diseases and cancer. The macrolide antibiotic clarithromycin has immunomodulatory effects in various inflammatory diseases, distinct from its antimicrobial effects, but the mechanism underlying these effects is unknown. The present study demonstrates that clarithromycin treatment induces a marked expansion of CD11b+Gr-1+ MDSC-like cells in the spleen and lungs, sufficient to protect mice from LPS-induced lethality and clarithromycin-resistant bacterial pneumonia via increased IL-10 and decreased IFN-γ levels. Clarithromycin-induced CD11b+Gr-1+ cell expansion was dependent on STAT3-mediated Bv8 production. Moreover, expansion of the immunosuppressive MDSC-like cell population was observed following clarithromycin treatment in humans. Collectively, these results suggest that the immunomodulatory effects of clarithromycin can be attributed to the induction of CD11b+Gr-1+ MDSC-like cells via the STAT3/Bv8 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Namkoong
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Ishii
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Hideki Fujii
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Kazuma Yagi
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Asami
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takanori Asakura
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shoji Suzuki
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ahmed E. Hegab
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Kamata
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sadatomo Tasaka
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Atarashi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Nakamoto
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Iwata
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenya Honda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takanori Kanai
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Hasegawa
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeo Koyasu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory for Immune Cell Systems, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tomoko Betsuyaku
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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The oral administration of clarithromycin prevents the progression and rupture of aortic aneurysm. J Vasc Surg 2018; 68:82S-92S.e2. [PMID: 29550174 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2017.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The pathogenesis of aortic aneurysm (AA) is associated with chronic inflammation in the aortic wall with increased levels of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Clarithromycin (CAM) has been reported to suppresses MMP activity. In this study, we investigated whether CAM could prevent the formation and rupture of AA. METHODS Male apolipoprotein E-deficient mice (28-30 weeks of age) were infused with angiotensin II for 28 days. CAM (100 mg/kg/d) or saline (as a control) was administered orally to the mice every day (CAM group, n = 13; control group, n = 13). After the administration period, the aortic diameter, elastin content, macrophage infiltration, MMP levels, and levels of inflammatory cytokines, including nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), were measured. RESULTS The aortic diameter was significantly suppressed in the CAM group (P < .001). No rupture death was observed in the CAM group in contrast to five deaths (38%) in the control group (P < .01). CAM significantly suppressed the degradation of aortic elastin (56.3% vs 16.5%; P < .001) and decreased the infiltration of inflammatory macrophages (0.05 vs 0.16; P < .01). Compared with the controls, the enzymatic activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9 was significantly reduced in the CAM group (MMP-2, 0.15 vs 0.56 [P < .01]; MMP-9, 0.12 vs 0.60 [P < .01]), and the levels of interleukin 1β (346.6 vs 1066.0; P < .05), interleukin 6 (128.4 vs 346.2; P < .05), and phosphorylation of NF-κB were also decreased (0.3 vs 2.0; P < .01). CONCLUSIONS CAM suppressed the progression and rupture of AA through the suppression of inflammatory macrophage infiltration, a reduction in MMP-2 and MMP-9 activity, and the inhibition of elastin degradation associated with the suppression of NF-κB phosphorylation.
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Jones B, Donovan C, Liu G, Gomez HM, Chimankar V, Harrison CL, Wiegman CH, Adcock IM, Knight DA, Hirota JA, Hansbro PM. Animal models of COPD: What do they tell us? Respirology 2016; 22:21-32. [DOI: 10.1111/resp.12908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bernadette Jones
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs; Hunter Medical Research Institute, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia; London UK
| | - Chantal Donovan
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs; Hunter Medical Research Institute, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia; London UK
| | - Gang Liu
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs; Hunter Medical Research Institute, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia; London UK
| | - Henry M. Gomez
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs; Hunter Medical Research Institute, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia; London UK
| | - Vrushali Chimankar
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs; Hunter Medical Research Institute, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia; London UK
| | - Celeste L. Harrison
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs; Hunter Medical Research Institute, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia; London UK
| | - Cornelis H. Wiegman
- The Airways Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute; Imperial College London; London UK
| | - Ian M. Adcock
- The Airways Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute; Imperial College London; London UK
| | - Darryl A. Knight
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs; Hunter Medical Research Institute, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia; London UK
| | - Jeremy A. Hirota
- James Hogg Research Centre; University of British Columbia; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Philip M. Hansbro
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs; Hunter Medical Research Institute, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia; London UK
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Nakamura M, Wada H, Honda K, Nakamoto K, Inui T, Sada M, Watanabe M, Takata S, Yokoyama T, Saraya T, Kurai D, Ishii H, Goto H, Kamma H, Takizawa H. Clarithromycin ameliorates pulmonary inflammation induced by short term cigarette smoke exposure in mice. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2015; 35:60-6. [PMID: 26363279 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 08/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cigarette smoking is considered to be one of major causes of acute worsening of asthma as well as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Macrolide antibiotics have been reported to reduce the risk of exacerbations of COPD, and possibly neutrophilic asthma. However, the effect of clarithromycin (CAM) on pulmonary inflammation caused by short term exposure to cigarette smoke still remains to be investigated. METHODS C57BL/6J female mice were daily exposed to tobacco smoke using a tobacco smoke exposure system, or clean air for 8 days, while simultaneously treated with either oral CAM or vehicles. Twenty four hours after the last exposure, mice were anaesthetized and sacrificed, and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluids were collected. Cellular responses in BAL fluids were evaluated. Levels of cytokine mRNA in the lung tissues were measured by quantitative RT-PCR. Paraffin-embedded lung tissues were evaluated to quantitate degree of neutrophil infiltration. RESULTS The numbers of total cells, macrophages and neutrophils in the BAL fluid of smoke-exposed mice were significantly increased as compared to clean air group. These changes were significantly ameliorated in CAM-treated mice. The lung morphological analysis confirmed decrease of neutrophils by CAM treatment. Studies by quantitative PCR demonstrated CAM treatment significantly reduced lung expression levels of IL-17A, keratinocyte-derived chemokine (KC), granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and MMP-9 induced by cigarette smoke. CONCLUSION We demonstrate that CAM administration resolves enhanced pulmonary inflammation induced by short term cigarette smoke exposure in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masuo Nakamura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Japan
| | - Hiroo Wada
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Japan
| | - Kojiro Honda
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Japan
| | - Keitaro Nakamoto
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Japan
| | - Toshiya Inui
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Sada
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Japan
| | - Masato Watanabe
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Japan
| | - Saori Takata
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Japan
| | - Takuma Yokoyama
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Saraya
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kurai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Japan
| | - Haruyuki Ishii
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Japan
| | - Hajime Goto
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kamma
- Department of Pathology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Japan
| | - Hajime Takizawa
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Japan.
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Non-antibiotic 12-membered macrolides: design, synthesis and biological evaluation in a cigarette-smoking model. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2015; 69:319-26. [PMID: 26419414 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2015.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The 14-membered macrolide erythromycin A expresses three distinct biological properties, including antibacterial activity, gastrointestinal motor-stimulating activity and anti-inflammatory and/or immunomodulatory effects. Although low-dose, long-term therapy using 14- and 15-membered macrolides displaying anti-inflammatory and/or immunomodulatory activity effectively treats diffuse panbronchiolitis and chronic sinusitis, bacterial resistance may emerge. To address this issue, we developed the 12-membered non-antibiotic macrolide (8R,9S)-8,9-dihydro-6,9-epoxy-8,9-anhydropseudoerythromycin A (EM900) that promotes monocyte to macrophage differentiation, a marker for anti-inflammatory and/or immunomodulatory effects, without possessing antibacterial activity. In this article, we report that the new macrolide derivative (8R,9S) -de(3'-N-methyl)-3'-N-(p-chlorobenzyl)-de(3-O-cladinosyl)-3-dehydro-8,9-dihydro-6,9-epoxy-8,9-anhydropseudoerythromycin A 12,13-carbonate (EM939) exhibited stronger promotive activity for monocyte to macrophage differentiation than that of the parent compound EM900 in addition to reduced cytotoxicity toward THP-1 cells and antibacterial inactivity. In a cigarette-smoking model used to simulate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the EM900 derivatives significantly attenuated lung and alveolar inflations, functionally and histologically, via oral administration. Because of these marked therapeutic effects, non-antibiotic EM900 derivatives may become central to the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases such as COPD.
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Lee SJ, Yi CO, Heo RW, Song DH, Cho YJ, Jeong YY, Kang KM, Roh GS, Lee JD. Clarithromycin Attenuates Radiation-Induced Lung Injury in Mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131671. [PMID: 26114656 PMCID: PMC4482753 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiation-induced lung injury (RILI) is a common and unavoidable complication of thoracic radiotherapy. The current study was conducted to evaluate the ability of clarithromycin (CLA) to prevent radiation-induced pneumonitis, oxidative stress, and lung fibrosis in an animal model. C57BL/6J mice were assigned to control, irradiation only, irradiation plus CLA, and CLA only groups. Test mice received single thoracic exposures to radiation and/or oral CLA (100 mg/kg/day). Histopathologic findings and markers of inflammation, fibrosis, and oxidative stress were compared by group. On a microscopic level, CLA inhibited macrophage influx, alveolar fibrosis, parenchymal collapse, consolidation, and epithelial cell changes. The concentration of collagen in lung tissue was lower in irradiation plus CLA mice. Radiation-induced expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, TNF receptor 1, acetylated nuclear factor kappa B, cyclooxygenase 2, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, and matrix metallopeptidase 9 were also attenuated by CLA. Expression levels of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and heme oxygenase 1, transforming growth factor-β1, connective tissue growth factor, and type I collagen in radiation-treated lungs were also attenuated by CLA. These findings indicate that CLA ameliorates the deleterious effects of thoracic irradiation in mice by reducing pulmonary inflammation, oxidative damage, and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Jun Lee
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Chin-ok Yi
- Department of Anatomy & Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Rok Won Heo
- Department of Anatomy & Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Hyun Song
- Department of Pathology, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Ji Cho
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yi Yeong Jeong
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Mun Kang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Gu Seob Roh
- Department of Anatomy & Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (GSR); (JDL)
| | - Jong Deog Lee
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (GSR); (JDL)
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Emphysema is characterized by an abnormal and permanent enlargement of airspaces accompanied by destruction of their walls. Up to now, there is no cure for emphysema, and animal models may be important for new drug discovery. AREAS COVERED Herein, the authors review animal models of emphysema since the protease-antiprotease hypothesis as well as the results obtained with compounds tested in these models. Of particular importance are animal models of cigarette smoke exposure since it is the most important risk factor of emphysema. The authors also analyze two approaches to drug testing, that is, the approach aimed at preventing emphysema and the one aimed at reversing it. EXPERT OPINION It has been suggested that early and late interventions do not have the same protective effect and that late interventions are much more likely to reveal treatments beneficial in humans. However, this is not always the case, and a compound that prevents emphysema when administered as an early intervention can also have the same protective effect when given as a late intervention. Furthermore, the fact that a compound detected by means of early intervention is now in clinical practice shows that early intervention studies can be predictive for efficacy in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concetta Gardi
- University of Siena, Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine , Via Aldo Moro 2 - Siena , Italy +39 0 577 234002 ;
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Tran HB, Ahern J, Hodge G, Holt P, Dean MM, Reynolds PN, Hodge S. Oxidative stress decreases functional airway mannose binding lectin in COPD. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98571. [PMID: 24901869 PMCID: PMC4047017 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously established that a defect in the ability of alveolar macrophages (AM) to phagocytose apoptotic cells (efferocytosis) and pathogens is a potential therapeutic target in COPD. We further showed that levels of mannose binding lectin (MBL; required for effective macrophage phagocytic function) were reduced in the airways but not circulation of COPD patients. We hypothesized that increased oxidative stress in the airway could be a cause for such disturbances. We therefore studied the effects of oxidation on the structure of the MBL molecule and its functional interactions with macrophages. Oligomeric structure of plasma derived MBL (pdMBL) before and after oxidation (oxMBL) with 2,2′-azobis(2-methylpropionamidine)dihydrochroride (AAPH) was investigated by blue native PAGE. Macrophage function in the presence of pd/oxMBL was assessed by measuring efferocytosis, phagocytosis of non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) and expression of macrophage scavenger receptors. Oxidation disrupted higher order MBL oligomers. This was associated with changed macrophage function evident by a significantly reduced capacity to phagocytose apoptotic cells and NTHi in the presence of oxMBL vs pdMBL (eg, NTHi by 55.9 and 27.0% respectively). Interestingly, oxidation of MBL significantly reduced macrophage phagocytic ability to below control levels. Flow cytometry and immunofluorescence revealed a significant increase in expression of macrophage scavenger receptor (SRA1) in the presence of pdMBL that was abrogated in the presence of oxMBL. We show the pulmonary macrophage dysfunction in COPD may at least partially result from an oxidative stress-induced effect on MBL, and identify a further potential therapeutic strategy for this debilitating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai B. Tran
- Lung Research, Hanson Institute and Department Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Jessica Ahern
- Lung Research, Hanson Institute and Department Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Greg Hodge
- Lung Research, Hanson Institute and Department Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Phillip Holt
- Lung Research, Hanson Institute and Department Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Melinda M. Dean
- Research and Development, Australian Red Cross Blood Service, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Paul N. Reynolds
- Lung Research, Hanson Institute and Department Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Sandra Hodge
- Lung Research, Hanson Institute and Department Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Fricker M, Deane A, Hansbro PM. Animal models of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2014; 9:629-45. [PMID: 24754714 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2014.909805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a leading global cause of mortality and chronic morbidity. Inhalation of cigarette smoke is the principal risk factor for development of this disease. COPD is a progressive disease that is typically characterised by chronic pulmonary inflammation, mucus hypersecretion, airway remodelling and emphysema that collectively reduce lung function. There are currently no therapies that effectively halt or reverse disease progression. It is hoped that the development of animal models that develop the hallmark features of COPD, in a short time frame, will aid in the identifying and testing of new therapeutic approaches. AREAS COVERED The authors review the recent developments in mouse models of chronic cigarette smoke-induced COPD as well as the principal findings. Furthermore, the authors discuss the use of mouse models to understand the pathogenesis and the contribution of infectious exacerbations. They also discuss the investigations of the systemic co-morbidities of COPD (pulmonary hypertension, cachexia and osteoporosis). EXPERT OPINION Recent advances in the field mark a point where animal models recapitulate the pathologies of COPD patients in a short time frame. They also reveal novel insights into the pathogenesis and potential treatment of this debilitating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Fricker
- University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease , New Lambton Heights, New South Wales , Australia
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19
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The role of macrophages in obstructive airways disease: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma. Cytokine 2013; 64:613-25. [PMID: 24084332 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2013.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are a major cellular component of the innate immune system, and play an important role in the recognition of microbes, particulates, and immunogens and to the regulation of inflammatory responses. In the lung, macrophages react with soluble proteins that bind microbial products in order to remove pathogens and particles and to maintain the sterility of the airway tract. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma are both obstructive airway diseases that involve chronic inflammation of the respiratory tract which contributes to disease progression. In the case of COPD, there is increasing evidence that lung macrophages orchestrate inflammation through the release of chemokines that attract neutrophils, monocytes and T cells and the release of several proteases. On the other hand, in asthma, it seems that alveolar macrophages are inappropriately activated and are implicated in the development and progression of the disease. In this review we summarize the current basic and clinical research studies which highlight the role of macrophages in asthma and COPD.
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Leberl M, Kratzer A, Taraseviciene-Stewart L. Tobacco smoke induced COPD/emphysema in the animal model-are we all on the same page? Front Physiol 2013; 4:91. [PMID: 23720629 PMCID: PMC3654205 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is one of the foremost causes of death worldwide. It is primarily caused by tobacco smoke, making it an easily preventable disease, but facilitated by genetic α-1 antitrypsin deficiency. In addition to active smokers, health problems also occur in people involuntarily exposed to second hand smoke (SHS). Currently, the relationship between SHS and COPD is not well established. Knowledge of pathogenic mechanisms is limited, thereby halting the advancement of new treatments for this socially and economically detrimental disease. Here, we attempt to summarize tobacco smoke studies undertaken in animal models, applying both mainstream (direct, nose only) and side stream (indirect, whole body) smoke exposures. This overview of 155 studies compares cellular and molecular mechanisms as well as proteolytic, inflammatory, and vasoreactive responses underlying COPD development. This is a difficult task, as listing of exposure parameters is limited for most experiments. We show that both mainstream and SHS studies largely present similar inflammatory cell populations dominated by macrophages as well as elevated chemokine/cytokine levels, such as TNF-α. Additionally, SHS, like mainstream smoke, has been shown to cause vascular remodeling and neutrophil elastase-mediated proteolytic matrix breakdown with failure to repair. Disease mechanisms and therapeutic interventions appear to coincide in both exposure scenarios. One of the more widely applied interventions, the anti-oxidant therapy, is successful for both mainstream and SHS. The comparison of direct with indirect smoke exposure studies in this review emphasizes that, even though there are many overlapping pathways, it is not conclusive that SHS is using exactly the same mechanisms as direct smoke in COPD pathogenesis, but should be considered a preventable health risk. Some characteristics and therapeutic alternatives uniquely exist in SHS-related COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike Leberl
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine Denver, CO, USA
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Anti-inflammatory effects of clarithromycin in ventilator-induced lung injury. Respir Res 2013; 14:52. [PMID: 23663489 PMCID: PMC3667083 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-14-52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mechanical ventilation can promote lung injury by triggering a pro-inflammatory response. Macrolides may exert some immunomodulatory effects and have shown significant benefits over other antibiotics in ventilated patients. We hypothesized that macrolides could decrease ventilator-induced lung injury. Methods Adult mice were treated with vehicle, clarithromycin or levofloxacin, and randomized to receive mechanical ventilation with low (12 cmH2O, PEEP 2 cmH2O) or high (20 cmH2O, ZEEP) inspiratory pressures for 150 minutes. Histological lung injury, neutrophil infiltration, inflammatory mediators (NFκB activation, Cxcl2, IL-10) and levels of adhesion molecules (E-selectin, ICAM) and proteases (MMP-9 and MMP-2) were analyzed. Results There were no differences among groups after low-pressure ventilation. Clarithromycin significantly decreased lung injury score and neutrophil count, compared to vehicle or levofloxacin, after high-pressure ventilation. Cxcl2 expression and MMP-2 and MMP-9 levels increased and IL-10 decreased after injurious ventilation, with no significant differences among treatment groups. Both clarithromycin and levofloxacin dampened the increase in NFκB activation observed in non-treated animals submitted to injurious ventilation. E-selectin levels increased after high pressure ventilation in vehicle- and levofloxacin-treated mice, but not in those receiving clarithromycin. Conclusions Clarithromycin ameliorates ventilator-induced lung injury and decreases neutrophil recruitment into the alveolar spaces. This could explain the advantages of macrolides in patients with acute lung injury and mechanical ventilation.
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Kobayashi Y, Wada H, Rossios C, Takagi D, Higaki M, Mikura S, Goto H, Barnes PJ, Ito K. A novel macrolide solithromycin exerts superior anti-inflammatory effect via NF-κB inhibition. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2013; 345:76-84. [PMID: 23359665 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.112.200733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrolides are reported to reduce exacerbation of chronic inflammatory respiratory disease, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and also show anti-inflammatory effects in vitro and in vivo. However the anti-inflammatory efficacies of current macrolides are relatively weak. Here we found that a novel macrolide/fluoroketolide solithromycin (CEM-101) showed superior anti-inflammatory effects to macrolides in current clinical use. The effects of solithromycin (SOL) on lipopolysaccharide-induced TNFα (tumor necrosis factor α) and/or CXCL8 (C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8; interleukin-8) release, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-induced MMP9 (matrix metalloproteinase 9) activity and NF-κB (nuclear factor-κB) activity under conditions of oxidative stress have been evaluated and compared with the effects of erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin, and telithromycin in macrophage-like PMA-differentiated U937 cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) obtained from COPD patients. We also examined effect of SOL on cigarette smoke-induced airway inflammation in mice. SOL exerted superior inhibitory effects on TNFα/CXCL8 production and MMP9 activity in monocytic U937 cells. In addition, SOL suppressed TNFα release and MMP9 activity in PBMC from COPD patients at 10 µM, which is 10 times more potent than the other macrolides tested. Activated NF-κB by oxidative stress was completely reversed by SOL. SOL also inhibited cigarette smoke-induced neutrophilia and pro-MMP9 production in vivo, although erythromycin did not inhibit them. Thus, SOL showed better anti-inflammatory profiles compared with macrolides currently used in the clinic and may be a promising anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial macrolide for the treatment of COPD in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Kobayashi
- Airway Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Guy Scadding Building, Royal Brompton Campus, Dovehouse Street, London SW3 6LY
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Wang CK, Lee HL, Chang H, Tsai MH, Kuo YC, Lin P. Enhancement between environmental tobacco smoke and arsenic on emphysema-like lesions in mice. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2012; 221-222:256-263. [PMID: 22572560 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Revised: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD) have been the major cause of mortality worldwide. Early identification of populations at risk allows us to prevent the occurrence and to reduce the cost of health care. In human studies, exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and arsenic respectively increased the risk of chronic lung diseases, including COPD. We suspected that ETS and arsenic might enhance the risk of COPD. In our present study, we evaluated this hypothesis in mice and tried to identify early biomarkers for chemicals-induced lung lesions. Mice inhaled ETS and/or administrated arsenite via gavage for 4 weeks. At the end of experiment, exposure to ETS or arsenite alone failed to cause lung lesions or inflammation. However, co-exposure to ETS and arsenite significantly induced emphysema-like lesions, characterized with enlarged alveolar spaces and destruction of alveolar structure, although inflammation was not observed. Furthermore, co-exposure to ETS and arsenite significantly increased plasma 8-oxodeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels. Our results indicated that co-exposure to ETS and arsenite induced emphysematous lesions, and plasma 8-OHdG might serve as an early biomarker for co-exposure of ETS and arsenite. With information about ETS and arsenic exposure in human populations, plasma 8-OHdG will help us to identify individuals at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Kai Wang
- Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan, ROC
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Erythromycin enhances CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T-cell responses in a rat model of smoke-induced lung inflammation. Mediators Inflamm 2012; 2012:410232. [PMID: 22701274 PMCID: PMC3371355 DOI: 10.1155/2012/410232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Revised: 04/01/2012] [Accepted: 04/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Heavy smoking can induce airway inflammation and emphysema. Macrolides can modulate inflammation and effector T-cell response in the lungs. However, there is no information on whether erythromycin can modulate regulatory T-cell (Treg) response. This study is aimed at examining the impact of erythromycin on Treg response in the lungs in a rat model of smoking-induced emphysema. Male Wistar rats were exposed to normal air or cigarette smoking daily for 12 weeks and treated by gavage with 100 mg/kg of erythromycin or saline daily beginning at the forth week for nine weeks. The lung inflammation and the numbers of inflammatory infiltrates in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were characterized. The frequency, the number of Tregs, and the levels of Foxp3 expression in the lungs and IL-8, IL-35, and TNF-α in BALF were determined by flow cytometry, RT-PCR and ELISA, respectively. Treatment with erythromycin reduced smoking-induced inflammatory infiltrates, the levels of IL-8 and TNF-α in the BALF and lung damages but increased the numbers of CD4+Foxp3+ Tregs and the levels of Foxp3 transcription in the lungs, accompanied by increased levels of IL-35 in the BALF of rats. Our novel data indicated that erythromycin enhanced Treg responses, associated with the inhibition of smoking-induced inflammation in the lungs of rats.
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Matera MG, Calzetta L, Segreti A, Cazzola M. Emerging drugs for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2012; 17:61-82. [DOI: 10.1517/14728214.2012.660917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Blasi F, Mantero M, Aliberti S. Antibiotics as immunomodulant agents in COPD. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2012; 12:293-9. [PMID: 22321568 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2012.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2012] [Revised: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
It is widely accepted that some antibiotics have activities beyond their direct antibacterial effects. Macrolide is the antibiotic class with more convincing studies and evidence on its immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory activities. Different clinical studies have shown that macrolide prophylaxis in patients with moderate-severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) can have a significant impact on the exacerbation rate reducing morbidity and, potentially, mortality of the disease. Other antibiotics, such as fluoroquinolones, demonstrate a variety of immunomodulatory effects but only few clinical data are available in COPD. New macrolide derivatives devoid of antibacterial activity have been synthetized. This review analyses the relevance of immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects of antibiotics in the management of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Blasi
- Respiratory Medicine Section, Dipartimento Toraco-Polmonare e Cardiocircolatorio, University of Milan, IRCCS Fondazione Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore, Milan, Italy.
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Churg A, Marshall CV, Sin DD, Bolton S, Zhou S, Thain K, Cadogan EB, Maltby J, Soars MG, Mallinder PR, Wright JL. Late Intervention with a Myeloperoxidase Inhibitor Stops Progression of Experimental Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2012; 185:34-43. [DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201103-0468oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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Suzuki JI, Ogawa M, Hishikari K, Watanabe R, Takayama K, Hirata Y, Nagai R, Isobe M. Novel effects of macrolide antibiotics on cardiovascular diseases. Cardiovasc Ther 2011; 30:301-7. [PMID: 22136572 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-5922.2011.00303.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrolide antibiotics are broadly used for the treatment of various microbial infections. However, they are also known to have multiple biologic effects, such as alteration of inflammatory factors and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Because of controversial results in clinical trials, the effects of macrolides on cardiovascular diseases are still to be elucidated. It has been reported that MMP activity is upregulated in various cardiovascular diseases, such as myocarditis, cardiac transplant rejection and myocardial infarction. However, little is known about the effects of macrolides on cardiovascular diseases. We have reported that clarithromycin suppressed the development of myocarditis, cardiac rejection and myocardial ischemia using animal models. In this article, we reviewed the roles of MMPs in cardiovascular diseases and the effects of macrolides on the prevention of adverse tissue remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-ichi Suzuki
- Department of Advanced Clinical Science and Therapeutics, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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Zarogoulidis P, Papanas N, Kioumis I, Chatzaki E, Maltezos E, Zarogoulidis K. Macrolides: from in vitro anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties to clinical practice in respiratory diseases. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2011; 68:479-503. [PMID: 22105373 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-011-1161-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macrolides have long been recognised to exert immunomodulary and anti-inflammatory actions. They are able to suppress the "cytokine storm" of inflammation and to confer an additional clinical benefit through their immunomodulatory properties. METHODS A search of electronic journal articles was performed using combinations of the following keywords: macrolides, COPD, asthma, bronchitis, bronchiolitis obliterans, cystic fibrosis, immunomodulation, anti-inflammatory effect, diabetes, side effects and systemic diseases. RESULTS Macrolide effects are time- and dose-dependent, and the mechanisms underlying these effects remain incompletely understood. Both in vitro and in vivo studies have provided ample evidence of their immunomodulary and anti-inflammatory actions. Importantly, this class of antibiotics is efficacious with respect to controlling exacerbations of underlying respiratory problems, such as cystic fibrosis, asthma, bronchiectasis, panbrochiolitis and cryptogenic organising pneumonia. Macrolides have also been reported to reduce airway hyper-responsiveness and improve pulmonary function. CONCLUSION This review provides an overview on the properties of macrolides (erythromycin, clarithromycin, roxithromycin, azithromycin), their efficacy in various respiratory diseases and their adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Zarogoulidis
- Pulmonary Department, G. Papanikolaou Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 57010, Greece.
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Erythromycin prevents the pulmonary inflammation induced by exposure to cigarette smoke. Transl Res 2011; 158:30-7. [PMID: 21708354 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2011.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Revised: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The effect of erythromycin on the inflammation caused by exposure to cigarette smoke was investigated in this study. Mice were exposed either to cigarette smoke or to environmental air (control), and some mice exposed to cigarette smoke were treated with oral erythromycin (100 mg/kg/day for 8 days). Pulmonary inflammation was assessed by determining the cellular content of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid. The messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of various mediators, including keratinocyte-derived chemokine (KC), macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-2, surfactant protein (SP)-D, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6 in lung tissue were determined using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assays. The exposure to cigarette smoke increased significantly the numbers of neutrophils (P = 0.029), macrophages (P = 0.029), and lymphocytes (P = 0.029) recovered in BAL fluid. Moreover, mRNA levels of KC (P = 0.029), MIP-2 (P = 0.029), SP-D (P = 0.029), and GM-CSF (P = 0.057) in the lung tissue were higher in mice exposed to cigarette smoke than in mice exposed to environmental air. In the erythromycin-treated mice that were exposed also to cigarette smoke, both neutrophil and lymphocyte counts were significantly lower in the BAL fluid than those in the vehicle-treated mice (P = 0.029). Erythromycin-treated mice exposed to cigarette smoke showed a trend of lower mRNA levels of KC and TNF-α in the lung tissue than those in the vehicle-treated mice, although the statistical significance was not achieved (P = 0.057). Our data demonstrated that erythromycin prevented lung inflammation induced by cigarette smoke, in parallel to the reduced mRNA levels of KC and TNF-α.
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Nakajima T, Hishikari K, Ogawa M, Watanabe R, Suzuki JI, Nagashima A, Masumura M, Takayama K, Hirata Y, Nagai R, Isobe M. Clarithromycin attenuates myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2010; 14:881-93. [PMID: 20662614 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2010.502890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND MMP activity is upregulated in the heart after myocardial ischemia reperfusion, and its activation contributes to the changes in left ventricular (LV) dysfunction. A major macrolide antibiotic, clarithromycin has many biological functions including MMP regulation. However, little is known about the effect of clarithromycin in myocardial reperfusion injury via MMPs. Our objective was to clarify the role of MMPs regulated by clarithromycin in the progression of myocardial reperfusion injury. METHODS We administered clarithromycin to rats with ischemia-reperfusion injury twice a day for 7 days before and 14 days after reperfusion. RESULTS Clarithromycin resulted in a significant reduction of the infarction area:area at risk ratio and preserved fractional shortening ratio after 14 days of reperfusion. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that macrophages were the primary cellular source of MMPs. Fewer macrophages were detected in the ischemic area of the hearts following ischemia reperfusion in the clarithromycin-treated group compared with the vehicle-treated group. Although ischemia-reperfusion injury resulted in LV fibrosis with increasing MMP activities, clarithromycin significantly reduced these changes. CONCLUSION Clarithromycin is effective for attenuating myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury by suppressing MMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Nakajima
- Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Japan
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Effects of formoterol and ipratropium bromide on repeated cadmium inhalation-induced pulmonary inflammation and emphysema in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 647:178-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2010] [Revised: 07/11/2010] [Accepted: 08/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Cosio BG, Agustí A. Update in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 2009. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010; 181:655-60. [DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201001-0111up] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
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Murphy DM, Forrest IA, Curran D, Ward C. Macrolide antibiotics and the airway: antibiotic or non-antibiotic effects? Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2010; 19:401-14. [DOI: 10.1517/13543781003636480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Yamauchi K, Shibata Y, Kimura T, Abe S, Inoue S, Osaka D, Sato M, Igarashi A, Kubota I. Azithromycin suppresses interleukin-12p40 expression in lipopolysaccharide and interferon-gamma stimulated macrophages. Int J Biol Sci 2009; 5:667-78. [PMID: 19893639 PMCID: PMC2773416 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.5.667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2009] [Accepted: 10/19/2009] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Azithromycin (AZM), a 15-member macrolide antibiotic, possesses anti-inflammatory activity. Macrophages are important in innate and acquired immunity, and produce pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-12, which are composed of subunit p40 and p35. The key function of IL-12 is the induction and maintenance of T-helper-1 responses, which is associated with the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory diseases. We investigated the effect of azithromycin on IL-12p40 production in macrophages after lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/interferon (IFN)-γ stimulation. RAW264.7 macrophage cell line was pre-treated with vehicle or AZM, followed by the stimulation with LPS/IFN-γ. We measured IL-12 production by RT-PCR and ELISA. IL-12 transcriptional regulation was assessed by electrophoretic mobility shift assay and reporter assay. Phosphorylation of activator protein (AP)-1 and interferon consensus sequence binding protein (ICSBP) was assessed by immunoprecipitation using phosphotyrosine antibody, and immunoblotting using specific antibodies against JunB and ICSBP. AZM reduced the induction of IL-12p40 by LPS/IFN-γ in a dose dependent manner. AZM inhibited the binding of AP-1, nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT), and ICSBP, to the DNA binding site in the IL-12p40 promoter. AZM also reduced LPS/IFN-γ-induced IL-12p40 promoter activity. Phosphorylation of JunB and ICSBP was inhibited by azithromycin-treatment in stimulated cells. In conclusion, AZM reduced IL-12p40 transcriptional activity by inhibiting the binding of AP-1, NFAT, and ICSBP to the promoter site. This may represent an important mechanism for regulating the anti-inflammatory effects of AZM in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Yamauchi
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
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