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Moon HG, Kim SH, Gao J, Quan T, Qin Z, Osorio JC, Rosas IO, Wu M, Tesfaigzi Y, Jin Y. CCN1 secretion and cleavage regulate the lung epithelial cell functions after cigarette smoke. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2014; 307:L326-37. [PMID: 24973403 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00102.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite extensive research, the pathogenesis of cigarette smoking (CS)-associated emphysema remains incompletely understood, thereby impeding development of novel therapeutics, diagnostics, and biomarkers. Here, we report a novel paradigm potentially involved in the development of epithelial death and tissue loss in CS-associated emphysema. After prolonged exposure of CS, CCN1 cleavage was detected both in vitro and in vivo. Full-length CCN1 (flCCN1) was secreted in an exosome-shuttled manner, and secreted plasmin converted flCCN1 to cleaved CCN1 (cCCN1) in extracellular matrix. Interestingly, exosome-shuttled flCCN1 facilitated the interleukin (IL)-8 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) release in response to cigarette smoke extract (CSE). Therefore, flCCN1 potentially promoted CS-induced inflammation via IL-8-mediated neutrophil recruitment and also maintained the lung homeostasis via VEGF secretion. Interestingly, cCCN1 abolished these functions. Furthermore, cCCN1 promoted protease and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 production after CSE. These effects were mainly mediated by the COOH-terminal fragments of CCN1 after cleavage. Both the decrease of VEGF and the elevation of MMPs favor the development of emphysema. cCCN1, therefore, likely contributes to the epithelial cell damage after CS. Additionally, CSE and cCCN1 both stimulated integrin-α7 expressions in lung epithelial cells. The integrin-α7 appeared to be the binding receptors of cCCN1 and, subsequently, mediated its cellular function by promoting MMP1. Consistent with our observation on the functional roles of cCCN1 in vitro, elevated cCCN1 level was found in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from mice with emphysematous changes after 6 mo CS exposure. Taken together, we hypothesize that cCCN1 promoted the epithelial cell death and tissue loss after prolonged CS exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung-Geun Moon
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sang-Heon Kim
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinming Gao
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Taihao Quan
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Zhaoping Qin
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Juan C Osorio
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ivan O Rosas
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Min Wu
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota; and
| | | | - Yang Jin
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;
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Zgavc T, Hu TT, Van de Plas B, Vinken M, Ceulemans AG, Hachimi-Idrissi S, Sarre S, Michotte Y, Arckens L. Proteomic analysis of global protein expression changes in the endothelin-1 rat model for cerebral ischemia: Rescue effect of mild hypothermia. Neurochem Int 2013; 63:379-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2013.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Abstract
Aluminum (Al) metal is considered one of the most benign industrial metals. Although the harmful effects of Al on respiratory health have been denied by some studies, others reported its noxious effect on the lung through spirometric measurements. This work aimed at studying the effect of Al fumes on pulmonary functions of occupationally exposed workers. It investigated the possible relationship between inhalation exposure to Al fumes and levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and alpha-1-antitrypsin (A1AT). The study participants comprised a group of 56 male Al workers with a mean duration of occupational exposure of 10.1 ± 9.5 years and 52 male participants who were not exposed to Al fumes as the control group. All participants filled a questionnaire, underwent full clinical examination and their spirometric pulmonary functions were measured. Blood samples were collected for the determination of serum CRP and A1AT and urine samples for measuring Al. Results revealed that urinary Al (UAl) was significantly higher in Al workers compared with controls (p < 0.05). However, spirometric measures showed no significant difference between the exposed group and the controls. A1AT was significantly lowered in Al workers compared with the controls (p < 0.000). Serum CRP was positive in only two (3.6%) of the exposed workers. Smokers of both groups (exposed and controls) showed significantly higher UAl and lower A1AT compared with nonsmokers. There was only significant negative correlation between the duration of exposure and A1AT (p < 0.05). There was a positive significant correlation between smoking index (SI) and UAl. There was also significant negative correlation between SI and some of the pulmonary function tests namely the percentage of predicted forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in the first second and peak expiratory flow in the exposed group. Those correlations point to the importance of the combined effect of smoking and Al exposure on the impairment of lung functions. The study recommends the determination of CRP and A1AT in Al-exposed workers. It is expected that those parameters may undergo changes before reduction in pulmonary functions takes place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safaa Elserougy
- Environmental and Occupational Medicine Department, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki Giza, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Heba Mahdy-Abdallah
- Environmental and Occupational Medicine Department, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki Giza, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Salwa Farouk Hafez
- Environmental and Occupational Medicine Department, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki Giza, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Safia Beshir
- Environmental and Occupational Medicine Department, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki Giza, Cairo, Egypt
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Abstract
α(1)-Antitrypsin (A1AT) is a polyvalent, acute-phase reactant with an extensive range of biological functions that go beyond those usually linked to its antiprotease (serpin) activities. Genetic mutations cause a systemic deficiency of A1AT, leading to liver and pulmonary diseases, including emphysema and chronic bronchitis. The pathogenesis of emphysema, which involves the destruction of small airway structures and alveolar units, is triggered by cigarette smoke and pollutants. The tissue damage caused by these agents is further potentiated by the mutual interactions between apoptosis, oxidative stress, and protease/antiprotease imbalance. These processes lead to the activation of endogenous mediators of tissue destruction, including the lipid ceramide, extracellular matrix proteins, and abnormal inflammatory cell signaling. In this review, we propose that A1AT has a range of actions that are not restricted to protease inhibition but rather extend to mitigate a range of these pathological processes involved in the development of emphysema. We discuss the evidence indicating that A1AT blocks apoptosis by binding and inhibiting active caspase-3 and modulates a broad range of inflammatory responses induced by neutrophils and by lipopolysaccharide and tumor necrosis factor-α signaling.
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Fogarty AW, Lewis SA, McKeever TM, Lowe GDO, Clark L, Britton J. The association between blood coagulation activity and lung function: a population-based study. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15014. [PMID: 21103357 PMCID: PMC2982817 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2010] [Accepted: 10/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Increased in susceptibility to thrombotic disease may be associated with lower lung function. If causal, this association may suggest an area for development of new interventions for lung disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between blood coagulation activation as measured by plasma d-dimers and lung function. Methodology/Principal Findings We conducted a cross-sectional study on 2463 randomly selected adults in 1991 and followed up 1252 of these individuals in 2000. Plasma D-dimer levels, a marker of activity of blood coagulation pathways, were analysed in the baseline 1991 samples. There was an inverse cross-sectional association between plasma D-dimer and Forced Expiratory Volume in one second, with a decrease of 71 ml per µg FEU/ml increment in plasma D-dimer (95% confidence intervals CI: −135 to −6), and a decrease in Forced Vital Capacity (97 ml per µg FEU/ml increase in D-dimer, 95%CI: −170 to −24). These associations were attenuated after adjustment for serum highly sensitive CRP. No association was observed between plasma D-dimer and the decline in lung function between 1991 and 2000. Conclusions/Significance The cross-sectional findings are consistent with the hypothesis that activation of blood coagulation pathways is associated with decreased lung function, and that systemic inflammation may contribute to this relation. However, the lack of an association with decline in lung function suggests that clotting pathways that involve d-dimers may not be a promising therapeutic target for new interventions for respiratory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W Fogarty
- Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Nottingham, Clinical Sciences Building, City Hospital, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
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Sohrab S, Petrusca DN, Lockett AD, Schweitzer KS, Rush NI, Gu Y, Kamocki K, Garrison J, Petrache I. Mechanism of alpha-1 antitrypsin endocytosis by lung endothelium. FASEB J 2009; 23:3149-58. [PMID: 19423638 PMCID: PMC2735364 DOI: 10.1096/fj.09-129304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2009] [Accepted: 04/16/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The integrity of lung alveoli is maintained by proper circulating levels of alpha-1 antitrypsin (A1AT). Next to cigarette smoking, A1AT deficiency is a major risk factor for lung emphysema development. We recently reported that in addition to neutralizing neutrophil elastases in the extracellular compartment, A1AT is internalized by lung endothelial cells and inhibits apoptosis. We hypothesized that the intracellular uptake of A1AT by endothelial cells may be required for its protective function; therefore, we studied the mechanisms of A1AT internalization by primary rat lung microvascular endothelial cells and the effect of cigarette smoke on this process both in vitro and in vivo (in mice). Purified A1AT was taken up intracellularly by endothelial cells in a time-dependent, dose-dependent, and conformer-specific manner and was detected in the cytoplasm of endothelial cells of nondiseased human lung sections. Despite a critical role for caveoli in endothelial cell endocytosis in general, specific inhibition of clathrin-mediated, but not caveoli-mediated, endocytosis profoundly decreased A1AT internalization and reversed the A1AT's antiapoptotic action. Further more, A1AT associated with clathrin heavy chains, but not with caveolin-1 in the plasma membrane fraction of endothelial cells. Interestingly, cigarette smoke exposure significantly inhibited A1AT uptake both in endothelial cells and in the mouse lung and altered the intracellular distribution of clathrin heavy chains. Our results suggest that clathrin-mediated endocytosis regulates A1AT intracellular function in the lung endothelium and may be an important determinant of the serpin's protection against developing cigarette smoke-induced emphysema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadaf Sohrab
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Occupational Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Petrache I, Hajjar J, Campos M. Safety and efficacy of alpha-1-antitrypsin augmentation therapy in the treatment of patients with alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency. Biologics 2009; 3:193-204. [PMID: 19707408 PMCID: PMC2726081 DOI: 10.2147/btt.2009.3088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency (AATD), also known as alpha1-proteinase inhibitor deficiency, is an autosomal co-dominant condition. The genotypes associated with AATD include null, deficient, and dysfunctional alpha-1-antitrypsin (A1AT) variants, which result in low levels of circulating functional A1AT, unbalanced protease activity, and an increased risk of developing lung emphysema, the leading cause of morbidity in these patients. Furthermore, the most common abnormal genotype, Pi*ZZ may also cause trapping of abnormally folded protein polymers in hepatocytes causing liver dysfunction. A major focus of therapy for patients with lung disease due to AATD is to correct the A1AT deficiency state by augmenting serum levels with intravenous infusions of human plasma-derived A1AT. This strategy has been associated with effective elevations of A1AT levels and function in serum and lung epithelial fluid and observational studies suggest that it may lead to attenuation in lung function decline, particularly in patients with moderate impairment of lung function. In addition, an observational study suggests that augmentation therapy is associated with a reduction of mortality in subjects with AATD and moderate to severe lung impairment. More recent randomized placebo-controlled studies utilizing computer scan densitometry suggest that this therapy attenuates lung tissue loss. Augmentation therapy has a relative paucity of side effects, but it is highly expensive. Therefore, this therapy is recommended for patients with AATD who have a high-risk A1AT genotype with plasma A1AT below protective levels (11 μM) and evidence of obstructive lung disease. In this article, we review the published evidence of A1AT augmentation therapy efficacy, side effects, and safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Petrache
- Department of Medicine, Indiana, University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
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Anwar S, Whyte MKB. Implications of Apoptotic Cell Death of Resident and Recruited Cells in COPD. COPD 2009; 5:143-5. [DOI: 10.1080/15412550802092894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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