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Wang S, Dong Y, Zhai L, Bai Y, Yang Y, Jia L. Decreased Treg cells induced by bisphenol A is associated with up-regulation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway and Foxp3 DNA methylation in spleen of adolescent mice. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 357:141957. [PMID: 38641296 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
The current study aimed to explore whether bisphenol A (BPA) exposure aggravated the decrease in Tregs induced by ovalbumin (OVA) in adolescent female mouse models of asthma, and whether the process was associated with mTOR-mediated signaling pathways and DNA methylation levels. A total of 40 female C57BL/6 mice at the age of four weeks were used and divided into five groups after 1 week of domestication. Each group consisted of eight mice: the control group, OVA group, OVA + BPA (0.1 μg mL-1) group, OVA + BPA (0.2 μg mL-1) group, and OVA + BPA (0.4 μg mL-1) group. Results revealed that Foxp3 protein levels decreased in the spleens of mice exposed to BPA compared to those in the OVA group. After an elevation in BPA dose, the mRNAs of methyltransferases (Dnmt1, Dnmt3a, and Dnmt3b) were gradually upregulated. The mechanism was related to the activity of TLR4/NF-κB and PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathways and the enhancement of Foxp3 DNA methylation. Our results, collectively, provided a new view for studying the mechanisms underlying BPA exposure-induced immune dysfunction. Investigation of the regulatory mechanisms of DNA methylation in the abnormal Th immune response caused by BPA exposure could help reveal the causes and molecular mechanisms underlying the high incidence of allergic diseases in children in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simeng Wang
- Institute for International Health Professions Education and Research, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, PR China.
| | - Youdan Dong
- Department of Rheumatology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110022, PR China.
| | - Lingling Zhai
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, PR China.
| | - Yinglong Bai
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, PR China.
| | - Yilong Yang
- Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, NO. 2318 Yuhangtang Road, Yuhang District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, PR China.
| | - Lihong Jia
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, PR China.
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2
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Adouli J, Aaron Fried, Rachel Swier, Andrew Ghio, Irina Petrache, Stephen Tilley. Cellular Recycling Gone Wrong: The Role of Dysregulated Autophagy and Hyperactive mTORC1 in the Pathogenesis of Sarcoidosis. SARCOIDOSIS, VASCULITIS, AND DIFFUSE LUNG DISEASES : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF WASOG 2023; 40:e2023016. [PMID: 37382074 PMCID: PMC10494747 DOI: 10.36141/svdld.v40i2.13498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Autophagy is a highly regulated, complex intracellular recycling process that is vital to maintaining cellular homeostasis in response to diverse conditions and stressors. Despite the presence of robust regulatory pathways, the intricate and multi-step nature of autophagy creates opportunity for dysregulation. Errors in autophagy have been implicated in the development of a broad range of clinical pathologies including granulomatous disease. Specifically, activation of the mTORC1 pathway has been identified as a key negative regulator of autophagic flux, prompting the study of dysregulated mTORC1 signaling in the pathogenesis of sarcoidosis. Our review: We conducted a thorough search of the extant literature to identify the regulatory pathways of autophagy, and more specifically the implication of upregulated mTORC1 pathways in the pathogenesis of sarcoidosis. We review data showing spontaneous granuloma formation in animal models with upregulate mTORC1 signaling, human genetic studies showing mutation in autophagy genes in sarcoidosis patients, and clinical data showing that targeting autophagy regulatory molecules like mTORC1 may provide new therapeutic approaches for sarcoidosis. CONCLUSIONS Given the incomplete understanding of sarcoidosis pathogenesis and the toxicities of current treatments, a more complete understanding of sarcoidosis pathogenesis is crucial for the development of more effective and safer therapies. In this review, we propose a strong molecular pathway driving sarcoidosis pathogenesis at which autophagy is at the center. A more complete understanding of autophagy and its regulatory molecules, like mTORC1, may provide a window into new therapeutic approaches for sarcoidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Adouli
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA; UNC Sarcoidosis Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA.
| | - Aaron Fried
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA.
| | - Rachel Swier
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA; UNC Sarcoidosis Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA.
| | - Andrew Ghio
- UNC Sarcoidosis Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA; National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Environmental Protection Agency, Chapel Hill, USA.
| | - Irina Petrache
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, USA.
| | - Stephen Tilley
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA; UNC Sarcoidosis Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA.
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3
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Karmakar S, Nath S, Sarkar B, Chakraborty S, Paul S, Karan M, Pal C. Insect vectors' saliva and gut microbiota as a blessing in disguise: probability versus possibility. Future Microbiol 2021; 16:657-670. [PMID: 34100305 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2020-0239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Drawing of host blood is a natural phenomenon during the bite of blood-probing insect vectors. Along with the blood meal, the vectors introduce salivary components and a trail of microbiota. In the case of infected vectors, the related pathogen accompanies the aforementioned biological components. In addition to Anopheles gambiae or Anopheles stephensi, the bites of other nonmalarial vectors cannot be ignored in malaria-endemic regions. Similarly, the bite incidence of Phlebotomus papatasi cannot be ignored in visceral leishmaniasis-endemic regions. Even the chances of getting bitten by uninfected vectors are higher than the infected vectors. We have discussed the probability or possibility of uninfected, infected, and/or nonvector's saliva and gut microbiota as a therapeutic option leading to the initial deterrent to pathogen establishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Karmakar
- Cellular Immunology & Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, West Bengal State University, Barasat, North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, 700126, India.,Vector Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, West Bengal State University, Barasat, North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, 700126, India
| | - Supriya Nath
- Cellular Immunology & Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, West Bengal State University, Barasat, North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, 700126, India.,Vector Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, West Bengal State University, Barasat, North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, 700126, India
| | - Biswajyoti Sarkar
- Cellular Immunology & Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, West Bengal State University, Barasat, North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, 700126, India.,Vector Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, West Bengal State University, Barasat, North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, 700126, India
| | - Sondipon Chakraborty
- Vector Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, West Bengal State University, Barasat, North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, 700126, India
| | - Sharmistha Paul
- Vector Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, West Bengal State University, Barasat, North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, 700126, India
| | - Mintu Karan
- Vector Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, West Bengal State University, Barasat, North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, 700126, India
| | - Chiranjib Pal
- Cellular Immunology & Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, West Bengal State University, Barasat, North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, 700126, India.,Vector Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, West Bengal State University, Barasat, North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, 700126, India
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4
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Involvement of Dendritic Cells and Th17 Cells in Induced Tertiary Lymphoid Structures in a Chronic Beryllium Disease Mouse Model. Mediators Inflamm 2021; 2021:8845966. [PMID: 34054347 PMCID: PMC8123089 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8845966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To study airway pathophysiology and the role of dendritic cells (DCs) and IL-17 receptor (IL-17R) signals in a mouse model for CBD. Methods Here, we present a CBD mouse model in which mice were exposed to beryllium during three weeks. We also exposed IL-17R-deficient mice and mice in which DCs were depleted. Results Eight weeks after the initial beryllium exposure, an inflammatory response was detected in the lungs. Mice displayed inflammation of the lower airways that included focal dense infiltrates, granuloma-like foci, and tertiary lymphoid structure (TLS) containing T cells, B cells, and germinal centers. Alveolar cell analysis showed significantly increased numbers of CD4+ T cells expressing IFNγ, IL-17, or both cytokines. The pathogenic role of IL-17R signals was demonstrated in IL-17R-deficient mice, which had strongly reduced lung inflammation and TLS development following beryllium exposure. In CBD mice, pulmonary DC subsets including CD103+ conventional DCs (cDCs), CD11b+ cDCs, and monocyte-derived DCs (moDCs) were also prominently increased. We used diphtheria toxin receptor-mediated targeted cell ablation to conditionally deplete DCs and found that DCs are essential for the maintenance of TLS in CBD. Furthermore, the presence of antinuclear autoantibodies in the serum of CBD mice showed that CBD had characteristics of autoimmune disease. Conclusions We generated a translational model of sarcoidosis driven by beryllium and show that DCs and IL-17R signals play a pathophysiological role in CBD development as well as in established CBD in vivo.
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Clark SE. Commensal bacteria in the upper respiratory tract regulate susceptibility to infection. Curr Opin Immunol 2020; 66:42-49. [PMID: 32416468 PMCID: PMC7665980 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2020.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The human body is host to several distinct microbial communities. Disruption of these communities increases susceptibility to a wide range of diseases, including respiratory tract infections. While commensal bacteria in the gut contribute to this effect, recent studies point to a role for commensals occupying the upper respiratory tract through direct pathogen killing and by modifying nasal and lung immune homeostasis. Clinical trials exploring 'probiotic' respiratory tract commensals are an exciting development in this area. Upper respiratory tract microbiome sequencing has revealed that destabilization of this community precedes infection, indicating that microbiome profiling of individuals has predictive value. Further investigation of respiratory tract commensal-host interactions will be critical to translate bacterial-mediated protection toward new therapeutic approaches for respiratory tract disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Clark
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States.
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6
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Federici S, Nobs SP, Elinav E. Phages and their potential to modulate the microbiome and immunity. Cell Mol Immunol 2020; 18:889-904. [PMID: 32901128 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-00532-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophages (hence termed phages) are viruses that target bacteria and have long been considered as potential future treatments against antibiotic-resistant bacterial infection. However, the molecular nature of phage interactions with bacteria and the human host has remained elusive for decades, limiting their therapeutic application. While many phages and their functional repertoires remain unknown, the advent of next-generation sequencing has increasingly enabled researchers to decode new lytic and lysogenic mechanisms by which they attack and destroy bacteria. Furthermore, the last decade has witnessed a renewed interest in the utilization of phages as therapeutic vectors and as a means of targeting pathogenic or commensal bacteria or inducing immunomodulation. Importantly, the narrow host range, immense antibacterial repertoire, and ease of manipulating phages may potentially allow for their use as targeted modulators of pathogenic, commensal and pathobiont members of the microbiome, thereby impacting mammalian physiology and immunity along mucosal surfaces in health and in microbiome-associated diseases. In this review, we aim to highlight recent advances in phage biology and how a mechanistic understanding of phage-bacteria-host interactions may facilitate the development of novel phage-based therapeutics. We provide an overview of the challenges of the therapeutic use of phages and how these could be addressed for future use of phages as specific modulators of the human microbiome in a variety of infectious and noncommunicable human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Federici
- Immunology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Samuel P Nobs
- Immunology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Eran Elinav
- Immunology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel. .,Cancer-Microbiome Division Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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7
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Models Contribution to the Understanding of Sarcoidosis Pathogenesis: "Are There Good Models of Sarcoidosis?". J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9082445. [PMID: 32751786 PMCID: PMC7464295 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9082445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcoidosis is a systemic, granulomatous, and noninfectious disease of unknown etiology. The clinical heterogeneity of the disease (targeted tissue(s), course of the disease, and therapy response) supports the idea that a multiplicity of trigger antigens may be involved. The pathogenesis of sarcoidosis is not yet completely understood, although in recent years, considerable efforts were put to develop novel experimental research models of sarcoidosis. In particular, sarcoidosis patient cells were used within in vitro 3D models to study their characteristics compared to control patients. Likewise, a series of transgenic mouse models were developed to highlight the role of particular signaling pathways in granuloma formation and persistence. The purpose of this review is to put in perspective the contributions of the most recent models in the understanding of sarcoidosis.
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8
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Song J, Zhao M, Li Q, Lu L, Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Chen T, Tang D, Zhou N, Yin C, Weng D, Li H. IL-17A Can Promote Propionibacterium acnes-Induced Sarcoidosis-Like Granulomatosis in Mice. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1923. [PMID: 31474992 PMCID: PMC6702313 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The etiology of sarcoidosis is unknown. In this study, Propionibacterium acnes (PA) was used to induce sarcoidosis-like granulomatous inflammation in a mouse model. Wild-Type (WT) C57BL/6 mice were divided into three groups: (1) WT-PA group; (2) WT-PA + Incomplete Freund's Adjuvant (IFA) group; and (3) WT-PBS group. Loose granuloma formation was observed in the lungs on day 56 in the WT-PA and WT-PA + IFA groups. The proportions of peripheral Th17 cells in the WT-PA (p = 0.0004) and WT-PA + IFA groups (p = 0.0005) were significantly higher than that in the WT-PBS group. The proportions of peripheral Treg cells in the WT-PA (p < 0.0001) and WT-PA + IFA groups (p < 0.0001) were lower than that in the WT-PBS group. Then, to explore the mechanism of IL-17, Wild-Type (WT) C57BL/6 mice were divided into three groups: (1) WT-PBS group (2) WT-PA group; (3) WT-PA + mouse IL-17A neutralizing antibody (IL-17Ab) group. IL-17A gene knockout mice (KO) were divided into two groups: (1) KO -PA group; (2) KO-PBS group. The KO-PA and WT-PA + IL-17Ab groups showed reduced inflammation and no loose granuloma formation on day 56. As compared to the WT-PA group, the ratio of peripheral Th17 in the KO-PA (p < 0.0001) and WT-PA + IL-17Ab groups (p < 0.0001) decreased, while the ratio of peripheral Treg in the KO-PA (p < 0.0001) and WT-PA + IL-17Ab (p = 0.0069) groups increased on day 56. Hence, PA can be used to establish a mouse model of sarcoidosis-like granuloma. IL-17A plays an important role in experimental sarcoidosis-like granuloma formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiacui Song
- School of Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengmeng Zhao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiuhong Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liqin Lu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Danli Tang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Nianyu Zhou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengsheng Yin
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dong Weng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huiping Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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9
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Li Y, Fu X, Ma J, Zhang J, Hu Y, Dong W, Wan Z, Li Q, Kuang YQ, Lan K, Jin X, Wang JH, Zhang C. Altered respiratory virome and serum cytokine profile associated with recurrent respiratory tract infections in children. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2288. [PMID: 31123265 PMCID: PMC6533328 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10294-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recurrent acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) affect a large population, yet the specific decisive factors are largely unknown. Here we study a population of 4407 children diagnosed with ARTI, comparing respiratory virome and serum cytokine profiles associated with multiple ARTIs and single ARTI during a six-year period. The relative abundance of Propionibacterium phages is significantly elevated in multiple ARTIs compared to single ARTI group. Serum levels of TIMP-1 and PDGF-BB are markedly increased in multiple ARTIs compared to single-ARTI and non-ARTI controls, making these two cytokines potential predictors for multiple ARTIs. The presence of Propionibacterium phages is associated with higher levels of TIMP-1 and PDGF-BB. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses show that the combination of TIMP-1, PDGF-BB and Propionibacterium phages could be a strong predictor for multiple ARTIs. These findings indicate that respiratory microbe homeostasis and specific cytokines are associated with the onset of multiple ARTIs over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanpeng Li
- The Joint Center for Infection and Immunity between Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center (Guangzhou, 510623, China) and Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, 200031, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Xuemin Fu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Jinmin Ma
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Jianhui Zhang
- The Joint Center for Infection and Immunity between Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center (Guangzhou, 510623, China) and Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Yihong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Wei Dong
- Pediatric Department, Shanghai Nanxiang Hospital, Jiading District, Shanghai, 201800, China
| | - Zhenzhou Wan
- Medical Laboratory of Taizhou Fourth People's Hospital, Taizhou, Jiangsu, 225300, China
| | | | - Yi-Qun Kuang
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475000, China
| | - Ke Lan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Xia Jin
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Jian-Hua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| | - Chiyu Zhang
- The Joint Center for Infection and Immunity between Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center (Guangzhou, 510623, China) and Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, 200031, China.
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
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10
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Jiang D, Huang X, Geng J, Dong R, Li S, Liu Z, Wang C, Dai H. Pulmonary fibrosis in a mouse model of sarcoid granulomatosis induced by booster challenge with Propionibacterium acnes. Oncotarget 2018; 7:33703-14. [PMID: 27203210 PMCID: PMC5085113 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) associated with chronic sarcoidosis remains poorly understood, and no experimental model is currently available for this condition. Previous studies have shown that Propionibacterium acnes (PA) was associated with sarcoidosis and induced granuloma formation in mice. Here, we investigated whether repeated challenge with PA induces persistent inflammation leading to sarcoidosis followed by PF in mice. Specifically, C57BL/6 mice were inoculated intraperitoneally and subjected to intratracheal challenge with PA, and then were booster-challenged with either PA or phosphate-buffered saline on day 28. Inflammation, granulomata, and features of fibrosis were evaluated every 7 days until day 70. Complete remission of lung granulomata was apparent on day 42 in the sarcoid-remission group. However, granulomata was present from days 21 to 70 in mice that received PA boosting. Inflammatory cell counts and Th1 cytokine levels in lung lavage fluids were elevated up to day 70. Furthermore, fibrotic changes in the lungs were observed around granulomatous and peribronchovascular regions after PA boosting. Taken together, these findings suggest that development of PF following sarcoidosis may result from continuous PA infection and inflammation. Repeated boosting with PA to induce PF might be a useful model for future studies of sarcoidosis-associated PF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingyuan Jiang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Respiratory and Pulmonary Circulation Disorders, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital-Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxi Huang
- Department of Medical Research, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jing Geng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Respiratory and Pulmonary Circulation Disorders, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital-Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Run Dong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Respiratory and Pulmonary Circulation Disorders, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital-Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Shuhong Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Respiratory and Pulmonary Circulation Disorders, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital-Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Medical Research, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Huaping Dai
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Respiratory and Pulmonary Circulation Disorders, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital-Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China.,Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
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11
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Nagata K, Eishi Y, Uchida K, Yoneda K, Hatanaka H, Yasuhara T, Nagata M, Sotozono C, Kinoshita S. Immunohistochemical Detection of Propionibacterium acnes in the Retinal Granulomas in Patients with Ocular Sarcoidosis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15226. [PMID: 29123243 PMCID: PMC5680245 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15710-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The etiology of sarcoidosis is still obscure; however, Mycobacteria and Propionibacterium acnes are considered the most implicated etiological agent for sarcoidosis. To investigate whether P. acnes is an etiological agent for sarcoid uveitis, we analyzed the frequency of P. acnes detected within the biopsied retinas from patients with ocular sarcoidosis by immunohistochemistry with a P. acnes-specific monoclonal antibody (PAB antibody). Eleven patients (12 eyes) with sarcoid uveitis were enrolled in this study. Eight patients with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, two patients with non-sarcoid uveitis, and two patients with vitreoretinal lymphoma were enrolled as controls. In the sarcoidosis group, granulomas were mainly observed in the inner retinal layer filled with CD4+ cells and CD68+ cells, indicating the Th1 immune response. P. acnes, identified as round bodies that reacted with the PAB antibody, were present in 10/12 samples (83%) from 9/11 patients (82%) with sarcoidosis. These round bodies were scattered within the retinal granulomas mainly in the inner retinal layer. In the control group, no round bodies were detected. Our results suggested that P. acnes could be associated with sarcoid uveitis. We hypothesize that sarcoid granulomas may be formed by a Th1 immune response to P. acnes hematogenously transmitted to the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Nagata
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Hirokoji-agaru, Kawaramachi-dori, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-0841, Japan.
| | - Yoshinobu Eishi
- Department of Human Pathology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Keisuke Uchida
- Department of Human Pathology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Yoneda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Hirokoji-agaru, Kawaramachi-dori, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-0841, Japan
| | - Hiroki Hatanaka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Hirokoji-agaru, Kawaramachi-dori, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-0841, Japan
| | - Toru Yasuhara
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Hirokoji-agaru, Kawaramachi-dori, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-0841, Japan
| | - Maho Nagata
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Hirokoji-agaru, Kawaramachi-dori, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-0841, Japan
| | - Chie Sotozono
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Hirokoji-agaru, Kawaramachi-dori, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-0841, Japan
| | - Shigeru Kinoshita
- Department of frontier medical science and technology for ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Hirokoji-agaru, Kawaramachi-dori, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-0841, Japan
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Sarcoidosis is a disease caused by a complex combination of genetic susceptibility, immune networks and infectious and/or environmental agents. The onset and phenotypic variability of sarcoidosis remain poorly elucidated, not only due to the lack of clearly identified causes, but also because it is widely considered that no reliable model of this disease is available. In this review, we discuss the various models of granulomatous diseases in order to challenge this assertion. RECENT FINDINGS A large number of models of granulomatous diseases are available, both cellular models used to study the natural history of granulomas and experimental animal models mostly developed in rodents. SUMMARY Although none of the available models fully reproduces sarcoidosis, most of them generate various data supporting key concepts. Selected models with a high level of confidence among those already published may provide various pieces of the sarcoidosis jigsaw puzzle, whereas clinical data can provide other elements. A 'systems biology' approach for modelling may be a way of piecing together the various pieces of the puzzle. Finally, experimental models and a systemic approach should be considered to be tools for preclinical evaluation of the efficacy of drugs prior to testing in clinical trials.
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Schnerch J, Prasse A, Vlachakis D, Schuchardt KL, Pechkovsky DV, Goldmann T, Gaede KI, Müller-Quernheim J, Zissel G. Functional Toll-Like Receptor 9 Expression and CXCR3 Ligand Release in Pulmonary Sarcoidosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2017; 55:749-757. [PMID: 27390897 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2015-0278oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcoidosis is a granulomatous disease characterized by a T-helper type 1 (Th1) cell-dominated alveolitis. As a role of bacteria in the pathogenesis of sarcoidosis has been discussed, Toll-like receptors (TLRs) may be involved in the initiation of a first immune reaction. We analyzed expression and functional relevance of several TLRs in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells from patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis. In parallel, we determined the release of C-X-C motif chemokine 9 (CXCL9), CXCL10, and CXCL11 by BAL cells from patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis. Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein (NOD) 1 and 2, TLR2, TLR6, and TLR9 expression by BAL cells was analyzed by real-time RT-PCR and cell surface expression by flow cytometry. Chemokine release was measured in BAL cell culture supernatants by ELISA. We found increased TLR9 mRNA expression in patients with sarcoidosis with chest X-ray type I and II and TLR9 protein expression in BAL cells from patients with chest X-ray type II and III. Stimulation with CpG nucleotides increased CXCL10 release by BAL cells from patients with sarcoidosis type II significantly compared with control subjects or other patients with sarcoidosis. In contrast, no increase in TNF, IL-12p40, or CXCL8 was detected. Spontaneous release of CXCL10, but not CXCL9 or CXCL11, by cultured BAL cells was also highest in cells from patients with chest X-ray type II. We found a significant association between TLR9 expression and CD4+ lymphocytes in BAL. Our data demonstrate that TLR9 ligands may contribute to the immunopathogenesis of sarcoidosis via induction of CXCL10 release in the alveolar macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Schnerch
- 1 Department of Pneumology, Centre for Medicine, Medical Centre-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Antje Prasse
- 1 Department of Pneumology, Centre for Medicine, Medical Centre-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dimitrios Vlachakis
- 1 Department of Pneumology, Centre for Medicine, Medical Centre-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kathrin L Schuchardt
- 1 Department of Pneumology, Centre for Medicine, Medical Centre-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dmitri V Pechkovsky
- 2 Respiratory Division, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Torsten Goldmann
- 3 Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Division of Clinical Medicine, Research Centre Borstel, Borstel, Germany.,4 Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Borstel, Germany; and
| | - Karoline I Gaede
- 4 Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Borstel, Germany; and.,5 BioMaterialBank North, Division of Clinical Medicine, Research Centre Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | - Joachim Müller-Quernheim
- 1 Department of Pneumology, Centre for Medicine, Medical Centre-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gernot Zissel
- 1 Department of Pneumology, Centre for Medicine, Medical Centre-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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14
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Werner JL, Escolero SG, Hewlett JT, Mak TN, Williams BP, Eishi Y, Núñez G. Induction of Pulmonary Granuloma Formation by Propionibacterium acnes Is Regulated by MyD88 and Nox2. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2017; 56:121-130. [PMID: 27607191 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2016-0035oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Sarcoidosis is characterized by noncaseating granulomas with an unknown cause that present primarily in the lung. Propionibacterium acnes, an immunogenic commensal skin bacterium involved in acne vulgaris, has been implicated as a possible causative agent of sarcoidosis. Here, we demonstrate that a viable strain of P. acnes isolated from a patient with sarcoidosis and instilled intratracheally into wild-type mice can generate pulmonary granulomas similar to those observed in patients with sarcoidosis. The formation of these granulomas is dependent on the administration of viable P. acnes. We also found that mice deficient in the innate immunity adapter protein MyD88 had a greater number and a larger area of granuloma lesions compared with wild-type mice administered P. acnes. Early after P. acnes administration, wild-type mice produced proinflammatory mediators and recruited neutrophils into the lung, a response that is dependent on MyD88. In addition, there was an increase in granuloma number and size after instillation with P. acnes in mice deficient in CybB, a critical component of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase required for the production of reactive oxygen species in the phagosome. Myd88-/- or Cybb-/- mice both had increased persistence of P. acnes in the lung, together with enhanced granuloma formation. In conclusion, we have generated a mouse model of early granuloma formation induced by a clinically relevant strain of P. acnes isolated from a patient with sarcoidosis, and, using this model, we have shown that a deficiency in MyD88 or CybB is associated with impaired bacterial clearance and increased granuloma formation in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Werner
- 1 Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and
| | - Sylvia G Escolero
- 1 Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and
| | - Jeff T Hewlett
- 1 Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and
| | - Tim N Mak
- 1 Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and
| | - Brian P Williams
- 1 Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and
| | - Yoshinobu Eishi
- 2 Department of Human Pathology, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Gabriel Núñez
- 1 Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and
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15
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Abstract
Since sarcoidosis was first described more than a century ago, the etiologic determinants causing this disease remain uncertain. Studies suggest that genetic, host immunologic, and environmental factors interact together to cause sarcoidosis. Immunologic characteristics of sarcoidosis include non-caseating granulomas, enhanced local expression of T helper-1 (and often Th17) cytokines and chemokines, dysfunctional regulatory T-cell responses, dysregulated Toll-like receptor signaling, and oligoclonal expansion of CD4+ T cells consistent with chronic antigenic stimulation. Multiple environmental agents have been suggested to cause sarcoidosis. Studies from several groups implicate mycobacterial or propionibacterial organisms in the etiology of sarcoidosis based on tissue analyses and immunologic responses in sarcoidosis patients. Despite these studies, there is no consensus on the nature of a microbial pathogenesis of sarcoidosis. Some groups postulate sarcoidosis is caused by an active viable replicating infection while other groups contend there is no clinical, pathologic, or microbiologic evidence for such a pathogenic mechanism. The authors posit a novel hypothesis that proposes that sarcoidosis is triggered by a hyperimmune Th1 response to pathogenic microbial and tissue antigens associated with the aberrant aggregation of serum amyloid A within granulomas, which promotes progressive chronic granulomatous inflammation in the absence of ongoing infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward S Chen
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, 5501 Hopkins Bayview Circle, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA,
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay J Celada
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 1161 21st Avenue South, A2200 Medical Center North, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Charlene Hawkins
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical School, 1161 21st Avenue South, A2200 Medical Center North, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Wonder P Drake
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 1161 21st Avenue South, A2200 Medical Center North, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical School, 1161 21st Avenue South, A2200 Medical Center North, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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17
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Schupp JC, Tchaptchet S, Lützen N, Engelhard P, Müller-Quernheim J, Freudenberg MA, Prasse A. Immune response to Propionibacterium acnes in patients with sarcoidosis--in vivo and in vitro. BMC Pulm Med 2015. [PMID: 26204953 PMCID: PMC4513400 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-015-0070-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Propionibacterium acnes was found in lungs and lymph nodes of patients with sarcoidosis and may induce hypersensitivity type granuloma formation. Data regarding the immune response to P. acnes of European sarcoid patients are scarce. METHODS We assessed the total IgG and IgA amount and specific antibodies to P. acnes and to Staphylococcus aureus, serving as a control, in BAL fluid of 64 patients with sarcoidosis and of 21 healthy volunteers. In a subcohort of sarcoid patients and controls, TNF-α and GM-CSF production of BAL cells stimulated with heat-killed P. acnes were measured. RESULTS In sarcoid patients, the total IgG and IgA levels in BAL fluid were significantly elevated compared to healthy volunteers. IgG and IgA titres against P. acnes and S. aureus were increased in sarcoid patients, yet based on the total amount of antibodies, only antibodies directed against P. acnes were relatively and significantly increased. Furthermore, BAL cells of sarcoid patients produced significantly more TNF-α and GM-CSF upon stimulation with heat-killed P. acnes compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS Patients with sarcoidosis had elevated levels of specific antibodies against P. acnes which suggest contact with this bacterium in the past. Furthermore, BAL cells of sarcoid patients produced inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and GM-CSF) upon stimulation with P. acnes indicating potential involvement of this pathogen in the pathogenesis of sarcoidosis in some patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Christian Schupp
- Department of Pneumology, University Medical Centre, Albert-Ludwigs University, Killianstr. 5, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Sandrine Tchaptchet
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology und Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Niklas Lützen
- Department of Pneumology, University Medical Centre, Albert-Ludwigs University, Killianstr. 5, 79106, Freiburg, Germany. .,Department of Radiology, University Medical Centre, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Peggy Engelhard
- Department of Pneumology, University Medical Centre, Albert-Ludwigs University, Killianstr. 5, 79106, Freiburg, Germany. .,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Joachim Müller-Quernheim
- Department of Pneumology, University Medical Centre, Albert-Ludwigs University, Killianstr. 5, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Marina A Freudenberg
- Department of Pneumology, University Medical Centre, Albert-Ludwigs University, Killianstr. 5, 79106, Freiburg, Germany. .,Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology und Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Antje Prasse
- Department of Pneumology, University Medical Centre, Albert-Ludwigs University, Killianstr. 5, 79106, Freiburg, Germany. .,Department of Pneumology, Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
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18
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Abstract
Sarcoidosis is a systemic disease of unknown cause that is characterised by the formation of immune granulomas in various organs, mainly the lungs and the lymphatic system. Studies show that sarcoidosis might be the result of an exaggerated granulomatous reaction after exposure to unidentified antigens in individuals who are genetically susceptible. Several new insights have been made, particularly with regards to the diagnosis and care of some important manifestations of sarcoidosis. The indications for endobronchial ultrasound in diagnosis and for PET in the assessment of inflammatory activity are now better specified. Recognition of unexplained persistent disabling symptoms, fatigue, small-fibre neurological impairment, cognitive failure, and changes to health state and quality of life, has improved. Mortality in patients with sarcoidosis is higher than that of the general population, mainly due to pulmonary fibrosis. Predicted advances for the future are finding the cause of sarcoidosis, and the elucidation of relevant biomarkers, reliable endpoints, and new efficient treatments, particularly in patients with refractory sarcoidosis, lung fibrosis, and those with persistent disabling symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Valeyre
- Department of Pneumology, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Avicenne University Hospital, Bobigny, France; University Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Bobigny, France.
| | - Antje Prasse
- Department of Pneumology, University Hospital, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hilario Nunes
- Department of Pneumology, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Avicenne University Hospital, Bobigny, France; University Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Bobigny, France
| | - Yurdagul Uzunhan
- Department of Pneumology, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Avicenne University Hospital, Bobigny, France; University Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Bobigny, France
| | - Pierre-Yves Brillet
- Department of Radiology, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Avicenne University Hospital, Bobigny, France; University Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Bobigny, France
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19
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Gabrilovich MI, Walrath J, van Lunteren J, Nethery D, Seifu M, Kern JA, Harding CV, Tuscano L, Lee H, Williams SD, Mackay W, Tomashefski JF, Silver RF. Disordered Toll-like receptor 2 responses in the pathogenesis of pulmonary sarcoidosis. Clin Exp Immunol 2013; 173:512-22. [PMID: 23668840 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we hypothesized that the granulomatous disorder sarcoidosis is not caused by a single pathogen, but rather results from abnormal responses of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) to conserved bacterial elements. Unsorted bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells from patients with suspected pulmonary sarcoidosis and healthy non-smoking control subjects were stimulated with representative ligands of TLR-2 (in both TLR-2/1 and TLR-2/6 heterodimers) and TLR-4. Responses were determined by assessing resulting production of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6. BAL cells from patients in whom sarcoidosis was confirmed displayed increased cytokine responses to the TLR-2/1 ligand 19-kDa lipoprotein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (LpqH) and decreased responses to the TLR-2/6 agonist fibroblast stimulating ligand-1 (FSL)-1. Subsequently, we evaluated the impact of TLR-2 gene deletion in a recently described murine model of T helper type 1 (Th1)-associated lung disease induced by heat-killed Propionibacterium acnes. As quantified by blinded scoring of lung pathology, P. acnes-induced granulomatous pulmonary inflammation was markedly attenuated in TLR-2(-/-) mice compared to wild-type C57BL/6 animals. The findings support a potential role for disordered TLR-2 responses in the pathogenesis of pulmonary sarcoidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Gabrilovich
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106-4941, USA
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Veltkamp M, van Moorsel CHM, Rijkers GT, Ruven HJT, Grutters JC. Genetic variation in the Toll-like receptor gene cluster (TLR10-TLR1-TLR6) influences disease course in sarcoidosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 79:25-32. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2011.01808.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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21
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Abstract
Sarcoidosis is an uncommon systemic inflammatory disorder characterized by noncaseating granulomatous inflammation that most commonly affects the lungs, intrathoracic lymph nodes, eyes and skin. One-third or more of patients with sarcoidosis have chronic, unremitting inflammation with progressive organ impairment. Findings of family and genetic studies indicate a genetic susceptibility to sarcoidosis, with genes in the MHC region having a dominant role. Immunologic hallmarks of the disease include highly polarized expression of cytokines produced by type 1 T helper cells and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) at sites of inflammation. Increasing evidence obtained within the past decade suggests the etiology of sarcoidosis predominantly involves microbial triggers, with the most convincing data implicating mycobacterial or propionibacterial organisms. Innate immune mechanisms, possibly involving misfolding and aggregation of serum amyloid A, might have a critical role in the pathobiology of sarcoidosis. Despite these advances, there are no clinically useful biomarkers that can assist the clinician in diagnosis, prognosis or assessment of treatment effects. Corticosteroids remain the cornerstone of therapy when organ function is threatened or progressively impaired. The role of immunosuppressive drugs and anti-TNF agents in the treatment of sarcoidosis remains uncertain, and there are no FDA-approved therapies. Meaningful progress in developing clinically useful tools and new therapies will depend on further advances in understanding the pathogenesis of sarcoidosis and its disease-specific pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward S Chen
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, 5501 Hopkins Bayview Circle, Room 4B63, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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23
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Swaisgood CM, Oswald-Richter K, Moeller SD, Klemenc JM, Ruple LM, Farver CF, Drake JM, Culver DA, Drake WP. Development of a sarcoidosis murine lung granuloma model using Mycobacterium superoxide dismutase A peptide. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2010; 44:166-74. [PMID: 20348207 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2009-0350oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcoidosis is characterized by noncaseating granulomas containing CD4(+) T cells with a Th1 immunophenotype. Although the causative antigens remain unknown, independent studies noted molecular and immunologic evidence of mycobacterial virulence factors in sarcoidosis specimens. A major limiting factor in discovering new insights into the pathogenesis of sarcoidosis is the lack of an animal model. Using a distinct superoxide dismutase A peptide (sodA) associated with sarcoidosis granulomas, we developed a pulmonary model of sarcoidosis granulomatous inflammation. Mice were sensitized by a subcutaneous injection of sodA, incorporated in incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA). Control subjects consisted of mice with no sensitization (ConNS), sensitized with IFA only (ConIFA), or with Schistosoma mansoni eggs. Fourteen days later, sensitized mice were challenged by tail-vein injection of naked beads, covalently coupled to sodA peptides or to schistosome egg antigens (SEA). Histologic analysis revealed hilar lymphadenopathy and noncaseating granulomas in the lungs of sodA-treated or SEA-treated mice. Flow cytometry of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) demonstrated CD4(+) T-cell responses against sodA peptide in the sodA-sensitized mice only. Cytometric bead analysis revealed significant differences in IL-2 and IFN-γ secretion in the BAL fluid of sodA-treated mice, compared with mice that received SEA or naked beads (P = 0.008, Wilcoxon rank sum test). ConNS and ConIFA mice demonstrated no significant formation of granuloma, and no Th1 immunophenotype. The use of microbial peptides distinct for sarcoidosis reveals a histologic and immunologic profile in the murine model that correlates well with those profiles noted in human sarcoidosis, providing the framework to investigate the molecular basis for the progression or resolution of sarcoidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen M Swaisgood
- Department of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Respiratory Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH 44195, USA.
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Shinohara T, Pantuso T, Shinohara S, Kogiso M, Myrvik QN, Henriksen RA, Shibata Y. Persistent inactivation of macrophage cyclooxygenase-2 in mycobacterial pulmonary inflammation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2008; 41:146-54. [PMID: 19097981 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2008-0230oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The induction of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in tissue macrophages (MØ) increases prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) release, potentially down-regulating granulomatous inflammation. In response to Mycobacteria, local MØ express COX-2, which is either nuclear envelope (NE)-associated or NE-dissociated. Persistent mycobacterial pulmonary inflammation is characterized by alveolar MØ expressing NE-dissociated (inactive) COX-2 without release of PGE(2). In this study, we examined COX-2 in alveolar MØ after intranasal exposure to heat-killed Mycobacterium bovis BCG (HK-BCG). After administration, whole lungs of C57Bl/6 mice were lavaged with saline; COX-2 expression and PGE(2) release by alveolar MØ and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and nitric oxide levels in the lung lavage were monitored. Normal alveolar MØ had undetectable levels of COX-2 on Western blots. However, 1 day after intranasal administration, almost all alveolar MØ had phagocytosed HK-BCG and expressed NE-dissociated COX-2 without any increase in the release of PGE(2). At 28 days after intranasal administration, 68% of alveolar MØ still contained both BCG and the NE-dissociated form of COX-2. NE-associated (active) COX-2 was not observed in alveolar MØ. In contrast, 7 days after intraperitoneal injection of HK-BCG, peritoneal MØ containing HK-BCG were no longer detected. At 28 days after intranasal administration, TNF-alpha and nitrite levels in the lung lavage fluid were significantly higher than those in controls. Our results indicate that mycobacterial pulmonary inflammation is associated with suppressed PGE(2) production by alveolar MØ, with expression of COX-2 dissociated from the NE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Shinohara
- College of Biomedical Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Rd, PO Box 3091, Boca Raton, FL 33431-0991, USA
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