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Price DR, Garcia JGN. A Razor's Edge: Vascular Responses to Acute Inflammatory Lung Injury/Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Annu Rev Physiol 2024; 86:505-529. [PMID: 38345908 PMCID: PMC11259086 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-042222-030731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Historically considered a metabolically inert cellular layer separating the blood from the underlying tissue, the endothelium is now recognized as a highly dynamic, metabolically active tissue that is critical to organ homeostasis. Under homeostatic conditions, lung endothelial cells (ECs) in healthy subjects are quiescent, promoting vasodilation, platelet disaggregation, and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. In contrast, lung ECs are essential contributors to the pathobiology of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), as the quiescent endothelium is rapidly and radically altered upon exposure to environmental stressors, infectious pathogens, or endogenous danger signals into an effective and formidable regulator of innate and adaptive immunity. These dramatic perturbations, produced in a tsunami of inflammatory cascade activation, result in paracellular gap formation between lung ECs, sustained lung edema, and multi-organ dysfunction that drives ARDS mortality. The astonishing plasticity of the lung endothelium in negotiating this inflammatory environment and efforts to therapeutically target the aberrant ARDS endothelium are examined in further detail in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Price
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joe G N Garcia
- Center for Inflammation Sciences and Systems Medicine, The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, Jupiter, Florida, USA;
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Sun X, Mathew B, Sammani S, Jacobson JR, Garcia JGN. Simvastatin-induced sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1 expression is KLF2-dependent in human lung endothelial cells. Pulm Circ 2017; 7:117-125. [PMID: 28680571 PMCID: PMC5448536 DOI: 10.1177/2045893217701162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We have demonstrated that simvastatin and sphingosine 1−phosphate (S1P) both attenuate increased vascular permeability in preclinical models of acute respiratory distress syndrome. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. As Krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2) serves as a critical regulator for cellular stress response in endothelial cells (EC), we hypothesized that simvastatin enhances endothelial barrier function via increasing expression of the barrier-promoting S1P receptor, S1PR1, via a KLF2-dependent mechanism. S1PR1 luciferase reporter promoter activity in human lung artery EC (HPAEC) was tested after simvastatin (5 μM), and S1PR1 and KLF2 protein expression detected by immunoblotting. In vivo, transcription and expression of S1PR1 and KLF2 in mice lungs were detected by microarray profiling and immunoblotting after exposure to simvastatin (10 mg/kg). Endothelial barrier function was measured by trans-endothelial electrical resistance with the S1PR1 agonist FTY720-(S)-phosphonate. Both S1PR1 and KLF2 gene expression (mRNA, protein) were significantly increased by simvastatin in vitro and in vivo. S1PR1 promoter activity was significantly increased by simvastatin (P < 0.05), which was significantly attenuated by KLF2 silencing (siRNA). Simvastatin induced KLF2 recruitment to the S1PR1 promoter, and consequently, significantly augmented the effects of the S1PR1 agonist on EC barrier enhancement (P < 0.05), which was significantly attenuated by KLF2 silencing (P < 0.05). These results suggest that simvastatin upregulates S1PR1 transcription and expression via the transcription factor KLF2, and consequently augments the effects of S1PR1 agonists on preserving vascular barrier integrity. These results may lead to novel combinatorial therapeutic strategies for lung inflammatory syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoguang Sun
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Biji Mathew
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep & Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Saad Sammani
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Jacobson
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep & Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Joe G N Garcia
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, AZ, USA
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Vettorazzi S, Bode C, Dejager L, Frappart L, Shelest E, Klaßen C, Tasdogan A, Reichardt HM, Libert C, Schneider M, Weih F, Henriette Uhlenhaut N, David JP, Gräler M, Kleiman A, Tuckermann JP. Glucocorticoids limit acute lung inflammation in concert with inflammatory stimuli by induction of SphK1. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7796. [PMID: 26183376 PMCID: PMC4518295 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) is a severe inflammatory disease for which no specific treatment exists. As glucocorticoids have potent immunosuppressive effects, their application in ALI is currently being tested in clinical trials. However, the benefits of this type of regimen remain unclear. Here we identify a mechanism of glucocorticoid action that challenges the long-standing dogma of cytokine repression by the glucocorticoid receptor. Contrarily, synergistic gene induction of sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1) by glucocorticoids and pro-inflammatory stimuli via the glucocorticoid receptor in macrophages increases circulating sphingosine 1-phosphate levels, which proves essential for the inhibition of inflammation. Chemical or genetic inhibition of SphK1 abrogates the therapeutic effects of glucocorticoids. Inflammatory p38 MAPK- and mitogen- and stress-activated protein kinase 1 (MSK1)-dependent pathways cooperate with glucocorticoids to upregulate SphK1 expression. Our findings support a critical role for SphK1 induction in the suppression of lung inflammation by glucocorticoids, and therefore provide rationales for effective anti-inflammatory therapies. Endothelial damage is a major component of acute lung injury pathogenesis. Here the authors show that in a mouse model of acute lung injury, glucocorticoids induce sphingosine kinase 1 production in macrophages, promoting endothelial barrier function and ameliorating the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Vettorazzi
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology (CME), Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany.,Leibniz Institute for Age Research - Fritz Lipmann Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Constantin Bode
- Molecular Cancer Research Centre (MKFZ), Charité - University Medical School (CVK), 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lien Dejager
- Inflammation Research Center, Mouse Genetics in Inflammation group, VIB and University Ghent, B9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lucien Frappart
- Department of Pathology, Bat 10, HCL-Edouard Herriot Hospital, INSERM U590, 69437 Lyon, France
| | - Ekaterina Shelest
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Carina Klaßen
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University of Göttingen Medical School, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Holger M Reichardt
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University of Göttingen Medical School, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Claude Libert
- Inflammation Research Center, Mouse Genetics in Inflammation group, VIB and University Ghent, B9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marion Schneider
- Section of Experimental Anesthesiology, University Clinic Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Falk Weih
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research - Fritz Lipmann Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - N Henriette Uhlenhaut
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Jean-Pierre David
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Gräler
- Molecular Cancer Research Centre (MKFZ), Charité - University Medical School (CVK), 13353 Berlin, Germany.,Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC) and Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB), University Hospital Jena, 07740 Jena, Germany
| | - Anna Kleiman
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research - Fritz Lipmann Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC) and Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB), University Hospital Jena, 07740 Jena, Germany
| | - Jan P Tuckermann
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology (CME), Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany.,Leibniz Institute for Age Research - Fritz Lipmann Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany
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Sun X, Ma SF, Wade MS, Acosta-Herrera M, Villar J, Pino-Yanes M, Zhou T, Liu B, Belvitch P, Moitra J, Han YJ, Machado R, Noth I, Natarajan V, Dudek SM, Jacobson JR, Flores C, Garcia JGN. Functional promoter variants in sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 3 associate with susceptibility to sepsis-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2013; 305:L467-77. [PMID: 23911438 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00010.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic mechanisms underlying the susceptibility to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are poorly understood. We previously demonstrated that sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) and the S1P receptor S1PR3 are intimately involved in lung inflammatory responses and vascular barrier regulation. Furthermore, plasma S1PR3 protein levels were shown to serve as a biomarker of severity in critically ill ARDS patients. This study explores the contribution of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the S1PR3 gene to sepsis-associated ARDS. S1PR3 SNPs were identified by sequencing the entire gene and tagging SNPs selected for case-control association analysis in African- and ED samples from Chicago, with independent replication in a European case-control study of Spanish individuals. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays, luciferase activity assays, and protein immunoassays were utilized to assess the functionality of associated SNPs. A total of 80 variants, including 29 novel SNPs, were identified. Because of limited sample size, conclusive findings could not be drawn in African-descent ARDS subjects; however, significant associations were found for two promoter SNPs (rs7022797 -1899T/G; rs11137480 -1785G/C), across two ED samples supporting the association of alleles -1899G and -1785C with decreased risk for sepsis-associated ARDS. In addition, these alleles significantly reduced transcription factor binding to the S1PR3 promoter; reduced S1PR3 promoter activity, a response particularly striking after TNF-α challenge; and were associated with lower plasma S1PR3 protein levels in ARDS patients. These highly functional studies support S1PR3 as a novel ARDS candidate gene and a potential target for individualized therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoguang Sun
- Institute for Personalize Respiratory Medicine, Univ. of Illinois at Chicago, 3099 COMRB (MC719 909 S. Wolcott Ave., Chicago, IL 60612.
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Sun X, Singleton PA, Letsiou E, Zhao J, Belvitch P, Sammani S, Chiang ET, Moreno-Vinasco L, Wade MS, Zhou T, Liu B, Parastatidis I, Thomson L, Ischiropoulos H, Natarajan V, Jacobson JR, Machado RF, Dudek SM, Garcia JGN. Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor-3 is a novel biomarker in acute lung injury. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2012; 47:628-36. [PMID: 22771388 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2012-0048oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The inflamed lung exhibits oxidative and nitrative modifications of multiple target proteins, potentially reflecting disease severity and progression. We identified sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor-3 (S1PR3), a critical signaling molecule mediating cell proliferation and vascular permeability, as a nitrated plasma protein in mice with acute lung injury (ALI). We explored S1PR3 as a potential biomarker in murine and human ALI. In vivo nitrated and total S1PR3 concentrations were determined by immunoprecipitation and microarray studies in mice, and by ELISA in human plasma. In vitro nitrated S1PR3 concentrations were evaluated in human lung vascular endothelial cells (ECs) or within microparticles shed from ECs after exposure to barrier-disrupting agonists (LPS, low-molecular-weight hyaluronan, and thrombin). The effects of S1PR3-containing microparticles on EC barrier function were assessed by transendothelial electrical resistance (TER). Nitrated S1PR3 was identified in the plasma of murine ALI and in humans with severe sepsis-induced ALI. Elevated total S1PR3 plasma concentrations (> 251 pg/ml) were linked to sepsis and ALI mortality. In vitro EC exposure to barrier-disrupting agents induced S1PR3 nitration and the shedding of S1PR3-containing microparticles, which significantly reduced TER, consistent with increased permeability. These changes were attenuated by reduced S1PR3 expression (small interfering RNAs). These results suggest that microparticles containing nitrated S1PR3 shed into the circulation during inflammatory lung states, and represent a novel ALI biomarker linked to disease severity and outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoguang Sun
- Institute for Personalized Respiratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 914 South Wood St., MC 719, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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