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Gonçalves AN, Moura RS, Correia-Pinto J, Nogueira-Silva C. Intraluminal chloride regulates lung branching morphogenesis: involvement of PIEZO1/PIEZO2. Respir Res 2023; 24:42. [PMID: 36740669 PMCID: PMC9901166 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-023-02328-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical and experimental evidence shows lung fluid volume as a modulator of fetal lung growth with important value in treating fetal lung hypoplasia. Thus, understanding the mechanisms underlying these morphological dynamics has been the topic of multiple investigations with, however, limited results, partially due to the difficulty of capturing or recapitulating these movements in the lab. In this sense, this study aims to establish an ex vivo model allowing the study of lung fluid function in branching morphogenesis and identify the subsequent molecular/ cellular mechanisms. METHODS Ex vivo lung explant culture was selected as a model to study branching morphogenesis, and intraluminal injections were performed to change the composition of lung fluid. Distinct chloride (Cl-) concentrations (5.8, 29, 143, and 715 mM) or Cl- channels inhibitors [antracene-9-carboxylic acid (A9C), cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator inhibitor172 (CFTRinh), and calcium-dependent Cl- channel inhibitorA01 (CaCCinh)] were injected into lung lumen at two timepoints, day0 (D0) and D2. At D4, morphological and molecular analyses were performed in terms of branching morphogenesis, spatial distribution (immunofluorescence), and protein quantification (western blot) of mechanoreceptors (PIEZO1 and PIEZO2), neuroendocrine (bombesin, ghrelin, and PGP9.5) and smooth muscle [alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and myosin light chain 2 (MLC2)] markers. RESULTS For the first time, we described effective intraluminal injections at D0 and D2 and demonstrated intraluminal movements at D4 in ex vivo lung explant cultures. Through immunofluorescence assay in in vivo and ex vivo branching morphogenesis, we show that PGP9.5 colocalizes with PIEZO1 and PIEZO2 receptors. Fetal lung growth is increased at higher [Cl-], 715 mM Cl-, through the overexpression of PIEZO1, PIEZO2, ghrelin, bombesin, MLC2, and α-SMA. In contrast, intraluminal injection of CFTRinh or CaCCinh decreases fetal lung growth and the expression of PIEZO1, PIEZO2, ghrelin, bombesin, MLC2, and α-SMA. Finally, the inhibition of PIEZO1/PIEZO2 by GsMTx4 decreases branching morphogenesis and ghrelin, bombesin, MLC2, and α-SMA expression in an intraluminal injection-independent manner. CONCLUSIONS Our results identify PIEZO1/PIEZO2 expressed in neuroendocrine cells as a regulator of fetal lung growth induced by lung fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana N. Gonçalves
- grid.10328.380000 0001 2159 175XSchool of Medicine, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal ,grid.10328.380000 0001 2159 175XLife and Health Sciences Research Institute/3B’s-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rute S. Moura
- grid.10328.380000 0001 2159 175XSchool of Medicine, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal ,grid.10328.380000 0001 2159 175XLife and Health Sciences Research Institute/3B’s-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Jorge Correia-Pinto
- grid.10328.380000 0001 2159 175XSchool of Medicine, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal ,grid.10328.380000 0001 2159 175XLife and Health Sciences Research Institute/3B’s-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal ,Department of Pediatric Surgery, Hospital de Braga, Braga, Portugal
| | - Cristina Nogueira-Silva
- School of Medicine, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal. .,Life and Health Sciences Research Institute/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal. .,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital de Braga, Braga, Portugal.
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2
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Jones MR, Chong L, Bellusci S. Fgf10/Fgfr2b Signaling Orchestrates the Symphony of Molecular, Cellular, and Physical Processes Required for Harmonious Airway Branching Morphogenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:620667. [PMID: 33511132 PMCID: PMC7835514 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.620667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Airway branching morphogenesis depends on the intricate orchestration of numerous biological and physical factors connected across different spatial scales. One of the key regulatory pathways controlling airway branching is fibroblast growth factor 10 (Fgf10) signaling via its epithelial fibroblast growth factor receptor 2b (Fgfr2b). Fine reviews have been published on the molecular mechanisms, in general, involved in branching morphogenesis, including those mechanisms, in particular, connected to Fgf10/Fgfr2b signaling. However, a comprehensive review looking at all the major biological and physical factors involved in branching, at the different scales at which branching operates, and the known role of Fgf10/Fgfr2b therein, is missing. In the current review, we attempt to summarize the existing literature on airway branching morphogenesis by taking a broad approach. We focus on the biophysical and mechanical forces directly shaping epithelial bud initiation, branch elongation, and branch tip bifurcation. We then shift focus to more passive means by which branching proceeds, via extracellular matrix remodeling and the influence of the other pulmonary arborized networks: the vasculature and nerves. We end the review by briefly discussing work in computational modeling of airway branching. Throughout, we emphasize the known or speculative effects of Fgfr2b signaling at each point of discussion. It is our aim to promote an understanding of branching morphogenesis that captures the multi-scalar biological and physical nature of the phenomenon, and the interdisciplinary approach to its study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R. Jones
- Key Laboratory of Interventional Pulmonology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Cardio-Pulmonary Institute and Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Lei Chong
- National Key Clinical Specialty of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Discipline of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Institute of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Saverio Bellusci
- Key Laboratory of Interventional Pulmonology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Cardio-Pulmonary Institute and Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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3
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Cremona TP, Hartner A, Schittny JC. The Development of Integrin Alpha-8 Deficient Lungs Shows Reduced and Altered Branching and a Correction of the Phenotype During Alveolarization. Front Physiol 2021; 11:530635. [PMID: 33408636 PMCID: PMC7779808 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.530635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung development involves epithelial–mesenchymal interactions and integrins represent one of the key elements. These extracellular matrix receptors form hetero-dimers of alpha and beta subunits. The integrin α8β1 is highly expressed in mouse tissues, including lung. It forms a cellular receptor for fibronectin, vitronectin, osteopontin, nephronectin, and tenascin-C. This study aims to investigate the role of the integrin α8-subunit (α8) during lung development. Wild type and α8-deficient lungs were explanted at embryonic days 11.5/12.5. After 24–73 h in culture α8-deficient lung explants displayed reduced growth, reduced branching, enlarged endbuds, altered branching patterns, and faster spontaneous contractions of the airways as compared to wild type. Postnatally, a stereological investigation revealed that lung volume, alveolar surface area, and the length of the free septal edge were significantly reduced in α8-deficient lungs at postnatal days P4 and P7. An increased formation of new septa in α8-deficient lungs rescued the phenotype. At day P90 α8-deficient lungs were comparable to wild type. We conclude that α8β1 takes not only part in the control of branching, but also possesses a morphogenic effect on the pattern and size of the future airways. Furthermore, we conclude that the phenotype observed at day P4 is caused by reduced branching and is rescued by a pronounced formation of the new septa throughout alveolarization. More studies are needed to understand the mechanism responsible for the formation of new septa in the absence of α8β1 in order to be of potential therapeutic benefit for patients suffering from structural lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana P Cremona
- Institute of Anatomy, Department of Preclinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Hartner
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Johannes C Schittny
- Institute of Anatomy, Department of Preclinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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4
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Kunisaki SM, Jiang G, Biancotti JC, Ho KKY, Dye BR, Liu AP, Spence JR. Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived lung organoids in an ex vivo model of the congenital diaphragmatic hernia fetal lung. Stem Cells Transl Med 2020; 10:98-114. [PMID: 32949227 PMCID: PMC7780804 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.20-0199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Three‐dimensional lung organoids (LOs) derived from pluripotent stem cells have the potential to enhance our understanding of disease mechanisms and to enable novel therapeutic approaches in neonates with pulmonary disorders. We established a reproducible ex vivo model of lung development using transgene‐free human induced pluripotent stem cells generated from fetuses and infants with Bochdalek congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH), a polygenic disorder associated with fetal lung compression and pulmonary hypoplasia at birth. Molecular and cellular comparisons of CDH LOs revealed impaired generation of NKX2.1+ progenitors, type II alveolar epithelial cells, and PDGFRα+ myofibroblasts. We then subjected these LOs to disease relevant mechanical cues through ex vivo compression and observed significant changes in genes associated with pulmonary progenitors, alveolar epithelial cells, and mesenchymal fibroblasts. Collectively, these data suggest both primary cell‐intrinsic and secondary mechanical causes of CDH lung hypoplasia and support the use of this stem cell‐based approach for disease modeling in CDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun M Kunisaki
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Guihua Jiang
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Juan C Biancotti
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kenneth K Y Ho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Briana R Dye
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Allen P Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jason R Spence
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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5
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Anthracopoulos MB, Everard ML. Asthma: A Loss of Post-natal Homeostatic Control of Airways Smooth Muscle With Regression Toward a Pre-natal State. Front Pediatr 2020; 8:95. [PMID: 32373557 PMCID: PMC7176812 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2020.00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The defining feature of asthma is loss of normal post-natal homeostatic control of airways smooth muscle (ASM). This is the key feature that distinguishes asthma from all other forms of respiratory disease. Failure to focus on impaired ASM homeostasis largely explains our failure to find a cure and contributes to the widespread excessive morbidity associated with the condition despite the presence of effective therapies. The mechanisms responsible for destabilizing the normal tight control of ASM and hence airways caliber in post-natal life are unknown but it is clear that atopic inflammation is neither necessary nor sufficient. Loss of homeostasis results in excessive ASM contraction which, in those with poor control, is manifest by variations in airflow resistance over short periods of time. During viral exacerbations, the ability to respond to bronchodilators is partially or almost completely lost, resulting in ASM being "locked down" in a contracted state. Corticosteroids appear to restore normal or near normal homeostasis in those with poor control and restore bronchodilator responsiveness during exacerbations. The mechanism of action of corticosteroids is unknown and the assumption that their action is solely due to "anti-inflammatory" effects needs to be challenged. ASM, in evolutionary terms, dates to the earliest land dwelling creatures that required muscle to empty primitive lungs. ASM appears very early in embryonic development and active peristalsis is essential for the formation of the lungs. However, in post-natal life its only role appears to be to maintain airways in a configuration that minimizes resistance to airflow and dead space. In health, significant constriction is actively prevented, presumably through classic negative feedback loops. Disruption of this robust homeostatic control can develop at any age and results in asthma. In order to develop a cure, we need to move from our current focus on immunology and inflammatory pathways to work that will lead to an understanding of the mechanisms that contribute to ASM stability in health and how this is disrupted to cause asthma. This requires a radical change in the focus of most of "asthma research."
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark L. Everard
- Division of Paediatrics & Child Health, Perth Children's Hospital, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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6
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Regulation of Airway Smooth Muscle Contraction in Health and Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1124:381-422. [PMID: 31183836 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-5895-1_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Airway smooth muscle (ASM) extends from the trachea throughout the bronchial tree to the terminal bronchioles. In utero, spontaneous phasic contraction of fetal ASM is critical for normal lung development by regulating intraluminal fluid movement, ASM differentiation, and release of key growth factors. In contrast, phasic contraction appears to be absent in the adult lung, and regulation of tonic contraction and airflow is under neuronal and humoral control. Accumulating evidence suggests that changes in ASM responsiveness contribute to the pathophysiology of lung diseases with lifelong health impacts.Functional assessments of fetal and adult ASM and airways have defined pharmacological responses and signaling pathways that drive airway contraction and relaxation. Studies using precision-cut lung slices, in which contraction of intrapulmonary airways and ASM calcium signaling can be assessed simultaneously in situ, have been particularly informative. These combined approaches have defined the relative importance of calcium entry into ASM and calcium release from intracellular stores as drivers of spontaneous phasic contraction in utero and excitation-contraction coupling.Increased contractility of ASM in asthma contributes to airway hyperresponsiveness. Studies using animal models and human ASM and airways have characterized inflammatory and other mechanisms underlying increased reactivity to contractile agonists and reduced bronchodilator efficacy of β2-adrenoceptor agonists in severe diseases. Novel bronchodilators and the application of bronchial thermoplasty to ablate increased ASM within asthmatic airways have the potential to overcome limitations of current therapies. These approaches may directly limit excessive airway contraction to improve outcomes for difficult-to-control asthma and other chronic lung diseases.
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7
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Thotakura S, Basova L, Makarenkova HP. FGF Gradient Controls Boundary Position Between Proliferating and Differentiating Cells and Regulates Lacrimal Gland Growth Dynamics. Front Genet 2019; 10:362. [PMID: 31191595 PMCID: PMC6546953 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling plays an important role in controlling cell proliferation, survival, and cell movements during branching morphogenesis of many organs. In mammals branching morphogenesis is primarily regulated by members of the FGF7-subfamily (FGF7 and FGF10), which are expressed in the mesenchyme, and signal to the epithelial cells through the “b” isoform of fibroblast growth factor receptor-2 (FGFR2). Our previous work demonstrated that FGF7 and FGF10 form different gradients in the extracellular matrix (ECM) and induce distinct cellular responses and gene expression profiles in the lacrimal and submandibular glands. The last finding was the most surprising since both FGF7 and FGF10 bind signal most strongly through the same fibroblast growth factor receptor-2b isoform (FGFR2b). Here we revisit this question to gain an explanation of how the different FGFs regulate gene expression. For this purpose, we employed our ex vivo epithelial explant migration assay in which isolated epithelial explants are grown near the FGF loaded beads. We demonstrate that the graded distribution of FGF induces activation of ERK1/2 MAP kinases that define the position of the boundary between proliferating “bud” and differentiating “stalk” cells of growing lacrimal gland epithelium. Moreover, we showed that gene expression profiles of the epithelial explants exposed to distinct FGFs strictly depend on the ratio between “bud” and “stalk” area. Our data also suggests that differentiation of “stalk” and “bud” regions within the epithelial explants is necessary for directional and persistent epithelial migration. Gaining a better understanding of FGF functions is important for development of new approaches to enhance tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suharika Thotakura
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Liana Basova
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Helen P Makarenkova
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, CA, United States
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8
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Morgan JT, Stewart WG, McKee RA, Gleghorn JP. The mechanosensitive ion channel TRPV4 is a regulator of lung development and pulmonary vasculature stabilization. Cell Mol Bioeng 2018; 11:309-320. [PMID: 30713588 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-018-0538-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction – Clinical observations and animal models suggest a critical role for the dynamic regulation of transmural pressure and peristaltic airway smooth muscle contractions for proper lung development. However, it is currently unclear how such mechanical signals are transduced into molecular and transcriptional changes at the cell level. To connect these physical findings to a mechanotransduction mechanism, we identified a known mechanosensor, TRPV4, as a component of this pathway. Methods – Embryonic mouse lung explants were cultured on membranes and in submersion culture to modulate explant transmural pressure. Time-lapse imaging was used to capture active changes in lung biology, and whole-mount images were used to visualize the organization of the epithelial, smooth muscle, and vascular compartments. TRPV4 activity was modulated by pharmacological agonism and inhibition. Results – TRPV4 expression is present in the murine lung with strong localization to the epithelium and major pulmonary blood vessels. TRPV4 agonism and inhibition resulted in hyper- and hypoplastic airway branching, smooth muscle differentiation, and lung growth, respectively. Smooth muscle contractions also doubled in frequency with agonism and were reduced by 60% with inhibition demonstrating a functional role consistent with levels of smooth muscle differentiation. Activation of TRPV4 increased the vascular capillary density around the distal airways, and inhibition resulted in a near complete loss of the vasculature. Conclusions – These studies have identified TRPV4 as a potential mechanosensor involved in transducing mechanical forces on the airways to molecular and transcriptional events that regulate the morphogenesis of the three essential tissue compartments in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua T Morgan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 161 Colburn Lab, Newark, DE 19716 USA
- Present Address: Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA USA
| | - Wade G Stewart
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 161 Colburn Lab, Newark, DE 19716 USA
| | - Robert A McKee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 161 Colburn Lab, Newark, DE 19716 USA
| | - Jason P Gleghorn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 161 Colburn Lab, Newark, DE 19716 USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, 161 Colburn Lab, Newark, DE 19716 USA
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9
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Wong KKY, Flake AW, Tibboel D, Rottier RJ, Tam PKH. Congenital pulmonary airway malformation: advances and controversies. THE LANCET CHILD & ADOLESCENT HEALTH 2018; 2:290-297. [PMID: 30169300 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-4642(18)30035-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Advances in antenatal screening have provided evidence that the prevalence of congenital pulmonary airway malformation is higher than previously thought. This means that, on a global scale, more congenital pulmonary airway malformations will be diagnosed and seen by clinicians across many different specialties. This increase poses new controversies and challenges for clinicians in terms of prenatal and postnatal management. Important and exciting research has begun to emerge in the past decade. This Review describes current understanding of the disease, the latest surgical developments, and highlights management issues and controversies, including the rationale and timing of surgical intervention, the choice of surgical approach, and long-term functional outcomes. In doing so, we attempt to provide a balanced management algorithm for readers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth K Y Wong
- Department of Surgery, University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Alan W Flake
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Dick Tibboel
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Robbert J Rottier
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Paul K H Tam
- Department of Surgery, University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China
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10
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Markou GA, Dafereras G, Poncelet C. Congenital Cystic Adenomatoid Malformation Diagnosed During First-Trimester Ultrasound Scan. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CASE REPORTS 2018; 19:1-4. [PMID: 29290632 PMCID: PMC5757404 DOI: 10.12659/ajcr.906832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Patient: Female, 26 Final Diagnosis: Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation (CCAM) Symptoms: Inconveniently • polyhydramnios Medication: — Clinical Procedure: Termination of pregnancy Specialty: Obstetrics and Gynecology
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Affiliation(s)
- Georges A Markou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Rene-Dubos Hospital, Cergy-Pontoise, France
| | - Georgios Dafereras
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Rene-Dubos Hospital, Cergy-Pontoise, France
| | - Christophe Poncelet
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Rene-Dubos Hospital, Cergy-Pontoise, France.,UFR SMBH, University Paris, Bobigny, France
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11
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Nelson CM, Gleghorn JP, Pang MF, Jaslove JM, Goodwin K, Varner VD, Miller E, Radisky DC, Stone HA. Microfluidic chest cavities reveal that transmural pressure controls the rate of lung development. Development 2017; 144:4328-4335. [PMID: 29084801 DOI: 10.1242/dev.154823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical forces are increasingly recognized to regulate morphogenesis, but how this is accomplished in the context of the multiple tissue types present within a developing organ remains unclear. Here, we use bioengineered 'microfluidic chest cavities' to precisely control the mechanical environment of the fetal lung. We show that transmural pressure controls airway branching morphogenesis, the frequency of airway smooth muscle contraction, and the rate of developmental maturation of the lungs, as assessed by transcriptional analyses. Time-lapse imaging reveals that branching events are synchronized across distant locations within the lung, and are preceded by long-duration waves of airway smooth muscle contraction. Higher transmural pressure decreases the interval between systemic smooth muscle contractions and increases the rate of morphogenesis of the airway epithelium. These data reveal that the mechanical properties of the microenvironment instruct crosstalk between different tissues to control the development of the embryonic lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste M Nelson
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA .,Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Jason P Gleghorn
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Mei-Fong Pang
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Jacob M Jaslove
- Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Katharine Goodwin
- Quantitative and Computational Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Victor D Varner
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Erin Miller
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Derek C Radisky
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Howard A Stone
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
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12
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Bower DV, Lansdale N, Navarro S, Truong TV, Bower DJ, Featherstone NC, Connell MG, Al Alam D, Frey MR, Trinh LA, Fernandez GE, Warburton D, Fraser SE, Bennett D, Jesudason EC. SERCA directs cell migration and branching across species and germ layers. Biol Open 2017; 6:1458-1471. [PMID: 28821490 PMCID: PMC5665464 DOI: 10.1242/bio.026039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Branching morphogenesis underlies organogenesis in vertebrates and invertebrates, yet is incompletely understood. Here, we show that the sarco-endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ reuptake pump (SERCA) directs budding across germ layers and species. Clonal knockdown demonstrated a cell-autonomous role for SERCA in Drosophila air sac budding. Live imaging of Drosophila tracheogenesis revealed elevated Ca2+ levels in migratory tip cells as they form branches. SERCA blockade abolished this Ca2+ differential, aborting both cell migration and new branching. Activating protein kinase C (PKC) rescued Ca2+ in tip cells and restored cell migration and branching. Likewise, inhibiting SERCA abolished mammalian epithelial budding, PKC activation rescued budding, while morphogens did not. Mesoderm (zebrafish angiogenesis) and ectoderm (Drosophila nervous system) behaved similarly, suggesting a conserved requirement for cell-autonomous Ca2+ signaling, established by SERCA, in iterative budding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle V Bower
- Division of Biological Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
- Department of Diagnostic, Interventional and Pediatric Radiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland, and the Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nick Lansdale
- Department of Biochemistry & Centre for Cell Imaging, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
- Division of Child Health, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L12 2AP, UK
| | - Sonia Navarro
- The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
- Craniofacial Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Thai V Truong
- Division of Biological Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Biological Sciences and Molecular and Computational Biology, Translational Imaging Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Dan J Bower
- Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Neil C Featherstone
- Department of Biochemistry & Centre for Cell Imaging, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Marilyn G Connell
- Department of Biochemistry & Centre for Cell Imaging, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Denise Al Alam
- The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Mark R Frey
- The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Le A Trinh
- Division of Biological Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Biological Sciences and Molecular and Computational Biology, Translational Imaging Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - G Esteban Fernandez
- The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - David Warburton
- The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Scott E Fraser
- Division of Biological Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Biological Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Biological Sciences and Molecular and Computational Biology, Translational Imaging Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Daimark Bennett
- Department of Biochemistry & Centre for Cell Imaging, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Edwin C Jesudason
- Division of Biological Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
- NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, EH14 1TY, UK
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13
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Bokka KK, Jesudason EC, Warburton D, Lubkin SR. Quantifying cellular and subcellular stretches in embryonic lung epithelia under peristalsis: where to look for mechanosensing. Interface Focus 2016; 6:20160031. [PMID: 27708758 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2016.0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Peristalsis begins in the lung as soon as the smooth muscle (SM) forms, and persists until birth. As the prenatal lung is filled with liquid, SM action can, through lumen pressure, deform tissues far from the immediately adjacent tissues. Stretching of embryonic tissues has been shown to have potent morphogenetic effects. We hypothesize that these effects are at work in lung morphogenesis. In order to refine that broad hypothesis in a quantitative framework, we geometrically analyse cell shapes in an epithelial tissue, and individual cell deformations resulting from peristaltic waves that completely occlude the airway. Typical distortions can be very large, with opposite orientations in the stalk and tip regions. Apical distortions are always greater than basal distortions. We give a quantitative estimate of the relationship between length of occluded airway and the resulting tissue stretch in the distal tip. We refine our analysis of cell stresses and strains from peristalsis with a simple mechanical model of deformation of cells within an epithelium, which accounts for basic subcellular geometry and material properties. The model identifies likely stress concentrations near the nucleus and at the apical cell-cell junction. The surprisingly large strains of airway peristalsis may serve to rearrange cells and stimulate other mechanosensitive processes by repeatedly aligning cytoskeletal components and/or breaking and reforming lateral cell-cell adhesions. Stress concentrations between nuclei of adjacent cells may serve as a mechanical control mechanism guiding the alignment of nuclei as an epithelium matures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edwin C Jesudason
- Paediatric Surgery , University of Liverpool , Liverpool L69 3BX , UK
| | - David Warburton
- Saban Research Institute , 4650 Sunset Boulevard, MS# 35, Los Angeles, CA 90027 , USA
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14
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Gilbert RM, Morgan JT, Marcin ES, Gleghorn JP. Fluid mechanics as a driver of tissue-scale mechanical signaling in organogenesis. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2016; 4:199-208. [PMID: 28163984 DOI: 10.1007/s40139-016-0117-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Organogenesis is the process during development by which cells self-assemble into complex, multi-scale tissues. Whereas significant focus and research effort has demonstrated the importance of solid mechanics in organogenesis, less attention has been given to the fluid forces that provide mechanical cues over tissue length scales. RECENT FINDINGS Fluid motion and pressure is capable of creating spatial gradients of forces acting on cells, thus eliciting distinct and localized signaling patterns essential for proper organ formation. Understanding the multi-scale nature of the mechanics is critically important to decipher how mechanical signals sculpt developing organs. SUMMARY This review outlines various mechanisms by which tissues generate, regulate, and sense fluid forces and highlights the impact of these forces and mechanisms in case studies of normal and pathological development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M Gilbert
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716
| | - Joshua T Morgan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716
| | - Elizabeth S Marcin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716
| | - Jason P Gleghorn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716
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15
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Varner VD, Nelson CM. Computational models of airway branching morphogenesis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 67:170-176. [PMID: 27269374 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The bronchial network of the mammalian lung consists of millions of dichotomous branches arranged in a highly complex, space-filling tree. Recent computational models of branching morphogenesis in the lung have helped uncover the biological mechanisms that construct this ramified architecture. In this review, we focus on three different theoretical approaches - geometric modeling, reaction-diffusion modeling, and continuum mechanical modeling - and discuss how, taken together, these models have identified the geometric principles necessary to build an efficient bronchial network, as well as the patterning mechanisms that specify airway geometry in the developing embryo. We emphasize models that are integrated with biological experiments and suggest how recent progress in computational modeling has advanced our understanding of airway branching morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor D Varner
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States
| | - Celeste M Nelson
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States; Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States.
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16
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Kim HY, Pang MF, Varner VD, Kojima L, Miller E, Radisky DC, Nelson CM. Localized Smooth Muscle Differentiation Is Essential for Epithelial Bifurcation during Branching Morphogenesis of the Mammalian Lung. Dev Cell 2015; 34:719-26. [PMID: 26387457 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2015.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The airway epithelium develops into a tree-like structure via branching morphogenesis. Here, we show a critical role for localized differentiation of airway smooth muscle during epithelial bifurcation in the embryonic mouse lung. We found that during terminal bifurcation, changes in the geometry of nascent buds coincided with patterned smooth muscle differentiation. Evaluating spatiotemporal dynamics of α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA) in reporter mice revealed that αSMA-expressing cells appear at the basal surface of the future epithelial cleft prior to bifurcation and then increase in density as they wrap around the bifurcating bud. Disrupting this stereotyped pattern of smooth muscle differentiation prevents terminal bifurcation. Our results reveal stereotyped differentiation of airway smooth muscle adjacent to nascent epithelial buds and suggest that localized smooth muscle wrapping at the cleft site is required for terminal bifurcation during airway branching morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Young Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Mei-Fong Pang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Victor D Varner
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Lisa Kojima
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Erin Miller
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Derek C Radisky
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Celeste M Nelson
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
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17
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Abstract
The development of the human lung starts at 4 weeks of gestation with the appearance of the tracheal outgrowth from the foregut and continues into early childhood. Survival at birth is dependent on adequate development and maturation of the lung in utero. Abnormal bronchopulmonary development results in congenital lung malformations, and inadequate development is thought to contribute to bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Complex processes and factors influencing lung development are beginning to be elucidated, and further knowledge will hopefully lead to improved interventions to enhance outcomes in vulnerable or affected infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanya Mullassery
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Addenbrookes Cambridge University Hospitals, NHS Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Nicola P Smith
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Addenbrookes Cambridge University Hospitals, NHS Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
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18
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Bokka KK, Jesudason EC, Warburton D, Lubkin SR. Morphogenetic implications of peristaltic fluid-tissue dynamics in the embryonic lung. J Theor Biol 2015; 382:378-85. [PMID: 26165454 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2015.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Peristalsis begins in the lung as soon as the smooth muscle forms, and persists until birth. Since the prenatal lung is liquid-filled, smooth muscle action can deform tissues and transport fluid far from the immediately adjacent tissues. Stretching of embryonic tissues and sensation of internal fluid flows have been shown to have potent morphogenetic effects. We hypothesize that these effects are at work in lung morphogenesis. To place that hypothesis in a quantitative framework, we analyze a model of the fluid-structure interactions between embryonic tissues and lumen fluid resulting from peristaltic waves that partially occlude the airway. We find that if the airway is closed, deformations are synchronized; by contrast, if the trachea is open, maximal occlusion precedes maximal pressure. We perform a parametric analysis of how occlusion, stretch, and flow depend on tissue stiffnesses, smooth muscle force, tissue shape and size, and fluid viscosity. We find that most of these relationships are governed by simple ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David Warburton
- The Saban Research Institute, 4650 Sunset Boulevard, MS# 35, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
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19
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Rhodes J, Saxena D, Zhang G, Gittes GK, Potoka DA. Defective parasympathetic innervation is associated with airway branching abnormalities in experimental CDH. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2015; 309:L168-74. [PMID: 25934671 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00299.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Developmental mechanisms leading to lung hypoplasia in congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) remain poorly defined. Pulmonary innervation is defective in the human disease and in the rodent models of CDH. We hypothesize that defective parasympathetic innervation may contribute to airway branching abnormalities and, therefore, lung hypoplasia, during lung development in CDH. The murine nitrofen model of CDH was utilized to study the effect of the cholinergic agonist carbachol on embryonic day 11.5 (E11.5) lung explant cultures. Airway branching and contractions were quantified. In a subset of experiments, verapamil was added to inhibit airway contractions. Sox9 immunostaining and 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine incorporation were used to identify and quantify the number and proliferation of distal airway epithelial progenitor cells. Intra-amniotic injections were used to determine the in vivo effect of carbachol. Airway branching and airway contractions were significantly decreased in nitrofen-treated lungs compared with controls. Carbachol resulted in increased airway contractions and branching in nitrofen-treated lungs. Nitrofen-treated lungs exhibited an increased number of proliferating Sox9-positive distal epithelial progenitor cells, which were decreased and normalized by treatment with carbachol. Verapamil inhibited the carbachol-induced airway contractions in nitrofen-treated lungs but had no effect on the carbachol-induced increase in airway branching, suggesting a direct carbachol effect independent of airway contractions. In vivo treatment of nitrofen-treated embryos via amniotic injection of carbachol at E10.5 resulted in modest increases in lung size and branching at E17.5. These results suggest that defective parasympathetic innervation may contribute to airway branching abnormalities in CDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Rhodes
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh and Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Deeksha Saxena
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh and Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - GuangFeng Zhang
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh and Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - George K Gittes
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh and Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Douglas A Potoka
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh and Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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20
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Abstract
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) retains high mortality and morbidity due to lung hypoplasia, pulmonary hypertension and severe co-existent anomalies. This article offers a comprehensive state-of-the-art review for the paediatric surgeon whilst also describing key contributions from the basic sciences in the search to uncover the cause of the birth defect together with efforts to develop new and better therapies for CDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Losty
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Alder Hey Children׳s Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
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21
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Celeste M. Nelson
- Departments of 1Chemical & Biological Engineering and
- Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544;
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22
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Chen F, Marquez H, Kim YK, Qian J, Shao F, Fine A, Cruikshank WW, Quadro L, Cardoso WV. Prenatal retinoid deficiency leads to airway hyperresponsiveness in adult mice. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:801-11. [PMID: 24401276 DOI: 10.1172/jci70291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that vitamin A deficiency in utero correlates with abnormal airway smooth muscle (SM) function in postnatal life. The bioactive vitamin A metabolite retinoic acid (RA) is essential for formation of the lung primordium; however, little is known about the impact of early fetal RA deficiency on postnatal lung structure and function. Here, we provide evidence that during murine lung development, endogenous RA has a key role in restricting the airway SM differentiation program during airway formation. Using murine models of pharmacological, genetic, and dietary vitamin A/RA deficiency, we found that disruption of RA signaling during embryonic development consistently resulted in an altered airway SM phenotype with markedly increased expression of SM markers. The aberrant phenotype persisted postnatally regardless of the adult vitamin A status and manifested as structural changes in the bronchial SM and hyperresponsiveness of the airway without evidence of inflammation. Our data reveal a role for endogenous RA signaling in restricting SM differentiation and preventing precocious and excessive SM differentiation when airways are forming.
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23
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Brennan SC, Finney BA, Lazarou M, Rosser AE, Scherf C, Adriaensen D, Kemp PJ, Riccardi D. Fetal calcium regulates branching morphogenesis in the developing human and mouse lung: involvement of voltage-gated calcium channels. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80294. [PMID: 24282533 PMCID: PMC3840017 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Airway branching morphogenesis in utero is essential for optimal postnatal lung function. In the fetus, branching morphogenesis occurs during the pseudoglandular stage (weeks 9–17 of human gestation, embryonic days (E)11.5–16.5 in mouse) in a hypercalcaemic environment (∼1.7 in the fetus vs. ∼1.1–1.3 mM for an adult). Previously we have shown that fetal hypercalcemia exerts an inhibitory brake on branching morphogenesis via the calcium-sensing receptor. In addition, earlier studies have shown that nifedipine, a selective blocker of L-type voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (VGCC), inhibits fetal lung growth, suggesting a role for VGCC in lung development. The aim of this work was to investigate the expression of VGCC in the pseudoglandular human and mouse lung, and their role in branching morphogenesis. Expression of L-type (CaV1.2 and CaV1.3), P/Q type (CaV2.1), N-type (CaV2.2), R-type (CaV2.3), and T-type (CaV3.2 and CaV3.3) VGCC was investigated in paraffin sections from week 9 human fetal lungs and E12.5 mouse embryos. Here we show, for the first time, that Cav1.2 and Cav1.3 are expressed in both the smooth muscle and epithelium of the developing human and mouse lung. Additionally, Cav2.3 was expressed in the lung epithelium of both species. Incubating E12.5 mouse lung rudiments in the presence of nifedipine doubled the amount of branching, an effect which was partly mimicked by the Cav2.3 inhibitor, SNX-482. Direct measurements of changes in epithelial cell membrane potential, using the voltage-sensitive fluorescent dye DiSBAC2(3), demonstrated that cyclic depolarisations occur within the developing epithelium and coincide with rhythmic occlusions of the lumen, driven by the naturally occurring airway peristalsis. We conclude that VGCC are expressed and functional in the fetal human and mouse lung, where they play a role in branching morphogenesis. Furthermore, rhythmic epithelial depolarisations evoked by airway peristalsis would allow for branching to match growth and distension within the developing lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Brennan
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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24
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Wallace HL, Southern KW, Connell MG, Wray S, Burdyga T. Abnormal tracheal smooth muscle function in the CF mouse. Physiol Rep 2013; 1:e00138. [PMID: 24400140 PMCID: PMC3871453 DOI: 10.1002/phy2.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased airway smooth muscle (ASM) contractility is thought to underlie symptoms of airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR). In the cystic fibrosis (CF) airway, ASM anomalies have been reported, but have not been fully characterized and the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. We examined ASM in an adult CF mouse tracheal ring preparation, and determined whether changes in contractility were associated with altered ASM morphology. We looked for inherent changes in the cellular pathways involved in contractility, and characterized trachea morphology in the adult trachea and in an embryonic lung culture model during development. Results showed that that there was a reduction in tracheal caliber in CF mice as indicated by a reduction in the number of cartilage rings; proximal cross-sectional areas of cftr (-/-) tracheas and luminal areas were significantly smaller, but there was no difference in the area or distribution of smooth muscle. Morphological differences observed in adult trachea were not evident in the embryonic lung at 11.5 days gestation or after 72 h in culture. Functional data showed a significant reduction in the amplitude and duration of contraction in response to carbachol (CCh) in Ca-free conditions. The reduction in contraction was agonist specific, and occurred throughout the length of the trachea. These data show that there is a loss in the contractile capacity of the CF mouse trachea due to downregulation of the pathway specific to acetylcholine (ACh) activation. This reduction in contraction is not associated with changes in the area or distribution of ASM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen L Wallace
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool Liverpool, U.K
| | - Kevin W Southern
- Department for Women's and Children's Health, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool Liverpool, U.K
| | - Marilyn G Connell
- Department for Women's and Children's Health, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool Liverpool, U.K
| | - Susan Wray
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool Liverpool, U.K
| | - Theodor Burdyga
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool Liverpool, U.K
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25
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Lezmi G, Hadchouel A, Khen-Dunlop N, Vibhushan S, Benachi A, Delacourt C. [Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformations of the lung: diagnosis, treatment, pathophysiological hypothesis]. REVUE DE PNEUMOLOGIE CLINIQUE 2013; 69:190-197. [PMID: 23850268 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneumo.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformations (CCAM) of the lung are the most frequent congenital lung malformations. Their diagnosis is based on histological features. CCAM consist of bronchopulmonary cystic lesions which are classified according to the presence and cysts size. Type I CCAM are composed of large cysts (>2 cm) lined by a columnar pseudostratified epithelium. Type II CCAM contain multiple small cystic lesions (<1 cm) lined by a flattened cuboidal epithelium. Type III CCAM are more solid and contain immature structures resembling the pseudoglandular stage of lung development. Ultrasonography (US) allows early detection during the second trimester of pregnancy as cystic, and/or hyperechoic fetal lung lesions. Although most CCAM remain asymptomatic, CCAM can cause polyhydramnios or fetal hydrops, respiratory distress at birth, infections and pneumothoraces during infancy, and may give rise to malignancies. Serial US allow detection of complications, and planification of delivery. Complicated forms require an urgent treatment. In fetuses with a macrocystic life-threatening lesion, a thoraco-amniotic shunt can be placed. Microcystic compressive forms may respond to prenatal steroids. Post-natal symptomatic lesions require early surgery. The treatment of asymptomatic forms remains controversial. Some recommend a non-operative approach with a long-term clinical and radiological following, whereas other favour a preventive surgical excision. The origin of CCAM remains unknown. Recent advances suggest a transient and focal abnormality in lung development which may result from an airway obstruction. This article reviews the diagnosis, treatment, and pathophysiology of CCAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Lezmi
- Service de pneumologie pédiatrique, centre de référence pour les maladies respiratoires rares de l'enfant, hôpital Necker-Enfants-Malades, AP-HP, 149, rue de Sèvres, 75743 Paris cedex 15, France.
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26
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Riccardi D, Brennan SC, Chang W. The extracellular calcium-sensing receptor, CaSR, in fetal development. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013; 27:443-53. [PMID: 23856271 PMCID: PMC4462341 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2013.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In fetal mammals, serum levels of both total and ionized calcium significantly exceed those in the adult. This relative fetal hypercalcemia is crucial for skeletal development and is maintained irrespectively of maternal serum calcium levels. Elegant studies by Kovacs and Kronenberg have previously addressed the role of the CaSR in creating and maintaining this relative fetal hypercalcemia, through the regulation of parathyroid hormone-related peptide secretion. More recently we have shown that the CaSR is widely distributed throughout the developing fetus, where the receptor plays major, unexpected roles in ensuring growth and maturation of several organs. In this article, we present evidence for a role of the CaSR in the control of skeletal development, and how fetal hypercalcemia, acting through the CaSR, regulates lung development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Riccardi
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah C Brennan
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Wenhan Chang
- University of California San Francisco, California, USA
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27
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Pederiva F, Ghionzoli M, Pierro A, De Coppi P, Tovar JA. Amniotic fluid stem cells rescue both in vitro and in vivo growth, innervation, and motility in nitrofen-exposed hypoplastic rat lungs through paracrine effects. Cell Transplant 2012; 22:1683-94. [PMID: 23050982 DOI: 10.3727/096368912x657756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung hypoplasia can be prevented in vitro by retinoic acid (RA). Recent evidence suggests that amniotic fluid stem (AFS) cells may integrate injured lungs and influence their recovery. We tested the hypothesis that AFS cells might improve lung growth and motility by paracrine mechanisms. Pregnant rats received either nitrofen or vehicle on E9.5. In vitro E13 embryonic lungs were cultured in the presence of culture medium alone or with RA, basophils, or AFS cells. In vivo green fluorescent protein-expressing (GFP(+)) rat AFS cells were transplanted in nitrofen-exposed rats on E10.5. E13 lung explants were cultured before analysis. The surface, the number of terminal buds, and the frequency of bronchial contractions were assessed. Protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5) and α-actin protein levels were measured. The lung explants transplanted with AFS cells were stained for α-actin, PGP 9.5, and TTF-1. The levels of FGF-10, VEGFα, and TGF-β1 secreted by the AFS cells in the culture medium were measured. Comparison between groups was made by ANOVA. In vitro, the surface, the number of terminal buds, and the bronchial peristalsis were increased in nitrofen+AFS cell explants in comparison with nitrofen-exposed lungs. While nitrofen+RA lungs were similar to nitrofen+AFS ones, basophils did not normalize these measurements. PGP 9.5 protein was decreased in nitrofen lungs, but after adding AFS cells, the value was similar to controls. No differences were found in the expression of α-actin. In vivo, the surface, number of terminal buds, and peristalsis were similar to control after injection of AFS cells in nitrofen-exposed rats. Colocalization with TTF-1-positive cells was found. The levels of FGF-10 and VEGFα were increased in nitrofen+AFS cell explants, while the levels of TGF-β1 were similar to controls. Lung growth, bronchial motility, and innervation were decreased in nitrofen explants and rescued by AFS cells both in vitro and in vivo, similarly to that observed before with RA. The AFS cell beneficial effect was probably related to paracrine action of growth factor secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Pederiva
- Department of Pediatric Surgery and Research Laboratory, Hospital Universitario La Paz, 28046 Madrid, Spain.
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28
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Hadchouel-Duvergé A, Lezmi G, de Blic J, Delacourt C. [Congenital lung malformations: natural history and pathophysiological mechanisms]. Rev Mal Respir 2012; 29:601-11. [PMID: 22542416 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmr.2011.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Congenital lung lesions comprise a broad spectrum of various malformations including congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation (CCAM), bronchopulmonary sequestration (BPS), congenital lobar emphysema, bronchial atresia and bronchogenic cyst. This review aims at the description of their natural history, and of the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. STATE OF THE ART Congenital lung lesions are frequently diagnosed antenatally and many remain asymptomatic after birth. In the absence of antenatal identification, they are usually revealed by the occurrence of infection. In some cases, spontaneous resolution of the malformation can occur. Different pathogenic hypotheses are discussed for the origin of these abnormalities, and common processes appear likely to all of these malformations. Factors involved in the process of branching seem to play a particularly important role. PERSPECTIVES Prospective follow-up of operated and unoperated children would complete our knowledge about the natural history of these lesions. The contribution of experimental models has led to advances in the understanding of pathogenic mechanisms. Further studies are needed to identify the factors initiating the malformative process.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hadchouel-Duvergé
- Service de pneumologie et d'allergologie pédiatriques, hôpital Necker-Enfants-Malades, 149 rue de Sévres, Paris cedex 15, France
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29
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Abstract
The ramified architectures of organs such as the mammary gland and lung are generated via branching morphogenesis, a developmental process through which individual cells bud and pinch off of pre-existing epithelial sheets. Although specified by signaling programs, organ development requires integration of all aspects of the microenvironment. We describe the essential role of endogenous cellular contractility in the formation of branching tubes. We also highlight the role of exogenous forces in normal and aberrant branching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste M Nelson
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA.
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Pederiva F, Martinez L, Tovar JA. Retinoic acid rescues deficient airway innervation and peristalsis of hypoplastic rat lung explants. Neonatology 2012; 101:132-9. [PMID: 21952554 DOI: 10.1159/000329613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Accepted: 05/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bronchial peristalsis modulates lung growth and is deficient in hypoplastic nitrofen-exposed rat lung explants. Retinoic acid (RA) rescues lung hypoplasia. This study examines whether decreased bronchial innervation contributes to this developmental deficiency and if RA is able to recover bronchial innervation and motility. MATERIAL AND METHODS After IRB approval, pregnant rats received either 100 mg nitrofen or vehicle on gestational day 9.5 (E9.5). Embryonic lung primordia harvested on E13 were cultured for 72 h and RA was added daily to the medium when appropriate. Lung growth was assessed by counting the number of terminal buds and measuring explant surface, total DNA and protein in control, control + RA, nitrofen and nitrofen + RA groups. Peristaltic contractions were recorded for 10 min under an inverted microscope. Lung explants stained for anti-protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5) and smooth muscle α-actin were examined under a confocal microscope for depicting the specific relationship between neural and smooth muscle cells. PGP 9.5 and smooth muscle α-actin levels were quantified by Western blot analysis for assessing the neural and muscle cell expressions. Comparisons between groups were made with non-parametric tests. RESULTS The number of terminal buds, the explants' surface and the DNA and protein contents were significantly decreased in nitrofen-exposed lungs in comparison with controls. In contrast, these measurements were normal in explants exposed to both nitrofen and RA. Bronchial peristalsis (contractions/min) was significantly decreased in nitrofen-exposed lungs in comparison with controls; in contrast, in nitrofen + RA lungs it was similar to controls. In all study groups, the airways were surrounded by smooth muscle and ensheathed in a plexus of nerve fibers containing ganglia. PGP 9.5 protein levels were decreased in nitrofen-exposed lungs, but they normalized when RA was added. No differences were found in α-actin protein levels. Explants exposed only to RA were similar to control. CONCLUSIONS Lung growth, bronchial innervation and peristalsis are decreased in nitrofen-exposed lung explants and are rescued by RA. If deficient airway innervation contributing to dysmotility and pulmonary hypoplasia can be pharmacologically rescued, new relatively simple prenatal interventions could be envisioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Pederiva
- Department of Pediatric Surgery and Research Laboratory, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
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Thompson SM, Connell MG, van Kuppevelt TH, Xu R, Turnbull JE, Losty PD, Fernig DG, Jesudason EC. Structure and epitope distribution of heparan sulfate is disrupted in experimental lung hypoplasia: a glycobiological epigenetic cause for malformation? BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2011; 11:38. [PMID: 21672206 PMCID: PMC3127989 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-11-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2010] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heparan sulfate (HS) is present on the surface of virtually all mammalian cells and is a major component of the extracellular matrix (ECM), where it plays a pivotal role in cell-cell and cell-matrix cross-talk through its large interactome. Disruption of HS biosynthesis in mice results in neonatal death as a consequence of malformed lungs, indicating that HS is crucial for airway morphogenesis. Neonatal mortality (~50%) in newborns with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is principally associated with lung hypoplasia and pulmonary hypertension. Given the importance of HS for lung morphogenesis, we investigated developmental changes in HS structure in normal and hypoplastic lungs using the nitrofen rat model of CDH and semi-synthetic bacteriophage ('phage) display antibodies, which identify distinct HS structures. RESULTS The pulmonary pattern of elaborated HS structures is developmentally regulated. For example, the HS4E4V epitope is highly expressed in sub-epithelial mesenchyme of E15.5 - E17.5 lungs and at a lower level in more distal mesenchyme. However, by E19.5, this epitope is expressed similarly throughout the lung mesenchyme.We also reveal abnormalities in HS fine structure and spatiotemporal distribution of HS epitopes in hypoplastic CDH lungs. These changes involve structures recognised by key growth factors, FGF2 and FGF9. For example, the EV3C3V epitope, which was abnormally distributed in the mesenchyme of hypoplastic lungs, is recognised by FGF2. CONCLUSIONS The observed spatiotemporal changes in HS structure during normal lung development will likely reflect altered activities of many HS-binding proteins regulating lung morphogenesis. Abnormalities in HS structure and distribution in hypoplastic lungs can be expected to perturb HS:protein interactions, ECM microenvironments and crucial epithelial-mesenchyme communication, which may contribute to lung dysmorphogenesis. Indeed, a number of epitopes correlate with structures recognised by FGFs, suggesting a functional consequence of the observed changes in HS in these lungs. These results identify a novel, significant molecular defect in hypoplastic lungs and reveals HS as a potential contributor to hypoplastic lung development in CDH. Finally, these results afford the prospect that HS-mimetic therapeutics could repair defective signalling in hypoplastic lungs, improve lung growth, and reduce CDH mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie M Thompson
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been reported that the smooth muscles in fetal airways exhibit spontaneous phasic contractions throughout gestation. However, the mechanism of these spontaneous contractions is unknown. In the bowel wall, interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs), which are derived from c-kit positive precursor cells, play an important role as pacemaker cells responsible for the spontaneous, rhythmic activity in the smooth muscle cells. In this study, we investigated the spatial and temporal expression patterns of c-kit positive cells in the embryonic lung and its relationship to the smooth muscle cells surrounding the trachea and the bronchus. METHODS Rat fetuses were removed from timed pregnant dams on embryonic days (E) 11.5, 13.5, 15.5, and 17.5. Immunohistochemical studies with anti c-kit antibody and anti α-SMA antibody were carried out using frozen sections. RESULTS A small number of c-kit positive cells were observed in the mesenchyme of the lung bud on day E 11.5. They were markedly increased in number on day E 13.5. On day E 15.5 and on day E 17.5, strong c-kit expressions were observed on the vascular wall and moderate expressions in the mesenchyme. C-kit positive cells co-localized with α-SMA positive smooth muscle cells surrounding the airway epithelium. CONCLUSION Co-localization of c-kit positive cells and airway smooth muscles in the fetal lung suggests that c-kit positive cells may play an important role in the spontaneous contractions of fetal airways. C-kit expressions in the fetal pulmonary vascular wall suggest that these cells may play an important role in vasculogenesis and angiogenesis of the embryonic lung.
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Jesudason EC, Keshet E, Warburton D. Entrained pulmonary clocks: epithelium and vasculature keeping pace. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2010; 299:L453-4. [PMID: 20693313 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00263.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Correia-Pinto J, Gonzaga S, Huang Y, Rottier R. Congenital lung lesions--underlying molecular mechanisms. Semin Pediatr Surg 2010; 19:171-9. [PMID: 20610189 DOI: 10.1053/j.sempedsurg.2010.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Congenital lung lesions comprise a broad spectrum of rare but clinically significant developmental abnormalities, including congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation, bronchopulmonary sequestrations, congenital lobar emphysema, and bronchogenic cysts, which are commonly surgically treated. Although the terms congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation, bronchopulmonary sequestrations, congenital lobar emphysema, and bronchogenic cysts are entrenched in clinical usage and comfortably correspond to rigid pathologic definitions, there is a considerable overlap in the findings. Disregarding the controversy about lesion nomenclature and classification, it is widely accepted that congenital lung lesions result from perturbations in lung and airway embryogenesis. It is generally accepted that both place (level in the tracheobronchial tree) and timing (gestational age) of the embryologic insult correlates with the type of lesion and histopathology that is manifested. The objective of this review is to briefly review normal lung development and to analyze the known molecular mechanisms underlying those diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Correia-Pinto
- Surgical Sciences Research Domain, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.
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Thompson SM, Jesudason EC, Turnbull JE, Fernig DG. Heparan sulfate in lung morphogenesis: The elephant in the room. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 90:32-44. [PMID: 20301217 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.20169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) is a structurally complex polysaccharide located on the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix, where it participates in numerous biological processes through interactions with a vast number of regulatory proteins such as growth factors and morphogens. HS is crucial for lung development; disruption of HS synthesis in flies and mice results in a major aberration of airway branching, and in mice, it results in neonatal death as a consequence of malformed lungs and respiratory distress. Epithelial-mesenchymal interactions governing lung morphogenesis are directed by various diffusible proteins, many of which bind to, and are regulated by HS, including fibroblast growth factors, sonic hedgehog, and bone morphogenetic proteins. The majority of research into the molecular mechanisms underlying defective lung morphogenesis and pulmonary pathologies, such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia and pulmonary hypoplasia associated with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH), has focused on abnormal protein expression. The potential contribution of HS to abnormalities of lung development has yet to be explored to any significant extent, which is somewhat surprising given the abnormal lung phenotype exhibited by mutant mice synthesizing abnormal HS. This review summarizes our current understanding of the role of HS and HS-binding proteins in lung morphogenesis and will present in vitro and in vivo evidence for the fundamental importance of HS in airway development. Finally, we will discuss the future possibility of HS-based therapeutics for ameliorating insufficient lung growth associated with lung diseases such as CDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie M Thompson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom.
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Warburton D, El-Hashash A, Carraro G, Tiozzo C, Sala F, Rogers O, De Langhe S, Kemp PJ, Riccardi D, Torday J, Bellusci S, Shi W, Lubkin SR, Jesudason E. Lung organogenesis. Curr Top Dev Biol 2010; 90:73-158. [PMID: 20691848 DOI: 10.1016/s0070-2153(10)90003-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Developmental lung biology is a field that has the potential for significant human impact: lung disease at the extremes of age continues to cause major morbidity and mortality worldwide. Understanding how the lung develops holds the promise that investigators can use this knowledge to aid lung repair and regeneration. In the decade since the "molecular embryology" of the lung was first comprehensively reviewed, new challenges have emerged-and it is on these that we focus the current review. Firstly, there is a critical need to understand the progenitor cell biology of the lung in order to exploit the potential of stem cells for the treatment of lung disease. Secondly, the current familiar descriptions of lung morphogenesis governed by growth and transcription factors need to be elaborated upon with the reinclusion and reconsideration of other factors, such as mechanics, in lung growth. Thirdly, efforts to parse the finer detail of lung bud signaling may need to be combined with broader consideration of overarching mechanisms that may be therapeutically easier to target: in this arena, we advance the proposal that looking at the lung in general (and branching in particular) in terms of clocks may yield unexpected benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Warburton
- The Saban Research Institute, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Haitchi HM, Bassett DJP, Bucchieri F, Gao X, Powell RM, Hanley NA, Wilson DI, Holgate ST, Davies DE. Induction of a disintegrin and metalloprotease 33 during embryonic lung development and the influence of IL-13 or maternal allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009; 124:590-7, 597.e1-11. [PMID: 19665773 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2009.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2008] [Revised: 05/14/2009] [Accepted: 06/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma pathogenesis involves gene and environmental interactions. A disintegrin and metalloprotease 33 (ADAM33)/Adam33 is a susceptibility gene for asthma and bronchial hyperresponsiveness in human beings and mice. ADAM33 is almost exclusively expressed in mesenchymal cells, including mesenchymal progenitors in developing lungs. OBJECTIVE Because maternal allergy is a risk factor for asthma, we hypothesized that an allergic environment affects ADAM33/Adam33 expression during human and mouse lung development. METHODS Human embryonic/fetal lung (HEL) tissues were collected from first-trimester terminations of pregnancy. These were processed immediately or used for explant culture +/- IL-13. MF1 mice or ovalbumin-sensitized A/J mice (Bronchial hyperresponsivness (Bhr)1/Adam33 locus-positive) were time-mated and challenged with ovalbumin (A/J mice only) during pregnancy. Lungs were harvested at different times during gestation and post partum. ADAM33/Adam33 expression was analyzed by using reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. RESULTS ADAM33 mRNA was detectable in HELs in the pseudoglandular stage of development and showed a significant increase from 7 to 9 weeks postconception. IL-13 significantly suppressed ADAM33 mRNA in HEL explants. In developing murine lungs, Adam33 mRNA and protein expression increased significantly in the early pseudoglandular stage and showed another large increase post partum. In A/J mice, maternal allergy significantly suppressed Adam33 mRNA in lungs of newborn pups, whereas processed Adam33 protein increased and several smaller isoforms were detected. CONCLUSION Adam33/Adam33 shows 2 significant increments in expression during lung morphogenesis, suggesting important developmental regulation. The ability of maternal allergy or exogenous IL-13 to suppress Adam33/ADAM33 mRNA but enhance Adam33 processing suggests a gene-environment interaction that may be relevant for asthma pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Michael Haitchi
- Division of Infection Inflammation and Immunity, Roger Brooke Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
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Ringman Uggla A, Zelenina M, Eklöf AC, Aperia A, Frenckner B. Expression of chloride channels in trachea-occluded hyperplastic lungs and nitrofen-induced hypoplastic lungs in rats. Pediatr Surg Int 2009; 25:799-806. [PMID: 19652985 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-009-2423-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital diaphragmatic hernia is accompanied by pulmonary hypoplasia. Fetal lung growth is dependent on the secretion of lung liquid, in which Cl(-) secretion by the pulmonary epithelium plays a crucial role. A decrease of lung liquid production during fetal development renders marked pulmonary hypoplasia, while accelerated fetal lung growth in the form of pulmonary hyperplasia can be achieved by in utero tracheal occlusion (TO). Cl(-) secretion presumably involves NKCC-1, the primary basolateral Cl(-) entry pathway in airway epithelia, coupled to an apical Cl(-) exit pathway. The chloride channels ClC-2, -3 and -5, members of the CLC gene family, are all localized to the apical membrane of fetal respiratory epithelia, which makes them possible candidates for being mediators of fetal apical Cl(-) secretion. The aim of the study was to examine the potential of ClC-2, -3 and -5 as alternative apical airway epithelial Cl(-) channels in normal lung development and their possible role in the development of hypoplastic lungs in CDH. We also wanted to examine ClC-2, -3 and -5 together with the NKCC-1 in hyperplastic lungs created by TO. METHODS Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rat dams were given nitrofen on gestational day 9.5 to induce pulmonary hypoplasia. Controls were given only olive oil. The rat fetuses were removed on days 17, 19 and 21. Hyperplastic lungs were created by intrauterine TO of rat fetuses on day 19 and the lungs were harvested on day 21. The pulmonary expression of ClC-2, -3, -5 and NKCC-1 was then analyzed using Western blot. RESULTS We found that the temporal expression of ClC-2 and -3 in normal fetal lungs points toward a developmental regulation. ClC-2 and -3 were also both down-regulated on day 21 in hypoplastic CDH lungs. In TO induced hyperplastic lungs, the levels of ClC-2 were found to be significantly up-regulated. NKCC-1 showed a tendency toward up-regulation in hyperplastic lungs, while ClC-3 showed a tendency to be down-regulated, but no statistically significant changes could be seen. There was no difference between controls and any of the groups for the expression of ClC-5. CONCLUSION We show that the developmental changes in ClC-2 and ClC-3 protein expression are negatively affected in hypoplastic CDH lungs. Lung hyperplasia created by TO up-regulates the expression of ClC-2. ClC-2 is therefore an interesting potential target in the development of novel, non-invasive, therapies for CDH treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Ringman Uggla
- Research Laboratory Q2:09, Department of Woman and Child Health, Nordic Centre of Excellence for Research in Water Imbalance Related Disorders, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Wallace HL, Connell MG, Losty PD, Jesudason EC, Southern KW. Embryonic lung growth is normal in a cftr-knockout mouse model. Exp Lung Res 2009; 34:717-27. [PMID: 19085568 DOI: 10.1080/01902140802389719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The role of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) chloride channel in embryonic lung growth remains uncertain. The authors used an established embryonic lung culture model to investigate the impact of cftr knockout on lung growth, airway peristalsis, and airway smooth muscle (ASM) distribution. Lung area, perimeter, lung bud count, and frequency of contraction were similar in wild-type (cftr +/+) and cftr knockout mice (cftr -/-). The percentage of mitotic cells was also consistent between genotypes in mesenchyme and epithelium. Smooth muscle distribution surrounding the airway appeared normally distributed in all genotypes. These data suggest that normal embryonic lung growth, ASM differentiation and airway peristalsis are CFTR independent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen L Wallace
- Department of Physiology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
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NKCC-1 and ENaC are down-regulated in nitrofen-induced hypoplastic lungs with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Pediatr Surg Int 2008; 24:993-1000. [PMID: 18668250 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-008-2209-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/09/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is accompanied by pulmonary hypoplasia and pulmonary hypertension. Fetal lung growth is dependent on the secretion of lung liquid, which normally is absorbed at partus. The ion channel NKCC-1 is involved in this secretory process, but has recently also been reported to be implicated in absorption. CDH patients show a disturbed transition from secretion to absorption. alpha- and beta-ENaC are essential for lung liquid absorption. Common for all transcellular ion transport is the need for Na/K-ATPase as a primary driving force. The aim of the study was first to map the normal pulmonary expression of the above proteins during late gestation and secondly to see if the expression was affected in a CDH rat model. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rat dams were given nitrofen on gestational day 9.5 to induce CDH. The fetuses were removed on gestational days E18 and E21. In addition, newborn rats were harvested postpartum on day P2. The fetuses were put into one of two groups: hypoplastic lungs without CDH (N-CDH) and hypoplastic lungs with CDH (N+CDH). The pulmonary expression of NKCC-1, alpha-/beta-ENaC and Na/K-ATPase was then analyzed using Western blot. We found that the protein levels of NKCC-1 on gestational days E18 and E21 were significantly lower among fetuses with N+CDH as well as N-CDH compared to controls. The expression of beta-ENaC was also significantly down-regulated in both the groups on E18 and E21. The protein levels of alpha-ENaC and Na/K-ATPase were not found to be significantly decreased, but both showed a tendency towards down-regulation. The marked down-regulation of NKCC-1 in fetal hypoplastic lungs with CDH indicates a possibly decreased lung liquid production. This may be one of the mechanisms behind the disturbed pulmonary development in CDH. We also show that beta-ENaC is down-regulated. Down-regulation of beta-ENaC may result in abnormal lung liquid absorption, which could be one of the mechanisms behind the respiratory distress seen in CDH patients postpartum.
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Abstract
The incidence of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) may be as high as 1 in 2000. Over the past two decades, antenatal diagnosis rates have increased, the pathophysiology of CDH has become better understood, and advances in clinical care, including foetal surgery, have occurred. However, there remains a paucity of randomised controlled trials to provide evidence-based management guidelines. Reports of improved survival rates appear to be confined to a select subset of CDH infants, surviving to surgical repair, while the overall mortality, at over 60%, appears to be unchanged, largely due to the often forgotten 'hidden mortality' of CDH. The significant long-term morbidity in surviving infants has become apparent, and the need for long-term multidisciplinary follow up established. A total of 10% of cases may present later in life, and misdiagnosis on initial chest X-ray may lead to significant morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Robinson
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Westmead, Australia.
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Ito W, Tanimoto M, Ono K, Mizuno S, Yoshida A, Koga H, Fuchimoto Y, Kondo N, Tanimoto Y, Kiura K, Matsumoto K, Kataoka M, Nakamura T, Gelfand EW, Kanehiro A. Growth factors temporally associate with airway responsiveness and inflammation in allergen-exposed mice. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2007; 145:324-39. [PMID: 18004075 DOI: 10.1159/000110891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2007] [Accepted: 08/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To clarify whether growth factors play critical roles in the development of airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and airway inflammation in the early stages of asthma, the relationship between growth factors and AHR and airway inflammation were analyzed in a mouse model of asthma. METHODS Following ovalbumin (OVA) sensitization and challenge, airway function, inflammation, cytokine and growth factor levels were monitored. RESULTS AHR to inhaled methacholine increased at 6 h, peaked at 48 h, and remained elevated for 14 days. IL-4 and IL-5 levels in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid were increased at 6 h, peaked at 24 h, but returned to baseline quickly. IL-13 levels increased up to 14 days, peaking at 48 h. Increases in BAL fluid transforming growth factor-beta(1) and platelet-derived growth factor were observed at 12 h, and remained elevated at 14 days. Nerve growth factor levels were increased at 24-28 days. BAL fluid hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) was detected at 12 h, peaked at 24 h, and returned to baseline by 72 h. c-Met/HGF receptor was detected in the airways at 6 h, before HGF in the BAL, and continued to be observed 96 h after the last OVA challenge. CONCLUSIONS These data identify a temporal association between growth factor production and Th2 cytokine production and the kinetics of AHR. Growth factors may play important roles in the development of allergic airway inflammation and AHR even in the early stages of asthma, before remodeling is initiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Ito
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Okayama, Japan
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Abstract
Adult respiratory diseases are caused by many factors, including genetic-environmental interaction. Genetic abnormalities can impact early fetal lung development, postnatal lung maturation, as well as adult lung injury and repair. Studies suggest that abnormally developed lung structure and function may contribute as a susceptibility factor for several adult lung diseases. This review focuses on the relationship between lung development and pathogenesis of several lung diseases including COPD, cystic fibrosis (CF), and asthma. COPD with emphysema has been considered to be an accelerated involutional disease of aging smokers. However, since only a proportion (approximately 15%) of smokers get COPD with emphysema, clearly genetic susceptibility must play a significant part in determining both the age of onset and the rapidity of decline in lung function. In mice, interference with key genes either by null mutation, hypomorphism, or gain or loss of function results in phenotypes comprising either neonatal lethal respiratory distress if the structural effect is severe, or reduced alveolarization and/or early onset emphysema if the effect is milder. Reported susceptibility candidate genes are therefore discussed in some detail, including elastin, lysyl oxidase, fibrillin, the transforming growth factor-beta-Smad3 pathway, as well as extracellular matrix proteases. In the case of CF, the Cftr gene has been shown to regulate fetal lung epithelial cell differentiation and maturation. Subtle abnormalities of lung structure and function are found in clinically asymptomatic CF infants. Finally, airway remodeling due to chronic inflammation is important in infants who later acquire asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Shi
- Developmental Biology Program, Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Blvd MS35, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
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Santos M, Moura RS, Gonzaga S, Nogueira-Silva C, Ohlmeier S, Correia-Pinto J. Embryonic Essential Myosin Light Chain Regulates Fetal Lung Development in Rats. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2007; 37:330-8. [PMID: 17541012 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2006-0349oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is currently the most life-threatening congenital anomaly the major finding of which is lung hypoplasia. Lung hypoplasia pathophysiology involves early developmental molecular insult in branching morphogenesis and a late mechanical insult by abdominal herniation in maturation and differentiation processes. Since early determinants of lung hypoplasia might appear as promising targets for prenatal therapy, proteomics analysis of normal and nitrofen-induced hypoplastic lungs was performed at 17.5 days after conception. The major differentially expressed protein was identified by mass spectrometry as myosin light chain 1a (MLC1a). Embryonic essential MLC1a and regulatory myosin light chain 2 (MLC2) were characterized throughout normal and abnormal lung development by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. Disruption of MLC1a expression was assessed in normal lung explant cultures by antisense oligodeoxynucleotides. Since early stages of normal lung development, MLC1a was expressed in vascular smooth muscle (VSM) cells of pulmonary artery, and MLC2 was present in parabronchial smooth muscle and VSM cells of pulmonary vessels. In addition, early smooth muscle differentiation delay was observed by immunohistochemistry of alpha-smooth muscle actin and transforming growth factor-beta1. Disruption of MLC1a expression during normal pulmonary development led to significant growth and branching impairment, suggesting a role in branching morphogenesis. Both MLC1a and MLC2 were absent from hypoplastic fetal lungs during pseudoglandular stage of lung development, whereas their expression partially recovered by prenatal treatment with vitamin A. Thus, a deficiency in contractile proteins MLC1a and MLC2 might have a role among the early molecular determinants of lung hypoplasia in the rat model of nitrofen-induced CDH.
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MESH Headings
- Abnormalities, Drug-Induced/embryology
- Abnormalities, Drug-Induced/metabolism
- Abnormalities, Drug-Induced/pathology
- Animals
- Cardiac Myosins/metabolism
- Female
- Hernia, Diaphragmatic/embryology
- Hernia, Diaphragmatic/metabolism
- Hernias, Diaphragmatic, Congenital
- Humans
- Infant, Newborn
- Lung/abnormalities
- Lung/drug effects
- Lung/embryology
- Lung/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth/abnormalities
- Muscle, Smooth/embryology
- Muscle, Smooth/metabolism
- Myosin Light Chains/antagonists & inhibitors
- Myosin Light Chains/genetics
- Myosin Light Chains/metabolism
- Phenyl Ethers/toxicity
- Pregnancy
- Proteomics
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Tissue Culture Techniques
- Vitamin A/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Santos
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
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Abstract
Impaired lung development afflicts a range of newborns cared for by paediatric surgeons. As a result the speciality has led in the development of surgical models that illustrate the biomechanical regulation of lung growth. Using transgenic mutants, biologists have similarly discovered much about the biochemical regulation of prenatal lung growth. Airway smooth muscle (ASM) and its prenatal contractility airway peristalsis (AP) represent a novel link between these areas: ASM progenitors produce an essential biochemical factor for lung morphogenesis, whilst calcium-driven biomechanical ASM activity appears to regulate the same. In this invited paper, I take the opportunity both to review our recent findings on lung growth and prenatal ASM, and also to discuss mechanisms by which ASM contractility can regulate growth. Finally, I will introduce some novel ideas for exploration: ASM contractility could help to schedule parturition (pulmonary parturition clock) and could even be a generic model for smooth muscle regulation of morphogenesis in similar organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin C Jesudason
- Academy of Medical Sciences Clinician Scientist/Consultant Paediatric Surgeon, Alder Hey Children's Hospital, The Division of Child Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L12 2AP, UK. .
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Kling DE, Schnitzer JJ. Vitamin A deficiency (VAD), teratogenic, and surgical models of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2007; 145C:139-57. [PMID: 17436305 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.30129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a congenital malformation that occurs with a frequency of 0.08 to 0.45 per 1,000 births. Children with CDH are born with the abdominal contents herniated through the diaphragm and exhibit an associated pulmonary hypoplasia which is frequently accompanied by severe morbidity and mortality. Although the etiology of CDH is largely unknown, considerable progress has been made in understanding its molecular mechanisms through the usage of genetic, teratogenic, and surgical models. The following review focuses on the teratogenic and surgical models of CDH and the possible molecular mechanisms of nitrofen (a diphenyl ether, formerly used as an herbicide) in both induction of CDH and pulmonary hypoplasia. In addition, the mechanisms of other compounds including several anti-inflammatory agents that have been linked to CDH will be discussed. Furthermore, this review will also explore the importance of vitamin A in lung and diaphragm development and the possible mechanisms of teratogen interference in vitamin A homeostasis. Continued exploration of these models will bring forth a clearer understanding of CDH and its molecular underpinnings, which will ultimately facilitate development of therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Kling
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Cohen JC, Larson JE. Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) dependent cytoskeletal tension during lung organogenesis. Dev Dyn 2007; 235:2736-48. [PMID: 16906518 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.20912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence for the role of CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator) in lung development and differentiation. The mechanism by which the chloride channel could affect lung organogenesis, however, is unknown. In utero CFTR gene transfer in the fetal lungs of mice, rats, and non-human primates was shown previously to alter lung structure and function. A study of the genes altered in the fetal rat lung following CFTR overexpression was initiated in an effort to determine the molecular mechanism for CFTR-dependent differentiation. In utero gene transfer with recombinant adenoviruses carrying either a reporter gene or CFTR resulted in the increased expression of a number of genes upon microarray analysis. The majority of the genes overexpressed in the CFTR-treated lungs were primarily associated with muscle structure and function. Histological and biochemical characterization of these proteins including myosin heavy chain, heat shock protein 27, and isoforms of myosin light chain showed that CFTR overexpression had a profound effect on smooth muscle contraction-related proteins. The CFTR-dependent regulation of smooth muscle contraction related proteins was shown to be related to chloride and extracellular ATP and was dependent upon the PI3 Kinase and Phospholipase C pathways. The changes in smooth muscle proteins were consistent with CFTR-dependent contractions of the embryonic airway smooth muscle. An assay was developed using fluorescent polystyrene beads to show that CFTR did indeed increase amniotic fluid flow into the fetal lung. Increased amniotic fluid pressure was shown previously to be associated with stretch-induced differentiation of the lung. Evaluation of neonatal respiratory function showed that CFTR-dependent muscle contractions and increased amniotic fluid pressure resulted in accelerated maturation of the neonatal rat lung. In addition, these CFTR-dependent changes were shown to be sufficient to reverse the lung phenotype of the CFTR knockout mouse. Mechanical forces influence lung development through pulmonary distension. CFTR overexpression in the fetal lung altered differentiation and development in the lung. These results are consistent with CFTR influencing lung development by regulating the muscle contractions associated with cytoskeletal tension and stretch induced differentiation. Deficiency of CFTR altering lung development would contribute significantly to the Cystic Fibrosis disease phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Craig Cohen
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Stony Brook Health Sciences Center, Stony Brook, New York, USA.
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48
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Abstract
Aside for the potential for tonic contraction, the airway smooth muscle exhibits intermittent phasic rhythmic activity that may contribute to lung growth during fetal life. Therefore, we examined 4th generation rat 18-22 d gestation fetal, 4-6 d of age newborn and adult bronchial ring from Sprague Dawley rats to compare differences in smooth muscle function. We hypothesized that phasic contractions were greatest before birth. Bronchial muscle spontaneous rhythmic contractions were greatest in the fetus and absent in the adult. In response to KCl stimulation, the fetal bronchial smooth muscle only developed tonic force that was 3.5 +/- 0.6 and lower than measured in the newborn 9.0 +/- 0.3 and adult 13.7 +/- 1.4 mN/mm2. The thromboxane A2 analogue U46619 induced tonic and phasic muscle contractions and the amplitude and frequency of the phasic contractions were greater in the fetus as compared with the adult and increased with gestational age. The U46619-induced rhythmic contractions were abrogated by ryanodine, thapsigargin and reduction of extracellular Na+, suggesting intracellular Ca2+ dependence and involvement of the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger. The inward rectifier K+ blocker BaCl2 induced phasic contractions in unstimulated fetal, but not adult bronchial muscle of the same amplitude and frequency as for the spontaneous and U46619-induced ones. We conclude that the airway smooth muscle phasic activity is greatest in the fetus and tends to disappear post-natally with age suggesting an in utero role during lung development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Parvez
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G IX8
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Featherstone NC, Connell MG, Fernig DG, Wray S, Burdyga TV, Losty PD, Jesudason EC. Airway smooth muscle dysfunction precedes teratogenic congenital diaphragmatic hernia and may contribute to hypoplastic lung morphogenesis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2006; 35:571-8. [PMID: 16728706 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2006-0079oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fetal intervention aims to improve lung growth and survival in congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). Airway smooth muscle (ASM) is important in lung development: ASM progenitors produce a key growth factor for lung morphogenesis (fibroblast growth factor 10); ASM contractility is also coupled to growth. ASM hyperreactivity occurs in postnatal CDH and may exacerbate barotrauma via impaired lung compliance. We hypothesize that ASM hyperreactivity and its sequelae are based on an early developmental lesion of ASM activity in hypoplastic lung. Sprague-Dawley rats were fed 100 mg nitrofen on Day 9.5 of pregnancy to induce lung hypoplasia in offspring (controls had vehicle alone). Normal and hypoplastic lung primordia were cultured from Day 13.5 of gestation at 37 degrees C in 5% CO(2) and loaded at 54 or 78 h with Ca(2+)-sensitive indicators: Fluo-4 for confocal imaging and Indo-1 or Fura-2 for photometric measurements of [Ca(2+)](i). Hypoplastic lung features spontaneous propagating ASM Ca(2+) transients with reduced frequency, increased amplitude, and significantly prolonged plateau duration, relative to control lung. Nonetheless, hypoplastic lung exhibits normal requirement for extracellular calcium entry and intracellular calcium release in initiation and regulation of ASM Ca(2+) waves. Early ASM dysfunction in lung hypoplasia is apparent as specific anomalies of Ca(2+) transients that indicate a problem with plasmalemmal ion channels/action potential generation. Elucidation of such an ASM lesion may allow pharmacologic amelioration not only of ASM hyperreactivity and its sequelae, but also of hypoplastic lung growth itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil C Featherstone
- Medical Research Council Clinical Training Fellow, Division of Child Health, School of Reproductive and Developmental Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK.
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Abstract
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) retains high mortality due to lung hypoplasia and pulmonary hypertension. Efforts to improve survival and outcome have included fetal intervention, delivery at specialist centres, elective operation after stabilisation of labile physiology and minimising barotrauma. Permissive hypercapnea ('gentle ventilation') represents a significant advance in therapy gaining wider acceptance in centres worldwide. Human genetic studies are underway to identify candidate genes for the birth defect. Progress in the basic sciences may uncover critical aspects of developmental biology fundamental to CDH. Clinical trends in perinatal management of CDH are highlighted, which underpin the challenges of this lethal human anomaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea F Conforti
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, The Royal Liverpool Children's Hospital (Alder Hey) Division of Child Health, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom
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