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Boisseau RP, Woods HA. Resource allocation strategies and mechanical constraints drive the diversification of stick and leaf insect eggs. Curr Biol 2024:S0960-9822(24)00685-7. [PMID: 38897201 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
The diversity of insect eggs is astounding but still largely unexplained. Here, we apply phylogenetic analyses to 208 species of stick and leaf insects, coupled with physiological measurements of metabolic rate and water loss on five species, to evaluate classes of factors that may drive egg morphological diversification: life history constraints, material costs, mechanical constraints, and ecological circumstances. We show support for all three classes, but egg size is primarily influenced by female body size and strongly trades off with egg number. Females that lay relatively fewer but larger eggs, which develop more slowly because of disproportionately low metabolic rates, also tend to bury or glue them in specific locations instead of simply dropping them from the foliage (ancestral state). This form of parental care then directly favors relatively elongated eggs, which may facilitate their placement and allow easier passage through the oviducts in slender species. In addition, flightless females display a higher reproductive output and consequently lay relatively more and larger eggs compared with flight-capable females. Surprisingly, local climatic conditions had only weak effects on egg traits. Overall, our results suggest that morphological diversification of stick insect eggs is driven by a complex web of causal relationships among traits, with dominant effects of resource allocation and oviposition strategies, and of mechanical constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain P Boisseau
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, MT 59812, USA; Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - H Arthur Woods
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
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2
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Liu J, Zheng C, Duan Y. New comparative genomic evidence supporting the proteomic diversification role of A-to-I RNA editing in insects. Mol Genet Genomics 2024; 299:46. [PMID: 38642133 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-024-02141-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
Adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) RNA editing, resembling A-to-G mutation, confers adaptiveness by increasing proteomic diversity in a temporal-spatial manner. This evolutionary theory named "proteomic diversifying hypothesis" has only partially been tested in very few organisms like Drosophila melanogaster, mainly by observing the positive selection on nonsynonymous editing events. To find additional genome-wide evidences supporting this interesting assumption, we retrieved the genomes of four Drosophila species and collected 20 deep-sequenced transcriptomes of different developmental stages and neuron populations of D. melanogaster. We systematically profiled the RNA editomes in these samples and performed meticulous comparative genomic analyses. Further evidences were found to support the diversifying hypothesis. (1) None of the nonsynonymous editing sites in D. melanogaster had ancestral G-alleles, while the silent editing sites had an unignorable fraction of ancestral G-alleles; (2) Only very few nonsynonymous editing sites in D. melanogaster had corresponding G-alleles derived in the genomes of sibling species, and the fraction of such situation was significantly lower than that of silent editing sites; (3) The few nonsynonymous editing with corresponding G-alleles had significantly more variable editing levels (across samples) than other nonsynonymous editing sites in D. melanogaster. The proteomic diversifying nature of RNA editing in Drosophila excludes the restorative role which favors an ancestral G-allele. The few fixed G-alleles in sibling species might facilitate the adaptation to particular environment and the corresponding nonsynonymous editing in D. melanogaster would introduce stronger advantage of flexible proteomic diversification. With multi-Omics data, our study consolidates the nature of evolutionary significance of A-to-I RNA editing sites in model insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyao Liu
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Caiqing Zheng
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yuange Duan
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Yuan Y, Zhang L, Li K, Hong Y, Storey KB, Zhang J, Yu D. Nine Mitochondrial Genomes of Phasmatodea with Two Novel Mitochondrial Gene Rearrangements and Phylogeny. INSECTS 2023; 14:insects14050485. [PMID: 37233113 DOI: 10.3390/insects14050485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The classification of stick and leaf insects (Order Phasmatodea) is flawed at various taxonomic ranks due to a lack of robust phylogenetic relationships and convergent morphological characteristics. In this study, we sequenced nine new mitogenomes that ranged from 15,011 bp to 17,761 bp in length. In the mitogenome of Carausis sp., we found a translocation of trnR and trnA, which can be explained by the tandem duplication/random loss (TDRL) model. In the Stheneboea repudiosa Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907, a novel mitochondrial structure of 12S rRNA-CR1-trnI-CR2-trnQ-trnM was found for the first time in Phasmatodea. Due to the low homology of CR1 and CR2, we hypothesized that trnI was inverted through recombination and then translocated into the middle of the control region. Control region repeats were frequently detected in the newly sequenced mitogenomes. To explore phylogenetic relationships in Phasmatodea, mtPCGs from 56 Phasmatodean species (composed of 9 stick insects from this study, 31 GenBank data, and 16 data derived from transcriptome splicing) were used for Bayesian inference (BI), and maximum likelihood (ML) analyses. Both analyses supported the monophyly of Lonchodinae and Necrosciinae, but Lonchodidae was polyphyletic. Phasmatidae was monophyletic, and Clitumninae was paraphyletic. Phyllidae was located at the base of Neophasmatodea and formed a sister group with the remaining Neophasmatodea. Bacillidae and Pseudophasmatidae were recovered as a sister group. Heteroptergidae was monophyletic, and the Heteropteryginae sister to the clade (Obriminae + Dataminae) was supported by BI analysis and ML analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yani Yuan
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Lihua Zhang
- Taishun County Forestry Bureau, Wenzhou 325500, China
| | - Ke Li
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Yuehuan Hong
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Kenneth B Storey
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Jiayong Zhang
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
- Key Lab of Wildlife Biotechnology, Conservation and Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Danna Yu
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
- Key Lab of Wildlife Biotechnology, Conservation and Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
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Donoughe S. Insect egg morphology: evolution, development, and ecology. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 50:100868. [PMID: 34973433 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2021.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The insect egg can be viewed through many lenses: it is the single-celled developmental stage, a resource investment in the next generation, an unusually large and complex cell type, and the protective vessel for embryonic development. In this review, I describe the morphological diversity of insect eggs and then identify recent advances in understanding the patterns of egg evolution, the cellular mechanisms underlying egg development, and notable aspects of egg ecology. I also suggest areas for particularly promising future research on insect egg morphology; these topics touch upon diverse areas such as tissue morphogenesis, life history evolution, organismal scaling, cellular secretion, and oviposition ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth Donoughe
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, IL, USA.
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Pohl S, Bungum HZ, Lee KEM, Sani MAB, Poh YH, Wahab RBHA, Norma-Rashid Y, Tan EJ. Age and Appearance Shape Behavioral Responses of Phasmids in a Dynamic Environment. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.767940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although morphological adaptations leading to crypsis or mimicry have been studied extensively, their interaction with particular behaviors to avoid detection or recognition is understudied. Yet animal behaviors interact with morphology to reduce detection risk, and the level of protection conferred likely changes according to the surrounding environment. Apart from providing a locational cue for predators, prey motion can also serve as concealing behavior in a dynamic environment to prevent detection by potential predators or prey. Phasmids are conventionally known to rely on their adaptive resemblance to plant parts for protection, and this resemblance may vary across life stages and species. However, little is known about how their behaviors interact with their appearance and their environment. We investigated two species of phasmids with varying morphology and color patterns at different ontogenetic stages and examined their behavioral responses to a wind stimulus as a proxy for a dynamic environment. While adult behaviors were mostly species-specific, behavioral responses of nymphs varied with appearance and environmental condition. Display of different behaviors classified as revealing was positively correlated, while the display of concealing behaviors, except for swaying, was mostly negatively correlated with other behaviors. Exhibition of specific behaviors varied with appearance and environmental condition, suggesting that these behavioral responses could help reduce detection or recognition cues. We discuss the differences in behavioral responses in the context of how the behaviors could reveal or conceal the phasmids from potential predators. Our results provide a novel investigation into adaptive resemblance strategies of phasmids through the interaction of behavior and morphology, and highlight the importance of considering the effects of dynamic environments on sending and receiving cues.
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Cumming RT, Bank S, Le Tirant S, Bradler S. Notes on the leaf insects of the genus Phyllium of Sumatra and Java, Indonesia, including the description of two new species with purple coxae (Phasmatodea, Phylliidae). Zookeys 2020; 913:89-126. [PMID: 32132850 PMCID: PMC7044250 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.913.49044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the last two years, the leaf insects of the genus Phyllium of both the islands of Java and Sumatra have been reviewed extensively based on morphological observations. However, cryptic species which cannot be differentiated morphologically may be present among the various populations. Since it has frequently been demonstrated that analyses based on molecular data can bring clarity in such cases, we conducted a phylogenetic analysis based on three genes (nuclear gene 28S and mitochondrial genes COI and 16S) from the Phyllium species of these islands. The results show distinct molecular divergence for several populations and suggest the presence of two new cryptic species, morphologically inseparable from Phylliumhausleithneri Brock, 1999. From Sumatra, the population originally thought to be a range expansion for Phylliumhausleithneri, is now here described as Phylliumnisussp. nov., with the only consistent morphological difference being the color of the eggs between the two populations (dark brown in P.hausleithneri and tan in P.nisussp. nov.). Further, an additional population with purple coxae from Java was morphologically examined and found to have no consistent features to separate it morphologically from the other purple coxae species. This cryptic species from Java was however shown to be molecularly distinct from the other purple coxae populations from Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia and is here described as Phylliumgardabagusisp. nov. In addition, Phylliumgiganteum is here officially reported from Java for the first time based on both historic and modern records of male specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Royce T Cumming
- Associate Researcher, Montréal Insectarium, 4581 rue Sherbrooke est, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H1X 2B2.,Richard Gilder Graduate School, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024, USA
| | - Sarah Bank
- Department of Animal Evolution and Biodiversity, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stephane Le Tirant
- Collection manager, Montréal Insectarium, 4581 rue Sherbrooke, Montréal, Québec, H1X 2B2, Canada
| | - Sven Bradler
- Department of Animal Evolution and Biodiversity, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
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Chen S, Deng SW, Shih C, Zhang WW, Zhang P, Ren D, Zhu YN, Gao TP. The earliest Timematids in Burmese amber reveal diverse tarsal pads of stick insects in the mid-Cretaceous. INSECT SCIENCE 2019; 26:945-957. [PMID: 29700985 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Many extant insects have developed pad structures, euplantulae or arolia on their tarsi to increase friction or enhance adhesion for better mobility. Many polyneopteran insects with euplantulae, for example, Grylloblattodea, Mantophasmatodea and Orthoptera, have been described from the Mesozoic. However, the origin and evolution of stick insects' euplantulae are poorly understood due to rare fossil records. Here, we report the earliest fossil records of Timematodea hitherto, Tumefactipes prolongates gen. et sp. nov. and Granosicorpes lirates gen. et sp. nov., based on three specimens from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber. Specimens of Tumefactipes prolongates gen. et sp. nov. have extremely specialized and expanded euplantulae on their tarsomere II. These new findings are the first known and the earliest fossil records about euplantula structure within Phasmatodea, demonstrating the diversity of euplantulae in Polyneoptera during the Mesozoic. Such tarsal pads might have increased friction and helped these mid-Cretaceous stick insects to climb more firmly on various surfaces, such as broad leaves, wetted tree branches or ground. These specimens provide more morphological data for us to understand the relationships of Timematodea, Euphasmatodea, Orthoptera and Embioptera, suggesting that Timematodea might be monophyletic with Euphasmatodea rather than Embioptera and Phasmatodea should have a closer relationship with Orthoptera rather than Embioptera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Shi-Wo Deng
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Chungkun Shih
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
- Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Peng Zhang
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Ren
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi-Ning Zhu
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Tai-Ping Gao
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
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Delfosse E, Cliquennois N, Depraetere M, Robillard T. Catalogue des types de la collection de phasmes du Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle de Paris (Insecta, Phasmatodea). ZOOSYSTEMA 2019. [DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2019v41a11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Delfosse
- Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Direction des collections, Entomologie, case postale 50, 57 rue Cuvier, F-75231 Paris cedex 05 (France)
| | - Nicolas Cliquennois
- Collège français Jules Verne, Lot 02 f 15 Tomboarivo, B.P. 141, 110 Antsirabe (Madagascar)
| | - Marion Depraetere
- Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Direction des collections, Entomologie, case postale 50, 57 rue Cuvier, F-75231 Paris cedex 05 (France)
| | - Tony Robillard
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, université des Antilles, case postale 50, 57 rue Cuvier, F-75231 Paris cedex 05 (France)
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Is the Phasmatodea male genitalia useful for systematics? A case study in Creoxylus and Prexaspes (Insecta: Phasmatodea) from the Brazilian Amazon Basin. ZOOL ANZ 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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10
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Robertson JA, Bradler S, Whiting MF. Evolution of Oviposition Techniques in Stick and Leaf Insects (Phasmatodea). Front Ecol Evol 2018. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2018.00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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