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Miller E, Beckett EM, Cheatham D, Comerford CE, Lewis RC, Krevanko C, Mandava N, Pierce JS. A review of the mesotheliogenic potency of cleavage fragments found in talc. Toxicol Ind Health 2024; 40:398-424. [PMID: 38619498 DOI: 10.1177/07482337241246924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
It has long been recognized that amphibole minerals, such as cleavage fragments of tremolite and anthophyllite, may exist in some talc deposits. We reviewed the current state of the science regarding the factors influencing mesotheliogenic potency of cleavage fragments, with emphasis on those that may co-occur in talc deposits, including dimensional and structural characteristics, animal toxicology, and the most well-studied cohort exposed to talc-associated cleavage fragments. Based on our review, multiple lines of scientific evidence demonstrate that inhaled cleavage fragments associated with talc do not pose a mesothelioma hazard.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Miller
- Benchmark Risk Group, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | | | | | | | - R C Lewis
- Benchmark Risk Group, Oakland, CA, USA
| | | | - N Mandava
- Benchmark Risk Group, Denver, CO, USA
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Paris C, Do P, Mastroianni B, Dixmier A, Dumont P, Pichon E, Chouaid C, Coudert B, Foucher P, Fraboulet S, Locatelli-Sanchez M, Baize N, Dansin E, Moreau L, Vincent M, Missy P, Morin F, Moro-Sibilot D, Couraud S. Association between lung cancer somatic mutations and occupational exposure in never-smokers. Eur Respir J 2017; 50:50/4/1700716. [PMID: 29074543 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00716-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Occupational exposure constitutes a common risk factor for lung cancer. We observed molecular alterations in 73% of never-smokers, 35% of men and 8% of women were exposed to at least one occupational carcinogen. We report herein associations between molecular patterns and occupational exposure.BioCAST was a cohort study of lung cancer in never-smokers that reported risk factor exposure and molecular patterns. Occupational exposure was assessed via a validated 71-item questionnaire. Patients were categorised into groups that were unexposed and exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), asbestos, silica, diesel exhaust fumes (DEF), chrome and paints. Test results were recorded for EGFR, KRAS, HER2, BRAF and PIK3 mutations, and ALK alterations.Overall, 313 out of 384 patients included in BioCAST were analysed. Asbestos-exposed patients displayed a significantly lower rate of EGFR mutations (20% versus 44%, p=0.033), and a higher rate of HER2 mutations (18% versus 4%, p=0.084). ALK alterations were not associated with any occupational carcinogens. The DEF-exposed patients were diagnosed with a BRAF mutation in 25% of all cases. Chrome-exposed patients exhibited enhanced HER2 and PIK3 mutation frequency.Given its minimal effects in the subgroups, we conclude that occupational exposure slightly affects the molecular pattern of lung cancers in never-smokers. In particular, asbestos-exposed patients have a lower chance of EGFR mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Paris
- Equipe ESTER, centre INSERM U1085 IRSET, Rennes, France.,Service de maladies professionnelles, Hôpital Pontchaillou, CHU de Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Pascal Do
- UCP d'oncologie thoracique, Centre de lutte contre le cancer François Baclesse, Caen, France
| | - Bénédicte Mastroianni
- Service de pneumologie, Institut de cancérologie des Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Louis Pradel, Bron, France
| | - Adrien Dixmier
- Service de pneumologie et oncologie thoracique, Centre hospitalier régional d'Orléans, Orléans, France
| | - Patrick Dumont
- Service de pneumologie, Centre Hospitalier de Chauny, Chauny, France
| | - Eric Pichon
- Service de pneumologie, CHRU de Tours, Hôpital Bretonneau, Tours, France
| | - Christos Chouaid
- OncoThoParisEst, Service de pneumologie, CHI Créteil, UPEC, Créteil, France
| | - Bruno Coudert
- Oncologie Médicale, Centre GF Leclerc, Dijon, France
| | - Pascal Foucher
- Fédération d'Oncologie Thoracique, CHU Dijon-Bourgogne, Hôpital du Bocage, Dijon, France
| | | | - Myriam Locatelli-Sanchez
- Service de pneumologie aiguë spécialisée et cancérologie thoracique, Institut de cancérologie des Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Lyon Sud, Pierre Bénite, France
| | - Nathalie Baize
- Unité Transversale de Thérapeutiques Innovantes en Oncologie Médicale (UTTIOM), CHU d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Eric Dansin
- Département de Cancérologie Générale, Centre Oscar Lambret, Lille, France
| | | | - Michel Vincent
- Service de pneumologie et cancérologie thoracique Centre Hospitalier Saint Joseph et Saint Luc, Lyon, France.,Minapath Développement Insavalor, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Pascale Missy
- Intergroupe Francophone de Cancérologie Thoracique (IFCT), Paris, France
| | - Franck Morin
- Intergroupe Francophone de Cancérologie Thoracique (IFCT), Paris, France
| | - Denis Moro-Sibilot
- Intergroupe Francophone de Cancérologie Thoracique (IFCT), Paris, France.,Clinique de pneumologie et oncologie thoracique, CHU Grenoble-Alpes, La Tronche, France
| | - Sébastien Couraud
- Service de pneumologie aiguë spécialisée et cancérologie thoracique, Institut de cancérologie des Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Lyon Sud, Pierre Bénite, France .,EMR 3738 Ciblage thérapeutique en oncologie, Faculté de médecine Lyon Sud, Université Lyon 1, Oullins, France
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MacLeod JS, Harris MA, Tjepkema M, Peters PA, Demers PA. Cancer Risks among Welders and Occasional Welders in a National Population-Based Cohort Study: Canadian Census Health and Environmental Cohort. Saf Health Work 2017; 8:258-266. [PMID: 28951802 PMCID: PMC5605892 DOI: 10.1016/j.shaw.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Welders are exposed to many known and suspected carcinogens. An excess lung cancer risk among welders is well established, but whether this is attributable to welding fumes is unclear. Excess risks of other cancers have been suggested, but not established. We investigated welding cancer risks in the population-based Canadian Census Health and Environmental Cohort. METHODS Among 1.1 million male workers, 12,845 welders were identified using Standard Occupational Classification codes and followed through retrospective linkage of 1991 Canadian Long Form Census and Canadian Cancer Registry (1992-2010) records. Hazard ratios (HRs) were calculated using Cox proportional hazards models based on estimated risks of lung cancer, mesothelioma, and nasal, brain, stomach, kidney, and bladder cancers, and ocular melanoma. Lung cancer histological subtypes and risks by industry group and for occasional welders were examined. Some analyses restricted comparisons to blue-collar workers to minimize effects of potential confounders. RESULTS Among welders, elevated risks were observed for lung cancer [HR: 1.16, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.03-1.31], mesothelioma (HR: 1.78, 95% CI: 1.01-3.18), bladder cancer (HR: 1.40, 95% CI: 1.15-1.70), and kidney cancer (HR: 1.30, 95% CI: 1.01-1.67). When restricted to blue-collar workers, lung cancer and mesothelioma risks were attenuated, while bladder and kidney cancer risks increased. CONCLUSION Excess risks of lung cancer and mesothelioma may be partly attributable to factors including smoking and asbestos. Welding-specific exposures may increase bladder and kidney cancer risks, and particular sources of exposure should be investigated. Studies that are able to disentangle welding effects from smoking and asbestos exposure are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill S. MacLeod
- Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Prevention and Cancer Control, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - M. Anne Harris
- Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Prevention and Cancer Control, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- School of Occupational and Public Health, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Tjepkema
- Health Analysis Division, Statistics Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul A. Peters
- Departments of Sociology and Economics, University of New Brunswick Fredericton Campus, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Paul A. Demers
- Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Prevention and Cancer Control, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- CAREX Canada, Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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Morimoto Y, Izumi H, Kuroda E. Significance of persistent inflammation in respiratory disorders induced by nanoparticles. J Immunol Res 2014; 2014:962871. [PMID: 25097864 PMCID: PMC4109676 DOI: 10.1155/2014/962871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary inflammation, especially persistent inflammation, has been found to play a key role in respiratory disorders induced by nanoparticles in animal models. In inhalation studies and instillation studies of nanomaterials, persistent inflammation is composed of neutrophils and alveolar macrophages, and its pathogenesis is related to chemokines such as the cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC) family and macrophage inflammatory protein-1α and oxidant stress-related genes such as heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). DNA damages occur chemically or physically by nanomaterials. Chemical and physical damage are associated with point mutation by free radicals and double strand brake, respectively. The failure of DNA repair and accumulation of mutations might occur when inflammation is prolonged, and finally normal cells could become malignant. These free radicals can not only damage cells but also induce signaling molecules containing immunoreaction. Nanoparticles and asbestos also induce the production of free radicals. In allergic responses, nanoparticles act as Th2 adjuvants to activate Th2 immune responses such as activation of eosinophil and induction of IgE. Taken together, the presence of persistent inflammation may contribute to the pathogenesis of a variety of diseases induced by nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Morimoto
- Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan
| | - Hiroto Izumi
- Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan
| | - Etsushi Kuroda
- Laboratory of Vaccine Science, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Japan
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Inamura K, Ninomiya H, Nomura K, Tsuchiya E, Satoh Y, Okumura S, Nakagawa K, Takata A, Kohyama N, Ishikawa Y. Combined effects of asbestos and cigarette smoke on the development of lung adenocarcinoma: different carcinogens may cause different genomic changes. Oncol Rep 2014; 32:475-82. [PMID: 24926563 PMCID: PMC4091886 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The carcinogens in cigarette smoke are distinct from asbestos. However, an understanding of their differential effects on lung adenocarcinoma development remains elusive. We investigated loss of heterozygosity (LOH) and the p53 mutation in 132 lung adenocarcinomas, for which asbestos body burden (AB; in numbers per gram of dry lung) was measured using adjacent normal lung. All cases were classified into 9 groups based on a matrix of cumulative smoking (CS in pack‑years; CS=0, 0<CS<25, ≥25 CS) and AB (AB=0, 0<AB<1,000, ≥1,000 AB). AB=0 indicates a lower level than the detection limit of ~100. LOH frequency increased only slightly with the elevation of CS in the AB=0 groups. In the AB>0 groups, LOH frequency increased as AB and/or CS was elevated and was significantly higher in the ≥1,000 AB, ≥25 CS group (p=0.032). p53 mutation frequency was the lowest in the AB=0, CS=0 group, increased as AB and/or CS rose, and was significantly higher in the ≥1,000 AB, ≥25 CS group (p=0.039). p53 mutations characteristic of smoking were frequently observed in the CS>0 groups contrary to non-specific mutations in the CS=0, AB>0 groups. Combined effects of asbestos and smoking were suggested by LOH and p53 analyses. Sole exposure to asbestos did not increase LOH frequency but increased non‑specific p53 mutations. These findings indicate that the major carcinogenic mechanism of asbestos may be tumor promotion, acting in an additive or synergistic manner, contributing to the genotoxic effect of smoking. Since this study was based on a general cancer center's experience, the limited sample size did not permit the consideration that the result was conclusive. Further investigation with a large sample size is needed to establish the mechanism of asbestos-induced lung carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Inamura
- Division of Pathology, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research (JFCR), Koto-ku, Tokyo 135‑8550, Japan
| | - Hironori Ninomiya
- Division of Pathology, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research (JFCR), Koto-ku, Tokyo 135‑8550, Japan
| | - Kimie Nomura
- Division of Pathology, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research (JFCR), Koto-ku, Tokyo 135‑8550, Japan
| | - Eiju Tsuchiya
- Division of Pathology, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research (JFCR), Koto-ku, Tokyo 135‑8550, Japan
| | - Yukitoshi Satoh
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 228‑8555, Japan
| | - Sakae Okumura
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Cancer Institute Hospital, JFCR, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135‑8550, Japan
| | - Ken Nakagawa
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Cancer Institute Hospital, JFCR, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135‑8550, Japan
| | - Ayako Takata
- Department of Preventive Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 216-8511, Japan
| | - Norihiko Kohyama
- Faculty of Economics, Toyo University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 12-8608, Japan
| | - Yuichi Ishikawa
- Division of Pathology, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research (JFCR), Koto-ku, Tokyo 135‑8550, Japan
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Raparia K, Villa C, DeCamp MM, Patel JD, Mehta MP. Molecular profiling in non-small cell lung cancer: a step toward personalized medicine. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2013; 137:481-91. [PMID: 23544937 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2012-0287-ra] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Lung carcinoma is the result of sequential accumulation of genetic and epigenetic changes. Lung adenocarcinoma is a heterogeneous disease with diverse somatic mutations, and several of them include the so-called driver mutations, which may serve as "druggable" therapeutic targets. Thus, development of personalized approaches for the treatment of non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) mandates that pathologists make a precise histologic classification inclusive of routine molecular analysis of such tumors. OBJECTIVE To address the molecular mechanisms underlying NSCLC and how this knowledge reflects the multidisciplinary approach in the diagnosis and management of these patients. We will also summarize the current available and investigational personalized therapies for patients with resectable early-stage, unresectable locally advanced, and metastatic NSCLC. DATA SOURCES Peer-reviewed published literature and personal experience. CONCLUSIONS There are multiple mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of lung cancer, which operate in parallel and involve pathways of activation and inhibition of various cellular events. Further research is essential to characterize the histologic and mutational profiles of lung carcinomas, which will ultimately translate into improved and more personalized therapeutic management of patients with lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirtee Raparia
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA.
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7
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Andujar P, Pairon JC, Renier A, Descatha A, Hysi I, Abd-Alsamad I, Billon-Galland MA, Blons H, Clin B, Danel C, Debrosse D, Galateau-Sallé F, Housset B, Laurent-Puig P, Le Pimpec-Barthes F, Letourneux M, Monnet I, Régnard JF, Validire P, Zucman-Rossi J, Jaurand MC, Jean D. Differential mutation profiles and similar intronic TP53 polymorphisms in asbestos-related lung cancer and pleural mesothelioma. Mutagenesis 2013; 28:323-331. [DOI: 10.1093/mutage/get008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
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Hubaux R, Becker-Santos DD, Enfield KSS, Lam S, Lam WL, Martinez VD. Arsenic, asbestos and radon: emerging players in lung tumorigenesis. Environ Health 2012; 11:89. [PMID: 23173984 PMCID: PMC3534001 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-11-89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The cause of lung cancer is generally attributed to tobacco smoking. However lung cancer in never smokers accounts for 10 to 25% of all lung cancer cases. Arsenic, asbestos and radon are three prominent non-tobacco carcinogens strongly associated with lung cancer. Exposure to these agents can lead to genetic and epigenetic alterations in tumor genomes, impacting genes and pathways involved in lung cancer development. Moreover, these agents not only exhibit unique mechanisms in causing genomic alterations, but also exert deleterious effects through common mechanisms, such as oxidative stress, commonly associated with carcinogenesis. This article provides a comprehensive review of arsenic, asbestos, and radon induced molecular mechanisms responsible for the generation of genetic and epigenetic alterations in lung cancer. A better understanding of the mode of action of these carcinogens will facilitate the prevention and management of lung cancer related to such environmental hazards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Hubaux
- British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | | | - Katey SS Enfield
- British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Stephen Lam
- British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Wan L Lam
- British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Victor D Martinez
- British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada
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Finley BL, Pierce JS, Paustenbach DJ, Scott LL, Lievense L, Scott PK, Galbraith DA. Malignant pleural mesothelioma in US automotive mechanics: Reported vs expected number of cases from 1975 to 2007. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2012; 64:104-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2012.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2012] [Revised: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Saha SP, Bhalla DK, Whayne TF, Gairola C. Cigarette smoke and adverse health effects: An overview of research trends and future needs. Int J Angiol 2012; 16:77-83. [PMID: 22477297 DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1278254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
A large volume of data has accumulated on the issues of tobacco and health worldwide. The relationship between tobacco use and health stems initially from clinical observations about lung cancer, the first disease definitively linked to tobacco use. Almost 35 years ago, the Office of the Surgeon General of the United States Health Service reviewed over 7000 research papers on the topic of smoking and health, and publicly recognized the role of smoking in various diseases, including lung cancer. Since then, numerous studies have been published that substantiate the strong association of tobacco use with a variety of adverse human health effects, most prominently with cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Cigarette smoking is regarded as a major risk factor in the development of lung cancer, which is the main cause of cancer deaths in men and women in the United States and the world. Major advances have been made by applying modern genetic technologies to examine the relationship between exposure to tobacco smoke and the development of diseases in human populations. The present review summarizes the major research areas of the past decade, important advances, future research needs and federal funding trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibu P Saha
- Gill Heart Institute, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
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11
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Scesnaite A, Jarmalaite S, Mutanen P, Anttila S, Nyberg F, Benhamou S, Boffetta P, Husgafvel-Pursiainen K. Similar DNA methylation pattern in lung tumours from smokers and never-smokers with second-hand tobacco smoke exposure. Mutagenesis 2012; 27:423-9. [PMID: 22217548 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/ger092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tobacco smoke causes lung cancer in smokers and in never-smokers exposed to second-hand tobacco smoke (SHS). Nonetheless, molecular mechanisms of lung cancer in SHS-exposed never-smokers are still elusive. We studied lung cancers from current smokers (n = 109), former smokers (n = 56) and never-smokers (n = 47) for promoter hypermethylation of five tumour suppressor genes--p16, RARB, RASSF1, MGMT and DAPK1--using methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction. Lung tumours from ever-smokers suggested an increased risk of p16 hypermethylation as compared to never-smokers (P = 0.073), with former smokers having the highest frequency of p16 hypermethylation (P = 0.044 versus current smokers and P = 0.009 versus never-smokers). In the never-smoking group, p16 hypermethylation was seen in lung tumours from SHS-exposed individuals (4/33; 12%) but in none of the non-exposed individuals (0/9). The overall occurrence of hypermethylation (measured both as methylation index and as number of genes affected) was similar in those ever exposed to tobacco smoke (smokers, SHS-exposed never-smokers) and differed from non-exposed never-smokers. In multivariate analysis, p16 hypermethylation was more prevalent in lung tumours from male than female patients (P = 0.018) and in squamous cell carcinomas than in adenocarcinomas (P = 0.025). Occurrence of TP53 mutation in the tumour was associated with hypermethylation of at least one gene (P = 0.027). In all, our data suggest that promoter hypermethylation pattern in SHS-exposed never-smokers resembles that observed in smokers. Association between TP53 mutation, a hallmark of smokers' lung cancer, and methylation of one or more of the lung cancer-related genes studied, provides further evidence for common tobacco smoke-related origin for both types of molecular alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asta Scesnaite
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Vilnius University, Ciurlionio 21, LT03101 Vilnius, Lithuania
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Nymark P, Guled M, Borze I, Faisal A, Lahti L, Salmenkivi K, Kettunen E, Anttila S, Knuutila S. Integrative analysis of microRNA, mRNA and aCGH data reveals asbestos- and histology-related changes in lung cancer. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2011; 50:585-97. [PMID: 21563230 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer has the highest mortality rate of all of the cancers in the world and asbestos-related lung cancer is one of the leading occupational cancers. The identification of asbestos-related molecular changes has long been a topic of increasing research interest. The aim of this study was to identify novel asbestos-related molecular correlates by integrating miRNA expression profiling with previously obtained profiling data (aCGH and mRNA expression) from the same patient material. miRNA profiling was performed on 26 tumor and corresponding normal lung tissue samples from highly asbestos-exposed and non-exposed patients, and on eight control lung tissue samples. Data analyses on miRNA expression, and integration of miRNA and previously obtained mRNA data were performed using Chipster. A separate analysis was used to integrate miRNA and previously obtained aCGH data. Both known and new lung cancer-associated miRNAs and target genes with inverse correlation were discovered. Furthermore, DNA copy number alterations (e.g., gain at 12p13.31) were correlated with the deregulated miRNAs. Specifically, thirteen novel asbestos-related miRNAs (over-expressed: miR-148b, miR-374a, miR-24-1*, Let-7d, Let-7e, miR-199b-5p, miR-331-3p, and miR-96 and under-expressed: miR-939, miR-671-5p, miR-605, miR-1224-5p and miR-202) and inversely correlated target genes (e.g., GADD45A, LTBP1, FOSB, NCALD, CACNA2D2, MTSS1, EPB41L3) were identified. In addition, over-expression of the well known squamous cell carcinoma-associated miR-205 was linked to down-regulation of the DOK4 gene. The miRNAs/genes presented here may represent interesting targets for further investigation and could eventually have potential diagnostic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penny Nymark
- Department of Pathology, Haartman Institute and HUSLAB, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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Mossman BT, Lippmann M, Hesterberg TW, Kelsey KT, Barchowsky A, Bonner JC. Pulmonary endpoints (lung carcinomas and asbestosis) following inhalation exposure to asbestos. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2011; 14:76-121. [PMID: 21534086 PMCID: PMC3118517 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2011.556047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Lung carcinomas and pulmonary fibrosis (asbestosis) occur in asbestos workers. Understanding the pathogenesis of these diseases is complicated because of potential confounding factors, such as smoking, which is not a risk factor in mesothelioma. The modes of action (MOA) of various types of asbestos in the development of lung cancers, asbestosis, and mesotheliomas appear to be different. Moreover, asbestos fibers may act differentially at various stages of these diseases, and have different potencies as compared to other naturally occurring and synthetic fibers. This literature review describes patterns of deposition and retention of various types of asbestos and other fibers after inhalation, methods of translocation within the lung, and dissolution of various fiber types in lung compartments and cells in vitro. Comprehensive dose-response studies at fiber concentrations inhaled by humans as well as bivariate size distributions (lengths and widths), types, and sources of fibers are rarely defined in published studies and are needed. Species-specific responses may occur. Mechanistic studies have some of these limitations, but have suggested that changes in gene expression (either fiber-catalyzed directly or by cell elaboration of oxidants), epigenetic changes, and receptor-mediated or other intracellular signaling cascades may play roles in various stages of the development of lung cancers or asbestosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke T Mossman
- Department of Pathology, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA.
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Huang SXL, Jaurand MC, Kamp DW, Whysner J, Hei TK. Role of mutagenicity in asbestos fiber-induced carcinogenicity and other diseases. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2011; 14:179-245. [PMID: 21534089 PMCID: PMC3118525 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2011.556051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The cellular and molecular mechanisms of how asbestos fibers induce cancers and other diseases are not well understood. Both serpentine and amphibole asbestos fibers have been shown to induce oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, cellular toxicity and tissue injuries, genetic changes, and epigenetic alterations in target cells in vitro and tissues in vivo. Most of these mechanisms are believe to be shared by both fiber-induced cancers and noncancerous diseases. This article summarizes the findings from existing literature with a focus on genetic changes, specifically, mutagenicity of asbestos fibers. Thus far, experimental evidence suggesting the involvement of mutagenesis in asbestos carcinogenicity is more convincing than asbestos-induced fibrotic diseases. The potential contributions of mutagenicity to asbestos-induced diseases, with an emphasis on carcinogenicity, are reviewed from five aspects: (1) whether there is a mutagenic mode of action (MOA) in fiber-induced carcinogenesis; (2) mutagenicity/carcinogenicity at low dose; (3) biological activities that contribute to mutagenicity and impact of target tissue/cell type; (4) health endpoints with or without mutagenicity as a key event; and finally, (5) determinant factors of toxicity in mutagenicity. At the end of this review, a consensus statement of what is known, what is believed to be factual but requires confirmation, and existing data gaps, as well as future research needs and directions, is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah X. L. Huang
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Marie-Claude Jaurand
- INSERM (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale), Paris, France
| | - David W. Kamp
- Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - John Whysner
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Tom K. Hei
- Address correspondence to Tom K. Hei, Center for Radiological Research, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University. 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA. E-mail:
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Ray M, Salgia R, Vokes EE. The role of EGFR inhibition in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer. Oncologist 2009; 14:1116-30. [PMID: 19892771 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2009-0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of certain molecular mechanisms underlying lung carcinogenesis and progression has led to the development of targeted agents against different families of growth factors and receptors. The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is one such target for therapeutic exploitation. Inhibition of EGFR downstream signaling can be accomplished through two primary mechanisms: (a) the direct blocking of intracellular kinase activity with small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) (e.g., gefitinib, erlotinib) and (b) the blocking of EGFR ligand binding using antibodies directed against the extracellular domain of the receptor (e.g., cetuximab). Resistance to available EGFR-targeted treatments has emerged as a substantial clinical issue in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Several novel agents with the potential to overcome such resistance are currently in clinical development, including irreversible EGFR TKIs, monoclonal antibodies, and TKIs directed against multiple signaling pathways. Here we discuss the clinical application of the currently available EGFR-targeted agents in NSCLC, the underlying mechanisms of resistance, and the novel agents in clinical development that may overcome resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandira Ray
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Section of Hematology/Oncology and Cancer Center, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.
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16
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Nymark P, Wikman H, Hienonen-Kempas T, Anttila S. Molecular and genetic changes in asbestos-related lung cancer. Cancer Lett 2008; 265:1-15. [PMID: 18364247 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2007] [Revised: 02/15/2008] [Accepted: 02/19/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Asbestos-exposure is associated with an increased risk of lung cancer, one of the leading causes of cancer deaths worldwide. Asbestos is known to induce DNA and chromosomal damage as well as aberrations in signalling pathways, such as the MAPK and NF-kappaB cascades, crucial for cellular homeostasis. The alterations result from both indirect effects through e.g. reactive oxygen/nitrogen species and direct mechanical disturbances of cellular constituents. This review describes the current knowledge on genomic and pathway aberrations characterizing asbestos-related lung cancer. Specific asbestos-associated molecular signatures can assist the development of early biomarkers, molecular diagnosis, and molecular targeted treatments for asbestos-exposed lung cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penny Nymark
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 00250 Helsinki, Finland.
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17
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Aviel-Ronen S, Blackhall FH, Shepherd FA, Tsao MS. K-ras mutations in non-small-cell lung carcinoma: a review. Clin Lung Cancer 2006; 8:30-8. [PMID: 16870043 DOI: 10.3816/clc.2006.n.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The Ras proteins are pivotal regulators of cellular proliferation, differentiation, motility, and apoptosis. Mutations on the K-ras gene have been found in 20%-30% of non-small-cell lung cancers and are believed to play a key role in this malignancy. Herein, we review the complex biochemical mechanisms through which K-ras exerts its cellular effects and the results from studies designed to evaluate the clinical importance of K-ras in patients with lung cancer. Since the demonstration of K-ras mutation as a negative prognostic marker 2 decades ago, 8 studies have supported this finding, but an equal number have failed to confirm this. There are also conflicting data for K-ras as a predictor of resistance to chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Progress has been hampered by relatively small studies, different methods of molecular analysis, and heterogeneity in histologic subtypes, stage, treatment administered, and survival criteria used. However, recent findings among patients treated with adjuvant chemotherapy or epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors highlight that K-ras might yet be an important biomarker for non-small-cell lung cancer and worthy of further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarit Aviel-Ronen
- Department of Pathology, University Health Network, Princess Margaret Hospital, and Ontario Cancer Institute, University of Toronto, Canada
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18
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Holmila R, Husgafvel-Pursiainen K. Analysis of TP53 gene mutations in human lung cancer: Comparison of capillary electrophoresis single strand conformation polymorphism assay with denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and direct sequencing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 30:1-6. [PMID: 16458448 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdp.2005.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Automated capillary electrophoresis single strand conformation polymorphism (CE-SSCP), denaturant gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), and direct sequencing were compared to investigate the benefits and sensitivity of each of the methods for detection of unknown TP53 mutations in human lung cancer. METHODS Twenty previously analyzed DNA samples from lung tumors were examined under dummy laboratory codes for occurrence of mutations of the TP53 gene. RESULTS Mutations were found in 17 samples; 15 (88%) of them were detected by DGGE, 16 (94%) by CE-SSCP and 12 (71%) by direct sequencing. One of the two mutations that remained undetected in DGGE was in fact outside the sequence area covered by DGGE screening, thus rendering DGGE and CE-SSCP equally efficient in mutation detection. Direct sequencing performed less well in finding mutations than the two other assays, as also shown previously. CONCLUSION The study showed that CE-SSCP is a fast and highly reproducible method, which is considerably less laborious compared to DGGE, for screening of unknown TP53 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reetta Holmila
- Department of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, FI-00250 Helsinki, Finland
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19
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Henderson DW, Rödelsperger K, Woitowitz HJ, Leigh J. After Helsinki: a multidisciplinary review of the relationship between asbestos exposure and lung cancer, with emphasis on studies published during 1997-2004. Pathology 2005; 36:517-50. [PMID: 15841689 DOI: 10.1080/00313020400010955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Despite an extensive literature, the relationship between asbestos exposure and lung cancer remains the subject of controversy, related to the fact that most asbestos-associated lung cancers occur in those who are also cigarette smokers: because smoking represents the strongest identifiable lung cancer risk factor among many others, and lung cancer is not uncommon across industrialised societies, analysis of the combined (synergistic) effects of smoking and asbestos on lung cancer risk is a more complex exercise than the relationship between asbestos inhalation and mesothelioma. As a follow-on from previous reviews of prevailing evidence, this review critically evaluates more recent studies on this relationship--concentrating on those published between 1997 and 2004--including lung cancer to mesothelioma ratios, the interactive effects of cigarette smoke and asbestos in combination, and the cumulative exposure model for lung cancer induction as set forth in The Helsinki Criteria and The AWARD Criteria (as opposed to the asbestosis-->cancer model), together with discussion of differential genetic susceptibility/resistance factors for lung carcinogenesis by both cigarette smoke and asbestos. The authors conclude that: (i) the prevailing evidence strongly supports the cumulative exposure model; (ii) the criteria for probabilistic attribution of lung cancer to mixed asbestos exposures as a consequence of the production and end-use of asbestos-containing products such as insulation and asbestos-cement building materials--as embodied in The Helsinki and AWARD Criteria--conform to, and are further consolidated by, the new evidence discussed in this review; (iii) different attribution criteria (e.g., greater cumulative exposures) are appropriate for chrysotile mining/milling and perhaps for other chrysotile-only exposures, such as friction products manufacture, than for amphibole-only exposures or mixed asbestos exposures; and (iv) emerging evidence on genetic susceptibility/resistance factors for lung cancer risk as a consequence of cigarette smoking, and potentially also asbestos exposure, suggests that genotypic variation may represent an additional confounding factor potentially affecting the strength of association and hence the probability of causal contribution in the individual subject, but at present there is insufficient evidence to draw any meaningful conclusions concerning variation in asbestos-mediated lung cancer risk relative to such resistance/susceptibility factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas W Henderson
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Flinders University and Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, Adelaide, South Australia.
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20
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Husgafvel-Pursiainen K. Genotoxicity of environmental tobacco smoke: a review. Mutat Res 2005; 567:427-45. [PMID: 15572289 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2004.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2004] [Revised: 05/27/2004] [Accepted: 06/09/2004] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), or second-hand smoke, is a widespread contaminant of indoor air in environments where smoking is not prohibited. It is a significant source of exposure to a large number of substances known to be hazardous to human health. Numerous expert panels have concluded that there is sufficient evidence to classify involuntary smoking (or passive smoking) as carcinogenic to humans. According to the recent evaluation by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, involuntary smoking causes lung cancer in never-smokers with an excess risk in the order of 20% for women and 30% for men. The present paper reviews studies on genotoxicity and related endpoints carried out on ETS since the mid-1980s. The evidence from in vitro studies demonstrates induction of DNA strand breaks, formation of DNA adducts, mutagenicity in bacterial assays and cytogenetic effects. In vivo experiments in rodents have shown that exposure to tobacco smoke, whole-body exposure to mainstream smoke (MS), sidestream smoke (SS), or their mixture, causes DNA single strand breaks, aromatic adducts and oxidative damage to DNA, chromosome aberrations and micronuclei. Genotoxicity of transplacental exposure to ETS has also been reported. Review of human biomarker studies conducted among non-smokers with involuntary exposure to tobacco smoke indicates presence of DNA adducts, urinary metabolites of carcinogens, urinary mutagenicity, SCEs and hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) gene mutations (in newborns exposed through involuntary smoking of the mother). Studies on human lung cancer from smokers and never-smokers involuntarily exposed to tobacco smoke suggest occurrence of similar kinds of genetic alterations in both groups. In conclusion, these overwhelming data are compatible with the current knowledge on the mechanisms of carcinogenesis of tobacco-related cancers, occurring not only in smokers but with a high biological plausibility also in involuntary smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsti Husgafvel-Pursiainen
- Department of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland.
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21
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Saarikoski ST, Suitiala T, Holmila R, Impivaara O, Järvisalo J, Hirvonen A, Husgafvel-Pursiainen K. Identification of genetic polymorphisms of CYP2S1 in a Finnish Caucasian population. Mutat Res 2004; 554:267-77. [PMID: 15450424 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2004.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2004] [Revised: 05/04/2004] [Accepted: 05/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
CYP2S1 is a recently discovered member of the cytochrome P450 (CYP) gene superfamily. Interestingly, even though the DNA sequence identifies it as the sole member of the new CYP2S family, CYP2S1 exhibits many features typical to CYP1 family members, e.g. dioxin-inducibility mediated by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) and the aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator (ARNT). In addition, CYP2S1 metabolises some aromatic hydrocarbons as well as cellular substances. These characteristics, together with a wide extrahepatic tissue distribution, suggest that CYP2S1 may have an important role in both exogenous and endogenous metabolism. This is the first study characterising CYP2S1 alleles and naming them with the recommended CYP allele nomenclature. We used denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and direct sequencing to investigate genetic variation of CYP2S1 in 100 male Finnish Caucasians. Those exons in which variation was found were examined in subsequent 100 subjects. The coding region of all of the nine exons, as well as a 449 bp fragment of the proximal promoter region, was analysed. This systematic investigation revealed eight single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), which comprise nine different variant alleles (haplotypes), in addition to the wild-type allele. Seven of the SNPs occurred in the protein-coding areas and one in the proximal 3' untranslated region (3'UTR). Two of these sequence variations (10347C > T and 13106C > T) result in non-conservative amino acid substitutions, i.e. Arg380Cys and Pro466Leu, respectively. The respective allelic variants, CYP2S1*2 ([10347C > T]) and CYP2S1*3 (13106C > T; 13255A > G]), occurred in our study population at frequencies of 0.50 and 3.75%, respectively. The most common of the variant alleles was CYP2S1*1H (23.8%), harbouring a 13255A > G substitution located in the 3'UTR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirkku T Saarikoski
- Department of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki FI-00250.
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22
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Jarmalaite S, Kannio A, Anttila S, Lazutka JR, Husgafvel-Pursiainen K. Aberrant p16 promoter methylation in smokers and former smokers with nonsmall cell lung cancer. Int J Cancer 2003; 106:913-8. [PMID: 12918069 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.11322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Hypermethylation of cytosines in CpG-rich islands of the promoter regions of regulatory genes has been discovered as a common mechanism of gene silencing during carcinogenesis. We analysed 64 primary lung carcinomas for promoter methylation of the tumour suppressor genes (TSGs) p16 (p16(INK4a)/CDKN2A) and p14 (p14(ARF)) by methylation-specific PCR, in order to evaluate aberrant methylation as a potential biomarker for epigenetic alterations in tobacco-related lung cancer. Methylation of p16 was observed in 34% (22/64) of the lung tumours examined. In particular, p16 methylation occurred in nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) only, with 41 % (22/54) of the tumours being positive. The highest frequency was found in large cell carcinoma (5/7, 71%), followed by adenocarcinoma (9/25, 36%) and squamous cell carcinoma (7/21, 33%). Methylation of the p14 gene was less frequent in lung cancer (4/52, 8%). When association with tobacco smoking was analysed, 42% (21/50) of NSCLC from ever smokers exhibited p16 methylation. Interestingly, the analysis revealed a significantly higher risk of p16 methylation in former smokers as compared to current smokers [odds ratio (OR) 5.1; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.3-22]. The difference was retained after adjustment for age (OR 3.7; 95% CI 0.9-17). The promoter methylation results were then combined with data on genetic alterations determined previously in the same set of tumours. This data similarly showed that p16 methylation in parallel with p53 gene mutation or p14 methylation occurred more frequently in former smokers than in current smokers (44% vs. 14%; P = 0.035). Taken together, our data suggest that analysis of promoter methylation in TSGs may provide a valuable biomarker for identification of groups with an elevated risk of cancer, such as smokers and ex-smokers.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Biomarkers, Tumor/analysis
- Carcinoma, Adenosquamous/etiology
- Carcinoma, Adenosquamous/genetics
- Carcinoma, Large Cell/etiology
- Carcinoma, Large Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/etiology
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/genetics
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/etiology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/genetics
- CpG Islands
- DNA Methylation
- DNA Primers/chemistry
- DNA, Neoplasm/blood
- DNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- DNA, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Silencing
- Genes, p16
- Genes, ras/physiology
- Humans
- Lung Neoplasms/etiology
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Smoking/adverse effects
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p14ARF/genetics
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonata Jarmalaite
- Department of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
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23
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Abstract
In some cases, evidence exists that exogenous carcinogenic exposures contribute to the mutation spectrum of the TP53 gene (p53) in human cancers. Although the clearest examples come from dietary and environmental sources, only a restricted number of papers have concentrated specifically on TP53 mutations in tumors from workers exposed to occupational carcinogens. In populations exposed to dietary aflatoxin B1 with liver cancer (AFB1) and ultraviolet (UV)-radiation with skin cancer, a single specific-looking TP53 mutation has been described in some of the tumors. Whether these fingerprints in the TP53 gene can be used to reveal an occupational etiology remains to be shown. In other cases, although differences in the TP53 mutation spectrum exist, they are more diffuse and difficult to interpret at this point. For instance, cigarette smoking seems to induce long-lasting molecular footprints in TP53. However, their use to rule out other occupational exposures as etiological factors in occupational cancers is still very questionable, especially due to the putative synergistic effects of cigarette smoke with other carcinogens. Although interesting implications of possible typical mutation spectra among cancers with other occupational etiologies exist, the data are scanty and await further development of TP53 mutation databases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsi Vähäkangas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland
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24
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Abstract
The high frequency of G-->T transversions in the p53 gene is a distinctive feature of lung cancer patients with a smoking history and is commonly believed to reflect the direct mutagenic signature of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) adducts along the gene. Using the April 2000 update of the p53 mutation database of the International Agency for Research on Cancer together with the primary literature, we confirm that the frequency of p53 G-->T transversions in lung cancer of smokers is about three times higher than their frequency in lung cancer of nonsmokers and in most other smoke-unrelated cancers. In contrast, the frequency of C-->A transversions, the DNA-strand mirror counterpart of G-->T transversions, appears to be similar in virtually all human cancers. Along with other data, this strand bias leads us to suggest that smoking may inhibit repair of G-->T primary lesions on the non-transcribed strand. As to the origin of G-->T primary lesions in the p53 gene, we unexpectedly found that cell lines derived from lung cancers, but not from other cancers, demonstrate significant additional excess of G-->T transversions when compared to p53 mutations in parent primary tumors. A detailed codon-by-codon comparison provides evidence in favor of the in vitro origin of this culture-associated G-->T augmentation. Since in culture lung cancer cell lines are not exposed to the carcinogens from smoke, one would rather ascribe these new G-->T transversions to some other mutagens such as, for example, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. These results are consistent with our previous report [Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97 (2000) 12244], and suggest that other factors, in addition to the direct mutagenic action of PAH-like carcinogens, contribute to p53 mutation-associated lung malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei N Rodin
- Department of Biology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
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25
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Abstract
Asbestos is a well-known toxin and lung carcinogen. Epidemiologic studies have established tobacco smoke and asbestos exposures synergistically interact to enhance lung cancer risk. The biologic mechanism responsible for this interaction has been the subject of considerable debate. Studies have suggested that asbestos may act as a carcinogen by generating free radical and reactive oxygen species, by inducing tissue injury and subsequent cellular growth, via large-scale chromosome loss and by enhancing delivery of tobacco carcinogens to the respiratory epithelium. Recent molecular epidemiologic approaches further suggest that asbestos enhances the mutagenicity of tobacco carcinogens and that it acts, at least in part, independent of the tissue damage responsible for fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather H Nelson
- Environmental Epidemiology Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, MA 02115, USA
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26
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Ahrendt SA, Decker PA, Alawi EA, Zhu Yr YR, Sanchez-Cespedes M, Yang SC, Haasler GB, Kajdacsy-Balla A, Demeure MJ, Sidransky D. Cigarette smoking is strongly associated with mutation of the K-ras gene in patients with primary adenocarcinoma of the lung. Cancer 2001; 92:1525-30. [PMID: 11745231 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0142(20010915)92:6<1525::aid-cncr1478>3.0.co;2-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 349] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The majority of lung carcinoma cases occur in current or former smokers. K-ras gene mutations are common in lung adenocarcinoma and have been associated with cigarette smoking, asbestos exposure, and female gender. METHODS In the current study, the authors examined the contribution of cigarette smoking to K-ras gene mutations in patients with primary lung adenocarcinoma. Smoking histories were obtained from 106 prospectively enrolled patients with primary adenocarcinoma of the lung. RESULTS K-ras mutations were detected in the primary tumor using an allele-specific ligation assay. Ninety-two of the 106 patients (87%) with lung adenocarcinoma were smokers. Nonsmokers with this tumor were more likely to be women (11 of 14; 79%), whereas the majority of smokers (57%) were men. K-ras mutations were detected in 40 of 106 tumors (38%) and were significantly more common in smokers compared with nonsmokers (43% vs. 0%; P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The results of the current study confirm and extend previous observations that smokers with adenocarcinoma of the lung are more likely to have K-ras mutant tumors compared with nonsmokers. The strong link between cigarette smoking and K-ras mutations in adenocarcinoma of the lung supports the role of specific tobacco carcinogens in the etiology of this malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Ahrendt
- Department of Surgery, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642, USA.
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27
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Sioris T, Husgafvel-Pursiainen K, Karjalainen A, Anttila S, Kannio A, Salo JA, Perhoniemi V, Heikkilä L, Vainio H. Survival in operable non-small-cell lung cancer: role of p53 mutations, tobacco smoking and asbestos exposure. Int J Cancer 2000; 86:590-4. [PMID: 10797276 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(20000515)86:4<590::aid-ijc23>3.0.co;2-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Validated markers are needed to identify operable lung cancer patients with poor prognosis. About one-half of non-small-cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) carry a mutation in the p53 tumor-suppressor gene. We examined 101 NSCLC patients for surgical stage, completeness of resection, tobacco smoking, asbestos exposure, age, gender and p53 gene mutations as prognostic factors after a follow-up period of 4 years. Cox's multivariate regression model was applied to quantify the associations with overall and cancer-related survival. Patients with a wild-type p53 gene had an overall 4-year survival of 43% and those with a mutated p53 gene, 35%. In squamous-cell carcinoma, stage and heavy smoking, defined as the median of pack-years smoked, had prognostic significance for overall survival. Only stage was associated with poor cancer-related survival. Asbestos exposure was not associated with overall survival or cancer-related survival in squamous-cell carcinoma or adenocarcinoma. In adenocarcinoma, p53 mutation, in addition to stage, emerged as a significant predictor of poor cancer-related survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sioris
- Department of Surgery, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.
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