1
|
Yan F, Wang Y, Wei M, Zhang J, Ye Y, Duan M, Chamba Y, Shang P. Exploring the role of the CapG gene in hypoxia adaptation in Tibetan pigs. Front Genet 2024; 15:1339683. [PMID: 38680426 PMCID: PMC11045884 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2024.1339683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The CapG gene, which is an actin-binding protein, is prevalent in eukaryotic cells and is abundantly present in various pathways associated with plateau hypoxia adaptation. Tibetan pigs, which have inhabited high altitudes for extended periods, provide an excellent research population for investigating plateau hypoxia adaptation. Results: This study focused on Tibetan pigs and Yorkshire pigs residing in Nyingchi, Tibet. The blood physiological data of Tibetan pigs were found to be significantly higher than those of Yorkshire pigs, including RBC, HGB, HCT, MCH, and MCHC. The SNP analysis of the CapG gene identified six sites with mutations only present in Tibetan pigs. Notably, the transcription factors at sites C-489T, C-274T, and A-212G were found to be altered, and these sites are known to be associated with hypoxia adaptation and blood oxygen transportation. The mRNA expression of the CapG gene exhibited highly significant differences in several tissues, with the target proteins predominantly higher in the Yorkshire pig compared to the Tibetan pig. Specifically, a notable difference was observed in the lung tissues. Immunohistochemistry analysis revealed high expression levels of CapG proteins in the lung tissues of both Tibetan and Yorkshire pigs, primarily localized in the cytoplasm and cell membrane. Conclusion: The CapG gene plays a significant role in regulating hypoxia adaptation in Tibetan pigs. This study provides a theoretical basis for the conservation and utilization of Tibetan pig resources, the breeding of highland breeds, epidemic prevention and control, and holds great importance for the development of the highland livestock economy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Yan
- College of Animal Science, Tibet Agriculture and Animal Husbandry College, Linzhi, Tibet, China
- The Provincial and Ministerial Co-Founded Collaborative Innovation Center for R & D in Tibet Characteristic Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Resources, Linzhi, Tibet, China
- Key Laboratory for the Genetic Improvement and Reproduction Technology of the Tibetan Swine, Linzhi, Tibet, China
| | - Yu Wang
- College of Animal Science, Tibet Agriculture and Animal Husbandry College, Linzhi, Tibet, China
- The Provincial and Ministerial Co-Founded Collaborative Innovation Center for R & D in Tibet Characteristic Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Resources, Linzhi, Tibet, China
- Key Laboratory for the Genetic Improvement and Reproduction Technology of the Tibetan Swine, Linzhi, Tibet, China
| | - Mingbang Wei
- College of Animal Science, Tibet Agriculture and Animal Husbandry College, Linzhi, Tibet, China
- The Provincial and Ministerial Co-Founded Collaborative Innovation Center for R & D in Tibet Characteristic Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Resources, Linzhi, Tibet, China
- Key Laboratory for the Genetic Improvement and Reproduction Technology of the Tibetan Swine, Linzhi, Tibet, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Tibet Agriculture and Animal Husbandry College, Linzhi, Tibet, China
- The Provincial and Ministerial Co-Founded Collaborative Innovation Center for R & D in Tibet Characteristic Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Resources, Linzhi, Tibet, China
- Key Laboratory for the Genetic Improvement and Reproduction Technology of the Tibetan Swine, Linzhi, Tibet, China
| | - Yourong Ye
- College of Animal Science, Tibet Agriculture and Animal Husbandry College, Linzhi, Tibet, China
- The Provincial and Ministerial Co-Founded Collaborative Innovation Center for R & D in Tibet Characteristic Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Resources, Linzhi, Tibet, China
- Key Laboratory for the Genetic Improvement and Reproduction Technology of the Tibetan Swine, Linzhi, Tibet, China
| | - Mengqi Duan
- College of Animal Science, Tibet Agriculture and Animal Husbandry College, Linzhi, Tibet, China
- The Provincial and Ministerial Co-Founded Collaborative Innovation Center for R & D in Tibet Characteristic Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Resources, Linzhi, Tibet, China
- Key Laboratory for the Genetic Improvement and Reproduction Technology of the Tibetan Swine, Linzhi, Tibet, China
| | - Yangzom Chamba
- College of Animal Science, Tibet Agriculture and Animal Husbandry College, Linzhi, Tibet, China
- The Provincial and Ministerial Co-Founded Collaborative Innovation Center for R & D in Tibet Characteristic Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Resources, Linzhi, Tibet, China
- Key Laboratory for the Genetic Improvement and Reproduction Technology of the Tibetan Swine, Linzhi, Tibet, China
| | - Peng Shang
- College of Animal Science, Tibet Agriculture and Animal Husbandry College, Linzhi, Tibet, China
- The Provincial and Ministerial Co-Founded Collaborative Innovation Center for R & D in Tibet Characteristic Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Resources, Linzhi, Tibet, China
- Key Laboratory for the Genetic Improvement and Reproduction Technology of the Tibetan Swine, Linzhi, Tibet, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Shang P, Zhang B, Li P, Ahmed Z, Hu X, Chamba Y, Zhang H. Plateau Adaptation Gene Analyses Reveal Transcriptomic, Proteomic, and Dual Omics Expression in the Lung Tissues of Tibetan and Yorkshire Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12151919. [PMID: 35953907 PMCID: PMC9367445 DOI: 10.3390/ani12151919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated environments such as plateaus are often classified as low oxygen environments. The hypoxic adaptation mechanisms utilized by organisms in these conditions are not well understood. To address this, the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in hypoxia adaptation were assessed using two pig breeds (Tibetan pig [TP] and Yorkshire sow [YY]). Genes related to lung tissue responses to hypoxia were assessed using transcriptomic (using RNA-seq) and proteomic (using iTRAQ) analysis. A total of 1021 DEGs were screened out. In the iTRAQ omics data, a total of 22,100 peptides were obtained and 4518 proteins were found after filtering. A total of 271 differentially expressed proteins [DEPs] were screened using the conditions of p < 0.05; FC ≤ 0.833; and FC ≥ 1.2. A total of 14 DEGs at the mRNA and protein levels were identified and found to be associated with regulation of the inflammatory response; blood particles; and MAPK cascade response regulation. Among the DEGs, six were associated with hypoxia adaptation function (mitochondria and glycolysis) in pigs. The results of this study identify novel candidate genes involved in porcine hypoxia adaptation mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Shang
- Laboratory National Engineering for Animal Breeding, Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (P.S.); (B.Z.); (P.L.); (X.H.)
- Department of animal husbandry, College of Animal Science, Tibet Agriculture and Animal Husbandry College, Linzhi 860000, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Laboratory National Engineering for Animal Breeding, Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (P.S.); (B.Z.); (P.L.); (X.H.)
| | - Pan Li
- Laboratory National Engineering for Animal Breeding, Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (P.S.); (B.Z.); (P.L.); (X.H.)
| | - Zulfiqar Ahmed
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Poonch Rawalakot, Rawalakot 12350, Pakistan;
| | - Xiaoxiang Hu
- Laboratory National Engineering for Animal Breeding, Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (P.S.); (B.Z.); (P.L.); (X.H.)
| | - Yangzom Chamba
- Department of animal husbandry, College of Animal Science, Tibet Agriculture and Animal Husbandry College, Linzhi 860000, China
- Correspondence: (Y.C.); (H.Z.)
| | - Hao Zhang
- Laboratory National Engineering for Animal Breeding, Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (P.S.); (B.Z.); (P.L.); (X.H.)
- Correspondence: (Y.C.); (H.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Valencia-Morales MDP, Sanchez-Flores A, Colín-Castelán D, Alvarado-Caudillo Y, Fragoso-Bargas N, López-González G, Peña-López T, Ramírez-Nava M, de la Rocha C, Rodríguez-Ríos D, Lund G, Zaina S. Somatic Genetic Mosaicism in the Apolipoprotein E-null Mouse Aorta. Thromb Haemost 2021; 121:1541-1553. [PMID: 33677828 DOI: 10.1055/a-1414-4840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In addition to genetic and epigenetic inheritance, somatic variation may contribute to cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. CVD-associated somatic mutations have been reported in human clonal hematopoiesis, but evidence in the atheroma is lacking. To probe for somatic variation in atherosclerosis, we sought single-nucleotide private variants (PVs) in whole-exome sequencing (WES) data of aorta, liver, and skeletal muscle of two C57BL/6J coisogenic male ApoE null/wild-type (WT) sibling pairs, and RNA-seq data of one of the two pairs. Relative to the C57BL/6 reference genome, we identified 9 and 11 ApoE null aorta- and liver-specific PVs that were shared by all WES and RNA-seq datasets. Corresponding PVs in WT sibling aorta and liver were 1 and 0, respectively, and not overlapping with ApoE null PVs. Pyrosequencing analysis of 4 representative PVs in 17 ApoE null aortas and livers confirmed tissue-specific shifts toward the alternative allele, in addition to significant deviations from mendelian allele ratios. Notably, all aorta and liver PVs were present in the dbSNP database and were predominantly transition mutations within atherosclerosis-related genes. The majority of PVs were in discrete clusters approximately 3 Mb and 65 to 73 Mb away from hypermutable immunoglobin loci in chromosome 6. These features were largely shared with previously reported CVD-associated somatic mutations in human clonal hematopoiesis. The observation that SNPs exhibit tissue-specific somatic DNA mosaicism in ApoE null mice is potentially relevant for genetic association study design. The proximity of PVs to hypermutable loci suggests testable mechanistic hypotheses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Del Pilar Valencia-Morales
- Department of Genetic Engineering, CINVESTAV Irapuato Unit, Irapuato, Mexico
- Department of Developmental Genetics and Molecular Physiology, "Unidad Universitaria de Secuenciación Masiva y Bioinformática", Biotechnology Institute, UNAM, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Sanchez-Flores
- "Unidad Universitaria de Secuenciación Masiva y Bioinformática", Biotechnology Institute, UNAM, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | | | | | | | - Gladys López-González
- Bachelor's Degree in Nutrition Programme, Division of Health Sciences, Leon Campus, University of Guanajuato, Leon, Mexico
| | - Tania Peña-López
- Department of Medical Sciences, Leon Campus, University of Guanajuato, Leon, Mexico
| | - Magda Ramírez-Nava
- Bachelor's Degree in Nutrition Programme, Division of Health Sciences, Leon Campus, University of Guanajuato, Leon, Mexico
| | - Carmen de la Rocha
- Department of Genetic Engineering, CINVESTAV Irapuato Unit, Irapuato, Mexico
| | | | - Gertrud Lund
- Department of Genetic Engineering, CINVESTAV Irapuato Unit, Irapuato, Mexico
| | - Silvio Zaina
- Department of Medical Sciences, Leon Campus, University of Guanajuato, Leon, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Exogenous extracellular matrix proteins decrease cardiac fibroblast activation in stiffening microenvironment through CAPG. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2021; 159:105-119. [PMID: 34118218 PMCID: PMC10066715 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2021.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Controlling fibrosis is an essential part of regenerating the post-ischemic heart. In the post-ischemic heart, fibroblasts differentiate to myofibroblasts that produce collagen-rich matrix to physically stabilize the infarct area. Infarct models in adult mice result in permanent scarring unlike newborn animals which fully regenerate. Decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) hydrogels derived from early-aged hearts have been shown to be a transplantable therapy that preserves heart function and stimulates cardiomyocyte proliferation and vascularization. In this study, we investigate the anti-fibrotic effects of injectable dECM hydrogels in a cardiac explant model in the context of age-associated tissue compliance. Treatments with adult and fetal dECM hydrogels were tested for molecular effects on cardiac fibroblast activation and fibrosis. Altered sensitivity of fibroblasts to the mechanosignaling of the remodeling microenvironment was evaluated by manipulating the native extracellular matrix in explants and also with elastomeric substrates in the presence of dECM hydrogels. The injectable fetal dECM hydrogel treatment decreases fibroblast activation and contractility and lowers the stiffness-mediated increases in fibroblast activation observed in stiffened explants. The anti-fibrotic effect of dECM hydrogel is most observable at highest stiffness. Experiments with primary cells on elastomeric substrates with dECM treatment support this phenomenon. Transcriptome analysis indicated that dECM hydrogels affect cytoskeleton related signaling including Macrophage capping protein (CAPG) and Leupaxin (LPXN). CAPG was down-regulated by the fetal dECM hydrogel. LPXN expression was decreased by stiffening the explants; however, this effect was reversed by dECM hydrogel treatment. Pharmacological disruption of cytoskeleton polymerization lowered fibroblast activation and CAPG levels. Knocking down CAPG expression with siRNA inhibited fibroblast activation and collagen deposition. Collectively, fibroblast activation is dependent on cooperative action of extracellular molecular signals and mechanosignaling by cytoskeletal integrity.
Collapse
|
5
|
Prescher N, Hänsch S, Knobbe-Thomsen CB, Stühler K, Poschmann G. The migration behavior of human glioblastoma cells is influenced by the redox-sensitive human macrophage capping protein CAPG. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 167:81-93. [PMID: 33711419 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The macrophage capping protein CAPG belongs to the gelsolin superfamily which modulates actin dynamics by capping the growing end of actin filaments in a Ca2+- and PIP2-dependent manner resulting in polymerization inhibition of actin filaments. In the last years, additional functions for CAPG in transcription regulation were described and higher CAPG amounts have been linked to increased invasiveness and migration behavior in different human tumor entities like e.g. glioblastoma. Nevertheless, there is a lack of knowledge how additional functions of CAPG are regulated. As CAPG contains several cysteine residues which may be accessible to oxidation we were especially interested to investigate how alterations in the cysteine oxidation state may influence the function, localization, and regulation of CAPG. In the present study, we provide strong evidence that CAPG is a redox-sensitive protein and identified two cysteines: C282 and C290 as reversibly oxidized in glioblastoma cell lines. Whereas no evidence could be found that the canonical actin capping function of CAPG is redox-regulated, our results point to a novel role of the identified cysteines in the regulation of cell migration. Along with this, we found a localization shift out of the nucleus of CAPG and RAVER1, a potential interaction partner identified in our study which might explain the observed altered cell migration properties. The newly identified redox sensitive cysteines of CAPG could perspectively be considered as new targets for controlling tumor invasive properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nina Prescher
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Proteome Research, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sebastian Hänsch
- Department of Biology, Center for Advanced Imaging (CAi), Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christiane B Knobbe-Thomsen
- Department of Neuropathology, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf and University Hospital, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Kai Stühler
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Proteome Research, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; Molecular Proteomics Laboratory, Biomedical Research Centre (BMFZ), Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gereon Poschmann
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Proteome Research, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Functional NMDA receptors are expressed by human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8205. [PMID: 33859248 PMCID: PMC8050278 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87667-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are widely expressed in the central nervous system. However, their presence and function at extraneuronal sites is less well characterized. In the present study, we examined the expression of NMDA receptor subunit mRNA and protein in human pulmonary artery (HPA) by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting. We demonstrate that both GluN1 and GluN2 subunit mRNAs are expressed in HPA. In addition, GluN1 and GluN2 (A–D) subunit proteins are expressed by human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (HPASMCs) in vitro and in vivo. These subunits localize on the surface of HPASMCs and form functional ion channels as evidenced by whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology and reduced phenylephrine-induced contractile responsiveness of human pulmonary artery by the NMDA receptor antagonist MK801 under hypoxic condition. HPASMCs also express high levels of serine racemase and vesicular glutamate transporter 1, suggesting a potential source of endogenous agonists for NMDA receptor activation. Our findings show HPASMCs express functional NMDA receptors in line with their effect on pulmonary vasoconstriction, and thereby suggest a novel therapeutic target for pharmacological modulations in settings associated with pulmonary vascular dysfunction.
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhang S, Liu X, Ge LL, Li K, Sun Y, Wang F, Han Y, Sun C, Wang J, Jiang W, Xin Q, Xu C, Chen Y, Chen O, Zhang Z, Luan Y. Mesenchymal stromal cell-derived exosomes improve pulmonary hypertension through inhibition of pulmonary vascular remodeling. Respir Res 2020; 21:71. [PMID: 32192495 PMCID: PMC7082982 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-020-1331-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a life-threatening disease characterized by pulmonary vascular remodeling, right ventricular hypertrophy and failure. So far no effective treatment exists for this disease; hence, novel approaches are urgently needed. The aim of the present research was to observe the treatment effect of mesenchymal stromal cell derived exosomes and reveal the mechanism. Methods Monocrotaline (MCT)-induced PH in rats and hypoxia-induced cell damage model were established, respectively. Exosomes derived from the supernatant of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (MSC-exo) were injected into MCT-PH model rat or added into the cells cultured medium. Immunohistochemistry, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blot methods were used in vivo and vitro. Results The results showed that MSC-exo could significantly attenuate right ventricular (RV) hypertrophy and pulmonary vascular remodelling in MCT-PH rats. In the cell culture experiments, we found that MSC-exo could significantly inhibit hypoxia-induced pulmonary arterial endothelial cell (PAEC) apoptosis and pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMC) proliferation. Furthermore, the pulmonary arterioles endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) was obviously suppressed. Moreover, the present study suggest that MSC-exo can significantly upregulate the expression of Wnt5a in MCT-PH rats and hypoxic pulmonary vascular cells. Furthermore, with Wnt5a gene silencing, the therapeutic effect of MSC-exo against hypoxia injury was restrained. Conclusions Synthetically, our data provide a strong evidence for the therapeutic of MSC-exo on PH, more importantly, we confirmed that the mechanism was associated with up-regulation of the expression of Wnt5a. These results offer a theoretical basis for clinical prevention and treatment of PH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Zhang
- The Second Hospital of Shandong University, No. 247, Beiyuan Dajie, Jinan, 250033, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- Department of Hematology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Biotherapy for Hematological Malignancies, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Li Ge
- Department of Special Inspection, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Kailin Li
- Institute of Medical Science, Central Research Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, No. 247, Beiyuan Dajie, Jinan, 250033, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongchao Sun
- Department of Medicine, Jinan Vocational College of Nursing, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Wang
- Institute of Medical Science, Animal center, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Han
- Institute of Medical Science, Animal center, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Sun
- Institute of Medical Science, Central Research Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, No. 247, Beiyuan Dajie, Jinan, 250033, People's Republic of China
| | - Jue Wang
- Institute of Medical Science, Central Research Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, No. 247, Beiyuan Dajie, Jinan, 250033, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Jiang
- Institute of Medical Science, Central Research Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, No. 247, Beiyuan Dajie, Jinan, 250033, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Xin
- Institute of Medical Science, Central Research Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, No. 247, Beiyuan Dajie, Jinan, 250033, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaoyue Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Chen
- Institute of Medical Science, Central Research Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, No. 247, Beiyuan Dajie, Jinan, 250033, People's Republic of China
| | - Ou Chen
- School of nursing, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaohua Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Luan
- Institute of Medical Science, Central Research Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, No. 247, Beiyuan Dajie, Jinan, 250033, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mekonnen YA, Gültas M, Effa K, Hanotte O, Schmitt AO. Identification of Candidate Signature Genes and Key Regulators Associated With Trypanotolerance in the Sheko Breed. Front Genet 2019; 10:1095. [PMID: 31803229 PMCID: PMC6872528 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.01095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
African animal trypanosomiasis (AAT) is caused by a protozoan parasite that affects the health of livestock. Livestock production in Ethiopia is severely hampered by AAT and various controlling measures were not successful to eradicate the disease. AAT affects the indigenous breeds in varying degrees. However, the Sheko breed shows better trypanotolerance than other breeds. The tolerance attributes of Sheko are believed to be associated with its taurine genetic background but the genetic controls of these tolerance attributes of Sheko are not well understood. In order to investigate the level of taurine background in the genome, we compare the genome of Sheko with that of 11 other African breeds. We find that Sheko has an admixed genome composed of taurine and indicine ancestries. We apply three methods: (i) The integrated haplotype score (iHS), (ii) the standardized log ratio of integrated site specific extended haplotype homozygosity between populations (Rsb), and (iii) the composite likelihood ratio (CLR) method to discover selective sweeps in the Sheko genome. We identify 99 genomic regions harboring 364 signature genes in Sheko. Out of the signature genes, 15 genes are selected based on their biological importance described in the literature. We also identify 13 overrepresented pathways and 10 master regulators in Sheko using the TRANSPATH database in the geneXplain platform. Most of the pathways are related with oxidative stress responses indicating a possible selection response against the induction of oxidative stress following trypanosomiasis infection in Sheko. Furthermore, we present for the first time the importance of master regulators involved in trypanotolerance not only for the Sheko breed but also in the context of cattle genomics. Our finding shows that the master regulator Caspase is a key protease which plays a major role for the emergence of adaptive immunity in harmony with the other master regulators. These results suggest that designing and implementing genetic intervention strategies is necessary to improve the performance of susceptible animals. Moreover, the master regulatory analysis suggests potential candidate therapeutic targets for the development of new drugs for trypanosomiasis treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yonatan Ayalew Mekonnen
- Breeding Informatics Group, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mehmet Gültas
- Breeding Informatics Group, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Center for Integrated Breeding Research (CiBreed), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kefena Effa
- Animal Biosciences, National Program Coordinator for African Dairy Genetic Gain, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Olivier Hanotte
- Cells, Organisms amd Molecular Genetics, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.,LiveGene, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Armin O Schmitt
- Breeding Informatics Group, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Center for Integrated Breeding Research (CiBreed), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lang Z, Chen Y, Zhu H, Sun Y, Zhang H, Huang J, Zou Z. Prognostic and clinicopathological significance of CapG in various cancers: Evidence from a meta-analysis. Pathol Res Pract 2019; 215:152683. [PMID: 31685300 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2019.152683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gelsolin-like actin-capping protein (CapG) is an actin-binding protein in the gelsolin superfamily. Increasing evidence indicates that CapG is highly expressed in various types of cancer. However, the role of CapG in malignant tumors is still controversial. Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis to assess the prognostic value and clinicopathological significance of CapG in malignant tumors. METHOD We searched for eligible studies in the PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane databases. Stata SE12.0 software was used for quantitative meta-analysis. The hazard ratios (HRs) and odds ratios (ORs) with 95% CI were pooled to assess the relationship between CapG expression and overall survival (OS), as well as clinicopathological parameters. RESULTS Sixteen studies with a total of 1987 cancer patients were included in this meta-analysis. The results showed that higher CapG expression was statistically correlated with shorter OS (HR 1.70, 95% CI 1.43-1.97, P < 0.001), positive lymph node metastasis (OR 1.91, 95% CI 1.19-3.09, P = 0.008), advanced TNM stage (OR 1.87, 95% CI 1.17-3.00, P = 0.009), advanced T-primary stage (OR 2.54, 95% CI 1.08-6.00, P = 0.033) and male sex (OR 1.77, 95% CI 1.23-2.56, P = 0.002). However, no significant correlation was observed between increased CapG expression and advanced age, larger tumor size, differentiation, or advanced histopathologic grading (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS High CapG expression is associated with a poor prognosis and worse clinicopathological parameters in various cancers. CapG is a potential prognostic biomarker and a possible clinicopathological predictive factor for various cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiquan Lang
- Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 1 Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, PR China; Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Yuting Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 1 Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, PR China; Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Hanyan Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 1 Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, PR China; Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Yuting Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 1 Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, PR China; Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 1 Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, PR China; Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Junfu Huang
- Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 1 Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, PR China; Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Zhenhong Zou
- Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 1 Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Xu X, Shi L, Ma X, Su H, Ma G, Wu X, Ying K, Zhang R. RhoA-Rho associated kinase signaling leads to renin-angiotensin system imbalance and angiotensin converting enzyme 2 has a protective role in acute pulmonary embolism. Thromb Res 2019; 176:85-94. [PMID: 30784777 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2019.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acute pulmonary embolism (APE) is a cardiovascular disease with high morbidity and mortality. Although the anatomical obstruction of the pulmonary vascular bed initiates APE, recent studies have suggested that vasoconstrictors in the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) play a role in the severity of APE. MATERIALS AND METHODS We performed a 5-year retrospective clinical study to analyze the key RAS components in APE patients, including angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), ACE2, angiotensin II (Ang II) and angiotensin 1-7(Ang(1-7)). The role of RhoA-Rho associated kinase (ROCK) signaling in regulating RAS vasoconstrictors was detected in rat pulmonary artery endothelial cells and in an APE rat model. RESULTS In clinical study, we found that the levels of RAS vasoconstrictors were correlated with the clinical classification of APE patients, ACE and Ang II were unregulated, whereas ACE2 and Ang(1-7) were downregulated in the high-risk group compared to the healthy volunteers. In animal study, we found that activated RhoA-ROCK signaling was responsible for the imbalance in RAS vasoconstrictors both in vitro and in vivo, and further evidence indicated that ROCK inhibitors (Y27632 or HA1077) and an ACE2 activator (Resorcinol naphthalein) restored the dysregulated RAS vasoconstrictors significantly and had a protective role in an APE rat model. CONCLUSIONS Our study revealed that RhoA-ROCK signaling leads to RAS imbalance in APE patients, and ACE2 activation might be a novel therapeutic target in APE treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Xu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liuhong Shi
- Department of Ultrasound, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiuqing Ma
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hua Su
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guofeng Ma
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohong Wu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kejing Ying
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ruifeng Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Huang L, Li L, Yang T, Li W, Song L, Meng X, Gu Q, Xiong C, He J. Transgelin as a potential target in the reversibility of pulmonary arterial hypertension secondary to congenital heart disease. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 22:6249-6261. [PMID: 30338626 PMCID: PMC6237561 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The reversibility of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) in congenital heart disease (CHD) is of great importance for the operability of CHD. Proteomics analysis found that transgelin was significantly up-regulated in the lung tissue of CHD-PAH patients, especially in the irreversible group. However, how exactly it participated in CHD-PAH development is unknown. METHODS Immunohistochemical staining and Western blot were performed for further qualitative and quantitative analysis of transgelin in the lung tissues of CHD-PAH patients. The mechanism of transgelin in CHD-PAH development was explored in vitro. Primary human pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (hPASMCs) were cultured and infected with TAGLN siRNA or TAGLN lentiviral vector. Cell morphologic change (Coomassie Brilliant Blue staining), proliferation (cell count and EdU assay), apoptosis (terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick end labeling assay and Annexin-V flow cytometry) and migration (transwell) were evaluated following the cell treatment. The mRNA and protein expression levels were detected in real-time PCR and Western blot. RESULTS In line with the proteomic findings, transgelin was obviously expressed in PASMC of the middle pulmonary arterioles, especially in the irreversible PAH group. Also, transgelin expression showed positive relation with pathological grading. Experiment in vitro demonstrated that transgelin overexpression promoted PASMC proliferation and migration, strengthened cytoskeleton and was accompanied by increased expression of synthetic phenotype markers (osteopontin, proliferating cell nuclear antigen) and anti-apoptotic protein (bcl-2). On the other hand, suppression of transgelin expression activated PASMC apoptosis, reducing cell proliferation and migration. CONCLUSIONS Transgelin may be a potential target in the development of irreversible CHD-PAH through inducing PASMC phenotype change, proliferation, migration and reducing cell apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Huang
- Center of Pulmonary Vascular DiseaseState Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular DiseaseFuwai HospitalNational Center for Cardiovascular DiseasesChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Li Li
- Department of PathologyState Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular DiseaseFuwai HospitalNational Center for Cardiovascular DiseasesChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Tao Yang
- Center of Pulmonary Vascular DiseaseState Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular DiseaseFuwai HospitalNational Center for Cardiovascular DiseasesChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Wen Li
- Center of Pulmonary Vascular DiseaseState Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular DiseaseFuwai HospitalNational Center for Cardiovascular DiseasesChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Li Song
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular DiseaseFuwai HospitalNational Center for Cardiovascular DiseasesChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Xianmin Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular DiseaseFuwai HospitalNational Center for Cardiovascular DiseasesChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Qing Gu
- Center of Pulmonary Vascular DiseaseState Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular DiseaseFuwai HospitalNational Center for Cardiovascular DiseasesChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Changming Xiong
- Center of Pulmonary Vascular DiseaseState Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular DiseaseFuwai HospitalNational Center for Cardiovascular DiseasesChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Jianguo He
- Center of Pulmonary Vascular DiseaseState Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular DiseaseFuwai HospitalNational Center for Cardiovascular DiseasesChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Huang S, Chi Y, Qin Y, Wang Z, Xiu B, Su Y, Guo R, Guo L, Sun H, Zeng C, Zhou S, Hu X, Liu S, Shao Z, Wu Z, Jin W, Wu J. CAPG enhances breast cancer metastasis by competing with PRMT5 to modulate STC-1 transcription. Theranostics 2018; 8:2549-2564. [PMID: 29721098 PMCID: PMC5928908 DOI: 10.7150/thno.22523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage-capping protein (CAPG) has been shown to promote cancer cell metastasis, although the mechanism remains poorly understood. Methods: Breast cancer (BC) tissue microarray was used to test the role of CAPG in the prognosis of BC patients. Xenograft mice model was used to validate the metastasis promotion role of CAPG in vivo. Gene expression array, chromatin immunoprecipitation and luciferase report assay were performed to search for the target genes of CAPG. Protein immunoprecipitation, MS/MS analysis, tissue microarray and histone methyltransferase assay were used to explore the mechanism of CAPG regulating stanniocalcin 1 (STC-1) transcription. Results: We demonstrate a novel mechanism by which CAPG enhances BC metastasis via promoting the transcription of the pro-metastatic gene STC-1, contributing to increased metastasis in BC. Mechanistically, CAPG competes with the transcriptional repressor arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) for binding to the STC-1 promoter, leading to reduced histone H4R3 methylation and enhanced STC-1 transcription. Our study also indicates that both CAPG and PRMT5 are independent prognostic factors for BC patient survival. High CAPG level is associated with poor survival, while high PRMT5 expression favors a better prognosis in BC patients. Conclusion: Our findings identify a novel role of CAPG in the promotion of BC metastasis by epigenetically enhancing STC-1 transcription.
Collapse
|
13
|
Recent Progress in Research on the Pathogenesis of Pulmonary Thromboembolism: An Old Story with New Perspectives. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:6516791. [PMID: 28484717 PMCID: PMC5397627 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6516791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) is part of a larger clinicopathological entity, venous thromboembolism. It is also a complex, multifactorial disorder divided into four major disease processes including venous thrombosis, thrombus in transit, acute pulmonary embolism, and pulmonary circulation reconstruction. Even when treated, some patients develop chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. PTE is also a common fatal type of pulmonary vascular disease worldwide, but earlier studies primarily focused on the pathological changes in the blood component of the disease. With contemporary advances in molecular and cellular biology, people are becoming increasingly aware of coagulation pathways, the function of vascular smooth muscle cells, microparticles, and the inflammatory pathways that play key roles in PTE. Combined hypoxia and immune research has revealed that PTE should be regarded as a class of complex diseases caused by multiple factors involving the vascular microenvironment and vascular cell dysfunction.
Collapse
|
14
|
Xu X, Hu H, Wang X, Ye W, Su H, Hu Y, Dong L, Zhang R, Ying K. Involvement of CapG in proliferation and apoptosis of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells and in hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension rat model. Exp Lung Res 2016; 42:142-53. [PMID: 27093378 DOI: 10.3109/01902148.2016.1160304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Actin-binding protein capping protein gelsolin-like (CapG) was preferentially expressed in human pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) under hypoxia, and reduced CapG expression was accompanied by impaired migration ability in vitro. We intended to investigate the effects of CapG on rat PASMCs and hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension (HPH) rat model. MATERIALS AND METHODS We investigated the effect of RNA interference-medicated down-regulation of CapG expression in rat PASMCs as well as in HPH rat model. The proliferation, apoptosis and cell cycle of PASMCs were evaluated. The HPH rat model was established by intratracheal instillation of lentiviral vector and subsequent hypoxia exposure for four weeks. Right ventricular systolic pressure, right ventricular hypertrophy and the percentage of medial wall thickness were measured to evaluate the development of HPH. RESULTS Knock-down CapG in PASMCs resulted in decreased proliferation, increased apoptosis and induced cell cycle inhibition. Down-regulation of CapG expression locally could attenuate pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary vascular remodeling and right ventricular hypertrophy in HPH rat model. CONCLUSIONS Our study indicated that CapG participated in the pathogenesis of pulmonary vascular remodeling in HPH rats, which was probably mediated by promoting the proliferation and inhibiting the apoptosis of PASMCs. We proposed CapG modulating protective effects of pulmonary hypertension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Xu
- a Department of Respiratory Medicine , Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital , Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou, Zhejiang , China
| | - Huihui Hu
- a Department of Respiratory Medicine , Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital , Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou, Zhejiang , China
| | - Xiaohua Wang
- a Department of Respiratory Medicine , Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital , Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou, Zhejiang , China
| | - Wu Ye
- a Department of Respiratory Medicine , Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital , Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou, Zhejiang , China
| | - Hua Su
- a Department of Respiratory Medicine , Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital , Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou, Zhejiang , China
| | - Yanjie Hu
- a Department of Respiratory Medicine , Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital , Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou, Zhejiang , China
| | - Liangliang Dong
- a Department of Respiratory Medicine , Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital , Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou, Zhejiang , China
| | - Ruifeng Zhang
- a Department of Respiratory Medicine , Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital , Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou, Zhejiang , China
| | - Kejing Ying
- a Department of Respiratory Medicine , Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital , Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou, Zhejiang , China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Huetsch JC, Suresh K, Bernier M, Shimoda LA. Update on novel targets and potential treatment avenues in pulmonary hypertension. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2016; 311:L811-L831. [PMID: 27591245 PMCID: PMC5130539 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00302.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a condition marked by a combination of constriction and remodeling within the pulmonary vasculature. It remains a disease without a cure, as current treatments were developed with a focus on vasodilatory properties but do not reverse the remodeling component. Numerous recent advances have been made in the understanding of cellular processes that drive pathologic remodeling in each layer of the vessel wall as well as the accompanying maladaptive changes in the right ventricle. In particular, the past few years have yielded much improved insight into the pathways that contribute to altered metabolism, mitochondrial function, and reactive oxygen species signaling and how these pathways promote the proproliferative, promigratory, and antiapoptotic phenotype of the vasculature during PH. Additionally, there have been significant advances in numerous other pathways linked to PH pathogenesis, such as sex hormones and perivascular inflammation. Novel insights into cellular pathology have suggested new avenues for the development of both biomarkers and therapies that will hopefully bring us closer to the elusive goal: a therapy leading to reversal of disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John C Huetsch
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Karthik Suresh
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Meghan Bernier
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Larissa A Shimoda
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Cytoskeleton deregulation and impairment in amino acids and energy metabolism in early atherosclerosis at aortic tissue with reflection in plasma. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2016; 1862:725-732. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
17
|
Li X, He Y, Xu Y, Huang X, Liu J, Xie M, Liu X. KLF5 mediates vascular remodeling via HIF-1α in hypoxic pulmonary hypertension. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2015; 310:L299-310. [PMID: 26702149 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00189.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic pulmonary hypertension (HPH) is characterized by active vasoconstriction and profound vascular remodeling. KLF5, a zinc-finger transcription factor, is involved in the excessive proliferation and apoptotic resistance phenotype associated with monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension. However, the molecular mechanisms of KLF5-mediated pathogenesis of HPH are largely undefined. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to normoxia or hypoxia (10% O2) for 4 wk. Hypoxic rats developed pulmonary arterial remodeling and right ventricular hypertrophy with significantly increased right ventricular systolic pressure. The levels of KLF5 and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) were upregulated in distal pulmonary arterial smooth muscle from hypoxic rats. The knockdown of KLF5 via short-hairpin RNA attenuated chronic hypoxia-induced hemodynamic and histological changes in rats. The silencing of either KLF5 or HIF-1α prevented hypoxia-induced (5%) proliferation and migration and promoted apoptosis in human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells. KLF5 was immunoprecipitated with HIF-1α under hypoxia and acted as an upstream regulator of HIF-1α. The cell cycle regulators cyclin B1 and cyclin D1 and apoptosis-related proteins including bax, bcl-2, survivin, caspase-3, and caspase-9, were involved in the regulation of KLF5/HIF-1α-mediated cell survival. This study demonstrated that KLF5 plays a crucial role in hypoxia-induced vascular remodeling in an HIF-1α-dependent manner and provided a better understanding of the pathogenesis of HPH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochen Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; and Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases, National Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanzhou He
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; and Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases, National Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China
| | - Yongjian Xu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; and Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases, National Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaomin Huang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; and Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases, National Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Liu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; and Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases, National Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China
| | - Min Xie
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; and Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases, National Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China
| | - Xiansheng Liu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; and Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases, National Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Sayar N, Karahan G, Konu O, Bozkurt B, Bozdogan O, Yulug IG. Transgelin gene is frequently downregulated by promoter DNA hypermethylation in breast cancer. Clin Epigenetics 2015; 7:104. [PMID: 26421063 PMCID: PMC4587865 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-015-0138-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background CpG hypermethylation in gene promoters is a frequent mechanism of tumor suppressor gene silencing in various types of cancers. It usually occurs at early steps of cancer progression and can be detected easily, giving rise to development of promising biomarkers for both detection and progression of cancer, including breast cancer. 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine (AZA) is a DNA demethylating and anti-cancer agent resulting in induction of genes suppressed via DNA hypermethylation. Results Using microarray expression profiling of AZA- or DMSO-treated breast cancer and non-tumorigenic breast (NTB) cells, we identified for the first time TAGLN gene as a target of DNA hypermethylation in breast cancer. TAGLN expression was significantly and frequently downregulated via promoter DNA hypermethylation in breast cancer cells compared to NTB cells, and also in 13/21 (61.9 %) of breast tumors compared to matched normal tissues. Analyses of public microarray methylation data showed that TAGLN was also hypermethylated in 63.02 % of tumors compared to normal tissues; relapse-free survival of patients was worse with higher TAGLN methylation; and methylation levels could discriminate between tumors and healthy tissues with 83.14 % sensitivity and 100 % specificity. Additionally, qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry experiments showed that TAGLN expression was significantly downregulated in two more independent sets of breast tumors compared to normal tissues and was lower in tumors with poor prognosis. Colony formation was increased in TAGLN silenced NTB cells, while decreased in overexpressing BC cells. Conclusions TAGLN gene is frequently downregulated by DNA hypermethylation, and TAGLN promoter methylation profiles could serve as a future diagnostic biomarker, with possible clinical impact regarding the prognosis in breast cancer. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13148-015-0138-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nilufer Sayar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bilkent University, Faculty of Science, TR-06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gurbet Karahan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bilkent University, Faculty of Science, TR-06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ozlen Konu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bilkent University, Faculty of Science, TR-06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Betul Bozkurt
- Department of General Surgery, Ankara Numune Training and Research Hospital, 06100 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Onder Bozdogan
- Department of Pathology, Ankara Numune Training and Research Hospital, 06100 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Isik G Yulug
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bilkent University, Faculty of Science, TR-06800 Ankara, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Colvin KL, Yeager ME. Proteomics of pulmonary hypertension: could personalized profiles lead to personalized medicine? Proteomics Clin Appl 2015; 9:111-20. [PMID: 25408474 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201400157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a fatal syndrome that arises from a multifactorial and complex background, is characterized by increased pulmonary vascular resistance and right heart afterload, and often leads to cor pulmonale. Over the past decades, remarkable progress has been made in reducing patient symptoms and delaying the progression of the disease. Unfortunately, PH remains a disease with no cure. The substantial heterogeneity of PH continues to be a major limitation to the development of newer and more efficacious therapies. New advances in our understanding of the biological pathways leading to such a complex pathogenesis will require the identification of the important proteins and protein networks that differ between a healthy lung (or right ventricle) and a remodeled lung in an individual with PH. In this article, we present the case for the increased use of proteomics--the study of proteins and protein networks--as a discovery tool for key proteins and protein networks operational in the PH lung. We review recent applications of proteomics in PH, and summarize the biological pathways identified. Finally, we attempt to presage what the future will bring with regard to proteomics in PH and offer our perspectives on the prospects of developing personalized proteomics and custom-tailored therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelley L Colvin
- Department of Pediatrics-Critical Care, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA; Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA; Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Parpaite T, Cardouat G, Mauroux M, Gillibert-Duplantier J, Robillard P, Quignard JF, Marthan R, Savineau JP, Ducret T. Effect of hypoxia on TRPV1 and TRPV4 channels in rat pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells. Pflugers Arch 2015; 468:111-130. [PMID: 25799977 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-015-1704-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels of the vanilloid subfamily, mainly TRPV1 and TRPV4, are expressed in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMC) and implicated in the remodeling of pulmonary artery, a landmark of pulmonary hypertension (PH). Among a variety of PH subtypes, PH of group 3 are mostly related to a prolonged hypoxia exposure occurring in a variety of chronic lung diseases. In the present study, we thus investigated the role of hypoxia on TRPV1 and TRPV4 channels independently of the increased pulmonary arterial pressure that occurs during PH. We isolated PASMC from normoxic rat and cultured these cells under in vitro hypoxia. Using microspectrofluorimetry and the patch-clamp technique, we showed that hypoxia (1 % O2 for 48 h) significantly increased stretch- and TRPV4-induced calcium responses. qRT-PCR, Western blotting, and immunostaining experiments revealed that the expression of TRPV1 and TRPV4 was not enhanced under hypoxic conditions, but we observed a membrane translocation of TRPV1. Furthermore, hypoxia induced a reorganization of the F-actin cytoskeleton, the tubulin, and intermediate filament networks (immunostaining experiments), associated with an enhanced TRPV1- and TRPV4-induced migratory response (wound-healing assay). Finally, as assessed by immunostaining, exposure to in vitro hypoxia elicited a significant increase in NFATc4 nuclear localization. Cyclosporin A and BAPTA-AM inhibited NFATc4 translocation, indicating the activation of the Ca(2+)/calcineurin/NFAT pathway. In conclusion, these data point out the effect of hypoxia on TRPV1 and TRPV4 channels in rat PASMC, suggesting that these channels can act as direct signal transducers in the pathophysiology of PH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thibaud Parpaite
- Univ. Bordeaux, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.,INSERM, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Guillaume Cardouat
- Univ. Bordeaux, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.,INSERM, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Marthe Mauroux
- Univ. Bordeaux, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.,INSERM, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jennifer Gillibert-Duplantier
- Univ. Bordeaux, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.,INSERM, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Paul Robillard
- Univ. Bordeaux, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.,INSERM, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jean-François Quignard
- Univ. Bordeaux, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.,INSERM, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Roger Marthan
- Univ. Bordeaux, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.,INSERM, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Savineau
- Univ. Bordeaux, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.,INSERM, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Thomas Ducret
- Univ. Bordeaux, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, F-33000, Bordeaux, France. .,INSERM, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, F-33000, Bordeaux, France. .,Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, INSERM U1045, Université de Bordeaux, 146 rue Léo-Saignat (case 13), F-33076, Bordeaux cedex, France.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Fediuk J, Dakshinamurti S. A role for actin polymerization in persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2015; 93:185-94. [PMID: 25695400 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2014-0413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN) is defined as the failure of normal pulmonary vascular relaxation at birth. Hypoxia is known to impede postnatal disassembly of the actin cytoskeleton in pulmonary arterial myocytes, resulting in elevation of smooth muscle α-actin and γ-actin content in elastic and resistance pulmonary arteries in PPHN compared with age-matched controls. This review examines the original histological characterization of PPHN with attention to cytoskeletal structural remodeling and actin isoform abundance, reviews the existing evidence for understanding the biophysical and biochemical forces at play during neonatal circulatory transition, and specifically addresses the role of the cortical actin architecture, primarily identified as γ-actin, in the transduction of mechanical force in the hypoxic PPHN pulmonary circuit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jena Fediuk
- Biology of Breathing Group, Manitoba Institute of Child Health, 715 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada., Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Wu X, Dong L, Zhang R, Ying K, Shen H. Transgelin overexpression in lung adenocarcinoma is associated with tumor progression. Int J Mol Med 2014; 34:585-91. [PMID: 24938684 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.1805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is a common feature of solid tumors and is associated with an increased likelihood of local recurrence and distant metastasis. Transgelin (TAGLN) is an actin cross-linking/polymerization protein that belongs to the family of actin-associated proteins, and there is evidence that TAGLN may be involved in the migration of epithelial cells by interacting with actin or promoting podosome formation. Cell migration is a key step of cancer metastatis. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the potential link between TAGLN protein levels and hypoxia in lung adenocarcinoma cells and to explore the possible functions and expression patterns of TAGLN in lung adenocarcinoma. We first examined the effects of altered TAGLN expression on cell migration under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining was also performed to examine TAGLN protein expression patterns in lung adenocarcinoma samples. Our results revealed that TAGLN was upregulated in the hypoxic lung adenocarcinoma cells. The inhibition of TAGLN expression in the cells using small interfering RNA (siRNA) led to a decreased migration ability. TAGLN was significantly overexpressed in the lung adenocarcinoma tissues compared to the adjacent tumor-free tissues. A high TAGLN expression correlated with an advanced TNM stage, lymph node metastasis and greater differentiation. TAGLN was upregulated in the human lung adenocarcinoma cell lines under hypoxic conditions, which contributed to the migration ability of the cells. Thus, our data suggest that TAGLN may be a viable therapeutic target and a potential biomarker for predicting the prognosis of patients with lung adenocarcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Wu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, P.R. China
| | - Liangliang Dong
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, P.R. China
| | - Ruifeng Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, P.R. China
| | - Kejing Ying
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, P.R. China
| | - Huahao Shen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Caffeine and rolipram affect Smad signalling and TGF-β1 stimulated CTGF and transgelin expression in lung epithelial cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97357. [PMID: 24828686 PMCID: PMC4020861 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Caffeine administration is an important part of the therapeutic treatment of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in preterm infants. However, caffeine mediated effects on airway remodelling are still undefined. The TGF-β/Smad signalling pathway is one of the key pathways involved in airway remodelling. Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), a downstream mediator of TGF-β, and transgelin, a binding and stabilising protein of the cytoskeleton, are both regulated by TGF-β1 and play an important role in airway remodelling. Both have also been implicated in the pathogenesis of BPD. The aim of the present study was to clarify whether caffeine, an unspecific phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor, and rolipram, a prototypical PDE-4 selective inhibitor, were both able to affect TGF-β1-induced Smad signalling and CTGF/transgelin expression in lung epithelial cells. Furthermore, the effect of transgelin knock-down on Smad signalling was studied. The pharmacological effect of caffeine and rolipram on Smad signalling was investigated by means of a luciferase assay via transfection of a TGF-β1-inducible reporter plasmid in A549 cells. The regulation of CTGF and transgelin expression by caffeine and rolipram were studied by promoter analysis, real-time PCR and Western blot. Endogenous transgelin expression was down-regulated by lentiviral transduction mediating transgelin-specific shRNA expression. The addition of caffeine and rolipram inhibited TGF-β1 induced reporter gene activity in a concentration-related manner. They also antagonized the TGF-β1 induced up-regulation of CTGF and transgelin on the promoter-, the mRNA-, and the protein-level. Functional analysis showed that transgelin silencing reduced TGF-β1 induced Smad-signalling and CTGF induction in lung epithelial cells. The present study highlights possible new molecular mechanisms of caffeine and rolipram including an inhibition of Smad signalling and of TGF-β1 regulated genes involved in airway remodelling. An understanding of these mechanisms might help to explain the protective effects of caffeine in prevention of BPD and suggests rolipram to be a potent replacement for caffeine.
Collapse
|
24
|
Dvorakova M, Nenutil R, Bouchal P. Transgelins, cytoskeletal proteins implicated in different aspects of cancer development. Expert Rev Proteomics 2014; 11:149-65. [PMID: 24476357 DOI: 10.1586/14789450.2014.860358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Transgelin is an abundant protein of smooth muscle cells, where its role has been primarily studied. As a protein affecting dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton via stabilization of actin filaments, transgelin is both directly and indirectly involved in many cancer-related processes such as migration, proliferation, differentiation or apoptosis. Transgelin was previously reviewed as a tumor suppressor; however, recent data based on a number of proteomics studies indicate its pro-tumorigenic role, for example, in colorectal or hepatocellular cancer. We summarize these contradictory observations in both clinical and functional proteomics projects and analyze the role of transgelin in tumors in detail. Generally, the expression and biological role of transgelin seem to differ among various types of tumor cells and stroma, and possibly change during tumor progression. We also overview the recent data on transgelin-2, a sequence homolog of transgelin, whose role in the tumor development might be contradictory to the role of transgelin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Dvorakova
- Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Zhang R, Shi L, Zhou L, Zhang G, Wu X, Shao F, Ma G, Ying K. Transgelin as a therapeutic target to prevent hypoxic pulmonary hypertension. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2014; 306:L574-83. [PMID: 24464808 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00327.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously observed that transgelin was preferentially expressed in human pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PAMSCs) under hypoxia and that the upregulation of transgelin was independent of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α). Reduced transgelin expression was accompanied by significantly impaired migration ability in vitro. However, the regulation mechanism of transgelin and its function in preventing hypoxic pulmonary hypertension (HPH) was unclear. In the present study, RNA interference with hypoxia-inducible factor 2α (HIF-2α) was employed in human PASMCs. Transgelin expression was diminished in HIF-2α-siRNA-treated cells at both the mRNA and protein levels under hypoxia. However, HIF-2α did not transactivate the transgelin promoter directly. TGF-β1 concentration in human PASMCs culture medium was higher under hypoxia, and the accumulated TGF-β1 under hypoxia was regulated by HIF-2α. Furthermore, luciferase and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays indicated that TGF-β1/Smad3 could bind to the transgelin promoter, resulting in increased transgelin expression. In addition to nonintact cellular migration, inhibition of transgelin expression resulted in impaired proliferation in vitro under hypoxia. A lentiviral vector used to inhibit transgelin expression was constructed and intratracheally instilled in rats 3 wk prior to hypoxia treatment. Our final results indicated that inhibition of transgelin expression locally could attenuate increased right ventricular systolic pressure and its associated cardiac and pulmonary vessel remodeling under hypoxia. Our findings indicate that HIF-2α upregulates transgelin indirectly and that accumulated TGF-β1 is a mediator in the upregulation of transgelin by HIF-2α under hypoxia. Inhibition of transgelin expression locally could prevent HPH and pulmonary vascular remodeling in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruifeng Zhang
- Dept. of Respiratory Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang Univ., 3 East Qingchun Rd., Hangzhou, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Saldanha PA, Cairrão E, Maia CJ, Verde I. Long- and short-term effects of androgens in human umbilical artery smooth muscle. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2013; 40:181-9. [PMID: 23278339 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Revised: 11/25/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of androgens in the regulation of human umbilical artery (HUA) contractility. The short-term effects of testosterone on the tone of the HUA were investigated, as were the long-term effects of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) on the expression of some proteins involved in the contractile process. Endothelium-denuded HUA were treated for 24 h with DHT (2 μmol/L) or the vehicle control (ethanol) to analyse the genomic effects of androgens. Twenty-four hour treatment of HUA with DHT increased the mRNA expression of the β(1)-subunit of the large-conductance Ca(2+)-activated (BK(Ca)) channel and decreased expression of the α-subunit of L-type calcium channels. In organ bath studies, testosterone (1-100 μmol/L) produced similar relaxant responses in DHT- and vehicle-treated HUA rings precontracted with 5-HT, histamine and KCl. However, the relaxation response obtained by the combined application of testosterone (100 μmol/L) and nifedipine (10 μmol/L) was significantly greater in DHT- compared with vehicle-treated HUA. The results indicate that the rapid vasorelaxant effects of testosterone that are dependent on both BK(Ca) and voltage-sensitive potassium (K(V)) channel activity in control arteries become dependent solely on K(V) channel activity in DHT-treated HUA. Thus, the present study reveals the importance of the investigation of both the short- and long-term effects of androgens in human arteries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paulo A Saldanha
- Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Zhou L, Zhang R, Zhang L, Sun Y, Yao W, Zhao A, Li J, Yuan Y. Upregulation of transgelin is an independent factor predictive of poor prognosis in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. Cancer Sci 2013; 104:423-30. [PMID: 23331552 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Revised: 12/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Transgelin is a known actin-binding protein, which plays a role in regulating the functions of smooth muscle cells or fibroblasts. Recent evidence indicates that transgelin is involved in diverse human cancers, yet its role in pancreatic cancer remains unclear. We therefore evaluated the expression characteristics and function of transgelin in pancreatic cancer. Immunohistochemical analysis of benign (n = 30 patients) and malignant (n = 114 patients) pancreatic ductal cells showed significantly higher transgelin staining in malignant cells. Lymph node metastasis (P = 0.026) and diabetes (P = 0.041) were shown to significantly correlate with transgelin protein expression. Patients with high transgelin expression showed a shorter 5-year overall survival and a lower tumor-specific survival than those with low transgelin expression. Multivariate analysis revealed that transgelin was an independent factor affecting pancreatic tumor-specific survival (P = 0.025). In vitro, RNA interference-mediated transgelin knockdown resulted in inhibition of pancreatic cancer cell proliferation, migration and invasion. Depletion of transgelin expression could suppress pancreatic tumorigenicity and tumor growth in vivo, and produce enhanced cytotoxic effects of gemcitabine on pancreatic cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. Our results indicate that transgelin plays a promoting role in tumor progression, and appears to be a novel prognostic marker for advanced pancreatic cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Kjellqvist S, Maleki S, Olsson T, Chwastyniak M, Branca RMM, Lehtiö J, Pinet F, Franco-Cereceda A, Eriksson P. A combined proteomic and transcriptomic approach shows diverging molecular mechanisms in thoracic aortic aneurysm development in patients with tricuspid- and bicuspid aortic valve. Mol Cell Proteomics 2012. [PMID: 23184916 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m112.021873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Thoracic aortic aneurysm is a pathological local dilatation of the aorta, potentially leading to aortic rupture or dissection. The disease is a common complication of patients with bicuspid aortic valve, a congenital disorder present in 1-2% of the population. Using two dimensional fluorescence difference gel electrophoresis proteomics followed by mRNA expression, and alternative splicing analysis of the identified proteins, differences in dilated and nondilated aorta tissues between 44 patients with bicuspid and tricuspid valves was examined. The pattern of protein expression was successfully validated with LC-MS/MS. A multivariate analysis of protein expression data revealed diverging protein expression fingerprints in patients with tricuspid compared with the patients with bicuspid aortic valves. From 302 protein spots included in the analysis, 69 and 38 spots were differentially expressed between dilated and nondilated aorta specifically in patients with tricuspid and bicuspid aortic valve, respectively. 92 protein spots were differentially expressed between dilated and nondilated aorta in both phenotypes. Similarly, mRNA expression together with alternative splicing analysis of the identified proteins also showed diverging fingerprints in the two patient groups. Differential splicing was abundant but the expression levels of differentially spliced mRNA transcripts were low compared with the wild type transcript and there was no correlation between splicing and the number of spots. Therefore, the different spots are likely to represent post-translational modifications. The identification of differentially expressed proteins suggests that dilatation in patients with a tricuspid aortic valve involves inflammatory processes whereas aortic aneurysm in patients with BAV may be the consequence of impaired repair capacity. The results imply that aortic aneurysm formation in patients with bicuspid and tricuspid aortic valves involve different biological pathways leading to the same phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanela Kjellqvist
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Yeager ME, Colvin KL, Everett AD, Stenmark KR, Ivy DD. Plasma proteomics of differential outcome to long-term therapy in children with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension. Proteomics Clin Appl 2012; 6:257-67. [PMID: 22653875 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201100078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The prognosis for children with IPAH unresponsive to therapy is poor. We investigated the plasma proteome for a molecular basis of good versus poor outcome to long-term vasodilator therapy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Plasma was collected at baseline or shortly after therapy initiation and following chronic vasodilator therapy, then divided into those with good outcome (n = 8), and those with a poor outcome (n = 7). To identify proteins unique to either outcome, we used differential gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. Results were confirmed by commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Before and after therapy, SAA-4 was 4-fold lower in those with good outcome compared to those with poor outcome, while serum paraoxonase/arylesterase-1 was increased 2-fold in those with good outcome versus poor outcome. After therapy, haptoglobin and hemopexin were 1.45- and 1.8-fold lower, respectively, in those with a good versus poor outcome. Among those with a good outcome, SAP was 1.3-fold lower prior to therapy. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE SAP and SAA-4 regulate circulating mononuclear phagocytes. As such, they may contribute to the differential response to chronic vasodilator therapy in the context of inflammation in IPAH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Yeager
- Department of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO 80045, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Chang JM, Hwang DY, Chen SC, Kuo MC, Hung CC, Hwang SJ, Tsai JC, Chen HC. B7-1 expression regulates the hypoxia-driven cytoskeleton rearrangement in glomerular podocytes. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2012; 304:F127-36. [PMID: 23019228 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00108.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic hypoxia has been recognized as a common mechanism driving the progression of many glomerular diseases. Glomerular cells, although susceptible to hypoxic injuries, are less studied to unravel the hypoxia-related influences. In the present study, we showed that both lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and hypoxia induced B7-1 and hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α expression in podocytes. B7-1, an essential player in the regulation of podocyte stress fibers, interacted directly with the NH(2)-terminal oxygenation domain of HIF-1α protein and, therefore, might interfere with the HIF-related oxidative events. The suggestion was supported by the changes in the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and nitric oxide. The orderly arranged stress fibers in differentiated podocytes were disrupted by either LPS or hypoxic stimulation, and the disruption could be rescued if they were brought back to normal oxygen tension. Cell motility increased with the stimulation by LPS and hypoxia, most probably mediated by the induction of B7-1 and HIF-1α, respectively. We generated a B7-1 knockdown podocyte cell line using the lentiviral small interfering RNA system. The LPS- and hypoxia-induced stress fiber disruption was largely prevented in the B7-1 knockdown podocytes. The increased cell motility by LPS and hypoxia stimulations was also ameliorated in the B7-knockdown podocytes. In summary, we found that both B7-1 and HIF were upregulated by LPS and hypoxic stimulations in podocytes and they interacted with each other. Hypoxia disrupted the abundant stress fibers and increased cell motility. These hypoxia-induced changes were prevented in B7-knockdown podocytes, and they highlighted the importance of B7-1 expression in the hypoxia-related podocyte injuries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jer-Ming Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao-Kango Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Tandem duplication of KIT exon 11 influences the proteome of canine mast cell tumours. J Comp Pathol 2012; 148:318-22. [PMID: 22935087 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2012.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Revised: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mutations with permanent activation of the stem cell factor receptor KIT have been identified as one potential cause for canine cutaneous mast cell tumours (MCTs). The exact changes in global gene expression patterns associated with permanent activation of KIT in these tumours are unknown. The present study compares, by the use of two dimensional difference gel electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry, the proteomes of canine MCTs, with and without KIT exon 11 tandem duplication. Fifteen differentially expressed proteins were identified in mutated MCTs. These are mainly involved in cytoskeleton structure and cell motility (ACTR2, ACTB and CAPPA1), cell signalling (ARHGDIA) and lipid metabolism (ALOX15 and ACSBG4), or are serum proteins. The results therefore support the notion that KIT mutation is associated with changes in the proteome of affected cells with a major effect on the composition of the cytoskeletal proteome and cell motility proteins. No overlaps were identified when the results were compared with a recent study on the proteomic differences between low- and high-grade tumours, suggesting that KIT-mutated tumours may be regarded as a separate entity of high-grade tumours with potential relevance to therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
|
32
|
Shao F, Zhang R, Don L, Ying K. Overexpression of gelsolin-like actin-capping protein is associated with progression of lung adenocarcinoma. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2012; 225:95-101. [PMID: 21908955 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.225.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Gelsolin-like actin-capping protein (CapG), a ubiquitous actin-binding protein, has been shown to play a critical role in regulating the migration ability of cells. In this study, we investigated CapG expression in lung cancer cell lines under hypoxia and evaluated the effect of CapG on the migration ability of these cells. We also analyzed the expression of CapG in a total of 75 patients with lung adenocarcinoma by immunohistochemistry. Our results showed that hypoxia increased the expression of CapG in the human lung cancer cell lines, A549 and H358. Knockdown of CapG expression with small interfering RNA led to a decrease in the migration ability of these cell lines. These results indicate that CapG expression is upregulated in lung cancer cell lines under hypoxia and that CapG may contribute to the migration ability of lung cancer cells. Moreover, the excised lung adenocarcinoma tissues showed significantly increased immunoreactivity for CapG, compared to the adjacent tumor-free tissues. Importantly, overexpression of CapG is significantly associated with male sex (χ(2) = 5.195, p = 0.033) and lymph node metastasis (χ(2) = 5.58, p = 0.021). Likewise, CapG overexpression was observed with advanced tumor stages (III and IV, 16/31), compared with early tumor stages (I and II, 14/44), but the difference was not statistically significant. These results suggest that overexpression of CapG may be associated with progression of lung adenocarcinoma. In conclusion, CapG may be a promising target for therapy and a potential biomarker for predicting the prognosis of lung adenocarcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fangchun Shao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Yu L, Hales CA. Silencing of sodium-hydrogen exchanger 1 attenuates the proliferation, hypertrophy, and migration of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells via E2F1. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2011; 45:923-30. [PMID: 21454803 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2011-0032oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously found that deficiency of the sodium-hydrogen exchanger 1 (NHE1) gene prevented hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension and vascular remodeling in mice, which were accompanied by a significantly reduced proliferation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs), and which decreased the medial-wall thickness of pulmonary arteries. That finding indicated the involvement of NHE1 in the proliferation and hypertrophy of PASMCs, but the underlying mechanism was not fully understood. To define the mechanism by which the inhibition of NHE1 decreases hypoxic pulmonary hypertension and vascular remodeling, we investigated the role of E2F1, a nuclear transcription factor, in silencing the NHE1 gene-induced inhibition of the proliferation, hypertrophy, and migration of human PASMCs. We found that: (1) silencing of NHE1 by short, interfering RNA (siRNA) significantly inhibited PASMC proliferation and cell cycle progression, decreased hypoxia-induced hypertrophy (in terms of cell size and protein/DNA ratio) and migration (in terms of the wound-healing and migration chamber assays); (2) hypoxia induced the expression of E2F1, which was reversed by NHE1 siRNA; and (3) the overexpression of E2F1 blocked the inhibitory effect of NHE1 siRNA on the proliferation, hypertrophy, and migration of PASMCs. The present study determined that silencing the NHE1 gene significantly inhibited the hypoxia-induced proliferation, hypertrophy, and migration of human PASMCs via repression of the nuclear transcription factor E2F1. This study revealed a novel mechanism underlying the regulation of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension and vascular remodeling via NHE1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lunyin Yu
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02114-2696, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Har-Shai Y, Mettanes I, Zilberstein Y, Genin O, Spector I, Pines M. Keloid histopathology after intralesional cryosurgery treatment. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2010; 25:1027-36. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2010.03911.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
35
|
Yuen RK, Peñaherrera MS, von Dadelszen P, McFadden DE, Robinson WP. DNA methylation profiling of human placentas reveals promoter hypomethylation of multiple genes in early-onset preeclampsia. Eur J Hum Genet 2010; 18:1006-12. [PMID: 20442742 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2010.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) are two of the most common adverse pregnancy outcomes, but their underlying causes are mostly unknown. Although multiple studies have investigated gene expression changes in these disorders, few studies have examined epigenetic changes. Analysis of the DNA methylation pattern associated with such pregnancies provides an alternative approach to identifying cellular changes involved in these disorders. We analyzed methylation of 1505 CpG sites associated with 807 genes in 26 placentas from early-onset preeclampsia (EOPET), late-onset preeclampsia, IUGR and control subjects using an Illumina GoldenGate Methylation panel. Thirty-four loci were hypomethylated (false discovery rate <10% and methylation difference >10%) in the early-onset preeclamptic placentas while no and only five differentially methylated loci were found in late-onset preeclamptic and IUGR placentas, respectively. Hypomethylation of 4 loci in EOPET was further confirmed by bisulfite pyrosequencing of 26 independent placental samples. The promoter of TIMP3 was confirmed to be significantly hypomethylated in EOPET placentas (P=0.00001). Our results suggest that gene-specific hypomethylation may be a common phenomenon in EOPET placentas, and that TIMP3 could serve as a potential prenatal diagnostic marker for EOPET.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Kc Yuen
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Noh JY, Oh SH, Lee JH, Kwon YS, Ryu DJ, Lee KH. Can blood components with age-related changes influence the ageing of endothelial cells? Exp Dermatol 2010; 19:339-46. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2009.01010.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
37
|
Gurney AM, Joshi S, Manoury B. KCNQ potassium channels: new targets for pulmonary vasodilator drugs? ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 661:405-17. [PMID: 20204745 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-500-2_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Smooth muscle cells regulate the diameter of pulmonary arteries and the resistance to blood flow in the pulmonary circulation. These cells are normally relaxed to maintain low intrinsic vessel tone, but are contracted in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Potassium channels in the smooth muscle cell help to maintain low tone by polarising the membrane and preventing Ca(2+) influx through voltage-operated Ca(2+) channels. There is a loss of K(+) channel activity in PAH, so drugs that open K(+) channels are predicted to have a beneficial effect, provided their action can be restricted to the pulmonary circulation. Here we review the myriad of K(+) channels that are expressed in pulmonary arteries and suggest the roles that each might play in regulating pulmonary artery tone. We conclude that members of the KCNQ family of K(+) channels, the most recent K(+) channels to be discovered in pulmonary artery, may be a useful therapeutic target for the treatment of PAH. KCNQ channels appear to be preferentially expressed in pulmonary arteries and drugs that modulate their activity have potent effects on pulmonary artery tone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alison M Gurney
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Core Technology Facility, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester, M13 9NT, UK, Alison.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Protein expression profiles in osteoblasts in response to differentially shaped hydroxyapatite nanoparticles. Biomaterials 2009; 30:5385-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2009] [Accepted: 07/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|