1
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Currie C, Framroze B, Singh D, Sharma D, Bjerknes C, Hermansen E. Pharmacological evaluation of the effects of enzymatically liberated fish oil on eosinophilic inflammation in animal models. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2023; 70:157-163. [PMID: 35353942 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The inappropriate activation of eosinophils is a well-recognized driver of various human inflammatory diseases including asthma, chronic rhinitis, and various gastrointestinal diseases, including eosinophilic esophagitis. Steroids, both topical and systemic, remain a cornerstone of treatment and can be highly effective. However, some individuals suffer side effects, unresolved symptoms, or both. OmeGo, an enzymatically liberated fish oil, has demonstrated anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties as well the reduction of the activation, migration, and survival of eosinophils. Two animal models of eosinophilic inflammation were used to further assess OmeGo's profile. A house dust mite model of induced asthma showed a significant reduction in eosinophilic lung inflammation compared to the negative control, linoleic acid. The CRTH2 antagonist fevipiprant showed a similar eosinophilic inhibitory profile to OmeGo. In contrast, cod liver oil had no impact on any measure of inflammation. A guinea pig model of mild intraperitoneal eosinophilia showed a significant reduction in eosinophil activity by OmeGo, assessed by chemotaxis and chemokinesis. Apolipoprotein A-IV, an endogenous human protein with anti-inflammatory actions, showed a similar but numerically lower effect. OmeGo therefore combines a consistent antieosinophilic action with the known anti-inflammatory effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Proof-of-concept studies in asthma are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dave Singh
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK & The Medicines Evaluation Unit, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | | | | | - Erland Hermansen
- Hofseth BioCare, Ålesund, Norway.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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2
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Louloudis G, Ambrosini S, Paneni F, Camici GG, Benke D, Klohs J. Adeno-Associated Virus-Mediated Gain-of-Function mPCSK9 Expression in the Mouse Induces Hypercholesterolemia, Monocytosis, Neutrophilia, and a Hypercoagulative State. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:718741. [PMID: 34631822 PMCID: PMC8492965 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.718741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia has previously been induced in the mouse by a single intravenous injection of adeno-associated virus (AAV)-based vector harboring gain-of-function pro-protein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9. Despite the recent emergence of the PCSK9-AAV model, the profile of hematological and coagulation parameters associated with it has yet to be characterized. We injected 1.0 × 1011 viral particles of mPCSK9-AAV or control AAV into juvenile male C57BL/6N mice and fed them with either a Western-type high-fat diet (HFD) or standard diet over the course of 3 weeks. mPCSK9-AAV mice on HFD exhibited greater plasma PCSK9 concentration and lower low-density lipoprotein levels, concomitant with increased total cholesterol and non-high-density lipoprotein (non-HDL)-cholesterol concentrations, and lower HDL-cholesterol concentrations than control mice. Furthermore, mPCSK9-AAV-injected mice on HFD exhibited no signs of atherosclerosis at 3 weeks after the AAV injection. Hypercholesterolemia was associated with a thromboinflammatory phenotype, as neutrophil levels, monocyte levels, and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratios were higher and activated partial thromboplastin times (aPTTs) was lower in HFD-fed mPCSK9-AAV mice. Therefore, the mPCSK9-AAV is a suitable model of hypercholesterolemia to examine the role of thromboinflammatory processes in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Louloudis
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Zurich Neuroscience Center (ZNZ), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Samuele Ambrosini
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Paneni
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,University Heart Center, Cardiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Research and Education, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Giovanni G Camici
- Zurich Neuroscience Center (ZNZ), Zurich, Switzerland.,Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dietmar Benke
- Zurich Neuroscience Center (ZNZ), Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jan Klohs
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Zurich Neuroscience Center (ZNZ), Zurich, Switzerland
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3
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Abstract
Unhealthy diet, lack of exercise, psychosocial stress, and insufficient sleep are increasingly prevalent modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Accumulating evidence indicates that these risk factors may fuel chronic inflammatory processes that are active in atherosclerosis and lead to myocardial infarction and stroke. In concert with hyperlipidemia, maladaptive immune system activities can contribute to disease progression and increase the probability of adverse events. In this review, we discuss recent insight into how the above modifiable risk factors influence innate immunity. Specifically, we focus on pathways that raise systemic myeloid cell numbers and modulate immune cell phenotypes, reviewing hematopoiesis, leukocyte trafficking, and innate immune cell accumulation in cardiovascular organs. Often, relevant mechanisms that begin with lifestyle choices and lead to cardiovascular events span multiple organ systems, including the central nervous, endocrine, metabolic, hematopoietic, immune and, finally, the cardiovascular system. We argue that deciphering such pathways provides not only support for preventive interventions but also opportunities to develop biomimetic immunomodulatory therapeutics that mitigate cardiovascular inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian J Schloss
- From the Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.J.S., F.K.S., M.N.).,Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (M.J.S., F.K.S., M.N.)
| | - Filip K Swirski
- From the Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.J.S., F.K.S., M.N.).,Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (M.J.S., F.K.S., M.N.)
| | - Matthias Nahrendorf
- From the Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.J.S., F.K.S., M.N.).,Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (M.J.S., F.K.S., M.N.).,Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.N.).,Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Germany (M.N.)
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4
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Rohr M, Narasimhulu CA, Keewan E, Hamid S, Parthasarathy S. The dietary peroxidized lipid, 13-HPODE, promotes intestinal inflammation by mediating granzyme B secretion from natural killer cells. Food Funct 2020; 11:9526-9534. [DOI: 10.1039/d0fo02328k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The dietary peroxidized lipid, 13-HPODE, stimulates natural killer cell granzyme B production and secretion, with potential implications for intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Rohr
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences
- University of Central Florida
- College of Medicine
- Orlando
- USA
| | | | - Esra'a Keewan
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences
- University of Central Florida
- College of Medicine
- Orlando
- USA
| | - Simran Hamid
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences
- University of Central Florida
- College of Medicine
- Orlando
- USA
| | - Sampath Parthasarathy
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences
- University of Central Florida
- College of Medicine
- Orlando
- USA
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5
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Crisan L, Wong N, Sin DD, Lee HM. Karma of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors for Prevention and Management of Major Cardiovascular Events in the Context of Acute Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2019; 6:79. [PMID: 31294030 PMCID: PMC6603127 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2019.00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There is compelling epidemiological evidence that airway exposure to cigarette smoke, air pollution particles, as well as bacterial and viral pathogens is strongly related to acute ischemic events. Over the years, there have been important animal and human studies that have provided experimental evidence to support a causal link. Studies show that patients with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) or risk factors for CVD are more likely to have major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) after an acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and patients with more severe COPD have higher cardiovascular mortality and morbidity than those with less severe COPD. The risk of MACEs in acute exacerbation of COPD is determined by the complex interactions between genetics, behavioral, metabolic, infectious, and environmental risk factors. To date, there are no guidelines regarding the prevention, screening, and management of the modifiable risk factors for MACEs in the context of COPD or COPD exacerbations, and there is insufficient CVD risk control in those with COPD. A deeper insight of the modifiable risk factors shared by CVD, COPD, and acute exacerbations of COPD may improve the strategies for reduction of MACEs in patients with COPD through vaccination, tight control of traditional CV risk factors and modifying lifestyle. This review summarizes the most recent studies regarding the pathophysiology and epidemiology of modifiable risk factors shared by CVD, COPD, and COPD exacerbations that could influence overall morbidity and mortality due to MACEs in patients with acute exacerbations of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Crisan
- Heart Disease Prevention Program, Division of Cardiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Nathan Wong
- Heart Disease Prevention Program, Division of Cardiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Don D. Sin
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia and Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Hwa Mu Lee
- Heart Disease Prevention Program, Division of Cardiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
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6
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Rahman S, Sagar D, Hanna RN, Lightfoot YL, Mistry P, Smith CK, Manna Z, Hasni S, Siegel RM, Sanjuan MA, Kolbeck R, Kaplan MJ, Casey KA. Low-density granulocytes activate T cells and demonstrate a non-suppressive role in systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis 2019; 78:957-966. [PMID: 31040119 PMCID: PMC6585283 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2018-214620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The presence of proinflammatory low-density granulocytes (LDG) has been demonstrated in autoimmune and infectious diseases. Recently, regulatory neutrophilic polymorphonuclear myeloid-derived suppressor cells (PMN-MDSC) were identified in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Because LDG and PMN-MDSC share a similar phenotype with contrasting functional effects, we explored these cells in a cohort of patients with SLE. METHODS LDG and normal-density granulocytes (NDG) were isolated from fresh blood of healthy donors (HD) and patients with SLE. Associations between LDG and clinical manifestations were analysed. Multicolor flow cytometry and confocal imaging were performed to immunophenotype the cells. The ability of LDG and NDG to suppress T cell function and induce cytokine production was quantified. RESULTS LDG prevalence was elevated in SLE versus HD, associated with the interferon (IFN) 21-gene signature and disease activity. Also, the LDG-to-lymphocyte ratio associated better with SLE disease activity index than neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio. SLE LDG exhibited significantly heightened surface expression of various activation markers and also of lectin-like oxidised low-density lipoprotein receptor-1, previously described to be associated with PMN-MDSC. Supernatants from SLE LDG did not restrict HD CD4+ T cell proliferation in an arginase-dependent manner, suggesting LDG are not immunosuppressive. SLE LDG supernatants induced proinflammatory cytokine production (IFN gamma, tumour necrosis factor alpha and lymphotoxin alpha) from CD4+ T cells. CONCLUSIONS Based on our results, SLE LDG display an activated phenotype, exert proinflammatory effects on T cells and do not exhibit MDSC function. These results support the concept that LDG represent a distinct proinflammatory subset in SLE with pathogenic potential, at least in part, through their ability to activate type 1 helper responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saifur Rahman
- Department of Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Divya Sagar
- Department of Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Richard N Hanna
- Department of Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Yaima L Lightfoot
- Systemic Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Pragnesh Mistry
- Systemic Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Carolyne K Smith
- Systemic Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Zerai Manna
- Lupus Clinical Research Program, Office of the Clinical Director, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sarfaraz Hasni
- Lupus Clinical Research Program, Office of the Clinical Director, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Richard M Siegel
- Immunoregulation Section, Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Miguel A Sanjuan
- Department of Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Roland Kolbeck
- Department of Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Mariana J Kaplan
- Systemic Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kerry A Casey
- Department of Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
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7
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The Contribution of Singlet Oxygen to Insulin Resistance. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:8765972. [PMID: 29081894 PMCID: PMC5610878 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8765972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance contributes to the development of diabetes and cardiovascular dysfunctions. Recent studies showed that elevated singlet oxygen-mediated lipid peroxidation precedes and predicts diet-induced insulin resistance (IR), and neutrophils were suggested to be responsible for such singlet oxygen production. This review highlights literature suggesting that insulin-responsive cells such as endothelial cells, hepatocytes, adipocytes, and myocytes also produce singlet oxygen, which contributes to insulin resistance, for example, by generating bioactive aldehydes, inducing endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and modifying mitochondrial DNA. In these cells, nutrient overload leads to the activation of Toll-like receptor 4 and other receptors, leading to the production of both peroxynitrite and hydrogen peroxide, which react to produce singlet oxygen. Cytochrome P450 2E1 and cytochrome c also contribute to singlet oxygen formation in the ER and mitochondria, respectively. Endothelial cell-derived singlet oxygen is suggested to mediate the formation of oxidized low-density lipoprotein which perpetuates IR, partly through neutrophil recruitment to adipose tissue. New singlet oxygen-involving pathways for the formation of IR-inducing bioactive aldehydes such as 4-hydroperoxy-(or hydroxy or oxo)-2-nonenal, malondialdehyde, and cholesterol secosterol A are proposed. Strategies against IR should target the singlet oxygen-producing pathways, singlet oxygen quenching, and singlet oxygen-induced cellular responses.
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8
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Walton GM, Stockley JA, Griffiths D, Sadhra CS, Purvis T, Sapey E. Repurposing Treatments to Enhance Innate Immunity. Can Statins Improve Neutrophil Functions and Clinical Outcomes in COPD? J Clin Med 2016; 5:jcm5100089. [PMID: 27727158 PMCID: PMC5086591 DOI: 10.3390/jcm5100089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug classes used in the treatment of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) have not changed for many years, and none to date have shown disease-modifying activity. Statins are used to help reduce cardiovascular risk, which is high in many patients with COPD. Their use has been associated with improvements in some respiratory manifestations of disease and reduction in all-cause mortality, with greatest reductions seen in patients with the highest inflammatory burden. The mechanism for these effects is poorly understood. Neutrophils are key effector cells in COPD, and correlate with disease severity and inflammation. Recent in vitro studies have shown neutrophil functions are dysregulated in COPD and this is thought to contribute both to the destruction of lung parenchyma and to the poor responses seen in infective exacerbations. In this article, we will discuss the potential utility of statins in COPD, with a particular emphasis on their immune-modulatory effects as well as presenting new data regarding the effects of statins on neutrophil function in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia M Walton
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - James A Stockley
- Lung Function and Sleep, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Diane Griffiths
- Respiratory Research, Research and Development, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Charandeep S Sadhra
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Thomas Purvis
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Elizabeth Sapey
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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9
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Chistiakov DA, Bobryshev YV, Orekhov AN. Neutrophil's weapons in atherosclerosis. Exp Mol Pathol 2015; 99:663-71. [PMID: 26551083 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2015.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils are important components of immunity associated with inflammatory responses against a broad spectrum of pathogens. These cells could be rapidly activated by proinflammatory stimuli and migrate to the inflamed and infected sites where they release a variety of cytotoxic molecules with antimicrobial activity. Neutrophil antibacterial factors include extracellular proteases, redox enzymes, antimicrobial peptides, and small bioactive molecules. In resting neutrophils, these factors are stored in granules and released upon activation during degranulation. These factors could be also secreted in a neutrophil-derived microparticle-dependent fashion. Neutrophils exhibit a unique property to produce neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) composed of decondensed chromatin and granular proteins to catch and kill bacteria. Neutrophil-released factors are efficient in inactivation and elimination of pathogens through oxidation-dependent or independent damage of bacterial cells, inactivation and neutralization of virulence factors and other mechanisms. However, in chronic atherosclerosis-associated inflammation, protective function of neutrophils could be impaired and misdirected against own cells. This could lead to deleterious effects and progressive vascular injury. In atherogenesis, a pathogenic role of neutrophils could be especially seen in early stages associated with endothelial dysfunction and induction of vascular inflammation and in late atherosclerosis associated with plaque rupture and atherothrombosis. Assuming a prominent impact of neutrophils in cardiovascular pathology, developing therapeutic strategies targeting neutrophil-specific antigens could have a promising clinical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitry A Chistiakov
- Department of Molecular Genetic Diagnostics and Cell Biology, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Pediatrics, Research Center for Children's Health, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yuri V Bobryshev
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia; Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, Moscow 121609, Russia.
| | - Alexander N Orekhov
- Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, Moscow 121609, Russia; Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 125315, Russia; Department of Biophysics, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
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10
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Fernández-Delgado L, Vega-Rioja A, Ventura I, Chamorro C, Aroca R, Prados M, Bobadilla P, Rodríguez D, Palacios R, Monteseirín J. Allergens Induce the Release of Lactoferrin by Neutrophils from Asthmatic Patients. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141278. [PMID: 26488881 PMCID: PMC4619071 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the evidence that Lactoferrin (Lf) is involved in allergic asthma processes, it is unknown whether neutrophils can be one of the main cellular sources of this key inflammatory mediator directly in response of an IgE mediated stimulus. The present study was undertaken to analyze this question. Methods Neutrophils from healthy subjects (n = 34) and neutrophils from allergic asthmatic patients (n = 102) were challenged in vitro with specific allergens to which the patients were sensitized, PAF, or agonist mAbs against IgE-receptors, and the levels of Lf were measured in the culture supernatant. The levels of serum IgE together with the severity of symptoms were also analyzed. Results Lf was released into the culture supernatant of neutrophils from allergic asthmatic patients in response to allergens and PAF. This response was highly allergen-specific, and did not happen in neutrophils from healthy donors. Allergen effect was mimicked by Abs against FcεRI and galectin-3 but not by FcεRII. The levels of released Lf correlated well with the levels of serum specific IgE and severity of asthma symptoms. These observations represent a novel view of neutrophils as an important source of Lf in allergic asthma. Importantly, the levels of released Lf by neutrophils could therefore be used to evaluate disease severity in allergic asthmatic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Fernández-Delgado
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Alergia Intercentros, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Antonio Vega-Rioja
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Alergia Intercentros, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Ventura
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Alergia Intercentros, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Cristina Chamorro
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Alergia Intercentros, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Rocío Aroca
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Alergia Intercentros, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Manuel Prados
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Alergia Intercentros, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Javier Monteseirín
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Alergia Intercentros, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, Spain
- Departamento de Medicina. Facultad de Medicina. Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
- * E-mail:
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11
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Gibeon D, Zhu J, Sogbesan A, Banya W, Rossios C, Saito J, Rocha JP, Hull JH, Menzies-Gow AN, Bhavsar PK, Chung KF. Lipid-laden bronchoalveolar macrophages in asthma and chronic cough. Respir Med 2013; 108:71-7. [PMID: 24172051 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2013] [Revised: 09/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The presence of lipids in alveolar macrophages (AMs) may impair their phagocytic response, and determine airway inflammation and obstruction. OBJECTIVE To determine the factors such as severity of asthma, chronic cough, airway inflammation and obesity that may influence the presence of lipids in lung macrophages. METHODS Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was obtained from 38 asthmatics (21 severe and 17 mild/moderate), 16 subjects with chronic cough and 11 healthy control subjects. The presence of lipids in macrophages was detected using an Oil-red-O stain and an index of lipid-laden macrophages (LLMI) was obtained. RESULTS LLMI scores were higher in healthy subjects (median 48 [IQR 10-61]) and the severe asthma group (37 [11.5-61]) compared to mild/moderate asthmatics (7 [0.5-37]; p < 0.05 each). Subjects reporting a history of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) had higher LLMI values (41.5 [11.3-138] versus 13 [0-39.3], p = 0.02). There was no significant correlation between LLMI and chronic cough, BAL cell differential counts, FEV1, FEV1/FVC or body mass index (BMI). CONCLUSIONS The reduced LLMI in mild/moderate asthma may be related to lower incidence of GORD. However, this was not related to the degree of airflow obstruction, obesity or airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Gibeon
- Experimental Studies, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.
| | - J Zhu
- Experimental Studies, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - A Sogbesan
- Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - W Banya
- Experimental Studies, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - C Rossios
- Experimental Studies, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - J Saito
- Experimental Studies, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - J P Rocha
- Experimental Studies, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - J H Hull
- Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - A N Menzies-Gow
- Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - P K Bhavsar
- Experimental Studies, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - K F Chung
- Experimental Studies, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.
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12
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Increased serum ox-LDL levels correlated with lung function, inflammation, and oxidative stress in COPD. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:972347. [PMID: 24078777 PMCID: PMC3774040 DOI: 10.1155/2013/972347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with abnormal inflammation and high oxidative stress. Studies suggest that oxidized low density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) is involved in diseases associated with oxidative stress and inflammation. However, no data on the possible relationship between COPD and ox-LDL are available. This study compared serum levels of ox-LDL in 48 COPD patients and 32 health controls and correlated them with lung function, systematic inflammation, and oxidative stress. Serum levels of ox-LDL, C-reactive protein (CRP), and oxidative stress (measured by reactive oxygen species, ROS) were analyzed using commercial kits. Mean levels of serum ox-LDL were significantly higher in COPD patients than in controls (18.62 ± 7.56 versus 12.57 ± 5.90 mU/L, P < 0.05). Serum levels of CRP and ROS were also significantly higher in COPD patients. Serum levels of ox-LDL in COPD patients correlated inversely with FEV1% predicted, an index of lung function (r = −0.347, P = 0.016), while they correlated positively with CRP and ROS levels. These results suggest that serum levels of ox-LDL are increased in COPD patients and that these levels are associated with lung function, inflammation, and oxidative stress in COPD. Future studies are needed to determine whether and how ox-LDL plays a role in COPD.
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13
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Walenbergh SMA, Koek GH, Bieghs V, Shiri-Sverdlov R. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: the role of oxidized low-density lipoproteins. J Hepatol 2013. [PMID: 23183522 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2012.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is hallmarked by lipid accumulation in the liver (steatosis) along with inflammation (hepatitis). The transition from simple steatosis towards NASH represents a key step in pathogenesis, as it will set the stage for further severe liver damage. Yet, the pathogenesis behind hepatic inflammation is still poorly understood. It is of relevance to better understand the underlying mechanisms involved in NASH in order to apply new knowledge to potential novel therapeutic approaches. In the current review, we propose oxidized cholesterol as a novel risk factor for NASH. Here, we summarize mouse and human studies that provide possible mechanisms for the involvement of oxidized low-density lipoproteins in NASH and consequent potential novel diagnostic tools and treatment strategies for hepatic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie M A Walenbergh
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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14
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Cook EB, Stahl JL, Schwantes EA, Fox KE, Mathur SK. IL-3 and TNFα increase Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin Receptor (TSLPR) expression on eosinophils and enhance TSLP-stimulated degranulation. Clin Mol Allergy 2012; 10:8. [PMID: 22838633 PMCID: PMC3418208 DOI: 10.1186/1476-7961-10-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) and eosinophils are prominent components of allergic inflammation. Therefore, we sought to determine whether TSLP could activate eosinophils, focusing on measuring the regulation of TSLPR expression on eosinophils and degranulation in response to TSLP, as well as other eosinophil activation responses. METHODS Eosinophil mRNA expression of TSLPR and IL-7Rα was examined by real-time quantitative PCR of human eosinophils treated with TNFα and IL-5 family cytokines, and TSLPR surface expression on eosinophils was analyzed by flow cytometry. Eosinophils were stimulated with TSLP (with and without pre-activation with TNFα and IL-3) and evaluated for release of eosinophil derived neurotoxin (EDN), phosphorylation of STAT5, and survival by trypan blue exclusion. A blocking antibody for TSLPR was used to confirm the specificity of TSLP mediated signaling on eosinophil degranulation. RESULTS Eosinophil expression of cell surface TSLPR and TSLPR mRNA was upregulated by stimulation with TNFα and IL-3. TSLP stimulation resulted in release of EDN, phosphorylation of STAT5 as well as promotion of viability and survival. TSLP-stimulated eosinophil degranulation was inhibited by a functional blocking antibody to TSLPR. Pre-activation of eosinophils with TNFα and IL-3 promoted eosinophil degranulation at lower concentrations of TSLP stimulation. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that eosinophils are activated by TSLP and that eosinophil degranulation in response to TSLP may be enhanced on exposure to cytokines present in allergic inflammation, indicating that the eosinophil has the capacity to participate in TSLP-driven allergic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen B Cook
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - James L Stahl
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Schwantes
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Kristen E Fox
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Sameer K Mathur
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53792, USA.,Department of Medicine, William S. Middleton Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
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15
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Abstract
Because of their rare detection in atherosclerotic lesions, the involvement of neutrophils in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis has been largely denied. However, over the past couple of years, studies have provided convincing evidence for the presence of neutrophils in atherosclerotic plaques and further revealed the causal contribution of neutrophils during various stages of atherosclerosis. This review describes mechanisms underlying hyperlipidemia-mediated neutrophilia and how neutrophils may enter atherosclerotic lesions. It also highlights possible mechanisms of neutrophil-driven atherogenesis and plaque destabilization. Knowledge of the contribution of neutrophils to atherosclerosis will allow for exploration of new avenues in the treatment of atherogenesis and atherothrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Soehnlein
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.
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16
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Nandedkar SD, Weihrauch D, Xu H, Shi Y, Feroah T, Hutchins W, Rickaby DA, Duzgunes N, Hillery CA, Konduri KS, Pritchard KA. D-4F, an apoA-1 mimetic, decreases airway hyperresponsiveness, inflammation, and oxidative stress in a murine model of asthma. J Lipid Res 2010; 52:499-508. [PMID: 21131532 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m012724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is characterized by oxidative stress and inflammation of the airways. Although proinflammatory lipids are involved in asthma, therapies targeting them remain lacking. Ac-DWFKAFYDKVAEKFKEAFNH(2) (4F) is an apolipoprotein (apo)A-I mimetic that has been shown to preferentially bind oxidized lipids and improve HDL function. The objective of the present study was to determine the effects of 4F on oxidative stress, inflammation, and airway resistance in an established murine model of asthma. We show here that ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitization increased airway hyperresponsiveness, eosinophil recruitment, and collagen deposition in lungs of C57BL/6J mice by a mechanism that could be reduced by 4F. OVA sensitization induced marked increases in transforming growth factor (TGF)β-1, fibroblast specific protein (FSP)-1, anti-T15 autoantibody staining, and modest increases in 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) Michael's adducts in lungs of OVA-sensitized mice. 4F decreased TGFβ-1, FSP-1, anti-T15 autoantibody, and 4-HNE adducts in the lungs of the OVA-sensitized mice. Eosinophil peroxidase (EPO) activity in bronchial alveolar lavage fluid (BALF), peripheral eosinophil counts, total IgE, and proinflammatory HDL (p-HDL) were all increased in OVA-sensitized mice. 4F decreased BALF EPO activity, eosinophil counts, total IgE, and p-HDL in these mice. These data indicate that 4F reduces pulmonary inflammation and airway resistance in an experimental murine model of asthma by decreasing oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Nandedkar
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Children's Research Institute, Zablocki Veterans Administration Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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17
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Soehnlein O, Drechsler M, Hristov M, Weber C. Functional alterations of myeloid cell subsets in hyperlipidaemia: relevance for atherosclerosis. J Cell Mol Med 2009; 13:4293-303. [PMID: 19900213 PMCID: PMC4515047 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2009.00965.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease wherein the infiltration of myeloid cells of the vessel wall is a hallmark event. Lymphocytes, platelets and endothelial cells stand out as prominent suspects being involved in atherosclerosis. However, recent advances suggest a crucial role for myeloid leucocytes, specifically monocyte subsets, neutrophils, dendritic cells and endothelial progenitor cells. These cell types are not just rapidly recruited or already reside in the vascular wall, but also initiate and perpetuate core mechanisms in plaque formation and destabilization. Hyperlipidaemia is an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis. Herein, hyperlipidaemia skews myeloid cell haemostasis, phenotype and transcriptional regulation of pro-inflammatory factors ultimately promoting myeloid cell extravasation and atherosclerosis. We here review the role of myeloid cells in atherosclerosis as well as the effects of hyperlipidaemia on these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Soehnlein
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, RWTH Aachen, Germany.
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18
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Behnes M, Brueckmann M, Liebe V, Liebetrau C, Lang S, Putensen C, Borggrefe M, Hoffmann U. Levels of oxidized low-density lipoproteins are increased in patients with severe sepsis. J Crit Care 2009; 23:537-41. [PMID: 19056019 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2008.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2008] [Revised: 08/13/2008] [Accepted: 09/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It was hypothesized that the inflammatory response of patients with severe sepsis may result in changes of plasma levels of oxidized low-density lipoproteins (ox-LDLs) and that drotrecogin alpha (activated) (DAA) (Xigris, Eli Lilly and Company [Indiana 46285, USA]) may influence ox-LDL levels. MATERIALS AND METHODS The ox-LDL levels were measured in severe septic patients on day 1, 4, and 7 of severe sepsis. Patients were treated either with or without DAA. RESULTS The ox-LDL levels increased significantly (P < .05) from day 1 to day 7 (day 1, mean +/- SEM, 25.4 +/- 1.8 U/L; day 4, mean +/- SEM, 34.3 +/- 2.1 U/L; day 7, mean +/- SEM, 38.3 +/- 2.1 U/L) in all patients (n = 68). The ox-LDL levels increased significantly from day 1 to day 7 both in patients treated with (n = 31) and without DAA (n = 37) (P < .001) (DAA-group: day 1, mean +/- SEM, 24.4 +/- 2.8 U/L; day 4, mean +/- SEM, 35.5 +/- 2.9 U/L; day 7, mean +/- SEM, 40.7 +/- 3.2 U/L) (control group: day 1, mean +/- SEM, 26.3 +/- 2.8 U/L; day 4, mean +/- SEM, 33.2 +/- 2.9 U/L; day 7, mean +/- SEM, 36.4 +/- 2.9 U/L). No significant differences of ox-LDL levels were observed between both groups at any point of time (P > .05). CONCLUSIONS The ox-LDL concentrations increase significantly during the first week of severe sepsis and are not affected by administration of drotrecogin alpha (activated) (Xigris).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Behnes
- First Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
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19
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Mathur SK, Schwantes EA, Jarjour NN, Busse WW. Age-related changes in eosinophil function in human subjects. Chest 2008; 133:412-9. [PMID: 18252914 DOI: 10.1378/chest.07-2114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aging results in changes in immune cell function that have been described for T-cells, macrophage, neutrophils, and dendritic cells but not for eosinophils. We sought to define age-related changes in eosinophil function and their potential implications for asthma. METHODS We recruited human subjects with asthma in two age groups: a younger group (20 to 40 years), and an older group (55 to 80 years). Lung function, induced sputum, and peripheral blood were obtained from each subject. Eosinophils isolated from the peripheral blood were examined for in vitro functional activities including degranulation, superoxide anion production, adhesion, and chemotaxis. RESULTS Eosinophil degranulation in response to interleukin-5 stimulation was significantly decreased in the older group (p = 0.025). Eosinophil production of superoxide anions in response to phorbol myristate acetate was lower in the older group but did not achieve statistical significance (p = 0.097). Eosinophil adhesion, eosinophil chemotaxis, lung function, and the percentage of sputum eosinophils were similar in the two groups. CONCLUSION Airway eosinophilia is comparable in younger and older asthma subjects. However, there are age-related changes in peripheral blood eosinophil "effector" functions. Diseases such as asthma, in which eosinophils are thought to play a pathophysiologic role, may exhibit important clinical differences in the elderly due to age-related changes in inflammatory cell function that affect the manifestations of the disease and/or responsiveness to specific classes of medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameer K Mathur
- Section of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, K4/910 Clinical Sciences Center, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53792, USA.
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20
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Takayuki S, Pahwa P, McDuffie HH, Shindo J, Goto S, Hashimoto M, Ghosh S, Nakagawa K. Association between paraoxonase-1 Q192R polymorphism and lung function among Saskatchewan grain handlers. Pharmacogenomics 2007; 8:901-8. [PMID: 17716225 DOI: 10.2217/14622416.8.8.901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Paraoxonase-1 (PON1) is a high-density, lipoprotein-associated, multifunctional antioxidant enzyme that is detected in nonciliated bronchiolar epithelial cells, although its role in the lung has not yet been clarified. We therefore investigated the association between the PON1 Q192R polymorphism and lung function. Patients & Methods: A total of 216 male Saskatchewan grain handlers provided demographic, occupational and respiratory-symptom information by means of questionnaires, and thereafter underwent PON1 Q192R genotyping and lung-function testing. Results: Mean lung-function values did not differ among the Q192R genotypes. However, current smokers with the Q/Q genotype had a higher mean percent predicted forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1), and absolute and percent predicted FEV1 per forced vital capacity (FVC) compared with current smokers with at least one 192R allele (100.9 ± 11.2% vs 92.0 ± 15.1%, p = 0.01; 78.0 ± 5.9% vs 74.1 ± 6.8%, p = 0.03; and 96.8 ± 7.1% vs 92.1 ± 8.3%, p = 0.03; respectively). The incidence of subjects with FEV1/FVC less than 70% was significantly higher in current smokers with at least one 192R allele than in nonsmokers with the Q/Q genotype (odds ratio: 5.0; 95% confidence interval: 1.5–17.4). The protective effect of the Q/Q genotype was not found in nonsmokers. The FVC was not influenced by either PON1 genotype or smoking status. Conclusion: The results obtained from grain handlers suggest that PON1 may play some role in the protection of the airways against the toxicity of cigarette smoke, and the 192R allele may be a novel genetic risk factor for airway injury.
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Damirin A, Tomura H, Komachi M, Liu JP, Mogi C, Tobo M, Wang JQ, Kimura T, Kuwabara A, Yamazaki Y, Ohta H, Im DS, Sato K, Okajima F. Role of lipoprotein-associated lysophospholipids in migratory activity of coronary artery smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2007; 292:H2513-22. [PMID: 17237247 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00865.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) is a hallmark of the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and restenosis after angioplasty. Plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL), but not high-density lipoprotein (HDL), induced the migration of human coronary artery SMCs (CASMCs). Among bioactive lipids postulated to be present in LDL, lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) appreciably mimicked the LDL action. In fact, the LDL-induced migration was markedly inhibited by pertussis toxin, an LPA receptor antagonist Ki-16425, and a small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeted for LPA(1) receptors. Moreover, LDL contains a higher amount of LPA than HDL does. HDL markedly inhibited LPA- and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-induced migration, and sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), the content of which is about fourfold higher in HDL than in LDL, mimicked the HDL action. The inhibitory actions of HDL and S1P were suppressed by S1P(2) receptor-specific siRNA. On the other hand, the degradation of the LPA component of LDL by monoglyceride lipase or the antagonism of LPA receptors by Ki-16425 allowed LDL to inhibit the PDGF-induced migration. The inhibitory effect of LDL was again suppressed by S1P(2) receptor-specific siRNA. In conclusion, LPA/LPA(1) receptors and S1P/S1P(2) receptors mediate the stimulatory and inhibitory migration response to LDL and HDL, respectively. The balance of not only the content of LPA and S1P in lipoproteins but also the signaling activity between LPA(1) and S1P(2) receptors in the cells may be critical in determining whether the lipoprotein is a positive or negative regulator of CASMC migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alatangaole Damirin
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, 3-39-15 Showa-machi, Maebashi 371-8512, Japan
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22
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Laan M, Bozinovski S, Anderson GP. Cigarette Smoke Inhibits Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Production of Inflammatory Cytokines by Suppressing the Activation of Activator Protein-1 in Bronchial Epithelial Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:4164-70. [PMID: 15356167 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.6.4164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Chronic smoking is characterized by immunosuppressive changes in the airways, leading to chronic colonization with bacteria, which in turn may contribute to the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The mechanisms causing this immunosuppression, however, are poorly characterized. This study evaluated whether cigarette smoke can inhibit endotoxin (LPS)-induced inflammatory cytokine production in bronchial epithelial cells and, if so, what the mechanisms are behind this effect. Pretreatment with cigarette smoke extract (CSE) concentration dependently inhibited the LPS-induced GM-CSF and IL-8 protein release, which was accompanied by decreased expression of mRNA in human bronchial epithelial cells (Beas-2B). The increase of neutrophil chemotaxis induced by conditioned medium from LPS-treated Beas-2B cells was also suppressed by CSE. In addition, the activity of LPS-induced transcription factor AP-1, but not NF-kappaB, was down-regulated by CSE. Notably, at the concentrations used, CSE had no effect on number or viability of Beas-2B cells. These data indicate that cigarette smoke possesses immunosuppressive properties by down-regulating the bacterial pathogen-induced neutrophil-mobilizing cytokine production via suppression of AP-1 activation in the airways. Hence, this study suggests a novel mechanism by which cigarette smoke may contribute to chronic colonization and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martti Laan
- Lung Disease Research Group, Department of University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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