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Cheetham CJ, McKelvey MC, McAuley DF, Taggart CC. Neutrophil-Derived Proteases in Lung Inflammation: Old Players and New Prospects. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5492. [PMID: 38791530 PMCID: PMC11122108 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil-derived proteases are critical to the pathology of many inflammatory lung diseases, both chronic and acute. These abundant enzymes play roles in key neutrophil functions, such as neutrophil extracellular trap formation and reactive oxygen species release. They may also be released, inducing tissue damage and loss of tissue function. Historically, the neutrophil serine proteases (NSPs) have been the main subject of neutrophil protease research. Despite highly promising cell-based and animal model work, clinical trials involving the inhibition of NSPs have shown mixed results in lung disease patients. As such, the cutting edge of neutrophil-derived protease research has shifted to proteases that have had little-to-no research in neutrophils to date. These include the cysteine and serine cathepsins, the metzincins and the calpains, among others. This review aims to outline the previous work carried out on NSPs, including the shortcomings of some of the inhibitor-orientated clinical trials. Our growing understanding of other proteases involved in neutrophil function and neutrophilic lung inflammation will then be discussed. Additionally, the potential of targeting these more obscure neutrophil proteases will be highlighted, as they may represent new targets for inhibitor-based treatments of neutrophil-mediated lung inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coby J. Cheetham
- Airway Innate Immunity Research (AiiR) Group, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine and Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (C.J.C.); (M.C.M.)
| | - Michael C. McKelvey
- Airway Innate Immunity Research (AiiR) Group, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine and Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (C.J.C.); (M.C.M.)
| | - Daniel F. McAuley
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK;
| | - Clifford C. Taggart
- Airway Innate Immunity Research (AiiR) Group, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine and Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (C.J.C.); (M.C.M.)
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2
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Kazim M, Yoo E. Recent Advances in the Development of Non-Invasive Imaging Probes for Cancer Immunotherapy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202310694. [PMID: 37843426 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202310694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
The last two decades have witnessed a major revolution in the field of tumor immunology including clinical progress using various immunotherapy strategies. These advances have highlighted the potential for approaches that harness the power of the immune system to fight against cancer. While cancer immunotherapies have shown significant clinical successes, patient responses vary widely due to the complex and heterogeneous nature of tumors and immune responses, calling for reliable biomarkers and therapeutic strategies to maximize the benefits of immunotherapy. Especially, stratifying responding individuals from non-responders during the early stages of treatment could help avoid long-term damage and tailor personalized treatments. In efforts to develop non-invasive means for accurately evaluating and predicting tumor response to immunotherapy, multiple affinity-based agents targeting immune cell markers and checkpoint molecules have been developed and advanced to clinical trials. In addition, researchers have recently turned their attention to substrate and activity-based imaging probes that can provide real-time, functional assessment of immune response to treatment. Here, we highlight some of those recently designed probes that image functional proteases as biomarkers of cancer immunotherapy with a focus on their chemical design and detection modalities and discuss challenges and opportunities for the development of imaging tools utilized in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Kazim
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Euna Yoo
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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3
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Chalmers JD, Kettritz R, Korkmaz B. Dipeptidyl peptidase 1 inhibition as a potential therapeutic approach in neutrophil-mediated inflammatory disease. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1239151. [PMID: 38162644 PMCID: PMC10755895 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1239151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils have a critical role in the innate immune response to infection and the control of inflammation. A key component of this process is the release of neutrophil serine proteases (NSPs), primarily neutrophil elastase, proteinase 3, cathepsin G, and NSP4, which have essential functions in immune modulation and tissue repair following injury. Normally, NSP activity is controlled and modulated by endogenous antiproteases. However, disruption of this homeostatic relationship can cause diseases in which neutrophilic inflammation is central to the pathology, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, bronchiectasis, and cystic fibrosis, as well as many non-pulmonary pathologies. Although the pathobiology of these diseases varies, evidence indicates that excessive NSP activity is common and a principal mediator of tissue damage and clinical decline. NSPs are synthesized as inactive zymogens and activated primarily by the ubiquitous enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase 1, also known as cathepsin C. Preclinical data confirm that inactivation of this protease reduces activation of NSPs. Thus, pharmacological inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase 1 potentially reduces the contribution of aberrant NSP activity to the severity and/or progression of multiple inflammatory diseases. Initial clinical data support this view. Ongoing research continues to explore the role of NSP activation by dipeptidyl peptidase 1 in different disease states and the potential clinical benefits of dipeptidyl peptidase 1 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D. Chalmers
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Ralph Kettritz
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a Cooperation Between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Brice Korkmaz
- INSERM UMR-1100, Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, University of Tours, Tours, France
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4
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Fazleen A, Wilkinson T. The emerging role of proteases in α 1-antitrypsin deficiency and beyond. ERJ Open Res 2021; 7:00494-2021. [PMID: 34820446 PMCID: PMC8607071 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00494-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
α1-Antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) has been historically under-recognised and under-diagnosed; recently it has begun to receive greater interest in terms of attempts at deeper elucidation of pathology and treatment options. However, the concept of disease phenotypes within AATD (emphysema, chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis or a combination of phenotypes) has not been proposed or studied. Of the three neutrophil serine proteases, neutrophil elastase was historically believed to be the sole contributor to disease pathology in AATD. Recently, Proteinase-3 has been increasingly studied as an equal, if not greater, contributor to the disease process. Cathepsin G, however, has not been extensively evaluated in this area. Matrix metalloproteinases have also been mentioned in the pathogenesis of AATD but have not been widely explored. This article considers the available evidence for differential protease activity in patients with AATD, including the contribution to distinct phenotypes of the disease. Owing to limited literature in this area, extrapolations from studies of other chronic lung diseases with similar phenotypes, including COPD and bronchiectasis, have been made. We consider a new framework of understanding defined by protease-driven endotypes of disease which may lead to new opportunities for precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishath Fazleen
- University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Tom Wilkinson
- University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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5
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Patterson EK, Gillio-Meina C, Martin CM, Fraser DD, Van Nynatten LR, Slessarev M, Cepinskas G. Proteinase 3 contributes to endothelial dysfunction in an experimental model of sepsis. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2021; 246:2338-2345. [PMID: 34292081 DOI: 10.1177/15353702211029284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In sepsis-induced inflammation, polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) contribute to vascular dysfunction. The serine proteases proteinase 3 (PR3) and human leukocyte elastase (HLE) are abundant in PMNs and are released upon degranulation. While HLE's role in inflammation-induced endothelial dysfunction is well studied, PR3's role is largely uninvestigated. We hypothesized that PR3, similarly to HLE, contributes to vascular barrier dysfunction in sepsis. Plasma PR3 and HLE concentrations and their leukocyte mRNA levels were measured by ELISA and qPCR, respectively, in sepsis patients and controls. Exogenous PR3 or HLE was applied to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and HUVEC dysfunction was assessed by FITC-dextran permeability and electrical resistance. Both PR3 and HLE protein and mRNA levels were significantly increased in sepsis patients (P < 0.0001 and P < 0.05, respectively). Additionally, each enzyme independently increased HUVEC monolayer FITC-dextran permeability (P < 0.01), and decreased electrical resistance in a time- and dose-dependent manner (P < 0.001), an effect that could be ameliorated by novel treatment with carbon monoxide-releasing molecule 3 (CORM-3). The serine protease PR3, in addition to HLE, lead to vascular dysfunction and increased endothelial permeability, a hallmark pathological consequence of sepsis-induced inflammation. CORMs may offer a new strategy to reduce serine protease-induced vascular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric K Patterson
- Centre for Critical Illness Research, 151158Lawson Health Research Institute, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, N6A 5W9, Canada
| | - Carolina Gillio-Meina
- Children's Health Research Institute and Translational Research Centre, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, N6A 5W9, Canada
| | - Claudio M Martin
- Centre for Critical Illness Research, 151158Lawson Health Research Institute, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, N6A 5W9, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Douglas D Fraser
- Centre for Critical Illness Research, 151158Lawson Health Research Institute, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, N6A 5W9, Canada.,Children's Health Research Institute and Translational Research Centre, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, N6A 5W9, Canada.,Department of Paediatrics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Logan R Van Nynatten
- Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Marat Slessarev
- Centre for Critical Illness Research, 151158Lawson Health Research Institute, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, N6A 5W9, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Gediminas Cepinskas
- Centre for Critical Illness Research, 151158Lawson Health Research Institute, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, N6A 5W9, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, N6A 5C1, Canada
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6
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Patterson EK, Vanin Moreno N, Fraser DD, Cepinskas G, Iida T, Berard RA. A Proteinase 3 Contribution to Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis-Associated Cartilage Damage. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2021; 28:320-327. [PMID: 35366277 PMCID: PMC8830470 DOI: 10.3390/pathophysiology28030021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A full understanding of the molecular mechanisms implicated in the etiopathogenesis of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is lacking. A critical role for leukocyte proteolytic activity (e.g., elastase and cathepsin G) has been proposed. While leukocyte elastase’s (HLE) role has been documented, the potential contribution of proteinase 3 (PR3), a serine protease present in abundance in neutrophils, has not been evaluated. In this study we investigated: (1) PR3 concentrations in the synovial fluid of JIA patients using ELISA and (2) the cartilage degradation potential of PR3 by measuring the hydrolysis of fluorescently labeled collagen II in vitro. In parallel, concentrations and collagen II hydrolysis by HLE were assessed. Additionally, the levels of the co-secreted primary granule protein myeloperoxidase (MPO) were assessed in synovial fluid of patients diagnosed with JIA. We report the following levels of analytes in JIA synovial fluid: PR3—114 ± 100 ng/mL (mean ± SD), HLE—1272 ± 1219 ng/mL, and MPO—1129 ± 1659 ng/mL, with a very strong correlation between the PR3 and HLE concentrations (rs = 0.898, p < 1 × 10–6). Importantly, PR3 hydrolyzed fluorescently labeled collagen II as efficiently as HLE. Taken together, these novel findings suggest that PR3 (in addition to HLE) contributes to JIA-associated joint damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric K. Patterson
- Centre for Critical Illness Research, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON N6A 5W9, Canada; (E.K.P.); (N.V.M.); (G.C.); (T.I.)
| | - Nicolas Vanin Moreno
- Centre for Critical Illness Research, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON N6A 5W9, Canada; (E.K.P.); (N.V.M.); (G.C.); (T.I.)
| | - Douglas D. Fraser
- Lawson Health Research Institute, Children’s Health Research Institute, London, ON N6A 5W9, Canada;
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
- Department of Paediatrics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Gediminas Cepinskas
- Centre for Critical Illness Research, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON N6A 5W9, Canada; (E.K.P.); (N.V.M.); (G.C.); (T.I.)
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Takaya Iida
- Centre for Critical Illness Research, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON N6A 5W9, Canada; (E.K.P.); (N.V.M.); (G.C.); (T.I.)
| | - Roberta A. Berard
- Lawson Health Research Institute, Children’s Health Research Institute, London, ON N6A 5W9, Canada;
- Department of Paediatrics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
- Division of Rheumatology, London Health Sciences Centre, Children’s Hospital, London, ON N6A 5W9, Canada
- Correspondence:
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7
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Ahmad J, Ikram S, Hafeez AB, Durdagi S. Physics-driven identification of clinically approved and investigation drugs against human neutrophil serine protease 4 (NSP4): A virtual drug repurposing study. J Mol Graph Model 2020; 101:107744. [PMID: 33032202 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2020.107744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils synthesize four immune associated serine proteases: Cathepsin G (CTSG), Elastase (ELANE), Proteinase 3 (PRTN3) and Neutrophil Serine Protease 4 (NSP4). While previously considered to be immune modulators, overexpression of neutrophil serine proteases correlates with various disease conditions. Therefore, identifying novel small molecules that can potentially control or inhibit the proteolytic activity of these proteases is crucial to revert or temper the aggravated disease phenotype. To the best of our knowledge, although there is limited data for inhibitors of other neutrophil protease members, there is no previous clinical study of a synthetic small molecule inhibitor targeting NSP4. In this study, an integrated molecular modeling algorithm was performed within a virtual drug repurposing study to identify novel inhibitors for NSP4, using clinically approved and investigation drugs library (∼8000 compounds). Based on our rigorous filtration, we found that following molecules Becatecarin, Iogulamide, Delprostenate and Iralukast are predicted to block the activity of NSP4 by interacting with core catalytic residues. The selected ligands were energetically more favorable compared to the reference molecule. The result of this study identifies promising molecules as potential lead candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamshaid Ahmad
- Center of Biotechnology & Microbiology, University of Peshawar, Pakistan.
| | - Saima Ikram
- Center of Biotechnology & Microbiology, University of Peshawar, Pakistan; Computational Biology and Molecular Simulations Laboratory, Department of Biophysics, School of Medicine, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ahmer Bin Hafeez
- Center of Biotechnology & Microbiology, University of Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Serdar Durdagi
- Computational Biology and Molecular Simulations Laboratory, Department of Biophysics, School of Medicine, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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8
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N'Guessan K, Grzywa R, Seren S, Gabant G, Juliano MA, Moniatte M, van Dorsselaer A, Bieth JG, Kellenberger C, Gauthier F, Wysocka M, Lesner A, Sienczyk M, Cadene M, Korkmaz B. Human proteinase 3 resistance to inhibition extends to alpha-2 macroglobulin. FEBS J 2020; 287:4068-4081. [PMID: 31995266 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Polymorphonuclear neutrophils contain at least four serine endopeptidases, namely neutrophil elastase (NE), proteinase 3 (PR3), cathepsin G (CatG), and NSP4, which contribute to the regulation of infection and of inflammatory processes. In physiological conditions, endogenous inhibitors including α2-macroglobulin (α2-M), serpins [α1-proteinase inhibitor (α1-PI)], monocyte neutrophil elastase inhibitor (MNEI), α1-antichymotrypsin, and locally produced chelonianins (elafin, SLPI) control excessive proteolytic activity of neutrophilic serine proteinases. In contrast to human NE (hNE), hPR3 is weakly inhibited by α1-PI and MNEI but not by SLPI. α2-M is a large spectrum inhibitor that traps a variety of proteinases in response to cleavage(s) in its bait region. We report here that α2-M was more rapidly processed by hNE than hPR3 or hCatG. This was confirmed by the observation that the association between α2-M and hPR3 is governed by a kass in the ≤ 105 m-1 ·s-1 range. Since α2-M-trapped proteinases retain peptidase activity, we first predicted the putative cleavage sites within the α2-M bait region (residues 690-728) using kinetic and molecular modeling approaches. We then identified by mass spectrum analysis the cleavage sites of hPR3 in a synthetic peptide spanning the 39-residue bait region of α2-M (39pep-α2-M). Since the 39pep-α2-M peptide and the corresponding bait area in the whole protein do not contain sequences with a high probability of specific cleavage by hPR3 and were indeed only slowly cleaved by hPR3, it can be concluded that α2-M is a poor inhibitor of hPR3. The resistance of hPR3 to inhibition by endogenous inhibitors explains at least in part its role in tissue injury during chronic inflammatory diseases and its well-recognized function of major target autoantigen in granulomatosis with polyangiitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koffi N'Guessan
- INSERM UMR-1100, CEPR "Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires", Tours, France.,Université de Tours, France
| | - Renata Grzywa
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Poland
| | - Seda Seren
- INSERM UMR-1100, CEPR "Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires", Tours, France.,Université de Tours, France
| | - Guillaume Gabant
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, UPR4301, CNRS, Affiliated with Université d'Orléans, Orléans, France
| | - Maria A Juliano
- Departamento de Biofísica, Escola Paulista Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marc Moniatte
- Proteomics Core Facility, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alain van Dorsselaer
- LSMBO, CNRS UMR-7178 (CNRS-UdS), ECPM, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Strasbourg, France
| | - Joseph G Bieth
- Laboratoire d'Enzymologie, INSERM U392, Université Louis Pasteur de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | | | - Francis Gauthier
- INSERM UMR-1100, CEPR "Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires", Tours, France.,Université de Tours, France
| | | | - Adam Lesner
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Marcin Sienczyk
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Poland
| | - Martine Cadene
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, UPR4301, CNRS, Affiliated with Université d'Orléans, Orléans, France
| | - Brice Korkmaz
- INSERM UMR-1100, CEPR "Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires", Tours, France.,Université de Tours, France
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9
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Chukowry PS, Edgar RG, Turner AM. Alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency: a rare multisystem disease, predominantly affecting the lung. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/21678707.2019.1651640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Priya S Chukowry
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Heartlands Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ross Gareth Edgar
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Heartlands Hospital, Birmingham, UK
- Therapy Services, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Alice M Turner
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Heartlands Hospital, Birmingham, UK
- Therapy Services, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
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10
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Crisford H, Sapey E, Stockley RA. Proteinase 3; a potential target in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and other chronic inflammatory diseases. Respir Res 2018; 19:180. [PMID: 30236095 PMCID: PMC6149181 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-018-0883-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a common, multifactorial lung disease which results in significant impairment of patients' health and a large impact on society and health care burden. It is believed to be the result of prolonged, destructive neutrophilic inflammation which results in progressive damage to lung structures. During this process, large quantities of neutrophil serine proteinases (NSPs) are released which initiate the damage and contribute towards driving a persistent inflammatory state.Neutrophil elastase has long been considered the key NSP involved in the pathophysiology of COPD. However, in recent years, a significant role for Proteinase 3 (PR3) in disease development has emerged, both in COPD and other chronic inflammatory conditions. Therefore, there is a need to investigate the importance of PR3 in disease development and hence its potential as a therapeutic target. Research into PR3 has largely been confined to its role as an autoantigen, but PR3 is involved in triggering inflammatory pathways, disrupting cellular signalling, degrading key structural proteins, and pathogen response.This review summarises what is presently known about PR3, explores its involvement particularly in the development of COPD, and indicates areas requiring further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Crisford
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2GW, UK.
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, University of Birmingham Research Laboratories, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Mindelsohn Way, Birmingham, B15 2WB, UK.
| | - Elizabeth Sapey
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2GW, UK
| | - Robert A Stockley
- University Hospital Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2GW, UK
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11
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Zhu W, Li L, Deng M, Wang B, Li M, Ding G, Yang Z, Medynski D, Lin X, Ouyang Y, Lin J, Li L, Lin X. Oxidation-resistant and thermostable forms of alpha-1 antitrypsin from Escherichia coli inclusion bodies. FEBS Open Bio 2018; 8:1711-1721. [PMID: 30338221 PMCID: PMC6168689 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Native α1‐antitrypsin (AAT) is a 52‐kDa glycoprotein that acts as an antiprotease and is the physiological inhibitor of neutrophil serine proteases. The main function of AAT is to protect the lung from proteolytic damage induced by inflammation. AAT deficiency (AATD) is a codominant autosomal disorder caused by pathogenic mutations in SERPINA1 gene, leading to reduced levels of serum AAT. The deficiency is known to increase the risk of pulmonary emphysema and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease as a consequence of proteolytic imbalance induced by inflammation, associated in many instances with cigarette smoking and other environmental hazards. Currently, the available therapy for lung disease associated with AATD is serum purified human AAT injected into patients on a weekly basis. It would be advantageous to replace serum‐derived AAT with a recombinant version which is stable and resistant to oxidation. We have expressed AAT in Escherichia coli as inclusion bodies and developed a highly efficient refolding and purification process. We engineered a series of mutant forms of AAT to achieve enhance thermostability and oxidation resistance. Moreover, we synthesized an active form of AAT via cysteine‐pegylation to achieve a markedly extended half‐life in vivo. The resulting molecule, which retains comparable activity to the wild‐type form, is expected to be an improved therapeutic agent for treating hereditary emphysema. In addition, the molecule may also be used to treat other types of emphysema caused by smoking, cystic fibrosis, pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary fibrosis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Microorganisms and Biotransformation College of Life Science South-Central University for Nationalities Wuhan China
| | - Lanfen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research School of Life Sciences Peking University Beijing China
| | - Mingjing Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research School of Life Sciences Peking University Beijing China
| | - Bo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research School of Life Sciences Peking University Beijing China
| | - Mengfei Li
- Key Laboratory for Microorganisms and Biotransformation College of Life Science South-Central University for Nationalities Wuhan China
| | - Guofang Ding
- Key Engineering Research Centers of Marine Organisms Medical Products Food and Medicine School of Zhejiang Ocean University Zhoushan China.,Marine Fisheries Research Institute of Zhejiang Province Zhoushan China
| | - Zuisu Yang
- Key Engineering Research Centers of Marine Organisms Medical Products Food and Medicine School of Zhejiang Ocean University Zhoushan China
| | - Dan Medynski
- Cardinal Intellectual Property LLC Oakland CA USA
| | - Xiaotao Lin
- Shenzhen YHLO Biotech Co., Ltd. Shenzhen China
| | - Ying Ouyang
- Wuxi Biortus Biosciences Co., Ltd. Jiangyin China
| | - Jirui Lin
- School of Software Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Luyuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology Nankai University College of Pharmacy Tianjin China
| | - Xinli Lin
- Key Laboratory for Microorganisms and Biotransformation College of Life Science South-Central University for Nationalities Wuhan China.,Key Engineering Research Centers of Marine Organisms Medical Products Food and Medicine School of Zhejiang Ocean University Zhoushan China
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12
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Seren S, Rashed Abouzaid M, Eulenberg-Gustavus C, Hirschfeld J, Nasr Soliman H, Jerke U, N'Guessan K, Dallet-Choisy S, Lesner A, Lauritzen C, Schacher B, Eickholz P, Nagy N, Szell M, Croix C, Viaud-Massuard MC, Al Farraj Aldosari A, Ragunatha S, Ibrahim Mostafa M, Giampieri F, Battino M, Cornillier H, Lorette G, Stephan JL, Goizet C, Pedersen J, Gauthier F, Jenne DE, Marchand-Adam S, Chapple IL, Kettritz R, Korkmaz B. Consequences of cathepsin C inactivation for membrane exposure of proteinase 3, the target antigen in autoimmune vasculitis. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:12415-12428. [PMID: 29925593 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.001922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane-bound proteinase 3 (PR3m) is the main target antigen of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies (ANCA) in granulomatosis with polyangiitis, a systemic small-vessel vasculitis. Binding of ANCA to PR3m triggers neutrophil activation with the secretion of enzymatically active PR3 and related neutrophil serine proteases, thereby contributing to vascular damage. PR3 and related proteases are activated from pro-forms by the lysosomal cysteine protease cathepsin C (CatC) during neutrophil maturation. We hypothesized that pharmacological inhibition of CatC provides an effective measure to reduce PR3m and therefore has implications as a novel therapeutic approach in granulomatosis with polyangiitis. We first studied neutrophilic PR3 from 24 patients with Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome (PLS), a genetic form of CatC deficiency. PLS neutrophil lysates showed a largely reduced but still detectable (0.5-4%) PR3 activity when compared with healthy control cells. Despite extremely low levels of cellular PR3, the amount of constitutive PR3m expressed on the surface of quiescent neutrophils and the typical bimodal membrane distribution pattern were similar to what was observed in healthy neutrophils. However, following cell activation, there was no significant increase in the total amount of PR3m on PLS neutrophils, whereas the total amount of PR3m on healthy neutrophils was significantly increased. We then explored the effect of pharmacological CatC inhibition on PR3 stability in normal neutrophils using a potent cell-permeable CatC inhibitor and a CD34+ hematopoietic stem cell model. Human CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells were treated with the inhibitor during neutrophil differentiation over 10 days. We observed strong reductions in PR3m, cellular PR3 protein, and proteolytic PR3 activity, whereas neutrophil differentiation was not compromised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seda Seren
- From the INSERM U-1100, "Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires" and Université de Tours, 37000 Tours, France
| | | | - Claudia Eulenberg-Gustavus
- the Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité und Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft (MDC), 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Josefine Hirschfeld
- the Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Periodontal Research Group, University of Birmingham and Birmingham Community Health Trust, Edgbaston, Birmingham B5 7EG, United Kingdom
| | - Hala Nasr Soliman
- Medical Molecular Genetics, National Research Centre, Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Uwe Jerke
- the Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité und Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft (MDC), 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Koffi N'Guessan
- From the INSERM U-1100, "Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires" and Université de Tours, 37000 Tours, France
| | - Sandrine Dallet-Choisy
- From the INSERM U-1100, "Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires" and Université de Tours, 37000 Tours, France
| | - Adam Lesner
- the Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, 80-309 Gdansk, Poland
| | | | - Beate Schacher
- the Department of Periodontology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60323 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Peter Eickholz
- the Department of Periodontology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60323 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Nikoletta Nagy
- the Department of Medical Genetics, University of Szeged, Szeged 6720, Hungary
| | - Marta Szell
- the Department of Medical Genetics, University of Szeged, Szeged 6720, Hungary
| | - Cécile Croix
- UMR-CNRS 7292 "Génétique, Immunothérapie, Chimie et Cancer" and Université François Rabelais, 37000 Tours, France
| | - Marie-Claude Viaud-Massuard
- UMR-CNRS 7292 "Génétique, Immunothérapie, Chimie et Cancer" and Université François Rabelais, 37000 Tours, France
| | - Abdullah Al Farraj Aldosari
- the Department of Prosthetic Dental Science, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 12372, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Shivanna Ragunatha
- the Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Leprosy, ESIC Medical College and PGIMSR Rajajinagar, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560010, India
| | | | - Francesca Giampieri
- the Department of Clinical Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60121 Ancona, Italy
| | - Maurizio Battino
- the Department of Clinical Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60121 Ancona, Italy
| | - Hélène Cornillier
- Service de Dermatologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Tours, Université de Tours, 37000 Tours, France
| | - Gérard Lorette
- UMR-INRA1282 "Laboratoire de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires," Université de Tours, 37000 Tours, France
| | - Jean-Louis Stephan
- the Service d'Hématologie Immunologie et Rhumatologie Pédiatrique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, 42270 Saint-Priest-en-Jarez, France
| | - Cyril Goizet
- INSERM U-1211, Rare Diseases, Genetic and Metabolism, MRGM Laboratory, Pellegrin Hospital and University, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Francis Gauthier
- From the INSERM U-1100, "Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires" and Université de Tours, 37000 Tours, France
| | - Dieter E Jenne
- the Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 81377 Munich, Germany.,the Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany, and
| | - Sylvain Marchand-Adam
- From the INSERM U-1100, "Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires" and Université de Tours, 37000 Tours, France
| | - Iain L Chapple
- the Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Periodontal Research Group, University of Birmingham and Birmingham Community Health Trust, Edgbaston, Birmingham B5 7EG, United Kingdom
| | - Ralph Kettritz
- the Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité und Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft (MDC), 13125 Berlin, Germany.,the Division of Nephrology and Intensive Care Medicine, Medical Department, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Brice Korkmaz
- From the INSERM U-1100, "Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires" and Université de Tours, 37000 Tours, France,
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13
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Serrano I, Luque A, Aran JM. Exploring the Immunomodulatory Moonlighting Activities of Acute Phase Proteins for Tolerogenic Dendritic Cell Generation. Front Immunol 2018; 9:892. [PMID: 29760704 PMCID: PMC5936965 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The acute phase response is generated by an overwhelming immune-inflammatory process against infection or tissue damage, and represents the initial response of the organism in an attempt to return to homeostasis. It is mediated by acute phase proteins (APPs), an assortment of highly conserved plasma reactants of seemingly different functions that, however, share a common protective role from injury. Recent studies have suggested a crosstalk between several APPs and the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) in the resolution of inflammation, to restore tissue integrity and function. In fact, monocyte-derived dendritic cells (Mo-DCs), an integral component of the MPS, play a fundamental role both in the regulation of antigen-specific adaptive responses and in the development of immunologic memory and tolerance, particularly in inflammatory settings. Due to their high plasticity, Mo-DCs can be modeled in vitro toward a tolerogenic phenotype for the treatment of aberrant immune-inflammatory conditions such as autoimmune diseases and allotransplantation, with the phenotypic outcome of these cells depending on the immunomodulatory agent employed. Yet, recent immunotherapy trials have emphasized the drawbacks and challenges facing tolerogenic Mo-DC generation for clinical use, such as reduced therapeutic efficacy and limited in vivo stability of the tolerogenic activity. In this review, we will underline the potential relevance and advantages of APPs for tolerogenic DC production with respect to currently employed immunomodulatory/immunosuppressant compounds. A further understanding of the mechanisms of action underlying the moonlighting immunomodulatory activities exhibited by several APPs over DCs could lead to more efficacious, safe, and stable protocols for precision tolerogenic immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inmaculada Serrano
- Immune-Inflammatory Processes and Gene Therapeutics Group, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Luque
- Immune-Inflammatory Processes and Gene Therapeutics Group, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep M Aran
- Immune-Inflammatory Processes and Gene Therapeutics Group, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
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14
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Guarino C, Gruba N, Grzywa R, Dyguda-Kazimierowicz E, Hamon Y, Łȩgowska M, Skoreński M, Dallet-Choisy S, Marchand-Adam S, Kellenberger C, Jenne DE, Sieńczyk M, Lesner A, Gauthier F, Korkmaz B. Exploiting the S4-S5 Specificity of Human Neutrophil Proteinase 3 to Improve the Potency of Peptidyl Di(chlorophenyl)-phosphonate Ester Inhibitors: A Kinetic and Molecular Modeling Analysis. J Med Chem 2018; 61:1858-1870. [PMID: 29442501 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The neutrophilic serine protease proteinase 3 (PR3) is involved in inflammation and immune response and thus appears as a therapeutic target for a variety of infectious and inflammatory diseases. Here we combined kinetic and molecular docking studies to increase the potency of peptidyl-diphenyl phosphonate PR3 inhibitors. Occupancy of the S1 subsite of PR3 by a nVal residue and of the S4-S5 subsites by a biotinylated Val residue as obtained in biotin-VYDnVP(O-C6H4-4-Cl)2 enhanced the second-order inhibition constant kobs/[I] toward PR3 by more than 10 times ( kobs/[I] = 73000 ± 5000 M-1 s-1) as compared to the best phosphonate PR3 inhibitor previously reported. This inhibitor shows no significant inhibitory activity toward human neutrophil elastase and resists proteolytic degradation in sputa from cystic fibrosis patients. It also inhibits macaque PR3 but not the PR3 from rodents and can thus be used for in vivo assays in a primate model of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Guarino
- INSERM UMR1100, "Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires" , Université de Tours , 37032 Tours , France
| | - Natalia Gruba
- Faculty of Chemistry , University of Gdansk , Wita Stwosza 63 , 80-308 Gdansk , Poland
| | - Renata Grzywa
- Faculty of Chemistry, Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Microbiology , Wroclaw University of Science and Technology , Wyb. Wyspianskiego 27 , 50-370 Wroclaw , Poland
| | - Edyta Dyguda-Kazimierowicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Advanced Materials Engineering and Modelling Group , Wroclaw University of Science and Technology , Wyb. Wyspianskiego 27 , 50-370 Wroclaw , Poland
| | - Yveline Hamon
- INSERM UMR1100, "Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires" , Université de Tours , 37032 Tours , France
| | - Monika Łȩgowska
- Faculty of Chemistry , University of Gdansk , Wita Stwosza 63 , 80-308 Gdansk , Poland
| | - Marcin Skoreński
- Faculty of Chemistry, Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Microbiology , Wroclaw University of Science and Technology , Wyb. Wyspianskiego 27 , 50-370 Wroclaw , Poland
| | - Sandrine Dallet-Choisy
- INSERM UMR1100, "Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires" , Université de Tours , 37032 Tours , France
| | - Sylvain Marchand-Adam
- INSERM UMR1100, "Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires" , Université de Tours , 37032 Tours , France
| | - Christine Kellenberger
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques , CNRS-Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) , 13288 Marseille , France
| | - Dieter E Jenne
- Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, German Center for Lung Research (DZL) , Comprehensive Pneumology Center Munich and Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology , 82152 Planegg-Martinsried , Germany
| | - Marcin Sieńczyk
- Faculty of Chemistry, Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Microbiology , Wroclaw University of Science and Technology , Wyb. Wyspianskiego 27 , 50-370 Wroclaw , Poland
| | - Adam Lesner
- Faculty of Chemistry , University of Gdansk , Wita Stwosza 63 , 80-308 Gdansk , Poland
| | - Francis Gauthier
- INSERM UMR1100, "Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires" , Université de Tours , 37032 Tours , France
| | - Brice Korkmaz
- INSERM UMR1100, "Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires" , Université de Tours , 37032 Tours , France
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15
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Korkmaz B, Lesner A, Guarino C, Wysocka M, Kellenberger C, Watier H, Specks U, Gauthier F, Jenne DE. Inhibitors and Antibody Fragments as Potential Anti-Inflammatory Therapeutics Targeting Neutrophil Proteinase 3 in Human Disease. Pharmacol Rev 2017; 68:603-30. [PMID: 27329045 DOI: 10.1124/pr.115.012104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteinase 3 (PR3) has received great scientific attention after its identification as the essential antigenic target of antineutrophil cytoplasm antibodies in Wegener's granulomatosis (now called granulomatosis with polyangiitis). Despite many structural and functional similarities between neutrophil elastase (NE) and PR3 during biosynthesis, storage, and extracellular release, unique properties and pathobiological functions have emerged from detailed studies in recent years. The development of highly sensitive substrates and inhibitors of human PR3 and the creation of PR3-selective single knockout mice led to the identification of nonredundant roles of PR3 in cell death induction via procaspase-3 activation in cell cultures and in mouse models. According to a study in knockout mice, PR3 shortens the lifespan of infiltrating neutrophils in tissues and accelerates the clearance of aged neutrophils in mice. Membrane exposure of active human PR3 on apoptotic neutrophils reprograms the response of macrophages to phagocytosed neutrophils, triggers secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, and undermines immune silencing and tissue regeneration. PR3-induced disruption of the anti-inflammatory effect of efferocytosis may be relevant for not only granulomatosis with polyangiitis but also for other autoimmune diseases with high neutrophil turnover. Inhibition of membrane-bound PR3 by endogenous inhibitors such as the α-1-protease inhibitor is comparatively weaker than that of NE, suggesting that the adverse effects of unopposed PR3 activity resurface earlier than those of NE in individuals with α-1-protease inhibitor deficiency. Effective coverage of PR3 by anti-inflammatory tools and simultaneous inhibition of both PR3 and NE should be most promising in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brice Korkmaz
- INSERM U-1100, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires and Université François Rabelais, Tours, France (B.K., C.G., F.G.); Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland (A.L., M.W.); Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7257, Marseille, France (C.K.); Génétique, Immunothérapie, Chimie et Cancer, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7292, Université François Rabelais, Tours, France (H.W.); Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota (U.S.); Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, German Center for Lung Research, Munich, Germany (D.E.J.); and Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany (D.E.J.)
| | - Adam Lesner
- INSERM U-1100, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires and Université François Rabelais, Tours, France (B.K., C.G., F.G.); Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland (A.L., M.W.); Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7257, Marseille, France (C.K.); Génétique, Immunothérapie, Chimie et Cancer, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7292, Université François Rabelais, Tours, France (H.W.); Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota (U.S.); Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, German Center for Lung Research, Munich, Germany (D.E.J.); and Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany (D.E.J.)
| | - Carla Guarino
- INSERM U-1100, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires and Université François Rabelais, Tours, France (B.K., C.G., F.G.); Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland (A.L., M.W.); Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7257, Marseille, France (C.K.); Génétique, Immunothérapie, Chimie et Cancer, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7292, Université François Rabelais, Tours, France (H.W.); Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota (U.S.); Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, German Center for Lung Research, Munich, Germany (D.E.J.); and Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany (D.E.J.)
| | - Magdalena Wysocka
- INSERM U-1100, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires and Université François Rabelais, Tours, France (B.K., C.G., F.G.); Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland (A.L., M.W.); Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7257, Marseille, France (C.K.); Génétique, Immunothérapie, Chimie et Cancer, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7292, Université François Rabelais, Tours, France (H.W.); Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota (U.S.); Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, German Center for Lung Research, Munich, Germany (D.E.J.); and Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany (D.E.J.)
| | - Christine Kellenberger
- INSERM U-1100, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires and Université François Rabelais, Tours, France (B.K., C.G., F.G.); Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland (A.L., M.W.); Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7257, Marseille, France (C.K.); Génétique, Immunothérapie, Chimie et Cancer, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7292, Université François Rabelais, Tours, France (H.W.); Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota (U.S.); Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, German Center for Lung Research, Munich, Germany (D.E.J.); and Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany (D.E.J.)
| | - Hervé Watier
- INSERM U-1100, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires and Université François Rabelais, Tours, France (B.K., C.G., F.G.); Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland (A.L., M.W.); Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7257, Marseille, France (C.K.); Génétique, Immunothérapie, Chimie et Cancer, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7292, Université François Rabelais, Tours, France (H.W.); Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota (U.S.); Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, German Center for Lung Research, Munich, Germany (D.E.J.); and Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany (D.E.J.)
| | - Ulrich Specks
- INSERM U-1100, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires and Université François Rabelais, Tours, France (B.K., C.G., F.G.); Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland (A.L., M.W.); Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7257, Marseille, France (C.K.); Génétique, Immunothérapie, Chimie et Cancer, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7292, Université François Rabelais, Tours, France (H.W.); Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota (U.S.); Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, German Center for Lung Research, Munich, Germany (D.E.J.); and Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany (D.E.J.)
| | - Francis Gauthier
- INSERM U-1100, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires and Université François Rabelais, Tours, France (B.K., C.G., F.G.); Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland (A.L., M.W.); Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7257, Marseille, France (C.K.); Génétique, Immunothérapie, Chimie et Cancer, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7292, Université François Rabelais, Tours, France (H.W.); Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota (U.S.); Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, German Center for Lung Research, Munich, Germany (D.E.J.); and Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany (D.E.J.)
| | - Dieter E Jenne
- INSERM U-1100, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires and Université François Rabelais, Tours, France (B.K., C.G., F.G.); Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland (A.L., M.W.); Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7257, Marseille, France (C.K.); Génétique, Immunothérapie, Chimie et Cancer, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7292, Université François Rabelais, Tours, France (H.W.); Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota (U.S.); Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, German Center for Lung Research, Munich, Germany (D.E.J.); and Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany (D.E.J.)
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16
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Swedberg JE, Li CY, de Veer SJ, Wang CK, Craik DJ. Design of Potent and Selective Cathepsin G Inhibitors Based on the Sunflower Trypsin Inhibitor-1 Scaffold. J Med Chem 2017; 60:658-667. [PMID: 28045523 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils are directly responsible for destroying invading pathogens via reactive oxygen species, antimicrobial peptides, and neutrophil serine proteases (NSPs). Imbalance between NSP activity and endogenous protease inhibitors is associated with chronic inflammatory disorders, and engineered inhibitors of NSPs are a potential therapeutic pathway. In this study we characterized the extended substrate specificity (P4-P1) of the NSP cathepsin G using a peptide substrate library. Substituting preferred cathepsin G substrate sequences into sunflower trypsin inhibitor-1 (SFTI-1) produced a potent cathepsin G inhibitor (Ki = 0.89 nM). Cathepsin G's P2' preference was determined by screening against a P2' diverse SFTI-based library, and the most preferred residue at P2' was combined in SFTI-1 with a preferred substrate sequence (P4-P2) and a nonproteinogenic P1 residue (4-guanidyl-l-phenylalanine) to produce a potent (Ki = 1.6 nM) and the most selective (≥360-fold) engineered cathepsin G inhibitor reported to date. This compound is a promising lead for further development of cathepsin G inhibitors targeting chronic inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joakim E Swedberg
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Choi Yi Li
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Simon J de Veer
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Conan K Wang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - David J Craik
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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17
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Chevaleyre C, Riou M, Bréa D, Vandebrouck C, Barc C, Pezant J, Melo S, Olivier M, Delaunay R, Boulesteix O, Berthon P, Rossignol C, Burlaud Gaillard J, Becq F, Gauthier F, Si-Tahar M, Meurens F, Berri M, Caballero-Posadas I, Attucci S. The Pig: A Relevant Model for Evaluating the Neutrophil Serine Protease Activities during Acute Pseudomonas aeruginosa Lung Infection. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168577. [PMID: 27992534 PMCID: PMC5161375 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The main features of lung infection and inflammation are a massive recruitment of neutrophils and the subsequent release of neutrophil serine proteases (NSPs). Anti-infectious and/or anti-inflammatory treatments must be tested on a suitable animal model. Mice models do not replicate several aspects of human lung disease. This is particularly true for cystic fibrosis (CF), which has led the scientific community to a search for new animal models. We have shown that mice are not appropriate for characterizing drugs targeting neutrophil-dependent inflammation and that pig neutrophils and their NSPs are similar to their human homologues. We induced acute neutrophilic inflammatory responses in pig lungs using Pseudomonas aeruginosa, an opportunistic respiratory pathogen. Blood samples, nasal swabs and bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALFs) were collected at 0, 3, 6 and 24 h post-insfection (p.i.) and biochemical parameters, serum and BAL cytokines, bacterial cultures and neutrophil activity were evaluated. The release of proinflammatory mediators, biochemical and hematological blood parameters, cell recruitment and bronchial reactivity, peaked at 6h p.i.. We also used synthetic substrates specific for human neutrophil proteases to show that the activity of pig NSPs in BALFs increased. These proteases were also detected at the surface of lung neutrophils using anti-human NSP antibodies. Pseudomonas aeruginosa-induced lung infection in pigs results in a neutrophilic response similar to that described for cystic fibrosis and ventilator-associated pneumonia in humans. Altogether, this indicates that the pig is an appropriate model for testing anti-infectious and/or anti-inflammatory drugs to combat adverse proteolytic effects of neutrophil in human lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Chevaleyre
- Infectiologie et Santé Publique (UMR 1282 ISP), INRA, Université Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | - Mickaël Riou
- Plateforme d'Infectiologie expérimentale (UE-1277 PFIE), INRA, Nouzilly, France
| | - Déborah Bréa
- INSERM, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, UMR 1100, Tours cedex, France
| | - Clarisse Vandebrouck
- Laboratoire Signalisation et Transports Ioniques Membranaires, Université de Poitiers, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Poitiers cedex, France
| | - Céline Barc
- Plateforme d'Infectiologie expérimentale (UE-1277 PFIE), INRA, Nouzilly, France
| | - Jérémy Pezant
- Plateforme d'Infectiologie expérimentale (UE-1277 PFIE), INRA, Nouzilly, France
| | - Sandrine Melo
- Infectiologie et Santé Publique (UMR 1282 ISP), INRA, Université Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | - Michel Olivier
- Infectiologie et Santé Publique (UMR 1282 ISP), INRA, Université Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | - Rémy Delaunay
- Plateforme d'Infectiologie expérimentale (UE-1277 PFIE), INRA, Nouzilly, France
| | - Olivier Boulesteix
- Plateforme d'Infectiologie expérimentale (UE-1277 PFIE), INRA, Nouzilly, France
| | - Patricia Berthon
- Infectiologie et Santé Publique (UMR 1282 ISP), INRA, Université Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | - Christelle Rossignol
- Infectiologie et Santé Publique (UMR 1282 ISP), INRA, Université Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | - Julien Burlaud Gaillard
- Département des Microscopies (Plateau technologique Analyse des systèmes Biologiques), Université François-Rabelais, Tours cedex, France
| | - Frédéric Becq
- Laboratoire Signalisation et Transports Ioniques Membranaires, Université de Poitiers, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Poitiers cedex, France
| | - Francis Gauthier
- INSERM, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, UMR 1100, Tours cedex, France
| | - Mustapha Si-Tahar
- INSERM, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, UMR 1100, Tours cedex, France
| | - François Meurens
- BioEpAR, Oniris, Nantes Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering La Chantrerie, Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Mustapha Berri
- Infectiologie et Santé Publique (UMR 1282 ISP), INRA, Université Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | | | - Sylvie Attucci
- INSERM, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, UMR 1100, Tours cedex, France
- * E-mail:
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Wagner CJ, Schultz C, Mall MA. Neutrophil elastase and matrix metalloproteinase 12 in cystic fibrosis lung disease. Mol Cell Pediatr 2016; 3:25. [PMID: 27456476 PMCID: PMC4960106 DOI: 10.1186/s40348-016-0053-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic lung disease remains the major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). Recent studies in young children with CF diagnosed by newborn screening identified neutrophil elastase (NE), a major product released from neutrophils in inflamed airways, as a key risk factor for the onset and early progression of CF lung disease. However, the understanding of how NE and potentially other proteases contribute to the complex in vivo pathogenesis of CF lung disease remains limited. In this review, we summarize recent progress in this area based on studies in βENaC-overexpressing (βENaC-Tg) mice featuring CF-like lung disease and novel protease-specific Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) sensors for localization and quantification of protease activity in the lung. These studies demonstrated that NE is implicated in several key features of CF lung disease such as neutrophilic airway inflammation, mucus hypersecretion, and structural lung damage in vivo. Furthermore, these studies identified macrophage elastase (matrix metalloproteinase 12 (MMP12)) as an additional protease contributing to early lung damage in βENaC-Tg mice. Collectively, these results suggest that NE and MMP12 released from activated neutrophils and macrophages in mucus-obstructed airways play important pathogenetic roles and may serve as potential therapeutic targets to prevent and/or delay irreversible structural lung damage in patients with CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudius J Wagner
- Department of Translational Pulmonology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
- Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU), University of Heidelberg and European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carsten Schultz
- Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
- Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU), University of Heidelberg and European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marcus A Mall
- Department of Translational Pulmonology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany.
- Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU), University of Heidelberg and European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology and Allergy and Cystic Fibrosis Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 430, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Sinden NJ, Baker MJ, Smith DJ, Kreft JU, Dafforn TR, Stockley RA. α-1-antitrypsin variants and the proteinase/antiproteinase imbalance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2015; 308:L179-90. [PMID: 25416382 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00179.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The excessive activities of the serine proteinases neutrophil elastase and proteinase 3 are associated with tissue damage in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Reduced concentrations and/or inhibitory efficiency of the main circulating serine proteinase inhibitor α-1-antitrypsin result from point mutations in its gene. In addition, α-2-macroglobulin competes with α-1-antitrypsin for proteinases, and the α-2-macroglobulin-sequestered enzyme can retain its catalytic activity. We have studied how serine proteinases partition between these inhibitors and the effects of α-1-antitrypsin mutations on this partitioning. Subsequently, we have developed a three-dimensional reaction-diffusion model to describe events occurring in the lung interstitium when serine proteinases diffuse from the neutrophil azurophil granule following degranulation and subsequently bind to either α-1-antitrypsin or α-2-macroglobulin. We found that the proteinases remained uninhibited on the order of 0.1 s after release and diffused on the order of 10 μm into the tissue before becoming sequestered. We have shown that proteinases sequestered to α-2-macroglobulin retain their proteolytic activity and that neutrophil elastase complexes with α-2-macroglobulin are able to degrade elastin. Although neutrophil elastase is implicated in the pathophysiology of emphysema, our results highlight a potentially important role for proteinase 3 because of its greater concentration in azurophil granules, its reduced association rate constant with all α-1-antitrypsin variants studied here, its greater diffusion distance, time spent uninhibited following degranulation, and its greater propensity to partition to α-2-macroglobulin where it retains proteolytic activity.
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20
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Sinden NJ, Koura F, Stockley RA. The significance of the F variant of alpha-1-antitrypsin and unique case report of a PiFF homozygote. BMC Pulm Med 2014; 14:132. [PMID: 25098359 PMCID: PMC4131482 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2466-14-132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inheritance of the F variant of alpha-1-antitrypsin is associated with normal circulating protein levels, but it is believed to be dysfunctional in its ability to inhibit neutrophil elastase and therefore has been implicated as a susceptibility factor for the development of emphysema. In this study, its functional characteristics were determined following the identification of a unique patient with the PiFF phenotype, and the implications as a susceptibility factor for emphysema are considered both in homozygotes and heterozygotes. Methods Second order association rate constants were measured for M, Z, S and F variants of alpha-1-antitrypsin with neutrophil elastase and proteinase 3. Clinical characteristics of the PiFF homozygote and six PiFZ heterozygote subjects were studied. Results The F variant had a reduced association rate constant with neutrophil elastase (5.60 ± 0.83 × 106 M-1 s-1) compared to the normal M variant (1.45 ± 0.02 × 107 M-1 s-1), indicating an increased time to inhibition that was comparable to that of the Z variant (7.34 ± 0.03 × 106 M-1 s-1). The association rate constant for the F variant and proteinase 3 (1.06 ± 0.22 × 106 M-1 s-1) was reduced compared to that with neutrophil elastase, but was similar to that of other alpha-1-antitrypsin variants. Of the six PiFZ heterozygotes, five had airflow obstruction and radiological evidence of emphysema. The PiFF homozygote had airflow obstruction but no emphysema. None of the patients had clinical evidence of liver disease. Conclusions The F variant may increase susceptibility to elastase-induced lung damage but not emphysema, whereas co-inheritance with the Z deficiency allele may predispose to emphysema despite reasonable plasma concentrations of alpha-1-antitrypsin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Robert Andrew Stockley
- Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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Unopposed Cathepsin G, Neutrophil Elastase, and Proteinase 3 Cause Severe Lung Damage and Emphysema. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 184:2197-210. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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22
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Gehrig S, Duerr J, Weitnauer M, Wagner CJ, Graeber SY, Schatterny J, Hirtz S, Belaaouaj A, Dalpke AH, Schultz C, Mall MA. Lack of neutrophil elastase reduces inflammation, mucus hypersecretion, and emphysema, but not mucus obstruction, in mice with cystic fibrosis-like lung disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2014; 189:1082-92. [PMID: 24678594 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201311-1932oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Recent evidence from clinical studies suggests that neutrophil elastase (NE) released in neutrophilic airway inflammation is a key risk factor for the onset and progression of lung disease in young children with cystic fibrosis (CF). However, the role of NE in the complex in vivo pathogenesis of CF lung disease remains poorly understood. OBJECTIVES To elucidate the role of NE in the development of key features of CF lung disease including airway inflammation, mucus hypersecretion, goblet cell metaplasia, bacterial infection, and structural lung damage in vivo. METHODS We used the Scnn1b-Tg mouse as a model of CF lung disease and determined effects of genetic deletion of NE (NE(-/-)) on the pulmonary phenotype. Furthermore, we used novel Foerster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based NE reporter assays to assess NE activity in bronchoalveolar lavage from Scnn1b-Tg mice and sputum from patients with CF. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Lack of NE significantly reduced airway neutrophilia, elevated mucin expression, goblet cell metaplasia, and distal airspace enlargement, but had no effect on airway mucus plugging, bacterial infection, or pulmonary mortality in Scnn1b-Tg mice. By using FRET reporters, we show that NE activity was elevated on the surface of airway neutrophils from Scnn1b-Tg mice and patients with CF. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that NE plays an important role in the in vivo pathogenesis and may serve as a therapeutic target for inflammation, mucus hypersecretion, and structural lung damage and indicate that additional rehydration strategies may be required for effective treatment of airway mucus obstruction in CF.
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Schmidt A, Belaaouaj A, Bissinger R, Koller G, Malleret L, D'Orazio C, Facchinelli M, Schulte-Hubbert B, Molinaro A, Holst O, Hammermann J, Schniederjans M, Meyer KC, Damkiaer S, Piacentini G, Assael B, Bruce K, Häußler S, LiPuma JJ, Seelig J, Worlitzsch D, Döring G. Neutrophil elastase-mediated increase in airway temperature during inflammation. J Cyst Fibros 2014; 13:623-31. [PMID: 24713593 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2014.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND How elevated temperature is generated during airway infections represents a hitherto unresolved physiological question. We hypothesized that innate immune defence mechanisms would increase luminal airway temperature during pulmonary infection. METHODS We determined the temperature in the exhaled air of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. To further test our hypothesis, a pouch inflammatory model using neutrophil elastase-deficient mice was employed. Next, the impact of temperature changes on the dominant CF pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa growth was tested by plating method and RNAseq. RESULTS Here we show a temperature of ~38°C in neutrophil-dominated mucus plugs of chronically infected CF patients and implicate neutrophil elastase:α1-proteinase inhibitor complex formation as a relevant mechanism for the local temperature rise. Gene expression of the main pathogen in CF, P. aeruginosa, under anaerobic conditions at 38°C vs 30°C revealed increased virulence traits and characteristic cell wall changes. CONCLUSION Neutrophil elastase mediates increase in airway temperature, which may contribute to P. aeruginosa selection during the course of chronic infection in CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Schmidt
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, German Center for Infection Research, University Clinic Tübingen, Germany
| | - Azzaq Belaaouaj
- INSERM U-1111, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Lyon, France
| | - Rosi Bissinger
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, German Center for Infection Research, University Clinic Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Laurette Malleret
- INSERM U-1111, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Lyon, France
| | | | | | | | - Antonio Molinaro
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Università di Napoli Federico II, Italy
| | - Otto Holst
- Research Center Borstel, Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany
| | - Jutta Hammermann
- Department of Pediatrics, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Keith C Meyer
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine, Madison, USA
| | - Soeren Damkiaer
- Department of Systems Biology and Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Susanne Häußler
- Research Center Borstel, Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany
| | - John J LiPuma
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Joachim Seelig
- Biophysical Chemistry, University of Basel, Basel Switzerland
| | | | - Gerd Döring
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, German Center for Infection Research, University Clinic Tübingen, Germany
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Polańska B, Augustyniak D, Makulska I, Niemczuk M, Jankowski A, Zwolińska D. Elastase, α1-proteinase inhibitor, and interleukin-8 in children and young adults with end-stage kidney disease undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2013; 62:239-45. [PMID: 24292797 PMCID: PMC4024125 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-013-0265-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Peritoneal dialysis is one of the main modality of treatment in end-stage kidney diseases (ESKD) in children. In our previous work in chronic kidney disease patients, in pre-dialyzed period and on hemodialysis, the neutrophils were highly activated. The aim of this study was to assess an inflammatory condition and neutrophil activation in ESKD patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). Thirteen CAPD patients without infection, both sexes, aged 2.5–24 years, and group of healthy subjects (C) were studied. For comparative purposes the conservatively treated (CT) group of ESKD patients was included. Neutrophil elastase in complex with α1-proteinase inhibitor (NE-α1PI; ELISA), α1-proteinase inhibitor (α1PI; radial immunodiffusion) and interleukin-8 (IL-8; ELISA) were measured in the blood samples from CAPD, CT, and C group and in the peritoneal dialysate fluid (PDF) samples of patients on CAPD. A significantly increased plasma NE-α1PI levels (median 176.5 μg/L, range 85.2–373.2 μg/L; p < 0.00005), serum IL-8 (median 18.6 pg/mL, range 15.73–35.28 pg/mL; p < 0.05), and slightly decreased serum α1PI (median 1,540 mg/L, range 1,270–1,955; p ≤ 0.05) compared to the control groups were found. There were no significant differences of analyzed parameters between CAPD and CT patients. The concentration ratio of NE-α1PI, α1PI and IL-8 in blood/PDF was 29.97, 8.24, and 4.48, respectively. There were significantly positive correlations between serum and PDF concentration of α1PI and IL-8 (r = 0.613, p < 0.05; r = 0.59; p < 0.005, respectively). The results of our study demonstrate that neutrophils are highly activated in non-infected CAPD patients. The pivotal marker of this activation is NE-α1PI. It may contribute to chronic inflammation and tissues injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bożena Polańska
- 3rd Department and Clinics of Pediatrics, Immunology and Rheumatology of Developmental Age, Medical University, Koszarowa 5, 51-149, Wroclaw, Poland,
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Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties of α1-antitrypsin without inhibition of elastase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:15007-12. [PMID: 23975926 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1309648110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The rationale of α1-antitrypsin (AAT) augmentation therapy to treat progressive emphysema in AAT-deficient patients is based on inhibition of neutrophil elastase; however, the benefit of this treatment remains unclear. Here we show that clinical grade AAT (with elastase inhibitory activity) and a recombinant form of AAT (rAAT) without anti-elastase activity reduces lung inflammatory responses to LPS in elastase-deficient mice. WT and elastase-deficient mice treated with either native AAT or rAAT exhibited significant reductions in infiltrating neutrophils (23% and 68%), lavage fluid levels of TNF-α (70% and 80%), and the neutrophil chemokine KC (CXCL1) (64% and 90%), respectively. Lung parenchyma TNF-α, DNA damage-inducible transcript 3 and X-box binding protein-1 mRNA levels were reduced in both mouse strains treated with AAT; significantly lower levels of these genes, as well as IL-1β gene expression, were observed in lungs of AAT-deficient patients treated with AAT therapy compared with untreated patients. In vitro, LPS-induced cytokines from WT and elastase-deficient mouse neutrophils, as well as neutrophils of healthy humans, were similarly reduced by AAT or rAAT; human neutrophils adhering to endothelial cells were decreased by 60-80% (P < 0.001) with either AAT or rAAT. In mouse pancreatic islet macrophages, LPS-induced surface expression of MHC II, Toll-like receptor-2 and -4 were markedly lower (80%, P < 0.001) when exposed to either AAT or rAAT. Consistently, in vivo and in vitro, rAAT reduced inflammatory responses at concentrations 40- to 100-fold lower than native plasma-derived AAT. These data provide evidence that the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties of AAT can be independent of elastase inhibition.
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26
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Korkmaz B, Jenne DE, Gauthier F. Relevance of the mouse model as a therapeutic approach for neutrophil proteinase 3-associated human diseases. Int Immunopharmacol 2013; 17:1198-205. [PMID: 23886601 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Proteinase 3 (PR3) is one of the four elastase-related serine proteinases stored in the azurophilic granules of neutrophils. Although it participates in the pro- and anti-inflammatory responses to infection and inflammation it also retains specific functions that make it different from neutrophil elastase in spite of their close structural resemblance. PR3 is involved in the immune response to infection and is the major autoantigen in granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA, formerly Wegener disease), an autoimmune systemic vasculitis with granulomas. Thus, PR3 appears to be a relevant therapeutic target in a variety of inflammatory human diseases. Animal models are required for the testing of new drugs that target PR3 specifically but differences between human and rodent neutrophil PR3 expression and substrate specificity have greatly impaired progress in this direction. This may explain that, to date, there is no spontaneous model of vasculitis associated with anti-PR3 antibodies. In this review, we will focus on the structural and functional differences between human and murine PR3, and how these differences may be by-passed in order to develop a relevant animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brice Korkmaz
- "Centre d'Etudes des Pathologies Respiratoires", INSERM U-1100/EA-6305 37032, Université François Rabelais, 37032 Tours, France.
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27
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Neutrophil proteinase 3 and dipeptidyl peptidase I (cathepsin C) as pharmacological targets in granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener granulomatosis). Semin Immunopathol 2013; 35:411-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s00281-013-0362-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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van ‘t Wout EFA, van Schadewijk A, Savage NDL, Stolk J, Hiemstra PS. α1-Antitrypsin Production by Proinflammatory and Antiinflammatory Macrophages and Dendritic Cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2012; 46:607-13. [DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2011-0231oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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Dubois AV, Gauthier A, Bréa D, Varaigne F, Diot P, Gauthier F, Attucci S. Influence of DNA on the activities and inhibition of neutrophil serine proteases in cystic fibrosis sputum. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2012; 47:80-6. [PMID: 22343221 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2011-0380oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Uncontrolled proteolysis by neutrophil serine proteases (NSPs) in lung secretions is a hallmark of cystic fibrosis (CF). We have shown that the active neutrophil elastase, protease 3, and cathepsin G in CF sputum resist inhibition in part by exogenous protease inhibitors. This resistance may be due to their binding to neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) secreted by the activated neutrophils in CF sputum and to genomic DNA released from senescent and dead neutrophils. Treating CF sputum with DNase dramatically increases its elastase activity, which can then be stoichiometrically inhibited by exogenous elastase inhibitors. However, DNase treatment does not increase the activities of protease 3 and cathepsin G, indicating their different distribution and/or binding in CF sputum. Purified blood neutrophils secrete NETs when stimulated by the opportunistic CF bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. The activities of the three proteases were unchanged in these conditions, but subsequent DNase treatment produced a dramatic increase in all three proteolytic activities. Neutrophils activated with a calcium ionophore did not secrete NETs but released huge amounts of active proteases whose activities were not modified by DNase. We conclude that NETs are reservoirs of active proteases that protect them from inhibition and maintain them in a rapidly mobilizable status. Combining the effects of protease inhibitors with that of DNA-degrading agents could counter the deleterious proteolytic effects of NSPs in CF lung secretions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice V Dubois
- INSERM U "Pathologies Respiratoires: protéolyse & aérosolthérapie," Tours, France
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Zoega M, Ravnsborg T, Højrup P, Houen G, Schou C. Proteinase 3 carries small unusual carbohydrates and associates with αlpha-defensins. J Proteomics 2012; 75:1472-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2011.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Revised: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Jégot G, Derache C, Castella S, Lahouassa H, Pitois E, Jourdan ML, Remold‐O'Donnell E, Kellenberger C, Gauthier F, Korkmaz B. A substrate‐based approach to convert SerpinB1 into a specific inhibitor of proteinase 3, the Wegener's granulomatosis autoantigen. FASEB J 2011; 25:3019-31. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.10-176552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gwenhael Jégot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U‐618Protéases et Vectorisation PulmonairesToursFrance
- Université Francois RabelaisToursFrance
| | - Chrystelle Derache
- Centre de Biophysique MoléculaireCentre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)OrléansFrance
| | - Sandrine Castella
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U‐618Protéases et Vectorisation PulmonairesToursFrance
- Université Francois RabelaisToursFrance
| | - Hichem Lahouassa
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U‐618Protéases et Vectorisation PulmonairesToursFrance
- Université Francois RabelaisToursFrance
| | - Elodie Pitois
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U‐618Protéases et Vectorisation PulmonairesToursFrance
- Université Francois RabelaisToursFrance
| | | | | | - Christine Kellenberger
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules BiologiquesCNRS‐Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)MarseilleFrance
| | - Francis Gauthier
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U‐618Protéases et Vectorisation PulmonairesToursFrance
- Université Francois RabelaisToursFrance
| | - Brice Korkmaz
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U‐618Protéases et Vectorisation PulmonairesToursFrance
- Université Francois RabelaisToursFrance
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Korkmaz B, Horwitz MS, Jenne DE, Gauthier F. Neutrophil elastase, proteinase 3, and cathepsin G as therapeutic targets in human diseases. Pharmacol Rev 2011; 62:726-59. [PMID: 21079042 DOI: 10.1124/pr.110.002733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 579] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymorphonuclear neutrophils are the first cells recruited to inflammatory sites and form the earliest line of defense against invading microorganisms. Neutrophil elastase, proteinase 3, and cathepsin G are three hematopoietic serine proteases stored in large quantities in neutrophil cytoplasmic azurophilic granules. They act in combination with reactive oxygen species to help degrade engulfed microorganisms inside phagolysosomes. These proteases are also externalized in an active form during neutrophil activation at inflammatory sites, thus contributing to the regulation of inflammatory and immune responses. As multifunctional proteases, they also play a regulatory role in noninfectious inflammatory diseases. Mutations in the ELA2/ELANE gene, encoding neutrophil elastase, are the cause of human congenital neutropenia. Neutrophil membrane-bound proteinase 3 serves as an autoantigen in Wegener granulomatosis, a systemic autoimmune vasculitis. All three proteases are affected by mutations of the gene (CTSC) encoding dipeptidyl peptidase I, a protease required for activation of their proform before storage in cytoplasmic granules. Mutations of CTSC cause Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome. Because of their roles in host defense and disease, elastase, proteinase 3, and cathepsin G are of interest as potential therapeutic targets. In this review, we describe the physicochemical functions of these proteases, toward a goal of better delineating their role in human diseases and identifying new therapeutic strategies based on the modulation of their bioavailability and activity. We also describe how nonhuman primate experimental models could assist with testing the efficacy of proposed therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brice Korkmaz
- INSERM U-618 Protéases et Vectorisation Pulmonaires, Université François Rabelais, Faculté de médecine, 10 Boulevard Tonnellé, Tours, France.
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Polańska B, Augustyniak D, Makulska I, Niemczuk M, Zwolińska D, Jankowski A. Elastase, α1-proteinase inhibitor, and interleukin-8 in pre-dialyzed and hemodialyzed patients with chronic kidney disease. Pediatr Int 2010; 52:735-43. [PMID: 20487365 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-200x.2010.03162.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neutrophil elastase in complex with α(1) -proteinase inhibitor (NE-α(1) PI) and interleukin (IL)-8 may serve as indicators of neutrophil activation and inflammatory stage. The aim of the study was to evaluate NE-α(1) PI, α(1)-PI, and IL-8 levels in the blood of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) undergoing hemodialysis (HD) or conservatively treated (CT). The influence of a single HD session on the investigated parameters was also assessed. METHODS Blood samples were obtained from two groups of hemodialyzed patients (children/young adults [group HD1, n = 8] and adults [group HD2, n = 13]), as well as 13 CT patients and a group of healthy subjects. The proteins were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or radial immunodiffusion. RESULTS There were no significant differences in NE-α(1) PI, α(1)-PI, and IL-8 concentrations between the HD1 and HD2 patients. The levels of NE-α(1) PI were considerably higher than normal in both groups of HD patients (before and after the HD session) and in the CT patients. Higher titers of NE-α(1) PI (P < 0.05) and α(1)-PI (P < 0.01) were obtained in the adults during the course of HD. Increased NE-α(1) PI was positively correlated with α(1)-PI. The serum concentration of IL-8 was significantly higher in the HD2 patients before and after dialysis than in the controls. CONCLUSIONS The data indicate that in CKD patients, neutrophils are highly activated both in the pre-dialyzed period and on regular HD. Contact with the dialysis membrane during HD causes a significant increase in blood NE-α(1) PI and α(1)-PI in adults, but not in children/young adults. NE-α(1) PI seems to be a much better indicator of an inflammatory state in CKD patients than free α(1)-PI or IL-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bozena Polańska
- 3rd Department and Clinics of Pediatrics, Immunology and Rheumatology of Developmental Age, Medical University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland.
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Maryanoff BE, de Garavilla L, Greco MN, Haertlein BJ, Wells GI, Andrade-Gordon P, Abraham WM. Dual inhibition of cathepsin G and chymase is effective in animal models of pulmonary inflammation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009; 181:247-53. [PMID: 19875688 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200904-0627oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Mast cells and neutrophils are key contributors to the pathophysiological inflammatory processes that underpin asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, partly through the release of noxious serine proteases, including cathepsin G (Cat G) and chymase. From this standpoint, a dual inhibitor of neutrophil Cat G and mast cell chymase could protect against these disease-related inflammatory responses. OBJECTIVES We examined the antiinflammatory pharmacology of RWJ-355871, a dual inhibitor of Cat G and chymase, in animal models of inflammation that evince pathophysiological pathways relevant to asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to determine the therapeutic potential of this compound. METHODS In an ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized rat model, RWJ-355871 was administered to block the mast-cell-mediated increase in paw volume caused by OVA injection. In a sheep asthma model, antigen-induced airway responses were assessed with and without aerosol treatment with RWJ-355871. In a murine tobacco-smoke model of airway inflammation, the effect of RWJ-355871 on smoke-induced neutrophilia was determined. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Intravenous treatment of OVA-sensitized rats with RWJ-355871 provided dose-dependent reduction in the increase in rat paw volume. In allergic sheep, aerosol pretreatment with RWJ-355871 showed dose-dependent inhibition of the antigen-induced early response, late response, and post-antigen-induced airway hyperreponsiveness. In tobacco-smoke-exposed mice, nebulized RWJ-355871 significantly reduced the smoke-induced neutrophilia from the levels observed in untreated mice. CONCLUSIONS The preclinical antiinflammatory effects of RWJ-355871 in these animal models of inflammation indicate that this dual inhibitor may have therapeutic utility for treating airway inflammatory diseases involving mechanisms that depend on Cat G and/or chymase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce E Maryanoff
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Welsh and McKean Roads, Spring House, PA 19477-0076, USA.
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Zani ML, Baranger K, Guyot N, Dallet-Choisy S, Moreau T. Protease inhibitors derived from elafin and SLPI and engineered to have enhanced specificity towards neutrophil serine proteases. Protein Sci 2009; 18:579-94. [PMID: 19241385 DOI: 10.1002/pro.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI), elafin, and its biologically active precursor trappin-2 are endogeneous low-molecular weight inhibitors of the chelonianin family that control the enzymatic activity of neutrophil serine proteases (NSPs) like elastase, proteinase 3, and cathepsin G. These inhibitors may be of therapeutic value, since unregulated NSP activities are linked to inflammatory lung diseases. However SLPI inhibits elastase and cathepsin G but not proteinase 3, while elafin targets elastase and proteinase 3 but not cathepsin G. We have used two strategies to design polyvalent inhibitors of NSPs that target all three NSPs and may be used in the aerosol-based treatment of inflammatory lung diseases. First, we fused the elafin domain with the second inhibitory domain of SLPI to produce recombinant chimeras that had the inhibitory properties of both parent molecules. Second, we generated the trappin-2 variant, trappin-2 A62L, in which the P1 residue Ala is replaced by Leu, as in the corresponding position in SLPI domain 2. The chimera inhibitors and trappin-2 A62L are tight-binding inhibitors of all three NSPs with subnanomolar K(i)s, similar to those of the parent molecules for their respective target proteases. We have also shown that these molecules inhibit the neutrophil membrane-bound forms of all three NSPs. The trappin-2 A62L and elafin-SLPI chimeras, like wild-type elafin and trappin-2, can be covalently cross-linked to fibronectin or elastin by a tissue transglutaminase, while retaining their polypotent inhibition of NSPs. Therefore, the inhibitors described herein have the appropriate properties to be further evaluated as therapeutic anti-inflammatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Louise Zani
- Inserm U618 Protéases et Vectorisation Pulmonaires, IFR 135 Imagerie Fonctionnelle, University of Tours, France
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Korkmaz B, Jaillet J, Jourdan ML, Gauthier A, Gauthier F, Attucci S. Catalytic activity and inhibition of wegener antigen proteinase 3 on the cell surface of human polymorphonuclear neutrophils. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:19896-902. [PMID: 19447886 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m901471200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteinase 3 (Pr3), the main target of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies, is a neutrophil serine protease that may be constitutively expressed at the surface of quiescent circulating neutrophils. This raises the question of the simultaneous presence in the circulation of constitutive membrane-bound Pr3 (mPr3) and its plasma inhibitor alpha1-protease inhibitor (alpha1-Pi). We have looked at the fate of constitutive mPr3 at the surface of circulating blood neutrophils and of induced mPr3 on triggered neutrophils. We found significant Pr3 activity at the surface of activated neutrophils but not at the surface of quiescent neutrophils whatever the constitutive expression. This suggests that constitutive mPr3 is enzymatically inactive or its active site is not accessible to the substrate. Supporting this conclusion, we have not been able to demonstrate any interaction between constitutive mPr3 and alpha1-Pi, whereas induced mPr3 is cleared from the cell surface when activated cells are incubated with this inhibitor. But, unlike membrane-bound elastase that is also cleared from the surface of activated cells, mPr3 remained bound to the membrane when inhibited by elafin or by a low molecular weight chloromethyl ketone inhibitor, which shows that it binds more tightly to the neutrophil membrane. mPr3 may thus be present at the surface of circulating neutrophils in an environment replete with alpha1-Pi. The permanent presence of inactive Pr3 at the surface of quiescent neutrophils may explain why Pr3 is a major target of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies, whose binding activates neutrophils and triggers inflammation, as in Wegener granulomatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brice Korkmaz
- INSERM U618, Protéases et Vectorisation Pulmonaires, Faculté de Médecine, 37032 Tours Cedex, France
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Ramadas RA, Wu L, LeVine AM. Surfactant protein A enhances production of secretory leukoprotease inhibitor and protects it from cleavage by matrix metalloproteinases. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:1560-7. [PMID: 19155504 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.182.3.1560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Mice lacking surfactant protein A (SP-A) are susceptible to bacterial infection associated with an excessive inflammatory response in the lung. To determine mechanisms by which SP-A is antiinflammatory in the lung during bacterial infection, SP-A regulation of secretory leukoprotease inhibitor (SLPI), an inhibitor of serine proteases, was assessed. SLPI protein expression and antineutrophil elastase activity were reduced in bronchoalveolar fluid of SP-A(-/-) compared with SP-A(+/+) mice. Intratracheal administration of SP-A to SP-A(-/-) mice enhanced SLPI protein expression and antineutrophil elastase activity in the lung. SLPI mRNA was similar in whole lung and alveolar type II cells; however, it was significantly reduced in alveolar macrophages from SP-A(-/-) compared with SP-A(+/+) mice. In vitro, SP-A enhanced SLPI production by macrophage THP-1 cells but not respiratory epithelial A549 cells. SP-A inhibited LPS induced IkappaB-alpha degradation in THP-1 cells, which was partially reversed with knockdown of SLPI. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-12 cleaved SLPI and incubation with SP-A reduced MMP-12-mediated SLPI cleavage. The collagen-like region of SP-A conferred protection of SLPI against MMP mediated cleavage. SP-A plays an important role in the lung during bacterial infection regulating protease and antiprotease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravisankar A Ramadas
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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Measuring elastase, proteinase 3 and cathepsin G activities at the surface of human neutrophils with fluorescence resonance energy transfer substrates. Nat Protoc 2008; 3:991-1000. [PMID: 18536646 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2008.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The neutrophil serine proteases (NSPs) elastase, proteinase 3 and cathepsin G are multifunctional proteases involved in pathogen destruction and the modulation of inflammatory processes. A fraction of secreted NSPs remains bound to the external plasma membrane, where they remain enzymatically active. This protocol describes the spectrofluorometric measurement of NSP activities on neutrophil surfaces using highly sensitive Abz-peptidyl-EDDnp fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) substrates that fully discriminate between the three human NSPs. We describe FRET substrate synthesis, neutrophil purification and handling, and kinetic experiments on quiescent and activated cells. These are used to measure subnanomolar concentrations of membrane-bound or free NSPs in low-binding microplates and to quantify the activities of individual proteases in biological fluids like expectorations and bronchoalveolar lavages. The whole procedure, including neutrophil purification and kinetic measurements, can be done in 4-5 h and should not be longer because of the lifetime of neutrophils. Using this protocol will help identify the contributions of individual NSPs to the development of inflammatory diseases and may reveal these proteases to be targets for therapeutic inhibitors.
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Mambole A, Baruch D, Nusbaum P, Bigot S, Suzuki M, Lesavre P, Fukuda M, Halbwachs-Mecarelli L. The cleavage of neutrophil leukosialin (CD43) by cathepsin G releases its extracellular domain and triggers its intramembrane proteolysis by presenilin/gamma-secretase. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:23627-35. [PMID: 18586676 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m710286200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The highly negatively charged membrane sialoglycoprotein leukosialin, CD43, is shed during neutrophil activation. This is generally thought to enhance cell adhesion. We here describe two novel consequences of this shedding, during neutrophil activation by phorbol esters or by chemoattractants after TNF-alpha priming. CD43 proteolysis was investigated by Western blotting, using a polyclonal antibody to CD43 intracellular domain. Our data emphasize the importance of a juxtamembranous cleavage of about 50% of membrane CD43 molecules by cathepsin G. Indeed, it is inhibited by alpha1-antichymotrypsin and cathepsin G inhibitor I and is reproduced by exogenous purified cathepsin G. The resulting membrane-anchored C-terminal fragment, CD43-CTF, becomes susceptible to presenilin/gamma-secretase, which releases CD43 intracytoplasmic domain: preincubation with three different gamma-secretase inhibitors, before PMN treatment by agonists or by purified cathepsin G, results in the accumulation of CD43-CTF. Because CD43 binds E-selectin, we also investigated the effect of the soluble extracellular domain CD43s, released by cathepsin G juxtamembranous cleavage, on neutrophil adhesion to endothelial cells. A recombinant CD43s-Fc fusion protein inhibited neutrophil E selectindependent adhesion to endothelial cells under flow conditions, while it had no effect on neutrophil static adhesion. We thus propose that, in addition to its potential pro-adhesive role, CD43 proteolysis results in: (i) the release, by cathepsin G, of CD43 extracellular domain, able to inhibit the adhesion of flowing neutrophils on endothelial cells and thus to participate to the natural control of inflammation; (ii) the release and/or the clearance, by presenilin/gamma-secretase, of CD43 intracellular domain, thereby regulating CD43-mediated signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnès Mambole
- INSERM U845, the Université René Descartes, Hôpital Necker, 161 Rue de Sèvres, Paris, France
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Kosai K, Seki M, Yanagihara K, Nakamura S, Kurihara S, Imamura Y, Izumikawa K, Kakeya H, Yamamoto Y, Tashiro T, Kohno S. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis analysis in simultaneous influenza pneumonia and bacterial infection in mice. Clin Exp Immunol 2008; 152:364-71. [PMID: 18341613 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2008.03631.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe pneumonia is found in simultaneous influenza pneumonia and bacterial infection, and suggests a relationship with immunological mechanisms. Here, we performed two-dimensional gel electrophoresis to detect immunological molecules related to the fulminant pneumonia caused by influenza virus and Streptococcus pneumoniae co-infection in mice. We found two spots that were expressed strongly in co-infected mouse lungs, compared with S. pneumoniae or influenza virus singly infected mouse lungs. The spots were analysed by mass spectrometry, and identified as alpha-1 anti-trypsin (A1AT), known as an anti-protease for neutrophil-derived proteolytic enzymes, and creatine kinase, which reflects a greater degree of lung damage and cell death. A1AT expression was increased significantly, and proteolytic enzymes from neutrophils, such as neutrophil elastase, myeloperoxidase and lysozyme, were also secreted abundantly in influenza virus and S. pneumoniae co-infected lungs compared with S. pneumoniae or influenza virus singly infected lungs. These data suggest that A1AT may play a central role as a molecule with broad anti-inflammatory properties, and regulation of the neutrophil-mediated severe lung inflammation is important in the pathogenesis of co-infection with influenza virus and bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kosai
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki, Japan
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Manolov T, Tan TT, Forsgren A, Riesbeck K. Moraxella-dependent alpha 1-antichymotrypsin neutralization: a unique virulence mechanism. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2007; 38:609-17. [PMID: 18096871 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2007-0289oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The acute phase reactant and protease inhibitor alpha(1)-antichymotrypsin is considered to play a protective role in the airways, but whether it interacts with respiratory bacteria is not known. We analyzed whether the common respiratory pathogens Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and other bacterial species interact with antichymotrypsin. M. catarrhalis was the only species that bound antichymotrypsin among 25 bacterial species tested by flow cytometry and direct binding assay. We compared a series of clinical isolates in addition to wild-type and ubiquitous surface protein-deficient Moraxella to study the nature of antichymotrypsin binding by the bacteria. Experiments with Moraxella mutants revealed that ubiquitous surface proteins A1 and A2 were responsible for the interaction, and using recombinant fragments, a consensus sequence within ubiquitous surface proteins A1 and A2 was defined. Binding of iodine-labeled antichymotrypsin was dose dependent and strong (dissociation constant [K(d)] 24.9-44.8 nM). Moreover, a chymotrypsin activity assay showed that antichymotrypsin, when bound to the bacterial surface, was neutralized. Moraxella antichymotrypsin neutralization is a novel microbial virulence mechanism that may induce excessive inflammation resulting in more exposed extracellular matrix that is beneficial for bacterial colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taras Manolov
- Medical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Malmö University Hospital, Lund University, SE-205 02 Malmö, Sweden
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Korkmaz B, Hajjar E, Kalupov T, Reuter N, Brillard-Bourdet M, Moreau T, Juliano L, Gauthier F. Influence of Charge Distribution at the Active Site Surface on the Substrate Specificity of Human Neutrophil Protease 3 and Elastase. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:1989-97. [PMID: 17088257 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m608700200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The biological functions of human neutrophil protease 3 (Pr3) differ from those of neutrophil elastase despite their close structural and functional resemblance. Although both proteases are strongly cationic, their sequences differ mainly in the distribution of charged residues. We have used these differences in electrostatic surface potential in the vicinity of their active site to produce fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) peptide substrates for investigating individual Pr3 subsites. The specificities of subsites S5 to S3' were investigated both kinetically and by molecular dynamic simulations. Subsites S2, S1', and S2' were the main definers of Pr3 specificity. Combinations of results for each subsite were used to deduce a consensus sequence that was complementary to the extended Pr3 active site and was not recognized by elastase. Similar sequences were identified in natural protein substrates such as NFkappaB and p21 that are specifically cleaved by Pr3. FRET peptides derived from these natural sequences were specifically hydrolyzed by Pr3 with specificity constants k(cat)/K(m) in the 10(6) m(-1) s(-1) range. The consensus Pr3 sequence may also be used to predict cleavage sites within putative protein targets like the proform of interleukin-18, or to develop specific Pr3 peptide-derived inhibitors, because none is available for further studies on the physiopathological function of this protease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brice Korkmaz
- INSERM U618, Faculty of Medicine, 10 Bd. Tonnellé, 37032 Tours Cedex, France
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Korkmaz B, Attucci S, Jourdan ML, Juliano L, Gauthier F. Inhibition of neutrophil elastase by alpha1-protease inhibitor at the surface of human polymorphonuclear neutrophils. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:3329-38. [PMID: 16116225 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.5.3329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The uncontrolled proteolytic activity in lung secretions during lung inflammatory diseases might be due to the resistance of membrane-bound proteases to inhibition. We have used a new fluorogenic neutrophil elastase substrate to measure the activity of free and membrane-bound human neutrophil elastase (HNE) in the presence of alpha1-protease inhibitor (alpha1-Pi), the main physiological inhibitor of neutrophil serine proteases in lung secretions. Fixed and unfixed neutrophils bore the same amounts of active HNE at their surface. However, the HNE bound to the surface of unfixed neutrophils was fully inhibited by stoichiometric amounts of alpha1-Pi, unlike that of fixed neutrophils. The rate of inhibition of HNE bound to the surface of unfixed neutrophils was the same as that of free HNE. In the presence of alpha1-Pi, membrane-bound elastase is almost entirely removed from the unfixed neutrophil membrane to form soluble irreversible complexes. This was confirmed by flow cytometry using an anti-HNE mAb. HNE activity rapidly reappeared at the surface of HNE-depleted cells when they were triggered with the calcium ionophore A23187, and this activity was fully inhibited by stoichiometric amounts of alpha1-Pi. HNE was not released from the cell surface by oxidized, inactive alpha1-Pi, showing that active inhibitor is required to interact with active protease from the cell surface. We conclude that HNE activity at the surface of human neutrophils is fully controlled by alpha1-Pi when the cells are in suspension. Pericellular proteolysis could be limited to zones of contact between neutrophils and subjacent protease substrates where natural inhibitors cannot penetrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brice Korkmaz
- University François Rabelais, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 618 Protéases et Vectorisation Pulmonaires, Tours Cedex, France
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