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Geller A, Yan J. The Role of Membrane Bound Complement Regulatory Proteins in Tumor Development and Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1074. [PMID: 31164885 PMCID: PMC6536589 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It has long been understood that the control and surveillance of tumors within the body involves an intricate dance between the adaptive and innate immune systems. At the center of the interplay between the adaptive and innate immune response sits the complement system—an evolutionarily ancient response that aids in the destruction of microorganisms and damaged cells, including cancer cells. Membrane-bound complement regulatory proteins (mCRPs), such as CD46, CD55, and CD59, are expressed throughout the body in order to prevent over-activation of the complement system. These mCRPs act as a double-edged sword however, as they can also over-regulate the complement system to the extent that it is no longer effective at eliminating cancerous cells. Recent studies are now indicating that mCRPs may function as a biomarker of a malignant transformation in numerous cancer types, and further, are being shown to interfere with anti-tumor treatments. This highlights the critical roles that therapeutic blockade of mCRPs can play in cancer treatment. Furthermore, with the complement system having the ability to both directly and indirectly control adaptive T-cell responses, the use of a combinatorial approach of complement-related therapy along with other T-cell activating therapies becomes a logical approach to treatment. This review will highlight the biomarker-related role that mCRP expression may have in the classification of tumor phenotype and predicted response to different anti-cancer treatments in the context of an emerging understanding that complement activation within the Tumor Microenvironment (TME) is actually harmful for tumor control. We will discuss what is known about complement activation and mCRPs relating to cancer and immunotherapy, and will examine the potential for combinatorial approaches of anti-mCRP therapy with other anti-tumor therapies, especially checkpoint inhibitors such as anti PD-1 and PD-L1 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Overall, mCRPs play an essential role in the immune response to tumors, and understanding their role in the immune response, particularly in modulating currently used cancer therapeutics may lead to better clinical outcomes in patients with diverse cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Geller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Jun Yan
- Immuno-Oncology Program, Department of Medicine, The James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States
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Fishelson Z, Kirschfink M. Complement C5b-9 and Cancer: Mechanisms of Cell Damage, Cancer Counteractions, and Approaches for Intervention. Front Immunol 2019; 10:752. [PMID: 31024572 PMCID: PMC6467965 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The interactions of cancer cells with components of the complement system are highly complex, leading to an outcome that is either favorable or detrimental to cancer cells. Currently, we perceive only the "tip of the iceberg" of these interactions. In this review, we focus on the complement terminal C5b-9 complex, known also as the complement membrane attack complex (MAC) and discuss the complexity of its interaction with cancer cells, starting with a discussion of its proposed mode of action in mediating cell death, and continuing with a portrayal of the strategies of evasion exhibited by cancer cells, and closing with a proposal of treatment approaches targeted at evasion strategies. Upon intense complement activation and membrane insertion of sufficient C5b-9 complexes, the afflicted cells undergo regulated necrotic cell death with characteristic damage to intracellular organelles, including mitochondria, and perforation of the plasma membrane. Several pro-lytic factors have been proposed, including elevated intracellular calcium ion concentrations and activated JNK, Bid, RIPK1, RIPK3, and MLKL; however, further research is required to fully characterize the effective cell death signals activated by the C5b-9 complexes. Cancer cells over-express a multitude of protective measures which either block complement activation, thus reducing the number of membrane-inserted C5b-9 complexes, or facilitate the elimination of C5b-9 from the cell surface. Concomitantly, cancer cells activate several protective pathways that counteract the death signals. Blockage of complement activation is mediated by the complement membrane regulatory proteins CD46, CD55, and CD59 and by soluble complement regulators, by proteases that cleave complement proteins and by protein kinases, like CK2, which phosphorylate complement proteins. C5b-9 elimination and inhibition of cell death signals are mediated by caveolin and dynamin, by Hsp70 and Hsp90, by the mitochondrial stress protein mortalin, and by the protein kinases PKC and ERK. It is conceivable that various cancers and cancers at different stages of development will utilize distinct patterns of these and other MAC resistance strategies. In order to enhance the impact of antibody-based therapy on cancer, novel precise reagents that block the most effective protective strategies will have to be designed and applied as adjuvants to the therapeutic antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zvi Fishelson
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Liu C, Xuan Z. Prioritization of cancer-related genomic variants by SNP association network. Cancer Inform 2015; 14:57-70. [PMID: 25995611 PMCID: PMC4384763 DOI: 10.4137/cin.s17288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 01/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed a general framework to construct an association network of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (SNP association network, SAN) based on the functional interactions of genes located in the flanking regions of SNPs. SAN, which was constructed based on protein-protein interactions in the Human Protein Reference Database (HPRD), showed significantly enriched signals in both linkage disequilibrium (LD) and long-range chromatin interaction (Hi-C). We used this network to further develop two methods for predicting and prioritizing disease-associated genes from genome-wide association studies (GWASs). We found that random walk with restart (RWR) using SAN (RWR-SAN) can greatly improve the prediction of lung-cancer-associated genes by comparing RWR with the use of network in HPRD (AUC 0.81 vs 0.66). In a reanalysis of the GWAS dataset of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), SAN could identify more potential AMD-associated genes that were previously ranked lower in the GWAS study. The interactions in SAN could facilitate the study of complex diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changning Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Systems Biology, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, USA
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Information Processing, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenyu Xuan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Systems Biology, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, USA
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Meyer S, Leusen JHW, Boross P. Regulation of complement and modulation of its activity in monoclonal antibody therapy of cancer. MAbs 2014; 6:1133-44. [PMID: 25517299 PMCID: PMC4622586 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.29670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system is a powerful tool of the innate immune system to eradicate pathogens. Both in vitro and in vivo evidence indicates that therapeutic anti-tumor monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) can activate the complement system by the classical pathway. However, the contribution of complement to the efficacy of mAbs is still debated, mainly due to the lack of convincing data in patients. A beneficial role for complement during mAb therapy is supported by the fact that cancer cells often upregulate complement-regulatory proteins (CRPs). Polymorphisms in various CRPs were previously associated with complement-mediated disorders. In this review the role of complement in anti-tumor mAb therapy will be discussed with special emphasis on strategies aiming at modifying complement activity. In the future, clinical efficacy of mAbs with enhanced effector functions together with comprehensive analysis of polymorphisms in CRPs in mAb-treated patients will further clarify the role of complement in mAb therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Meyer
- a Laboratory for Immunotherapy; Laboratory for Translational Immunology (LTI) ; University Medical Center Utrecht ; Utrecht , The Netherlands
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Delpeut S, Noyce RS, Richardson CD. The tumor-associated marker, PVRL4 (nectin-4), is the epithelial receptor for morbilliviruses. Viruses 2014; 6:2268-86. [PMID: 24892636 PMCID: PMC4074928 DOI: 10.3390/v6062268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
PVRL4 (nectin-4) was recently identified as the epithelial receptor for members of the Morbillivirus genus, including measles virus, canine distemper virus and peste des petits ruminants virus. Here, we describe the role of PVRL4 in morbillivirus pathogenesis and its promising use in cancer therapies. This discovery establishes a new paradigm for the spread of virus from lymphocytes to airway epithelial cells and its subsequent release into the environment. Measles virus vaccine strains have emerged as a promising oncolytic platform for cancer therapy in the last ten years. Given that PVRL4 is a well-known tumor-associated marker for several adenocarcinoma (lung, breast and ovary), the measles virus could potentially be used to specifically target, infect and destroy cancers expressing PVRL4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastien Delpeut
- The Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, B3H 1X5 NS, Canada.
| | - Ryan S Noyce
- The Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, B3H 1X5 NS, Canada.
| | - Christopher D Richardson
- The Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, B3H 1X5 NS, Canada.
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Contribution of NADPH oxidase to membrane CD38 internalization and activation in coronary arterial myocytes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71212. [PMID: 23940720 PMCID: PMC3737089 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The CD38-ADP-ribosylcyclase-mediated Ca2+ signaling pathway importantly contributes to the vasomotor response in different arteries. Although there is evidence indicating that the activation of CD38-ADP-ribosylcyclase is associated with CD38 internalization, the molecular mechanism mediating CD38 internalization and consequent activation in response to a variety of physiological and pathological stimuli remains poorly understood. Recent studies have shown that CD38 may sense redox signals and is thereby activated to produce cellular response and that the NADPH oxidase isoform, NOX1, is a major resource to produce superoxide (O2·−) in coronary arterial myocytes (CAMs) in response to muscarinic receptor agonist, which uses CD38-ADP-ribosylcyclase signaling pathway to exert its action in these CAMs. These findings led us hypothesize that NOX1-derived O2·− serves in an autocrine fashion to enhance CD38 internalization, leading to redox activation of CD38-ADP-ribosylcyclase activity in mouse CAMs. To test this hypothesis, confocal microscopy, flow cytometry and a membrane protein biotinylation assay were used in the present study. We first demonstrated that CD38 internalization induced by endothelin-1 (ET-1) was inhibited by silencing of NOX1 gene, but not NOX4 gene. Correspondingly, NOX1 gene silencing abolished ET-1-induced O2·− production and increased CD38-ADP-ribosylcyclase activity in CAMs, while activation of NOX1 by overexpression of Rac1 or Vav2 or administration of exogenous O2·− significantly increased CD38 internalization in CAMs. Lastly, ET-1 was found to markedly increase membrane raft clustering as shown by increased colocalization of cholera toxin-B with CD38 and NOX1. Taken together, these results provide direct evidence that Rac1-NOX1-dependent O2·− production mediates CD38 internalization in CAMs, which may represent an important mechanism linking receptor activation with CD38 activity in these cells.
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Xu M, Xia M, Li XX, Han WQ, Boini KM, Zhang F, Zhang Y, Ritter JK, Li PL. Requirement of translocated lysosomal V1 H(+)-ATPase for activation of membrane acid sphingomyelinase and raft clustering in coronary endothelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 2012; 23:1546-57. [PMID: 22357614 PMCID: PMC3327313 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e11-09-0821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The activation of translocated lysosomal H+-ATPase is attributed to FasL-induced formation and maintenance of an acid microenvironment around the endothelial cell membrane, which facilitates the activation of ASM and production of ceramide, thereby leading to MR clustering and redox signaling platform formation. Acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) mediates the formation of membrane raft (MR) redox signalosomes in a process that depends on a local acid microenvironment in coronary arterial endothelial cells (CAECs). However, it is not known how this local acid microenvironment is formed and maintained. The present study hypothesized that lysosomal V1 H+-ATPase provides a hospitable acid microenvironment for activation of ASM when lysosomes traffic and fuse into the cell membrane. Confocal microscopy showed that local pH change significantly affected MRs, with more fluorescent patches under low pH. Correspondingly, the ASM product, ceramide, increased locally in the cell membrane. Electron spin resonance assay showed that local pH increase significantly inhibited NADPH oxidase–mediated production of O2−. in CAECs. Direct confocal microscopy demonstrated that Fas ligand resulted in localized areas of decreased pH around CAEC membranes. The inhibitors of both lysosomal fusion and H+-ATPase apparently attenuated FasL-caused pH decrease. V1 H+-ATPase accumulation and activity on cell membranes were substantially suppressed by the inhibitors of lysosomal fusion or H+-ATPase. These results provide the first direct evidence that translocated lysosomal V1 H+-ATPase critically contributes to the formation of local acid microenvironment to facilitate activation of ASM and consequent MR aggregation, forming MR redox signalosomes and mediating redox signaling in CAECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Xu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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Han WQ, Xia M, Xu M, Boini KM, Ritter JK, Li NJ, Li PL. Lysosome fusion to the cell membrane is mediated by the dysferlin C2A domain in coronary arterial endothelial cells. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:1225-34. [PMID: 22349696 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.094565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysferlin has recently been reported to participate in cell membrane repair in muscle and other cells through lysosome fusion. Given that lysosome fusion is a crucial mechanism that leads to membrane raft clustering, the present study attempted to determine whether dysferlin is involved in this process and its related signalling, and explores the mechanism underlying dysferlin-mediated lysosome fusion in bovine coronary arterial endothelial cells (CAECs). We found that dysferlin is clustered in membrane raft macrodomains after Fas Ligand (FasL) stimulation as detected by confocal microscopy and membrane fraction flotation. Small-interfering RNA targeted to dysferlin prevented membrane raft clustering. Furthermore, the translocation of acid sphingomyelinase (ASMase) to membrane raft clusters, whereby local ASMase activation and ceramide production--an important step that mediates membrane raft clustering--was attenuated. Functionally, silencing of the dysferlin gene reversed FasL-induced impairment of endothelium-dependent vasodilation in isolated small coronary arteries. By monitoring fluorescence quenching or dequenching, silencing of the dysferlin gene was found to almost completely block lysosome fusion to plasma membrane upon FasL stimulation. Further studies to block C2A binding and silencing of AHNAK (a dysferlin C2A domain binding partner), showed that the dysferlin C2A domain is required for FasL-induced lysosome fusion to the cell membrane, ASMase translocation and membrane raft clustering. We conclude that dysferlin determines lysosome fusion to the plasma membrane through its C2A domain and it is therefore implicated in membrane-raft-mediated signaling and regulation of endothelial function in coronary circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Qing Han
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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Han WQ, Xia M, Zhang C, Zhang F, Xu M, Li NJ, Li PL. SNARE-mediated rapid lysosome fusion in membrane raft clustering and dysfunction of bovine coronary arterial endothelium. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2011; 301:H2028-37. [PMID: 21926345 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00581.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The present study attempted to evaluate whether soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNAREs) mediate lysosome fusion in response to death receptor activation and contribute to membrane raft (MR) clustering and consequent endothelial dysfunction in coronary arterial endothelial cells. By immunohistochemical analysis, vesicle-associated membrane proteins 2 (VAMP-2, vesicle-SNAREs) were found to be abundantly expressed in the endothelium of bovine coronary arteries. Direct lysosome fusion monitoring by N-(3-triethylammoniumpropyl)-4-[4-(dibutylamino)styryl]pyridinium dibromide (FM1-43) quenching demonstrated that the inhibition of VAMP-2 with tetanus toxin or specific small interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA) almost completely blocked lysosome fusion to plasma membrane induced by Fas ligand (FasL), a well-known MR clustering stimulator. The involvement of SNAREs was further confirmed by an increased interaction of VAMP-2 with a target-SNARE protein syntaxin-4 after FasL stimulation in coimmunoprecipitation analysis. Also, the inhibition of VAMP-2 with tetanus toxin or VAMP-2 siRNA abolished FasL-induced MR clustering, its colocalization with a NADPH oxidase unit gp91(phox), and increased superoxide production. Finally, FasL-induced impairment of endothelium-dependent vasodilation was reversed by the treatment of bovine coronary arteries with tetanus toxin or VAMP-2 siRNA. VAMP-2 is critical to lysosome fusion in MR clustering, and this VAMP-2-mediated lysosome-MR signalosomes contribute to redox regulation of coronary endothelial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Qing Han
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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Mahtout H, Curt S, Chandad F, Rouabhia M, Grenier D. Effect of periodontopathogen lipopolysaccharides and proinflammatory cytokines on CD46, CD55, and CD59 gene/protein expression by oral epithelial cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 62:295-303. [PMID: 21545652 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2011.00813.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Membrane-anchored complement regulatory proteins (CRPs), including CD46, CD55, and CD59, protect host cells from complement attack. In the present study, we investigated whether periodontopathogen lipopolysaccharide and proinflammatory cytokines modulate CRP gene/protein expression in human oral epithelial cells. The lipopolysaccharide of Treponema denticola and Tannerella forsythia were the most potent for increasing the gene expression of CD55 and CD59, and to a lesser extent CD46, after a 48-h stimulation. An lipopolysaccharide-induced upregulation of epithelial cell-surface CRP was also demonstrated. The stimulation of epithelial cells with lipopolysaccharide was associated with interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-8 secretion. Although these two cytokines had no effect on CD46 and CD55 gene expression in epithelial cells, IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α induced a significant upregulation. The cell-surface expression of CRP was also increased by the stimulation of epithelial cells with cytokines. The CD46, CD55, and CD59 gene/protein expression was upregulated by periodontopathogen lipopolysaccharide and proinflammatory cytokines. It can be hypothesized that, when faced with bacterial challenges and inflammatory conditions associated with active periodontal sites, oral epithelial cells may respond by increasing CRP gene/protein expression to avoid cell lysis by the complement system, which is activated during periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayette Mahtout
- Groupe de Recherche en Écologie Buccale, Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
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Urbanska AM, Paul A, Bhathena J, Bhahena J, Prakash S. Suppression of tumorigenesis: modulation of inflammatory cytokines by oral administration of microencapsulated probiotic yogurt formulation. Int J Inflam 2010; 2010:894972. [PMID: 21188222 PMCID: PMC3004002 DOI: 10.4061/2010/894972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2010] [Revised: 07/07/2010] [Accepted: 08/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine the ability of a novel microencapsulated probiotic yogurt formulation to suppress the intestinal inflammation. We assessed its anticancer activity by screening interleukin-1, 6, and 12 (IL-1, 6, 12), secretory levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)), and thromboxane B2 in the digesta obtained from the duodenum, jejunum, proximal, and distal segments of the ileum of C57BL/6J-Apc(Min)/J mice. Formulation-receiving animals showed consistently lower proinflammatory cytokines' levels when compared to control group animals receiving empty alginate-poly-L-lysine-alginate (APA) microcapsules suspended in saline. The concentrations of IL-12 found in serum in control and treatment group animals were significant: 46.58 ± 16.96 pg/mL and 158.58 ± 28.56 pg/mL for control and treatment animals, respectively. We determined a significant change in plasma C-reactive protein: 81.04 ± 23.73 ng/mL in control group and 64.21 ± 16.64 ng/mL in treatment group. Western blots showed a 71% downregulation of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein in treatment group animals compared to control. These results point to the possibility of using this yogurt formulation in anticancer therapies, in addition to chronic gut diseases such as Crohn's disease, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) thanks to its inflammation lowering properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Malgorzata Urbanska
- Biomedical Technology and Cell Therapy Research Laboratory, Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Physiology, Artificial Cells and Organs Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, 3775 University Street, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 2B4
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Bao JX, Jin S, Zhang F, Wang ZC, Li N, Li PL. Activation of membrane NADPH oxidase associated with lysosome-targeted acid sphingomyelinase in coronary endothelial cells. Antioxid Redox Signal 2010; 12:703-12. [PMID: 19761405 PMCID: PMC2834561 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2009.2461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
This study explored the mechanism mediating the aggregation of membrane NADPH oxidase (NOX) subunits and subsequent activation of this enzyme in bovine coronary arterial endothelial cells (CAECs). With confocal microscopy, we found that FasL stimulated lipid rafts (LRs) clustering with NOX subunit aggregation and acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) gathering, which was blocked by the siRNA of sortilin, an intracellular protein responsible for the binding and targeting of ASM to lysosomes. Correspondingly, FasL-induced O(2)(.-) production through NOX in LRs fractions was abolished by sortilin siRNA. Further, with flow-cytometry and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) analysis, we surprisingly demonstrated that after FasL stimulation, sortilin was exposed to cell membranes from lysosomes together with Lamp-1 and ASM, and these lysosomal components were aggregated and form a signaling complex in cell membranes. With co-immunoprecipitation, lysosomal sortilin and ASM were found to interact more strongly when CAECs were stimulated by FasL. Functionally, inhibition of either sortilin expression, lysosome function, LRs clustering, or NOX activity significantly attenuated FasL-induced decrease in nitric oxide (NO) levels. It is concluded that lysosome-targeted ASM, through sortilin, is able to traffic to and expose to cell-membrane surface, which may lead to LRs clustering and NOX activation in CAECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Xiang Bao
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, 410 North 12th, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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Vega MI, Martinez-Paniagua M, Jazirehi AR, Huerta-Yepez S, Umezawa K, Martinez-Maza O, Bonavida B. The NF-κB inhibitors (bortezomib and DHMEQ) sensitise rituximab-resistant AIDS-B-non-Hodgkin lymphoma to apoptosis by various chemotherapeutic drugs. Leuk Lymphoma 2009; 49:1982-94. [DOI: 10.1080/10428190802357071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Koch N, Jung M, Sabat R, Krätzschmar J, Döcke WD, Asadullah K, Volk HD, Grütz G. IL-10 protects monocytes and macrophages from complement-mediated lysis. J Leukoc Biol 2009; 86:155-66. [PMID: 19386697 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0708443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Phagocytes, such as monocytes and macrophages, are important cells of the innate immunity in the defense against microbes. So far, it is unclear how these cells survive at the site of combat against microbes, where a hostile inflammatory environment prevails with strong complement activity. We hypothesized that IL-10, a key cytokine involved in the resolution of inflammation, induces resistance to complement attack. Here, we demonstrate for the first time such a cell-protective effect of IL-10 on human monocytes and macrophages. IL-10 is indeed able to protect these cell types in an in vitro model of complement lysis triggered by an anti-MHCI antibody or by binding of zymosan. Investigating potential underlying mechanisms, we found that IL-10 up-regulated the expression of complement regulatory membrane protein CD59 and the general cell-protective stress protein HO-1 in human monocytes. However, further functional analysis failed to link these individual IL-10-mediated effects with the increased protection from complement lysis. Blocking the protective effect of CD59 with an antibody increased complement lysis but did not abrogate the IL-10-protective effect. Interestingly, chemical interference with HO-1 activity did abrogate the protective effect of IL-10, but siRNA-mediated knockdown of HO-1 did not confirm this observation. Our results suggest that IL-10 generates pathogen-clearing phagocytes, which are resistant to complement lysis and thereby, enabled to survive longer in a hostile inflammatory environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Koch
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
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Higuchi M, Endo Y, Suzuki H, Osuka F, Shio Y, Fujiu K, Kanno R, Oishi A, Fujita T, Gotoh M. Identification of the decay-accelerating factor CD55 as a peanut agglutinin-binding protein and its alteration in non-small cell lung cancers. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 12:6367-72. [PMID: 17085647 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-0836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Peanut agglutinin (PNA) recognizes tumor-associated carbohydrates. In this study, we aimed to identify the core protein harboring PNA-binding sugars in the human lung and to explore the relationship with the pathology of primary non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN PNA lectin blotting was used to detect PNA-binding proteins in the microsomal fraction of lung tissue from 24 patients with NSCLC. The 55- to 65-kDa core peptide PNA-binding protein was characterized by enzymatic treatment and identified by immunoprecipitation and affinity chromatography. The expression level and increase in size of the 55- to 65-kDa PNA-binding protein/decay-accelerating factor (DAF) were compared between normal and tumor regions of the tumor tissue by Western blotting and quantitative PCR. RESULTS The 55- to 65-kDa PNA-binding protein was observed in human lung. This was a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored membrane protein carrying O-linked carbohydrates. This core protein was identified as DAF, one of the complementary regulatory proteins. DAF was enlarged to 65 to 75 kDa in NSCLC tumor lesions due to sialylation in the sugar moiety. At the transcription level, DAF levels were significantly lower in tumor regions, suggesting its down-regulation in NSCLC cells. CONCLUSIONS DAF was identified as a new PNA-binding protein in the human lung. The down-regulation and heavy sialylation of DAF was associated with pathology in NSCLC, and these alterations make this protein a potential marker for NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsunori Higuchi
- Department of Surgery I, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, and Fukushima Red Cross Hospital, Fukushima, Japan
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Ravindranath NMH, Shuler C. Cell-surface density of complement restriction factors (CD46, CD55, and CD59): oral squamous cell carcinoma versus other solid tumors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 103:231-9. [PMID: 17234541 DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2006.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2005] [Revised: 05/17/2006] [Accepted: 05/30/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Complement restriction factors (CD46, membrane cofactor; CD55, decay accelerating factor; and CD59, protectin) are overexpressed on tumor cells, and they enable tumor cells to escape from complement-dependent and antibody-mediated killing. Cell-surface density of complement restriction factors (CRFs) on oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is compared with that found on other solid tumors (breast, pancreas, colon carcinomas, and melanoma) to understand the significance of their diversity. STUDY DESIGN The cell-surface expression of CRFs on tumor cells was confirmed with confocal laser scan fluorescent microscopy. Cell suspension enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cs-ELISA), which measures the density of cell-surface antigens, was utilized to study CRFs on the cell surface of tumor cells (OSCC, 2 cell lines; breast, 5 cell lines; pancreas, 3 cell lines; colon, 3 cell lines; and melanoma, 9 cell lines). RESULTS Confocal laser scan fluorescent microscopy confirmed the expression of CD46, CD55, and CD59 on the cell surface of OSCC cell lines SCC12 and SCC71. The relative densities of cell-surface expression obtained from cs-ELISAs of CRFs on OSCCs are as follows: CD59 > CD55 > CD46. The relative densities of the 3 CRFs in breast and pancreatic carcinomas were similar to those found in OSCCs, whereas the profile of CRFs in melanoma (CD59 > CD55 < CD46) and colon cancer (CD46 > CD55 > CD59) were different. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate diverse strategies adopted by tumor types to resist antibody-mediated complement-dependent cytotoxicity; possibly the factors (exogenous and endogenous) in their respective microenvironments may play a role in the diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naren M H Ravindranath
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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17
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Osuka F, Endo Y, Higuchi M, Suzuki H, Shio Y, Fujiu K, Kanno R, Oishi A, Terashima M, Fujita T, Gotoh M. Molecular cloning and characterization of novel splicing variants of human decay-accelerating factor. Genomics 2006; 88:316-22. [PMID: 16503113 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2006.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2005] [Revised: 01/19/2006] [Accepted: 01/20/2006] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Decay-accelerating factor (DAF) is one of the complement regulatory proteins. Two isoforms of DAF have been identified in humans. In this study, we isolated novel cDNAs encoding five isoforms of DAF from the human lung, which were generated by insertion of new exonic sequences. RT-PCR revealed that all isoforms were expressed in almost all tissues tested, although the expression patterns and levels differed among the tissues. Transfection of isoform vDAF1, 2, and 3 cDNAs into CHO cells showed that these molecules are soluble forms secreted after glycosylation. Isoform vDAF4 and vDAF5 cDNAs included a part of and the entire intron 7 sequence, respectively, and the transfection of vDAF4 cDNA produced a large, glycosylated, membrane-bound form. These results suggest that more than seven isoforms of human DAF are involved in the regulation of complement activation under physiological conditions through their specific structures and localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiko Osuka
- Department of Surgery I, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, 1-Hikariga-oka, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
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18
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Mikesch JH, Buerger H, Simon R, Brandt B. Decay-accelerating factor (CD55): a versatile acting molecule in human malignancies. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2006; 1766:42-52. [PMID: 16784816 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2006.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2005] [Revised: 04/07/2006] [Accepted: 04/19/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The decay-accelerating factor (DAF, CD55) physiologically serves as an inhibitor of the complement system. Moreover, DAF is broadly expressed in malignant tumors. Here, DAF seems to dispose of several different functions reaching far beyond its immunological role, e.g., promotion of tumorigenesis, decrease of complement mediated tumor cell lysis, autocrine loops for cell rescue and evasion of apoptosis, neoangiogenesis, invasiveness, cell motility, and metastasis via oncogenic tyrosine kinase pathway activation, and specific seven-span transmembrane receptors (CD97) binding. Furthermore, DAF has already been included in diagnostic or therapeutic studies. Thereby, studies applying monoclonal anti-DAF antibodies and anti-DAF vaccination for a targeted therapy have been enrolled recently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Henrik Mikesch
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, University Hospital, Westf.-Wilhelms-Univ. Münster, Germany
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19
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Holla VR, Wang D, Brown JR, Mann JR, Katkuri S, DuBois RN. Prostaglandin E2 Regulates the Complement Inhibitor CD55/Decay-accelerating Factor in Colorectal Cancer. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:476-83. [PMID: 15520008 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m407403200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-derived prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) stimulates tumor progression by modulating several proneoplastic pathways. The mechanisms by which PGE(2) promotes tumor growth and metastasis through stimulation of cell migration, invasion, and angiogenesis have been fairly well characterized. Much less is known, however, about the molecular mechanisms responsible for the immunosuppressive effects of PGE(2). We identified PGE(2) target genes and subsequently studied their biologic role in colorectal cancer cells. The complement regulatory protein decay-accelerating factor (DAF or CD55) was induced following PGE(2) treatment of LS174T colon cancer cells. Analysis of PGE(2)-mediated activation of the DAF promoter employing 5'-deletion luciferase constructs suggests that regulation occurs at the transcriptional level via a cyclic AMP/protein kinase A-dependent pathway. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs blocked DAF expression in HCA-7 colon cancer cells, which could be restored by the addition of exogenous PGE(2). Finally, we observed an increase in DAF expression in the intestinal mucosa of Apc(Min+/-) mice treated with PGE(2) in vivo. In summary, these results indicate a novel immunosuppressive role for PGE(2) in the development of colorectal carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijaykumar R Holla
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232-2279, USA
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20
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Imai M, Hwang HY, Norris JS, Tomlinson S. The effect of dexamethasone on human mucin 1 expression and antibody-dependent complement sensitivity in a prostate cancer cell line in vitro and in vivo. Immunology 2004; 111:291-7. [PMID: 15009429 PMCID: PMC1782423 DOI: 10.1111/j.0019-2805.2004.01815.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Dexamethasone has been shown to up-regulate human mucin 1 (MUC1) expression in certain types of cancer cell lines in vitro, suggesting that this gluocorticoid may enhance MUC1-based immunotherapies. Here we investigated the effect of dexamethasone on MUC1 expression in the DU145 human prostate cancer cell line in terms of antibody-mediated complement-dependent cell lysis. Cells treated with 1 x 10-8 m dexamethasone in vitro expressed maximal levels of MUC1 after 6 days, with an approximately 3-fold increase over MUC1 levels on untreated cells. DU145 cells were highly resistant to lysis by anti-MUC1 antibody and complement, and their susceptibility to antibody and complement was unaffected by dexamethasone treatment. However, dexamethasone also induced expression of the complement inhibitor decay accelerating factor (DAF) on DU145 cells. Blocking or overcoming the function of DAF resulted in enhanced complement-dependent lysis of dexamethasone-treated cells with anti-MUC1 antibodies, indicating that the failure of dexamethasone to enhance the complement susceptibility of DU145 cells was caused by the up-regulated expression of DAF. We also investigated MUC1 expression in vivo and found that MUC1 expression was significantly up-regulated on tumour cells isolated from immune-deficient mice that had been injected with dexamethasone. However, in contrast to in vitro data, there was no difference between the levels of DAF expressed on tumour-derived DU145 cells isolated from either phosphate buffered saline (PBS)-treated or dexamethasone-treated mice, and tumour cells isolated from dexamethasone-treated mice were more sensitive to complement-mediated lysis. In the broad context of immunotherapy, the in vivo data support the use of dexamethasone as an adjunct treatment. Up-regulated DAF expression would not be a favourable outcome of dexamethasone treatment in terms of complement-dependent antibody therapy, but the in vivo data caution against extrapolation of in vitro data with regard to the modulation of complement inhibitors reported here and elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Imai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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21
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Müller G, Burkert B, Rosner H, Köhler H. Effects of the mycotoxin ochratoxin A and some of its metabolites on human kidney cell lines. Toxicol In Vitro 2003; 17:441-8. [PMID: 12849727 DOI: 10.1016/s0887-2333(03)00053-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The modulations of complement-regulating surface proteins on a human embryonic and a renal carcinoma cell line are described regarding the effects of ochratoxin A and some of its metabolites on the surface markers CD46, CD55 and CD59. Membrane integrity, cell proliferation and metabolic activity were reduced to different extents, depending on the kind of mycotoxin and the dosage, which was ranging from 10 to 1000 ng/ml. The number of cells carrying surface markers was suppressed significantly at 1000 ng/ml, in some cases even at 100 ng/ml, whereas the intensity of receptor expression on the positive cells was found to be stimulated. The fraction RE2 (OTC) isolated from an OTA-containing crude toxin surpassed the effects of all other ochratoxin metabolites. Apart from well-known cytotoxic and genotoxic effects modulation of cell surface marker expression by low concentrations of OTA and OTC deserves more attention with regard to its immuno-pathogenic importance. Furthermore, occurrence and impact of the mycotoxin OTC should be studied more into detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Müller
- Federal Institute for Health Protection of Consumers and Veterinary Medicine, Division 4, Naumburger Str. 96a, D-07743, Jena, Germany
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22
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Blok VT, Gelderman KA, Tijsma OHM, Daha MR, Gorter A. Cytokines affect resistance of human renal tumour cells to complement-mediated injury. Scand J Immunol 2003; 57:591-9. [PMID: 12791098 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3083.2003.01265.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression of membrane-bound complement regulatory proteins (mCRPs) on tumour cells may hamper the effect of immunotherapy with complement-activating monoclonal antibody (MoAb). Therefore, it is important to investigate whether cytokines can downregulate the expression of mCRP on tumour cells. In this study, the effect of 10 cytokines on the expression of the mCRP CD46, CD55 and CD59 and the renal tumour-associated antigen G250/MN/CAIX on four human renal tumour cell lines and proximal tubular epithelial cells was determined by flow cytometry. In addition, it was measured whether changes in the expression of the classical pathway regulatory proteins CD55 and CD59 had an effect on C3 deposition and lysis. Interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) consistently downregulated the expression of CD46 and CD59; IL-4 consistently downregulated the expression of CD46 and transforming growth factor-beta1, consistently downregulated the expression of both CD46 and CD55. However, treatment with IL-1beta and IL-4 also decreased the expression of G250/MN/CAIX. Changes in the expression of CD55 and CD59 were associated with changes in the amount of C3 deposited and the extent of complement-mediated lysis, respectively. This suggests that clinical immunotherapy, consisting of treatment with cytokines and MoAb, may induce either up- or downregulation of CD55 or CD59 and thus affect the effectiveness of immunotherapy with MoAb.
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Affiliation(s)
- V T Blok
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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23
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Iborra A, Mayorga M, Llobet N, Martínez P. Expression of complement regulatory proteins [membrane cofactor protein (CD46), decay accelerating factor (CD55), and protectin (CD59)] in endometrial stressed cells. Cell Immunol 2003; 223:46-51. [PMID: 12914757 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-8749(03)00127-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In the female reproductive tract, the complement system represents a defense mechanism that can act directly against pathogens and cells, and mediates inflammatory response. Endometrial cells are protected from autologous complement attack by membrane-bound complement regulatory proteins (CRPs) that prevent complement activation: membrane cofactor protein (CD46), decay accelerating factor (CD55), and protectin (CD59). In this work we show that all CRPs were overexpressed after LPS exposure. Maximal stimulatory effect was detected after 6h, and was declining after 12h, reaching control levels in 24h. CD59 was the protein showing the more prominent effect. There seems to be a slight increase of CRP expression in the endometrium of sterile patients that have anti-endometrial antibodies (AEA) in their serum. Our results suggest that under stress, the high expression of CRPs (CD46, CD55, and CD59) could protect endometrial injured cells against complement mediated lysis. The survival of these cells with some biochemical modifications would enable autoimmune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Iborra
- Unitat d'Immunologia de la Reproducció, Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
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24
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Jurianz K, Ziegler S, Donin N, Reiter Y, Fishelson Z, Kirschfink M. K562 erythroleukemic cells are equipped with multiple mechanisms of resistance to lysis by complement. Int J Cancer 2001; 93:848-54. [PMID: 11519047 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.1406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Resistance of tumor cells to lysis by complement is generally attributed to several protective mechanisms. The relative impact of these mechanisms in the same tumor cell, however, has not been assessed yet. We have analyzed the interaction of the human erythroleukemia tumor cell line K562 with human complement. K562 cells express the membrane complement regulatory proteins CD59, CD55 and CD46. As shown here for the first time, K562 also spontaneously release the soluble regulators C1 inhibitor, factor H, and soluble CD59. Complement resistance of K562 cells is augmented upon treatment with PMA, TNF or even with sublytic complement. Unlike TNF and sublytic complement, PMA enhanced the expression of membrane-bound CD55 and CD59 and led to increased secretion of soluble CD59. In addition, we show that complement-resistant K562 cells express a membrane-associated proteolytic activity, higher than the complement-sensitive K562/S cells. Treatment of complement-resistant K562 cells with serine protease inhibitors enhance their sensitivity to complement-mediated lysis. Inhibitors of protein kinase C (PKC) also sensitize K562 cells to complement lysis, implicating PKC-mediated signaling in cell resistance to complement. Neutralization of the CD55 and CD59 but not of CD46 regulatory activity with specific antibodies significantly increases complement-mediated K562 cell lysis. Treatment of K562 cells with a mixture of inhibitory reagents results in a significant additive enhancing effect on complement-mediated lysis of K562. In conclusion, K562 cells resist a complement attack by concomitantly using multiple molecular evasion strategies. Future attempts in antibody-based tumor therapy should include strategies to interfere with those resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Jurianz
- Institute of Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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25
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Cocuzzi ET, Bardenstein DS, Stavitsky A, Sundarraj N, Medof ME. Upregulation of DAF (CD55) on orbital fibroblasts by cytokines. Differential effects of TNF-beta and TNF-alpha. Curr Eye Res 2001; 23:86-92. [PMID: 11840345 DOI: 10.1076/ceyr.23.2.86.5478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Decay accelerating factor (DAF) and membrane cofactor protein (MCP) are membrane complement regulators that protect self cells from deposition of autologous C3b on their surfaces. CD59, a third downstream regulator of the cascade, prevents the assembly on self cells of autologous membrane-attack complexes. All three proteins are highly expressed on corneal and conjunctival epithelia, and are present in lower levels on multiple intraocular and adnexal cell types. The purpose of this study was to determine whether, and if so, how DAF, MCP and CD59 expression by ocular and adnexyl cells is modulated by cytokines. METHODS Primary cultures of orbital fibroblasts and corneal epithelial cells were incubated with TNF-alpha, TNF-beta, TGF-beta1, IFN-gamma, MIF or blocking anti-MIF mABs and extracts of the cells quantitated for DAF, MCP and CD59 by two-site immunoradiometric assays. Where inductions occurred, the kinetics of the increases, the effect of combining cytokines, and the effect of protein kinase-C inhibition were studied. RESULTS DAF expression on orbital fibroblasts was upregulated 6.3-, 3.7- and 4.2-fold by TGF-beta1, TNF-beta and IFN-gamma, respectively, but that its expression on corneal epithelial cells was minimally affected. These same (or other) cytokines did not significantly upregulate MCP or CD59. The cytokine-induced upregulation of DAF expression on orbital fibroblasts requires 24 hr for IFN-gamma or 48 hr for TGF-beta1 or TNF-beta, is dependent on new protein synthesis, and does not involve protein kinase-C activation. CONCLUSIONS TGF-beta1-, TNF-beta- and IFN-gamma-mediated upregulation of DAF should serve to prevent complement-mediated injury to orbital fibroblasts in the course of ocular inflammation. The induction by TNF-beta rather than TNF-alpha contrasts with that on all other cell types studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- E T Cocuzzi
- Pathology Department, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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26
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Tumor Cell Expression of CD59 Is Associated With Resistance to CD20 Serotherapy in Patients With B-Cell Malignancies. J Immunother 2001. [DOI: 10.1097/00002371-200105000-00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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27
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Spiller OB, Criado-García O, Rodríguez De Córdoba S, Morgan BP. Cytokine-mediated up-regulation of CD55 and CD59 protects human hepatoma cells from complement attack. Clin Exp Immunol 2000; 121:234-41. [PMID: 10931136 PMCID: PMC1905706 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2000.01305.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic parenchymal cells respond in many different ways to acute-phase cytokines. Some responses may protect against damage by liver-derived inflammatory mediators. Previous investigations have shown that cytokines cause increased secretion by hepatoma cells of soluble complement regulatory proteins, perhaps providing protection from complement attack. More important to cell protection are the membrane complement regulators. Here we examine, using flow cytometry and Northern blotting, the effects of different cytokines, singly or in combination, on expression of membrane-bound complement regulators by a hepatoma cell line. The combination of tumour necrosis factor-alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-6 caused increased expression of CD55 (three-fold) and CD59 (two-fold) and decreased expression of CD46 at day 3 post-exposure. Interferon-gamma reduced expression of CD59 and strongly antagonized the up-regulatory effects on CD59 mediated by the other cytokines. Complement attack on antibody-sensitized hepatoma cells following a 3-day incubation with the optimum combination of acute-phase cytokines revealed increased resistance to complement-mediated lysis and decreased C3b deposition. During the acute-phase response there is an increased hepatic synthesis of the majority of complement effector proteins. Simultaneous up-regulation of expression of CD55 and CD59 may serve to protect hepatocytes from high local concentrations of complement generated during the acute-phase response.
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MESH Headings
- Acute-Phase Reaction/genetics
- Acute-Phase Reaction/immunology
- Antigens, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- CD55 Antigens/biosynthesis
- CD55 Antigens/genetics
- CD59 Antigens/biosynthesis
- CD59 Antigens/genetics
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/immunology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/microbiology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Complement Membrane Attack Complex/antagonists & inhibitors
- Complement System Proteins/immunology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Humans
- Interleukin-1/pharmacology
- Interleukin-6/pharmacology
- Liver Neoplasms/immunology
- Liver Neoplasms/metabolism
- Liver Neoplasms/pathology
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/drug effects
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/immunology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/pharmacology
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- O B Spiller
- Complement Biology Group, Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff, UK.
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28
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Varsano S, Kaminsky M, Kaiser M, Rashkovsky L. Generation of complement C3 and expression of cell membrane complement inhibitory proteins by human bronchial epithelium cell line. Thorax 2000; 55:364-9. [PMID: 10770816 PMCID: PMC1745745 DOI: 10.1136/thorax.55.5.364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The interrelationship between human airway epithelium and complement proteins may affect airway defence, airway function, and airway epithelial integrity. A study was undertaken to determine (1) whether unstimulated human bronchial epithelium generates complement proteins and expresses cell membrane complement inhibitory proteins (CIP) and (2) whether stimulation by proinflammatory cytokines affects the generation of complement and expression of cell membrane CIP by these cells. METHODS Human bronchial epithelium cell line BEAS-2B was cultured in a serum-free medium. Cells were incubated with and without proinflammatory cytokines to assess unstimulated and stimulated generation of complement C3, C1q and C5 (by ELISA), and to examine the expression of cell membrane CIP decay accelerating factor (DAF; CD55), membrane cofactor protein (MCP; CD46), and CD59 (protectin) by flow cytometry analysis. RESULTS Unstimulated human bronchial epithelial cell line BEAS-2B in serum-free medium generates complement C3 (mean 32 ng/10(6) cells/72 h, range 18-52) but not C1q and C5, and expresses cell membrane DAF, MCP, and CD59. Interleukin (IL)-1alpha (100 U/ml/72 h) and tumour necrosis factor (TNF-alpha; 1000 U/ml/72 h) increased generation of C3 up to a mean of 78% and 138%, respectively, above C3 generation by unstimulated cells. DAF was the only cell membrane CIP affected by cytokine stimulation. Interferon (IFN)-gamma (10 U/ml/72 h) and TNF-alpha (1000 U/ml/72 h) increased DAF expression up to a mean of 116% and 45%, respectively, above that in unstimulated cells. MCP and CD59 expression was not consistently affected by IL-1alpha, TNF-alpha, or IFN-gamma. CONCLUSIONS Local generation of complement C3 and expression of cell membrane CIP by human bronchial epithelium and its modulation by proinflammatory cytokines might be an additional regulatory mechanism of local airway defence and may affect airway function and epithelial integrity in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Varsano
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Laboratory of Respiratory Cell Biology, Sapir Medical Center, Meir General Hospital Kfar-Sava 44281 and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
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29
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Shafren DR, Gardner J, Mann VH, Antalis TM, Suhrbier A. Picornavirus receptor down-regulation by plasminogen activator inhibitor type 2. J Virol 1999; 73:7193-8. [PMID: 10438806 PMCID: PMC104243 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.73.9.7193-7198.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic interference with virus-cell surface receptor interactions represents a viable antiviral strategy. Here we demonstrate that cytoplasmic expression of the serine protease inhibitor (serpin), plasminogen activator inhibitor type 2 (PAI-2), affords a high level of protection from lytic infection by multiple human picornaviruses. The antiviral action of PAI-2 was mediated primarily through transcriptional down-regulation of the following virus receptors: intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1, a cellular receptor for the major group of rhinoviruses), decay-accelerating factor (a cellular receptor for echoviruses and coxsackieviruses), and to a lesser extent the coxsackie-adenovirus receptor protein (a cellular receptor for group B coxsackieviruses and group C adenoviruses). Expression of related cell surface receptors, including membrane cofactor protein and the poliovirus receptor, remained unaffected. These findings suggest that PAI-2 and/or related serpins may form the basis of novel antiviral strategies against picornavirus infections and also therapeutic interventions against ICAM-1-mediated respiratory inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Shafren
- Picornaviral Research Unit, Discipline of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales 2300, Australia.
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