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ER Stress Response and Induction of Apoptosis in Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma: The Achilles Heel Targeted by the Anticancer Ruthenium Drug BOLD-100. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14174126. [PMID: 36077664 PMCID: PMC9454852 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14174126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Malignant mesothelioma is a rare cancer arising from the serosal surfaces of the body, mainly from the pleural layer. This cancer, strongly linked to asbestos exposure, shows a very inauspicious prognosis. In fact, there is no efficient therapeutic treatment for malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM). Thus, there is an urgent need to develop novel therapeutic approaches to treat this form of cancer. Our previous study showed the importance of GRP78 in MPM survival. BOLD-100 is a specific modulator of GRP78 and we have observed that it shows cytotoxicity against MPM cells. In particular, we describe that BOLD-100 increases oxidative stress and deregulates the calcium homeostasis leading to cell stress and, ultimately, to cell death. Our in vitro data strongly suggest that BOLD-100 inhibits the growth of MPM cell lines, proposing the application as a single agent, or in combination with other standard-of-care drugs, to treat MPM. Abstract Malignant mesothelioma is a rare cancer arising from the serosal surfaces of the body, mainly from the pleural layer. This cancer is strongly related to asbestos exposure and shows a very inauspicious prognosis, because there are scarce therapeutic options for this rare disease. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop novel therapeutic approaches to treat this form of cancer. To explore the biology of malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM), we previously observed that MPM cell lines show high expression of the GRP78 protein, which is a chaperone protein and the master regulator of the unfolded protein response (UPR) that resides in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Based on our previous studies showing the importance of GRP78 in MPM, we observed that BOLD-100, a specific modulator of GRP78 and the UPR, shows cytotoxicity against MPM cells. Our studies demonstrated that BOLD-100 increases ROS production and Ca2+ release from the ER, leading to ER stress activation and, ultimately, to cell death. Our in vitro data strongly suggest that BOLD-100 inhibits the growth of MPM cell lines, proposing the application as a single agent, or in combination with other standard-of-care drugs, to treat MPM.
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Abstract
Significance: Vitamin C (ascorbate), in regard to its effectiveness against malignancies, has had a controversial history in cancer treatment. It has been shown that in vitro and in vivo anticancer efficacy of ascorbate relies on its pro-oxidant effect mainly from an increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). A growing understanding of its anticancer activities and pharmacokinetic properties has prompted scientists to re-evaluate the significance of ascorbate in cancer treatment. Recent Advances: A recent resurge in ascorbate research emerged after discovering that, at high doses, ascorbate preferentially kills Kirsten-Ras (K-ras)- and B-raf oncogene (BRAF)-mutant cancer cells. In addition, some of the main hallmarks of cancer cells, such as redox homeostasis and oxygen-sensing regulation (through inhibition of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha [HIF-1α] activity), are affected by vitamin C. Critical Issues: Currently, there is no clear consensus from the literature in regard to the beneficial effects of antioxidants. Results from both human and animal studies provide no clear evidence about the benefit of antioxidant treatment in preventing or suppressing cancer development. Since pro-oxidants may affect both normal and tumor cells, the extremely low toxicity of ascorbate represents a main advantage. This guarantees the safe inclusion of ascorbate in clinical protocols to treat cancer patients. Future Directions: Current research could focus on elucidating the wide array of reactions between ascorbate and reactive species, namely ROS, reactive nitrogen species as well as reactive sulfide species, and their intracellular molecular targets. Unraveling these mechanisms could allow researchers to assess what could be the optimal combination of ascorbate with standard treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Glorieux
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Pedro Buc Calderon
- Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Arturo Prat, Iquique, Chile.,Research Group in Metabolism and Nutrition, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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3
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Böttger F, Vallés-Martí A, Cahn L, Jimenez CR. High-dose intravenous vitamin C, a promising multi-targeting agent in the treatment of cancer. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2021; 40:343. [PMID: 34717701 PMCID: PMC8557029 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-02134-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mounting evidence indicates that vitamin C has the potential to be a potent anti-cancer agent when administered intravenously and in high doses (high-dose IVC). Early phase clinical trials have confirmed safety and indicated efficacy of IVC in eradicating tumour cells of various cancer types. In recent years, the multi-targeting effects of vitamin C were unravelled, demonstrating a role as cancer-specific, pro-oxidative cytotoxic agent, anti-cancer epigenetic regulator and immune modulator, reversing epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, inhibiting hypoxia and oncogenic kinase signalling and boosting immune response. Moreover, high-dose IVC is powerful as an adjuvant treatment for cancer, acting synergistically with many standard (chemo-) therapies, as well as a method for mitigating the toxic side-effects of chemotherapy. Despite the rationale and ample evidence, strong clinical data and phase III studies are lacking. Therefore, there is a need for more extensive awareness of the use of this highly promising, non-toxic cancer treatment in the clinical setting. In this review, we provide an elaborate overview of pre-clinical and clinical studies using high-dose IVC as anti-cancer agent, as well as a detailed evaluation of the main known molecular mechanisms involved. A special focus is put on global molecular profiling studies in this respect. In addition, an outlook on future implications of high-dose vitamin C in cancer treatment is presented and recommendations for further research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Böttger
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, OncoProteomics Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, Location VU University Medical Center, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Andrea Vallés-Martí
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, OncoProteomics Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, Location VU University Medical Center, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Loraine Cahn
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, OncoProteomics Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, Location VU University Medical Center, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Connie R Jimenez
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, OncoProteomics Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, Location VU University Medical Center, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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4
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Abiri B, Vafa M. Vitamin C and Cancer: The Role of Vitamin C in Disease Progression and Quality of Life in Cancer Patients. Nutr Cancer 2020; 73:1282-1292. [PMID: 32691657 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2020.1795692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Much attention has been put on antioxidants as potential preventive and therapeutic agents against cancer. Vitamin C, an important antioxidant with anti-inflammatory and immune system enhancement features, could provide protection against cancer. However, experimental and epidemiologic evidence on vitamin C and cancer risk are still indefinite. Substantial literature reports that cancer patients experience vitamin C deficiency associated with decreased oral intake, infection, inflammation, disease processes, and treatments such as radiation, chemotherapy, and surgery. Studies demonstrate associations between IVC and inflammation biomarkers and propose some amelioration in symptoms, with a possible advantage in quality of life (QoL) when intravenous vitamin C (IVC) alone or in combination with oral vitamin C is administered in oncologic care. While, the anticancer impact of high doses of IVC remains debatable in spite of growing evidence that high dose vitamin C shows anti-tumorigenic activity by elevating the amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cancer cells without meaningful toxicities. Hence, there is an urgent requirement for rigorous and well-controlled assessments of IVC as an adjuvant therapy for cancer before clear conclusions can be drawn. Thus, more clinical trials are required to determine the additive impact of high dose vitamin C in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnaz Abiri
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Paramedicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Vafa
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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5
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Buranasudja V, Doskey CM, Gibson AR, Wagner BA, Du J, Gordon DJ, Koppenhafer SL, Cullen JJ, Buettner GR. Pharmacologic Ascorbate Primes Pancreatic Cancer Cells for Death by Rewiring Cellular Energetics and Inducing DNA Damage. Mol Cancer Res 2019; 17:2102-2114. [PMID: 31337671 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-19-0381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The clinical potential of pharmacologic ascorbate (P-AscH-; intravenous delivery achieving mmol/L concentrations in blood) as an adjuvant in cancer therapy is being reevaluated. At mmol/L concentrations, P-AscH- is thought to exhibit anticancer activity via generation of a flux of H2O2 in tumors, which leads to oxidative distress. Here, we use cell culture models of pancreatic cancer to examine the effects of P-AscH- on DNA damage, and downstream consequences, including changes in bioenergetics. We have found that the high flux of H2O2 produced by P-AscH- induces DNA damage. In response to this DNA damage, we observed that PARP1 is hyperactivated. Using our unique absolute quantitation, we found that P-AscH- mediated the overactivation of PARP1, which results in consumption of NAD+, and subsequently depletion of ATP leading to mitotic cell death. We have also found that Chk1 plays a major role in the maintenance of genomic integrity following treatment with P-AscH-. Hyperactivation of PARP1 and DNA repair are ATP-consuming processes. Using a Seahorse XF96 analyzer, we demonstrated that the severe decrease in ATP after challenging with P-AscH- is because of increased demand, not changes in the rate of production. Genetic deletion and pharmacologic inhibition of PARP1 preserved both NAD+ and ATP; however, the toxicity of P-AscH- remained. These data indicate that disruption of bioenergetics is a secondary factor in the toxicity of P-AscH-; damage to DNA appears to be the primary factor. IMPLICATIONS: Efforts to leverage P-AscH- in cancer therapy should first focus on DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Visarut Buranasudja
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Claire M Doskey
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Adrienne R Gibson
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Brett A Wagner
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Juan Du
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.,Department of Surgery, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - David J Gordon
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | | | - Joseph J Cullen
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.,Department of Surgery, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.,Veterans Affairs Medical Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Garry R Buettner
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa. .,Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
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6
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Martinotti S, Laforenza U, Patrone M, Moccia F, Ranzato E. Honey-Mediated Wound Healing: H₂O₂ Entry through AQP3 Determines Extracellular Ca 2+ Influx. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030764. [PMID: 30754672 PMCID: PMC6387258 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Since Biblical times, honey has been utilized in “folk medicine”, and in recent decades the positive qualities of honey have been re-discovered and are gaining acceptance. Scientific literature states that honey has been successfully utilized on infections not responding to classic antiseptic and antibiotic therapy, because of its intrinsic H2O2 production. In our study, we demonstrated the involvement of H2O2 as a main mediator of honey regenerative effects on an immortalized human keratinocyte cell line. We observed that this extracellularly released H2O2 could pass across the plasma membrane through a specific aquaporin (i.e., AQP3). Once in the cytoplasm H2O2, in turn, induces the entry of extracellular Ca2+ through Melastatin Transient Receptor Potential 2 (TRPM2) and Orai1 channels. Honey-induced extracellular Ca2+ entry results in wound healing, which is consistent with the role played by Ca2+ signaling in tissue regeneration. This is the first report showing that honey exposure increases intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i), due to H2O2 production and redox regulation of Ca2+-permeable ion channels, opening up a new horizon for the utilization of the honey as a beneficial tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Martinotti
- DiSIT-Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, University of Piemonte Orientale, Viale Teresa Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy.
| | - Umberto Laforenza
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Mauro Patrone
- DiSIT-Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, University of Piemonte Orientale, Viale Teresa Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy.
| | - Francesco Moccia
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "L. Spallanzani", University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Elia Ranzato
- DiSIT-Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, University of Piemonte Orientale, Piazza Sant'Eusebio 5, 13100 Vercelli, Italy.
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7
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Erudaitius D, Mantooth J, Huang A, Soliman J, Doskey CM, Buettner GR, Rodgers VGJ. Calculated cell-specific intracellular hydrogen peroxide concentration: Relevance in cancer cell susceptibility during ascorbate therapy. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 120:356-367. [PMID: 29601946 PMCID: PMC6160292 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The high extracellular hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) concentrations generated during pharmacological ascorbate (P-AscH-) therapy has been shown to exhibit a high flux into susceptible cancer cells leading to a decrease in clonogenic survival. It is hypothesized that the intracellular H2O2 concentration for susceptibility is independent of cell type and that the variation observed in dosing is associated with differences in the cell-specific overall steady-state intracellular H2O2 concentration values. The steady-state variation in intracellular H2O2 concentration is coupled to a number of cellular specific transport and reaction factors including catalase activity and membrane permeability. Here a lumped-parameter mathematical modeling approach, assuming a catalase-dominant peroxide removal mechanism, is used to calculate intracellular H2O2 concentration for several cell lines. Experimental measurements of critical parameters pertaining to the model are obtained. The cell lines investigated are normal pancreatic cells, H6c7, the pancreatic cancer cell line, MIA PaCa-2 and the glioblastoma cell lines, LN-229, T98G, and U-87; all which vary in susceptibility. The intracellular H2O2 concentration estimates are correlated with the clonogenic surviving fraction for each cell line, in-vitro. The results showed that, despite the fact that the experimental parameters including catalase concentration and plasma membrane permeability demonstrated significant variability across cell lines, the calculated steady-state intracellular to extracellular H2O2 concentration ratio did not vary significantly across cell lines. Thus, the calculated intracellular H2O2 concentration is not unique in characterizing susceptibility. These results imply that, although intracellular H2O2 concentration plays a key role in cellular susceptibility to P-AscH- adjuvant therapy, its overall contribution in a unifying mechanism across cell types is complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieanira Erudaitius
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Jacqueline Mantooth
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Andrew Huang
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Jesse Soliman
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Claire M Doskey
- Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA
| | - Garry R Buettner
- Free Radical & Radiation Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Victor G J Rodgers
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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8
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Martinotti S, Ranzato E, Burlando B. (-)- Epigallocatechin-3-gallate induces GRP78 accumulation in the ER and shifts mesothelioma constitutive UPR into proapoptotic ER stress. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:7082-7090. [PMID: 29744892 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
GRP78 is a molecular chaperone of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) that aids proper folding of nascent polypeptides. When unfolded proteins accumulate, GRP78 triggers unfolded protein response (UPR), involving activation of transcription factors like XBP1 and CHOP that may restore cell homeostasis. Increased expression of GRP78 and mild UPR can be constitutive in cancer cells, hindering apoptosis, and promoting cell survival, for example, by GRP78 relocation to the plasma membrane that activates MAPK and PI3 K/AKT pathways. These processes are thought to favor the insurgence of chemoresistance and worsen patient outcome. We have previously shown that (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) enhances ROS production and alters Ca2+ homeostasis in cell lines deriving from therapy-recalcitrant malignant mesothelioma (MMe). We consider here the EGCG impact on GRP78 and downstream factors by using qRT-PCR, Western blot, immunofluorescence, caspase assays, GRP78 siRNA silencing, and cell surface ELISA. MMe cells were found to display mild constitutive UPR, as shown by increased levels of GRP78, and presence of the protein at the cell surface, linked to AKT activation. Exposure to EGCG further increased GRP78 in the ER, and induced ATF4, spliced XBP1, CHOP, and EDEM expressions, combined with a reduction of cell surface GRP78 and a rise in caspase 3 and 8 activities. We propose that GRP78 accumulation in the ER, caused by EGCG, converts constitutive UPR of MMe cells into proapoptotic ER stress. This argues for a possible therapeutic use of EGCG in the treatment of MMe as a co-drug able to abolish chemoresistance to conventional drugs at tolerable doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Martinotti
- DiSIT-Dipartimento di Scienze e InnovazioneTecnologica, University of Piemonte Orientale, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Elia Ranzato
- DiSIT-Dipartimento di Scienze e InnovazioneTecnologica, University of Piemonte Orientale, Vercelli, Italy
| | - Bruno Burlando
- DIFAR-Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, Genova, Italy.,Biophysics Institute, National Research Council (CNR), Genova, Italy
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9
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Jung BJ, Yoo HS, Shin S, Park YJ, Jeon SM. Dysregulation of NRF2 in Cancer: from Molecular Mechanisms to Therapeutic Opportunities. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2018; 26:57-68. [PMID: 29212307 PMCID: PMC5746038 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2017.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (NRF2) plays an important role in redox metabolism and antioxidant defense. Under normal conditions, NRF2 proteins are maintained at very low levels because of their ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation via binding to the kelch-like ECH associated protein 1 (KEAP1)-E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. However, oxidative and/or electrophilic stresses disrupt the KEAP1-NRF2 interaction, which leads to the accumulation and transactivation of NRF2. During recent decades, a growing body of evidence suggests that NRF2 is frequently activated in many types of cancer by multiple mechanisms, including the genetic mutations in the KEAP1-NRF2 pathway. This suggested that NRF2 inhibition is a promising strategy for cancer therapy. Recently, several NRF2 inhibitors have been reported with anti-tumor efficacy. Here, we review the mechanisms whereby NRF2 is dysregulated in cancer and its contribution to the tumor development and radiochemoresistance. In addition, among the NRF2 inhibitors reported so far, we summarize and discuss repurposed NRF2 inhibitors with their potential mechanisms and provide new insights to develop selective NRF2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Jin Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwan-Sic Yoo
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Sooyoung Shin
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Joon Park
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Min Jeon
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
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10
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Xia J, Xu H, Zhang X, Allamargot C, Coleman KL, Nessler R, Frech I, Tricot G, Zhan F. Multiple Myeloma Tumor Cells are Selectively Killed by Pharmacologically-dosed Ascorbic Acid. EBioMedicine 2017; 18:41-49. [PMID: 28229908 PMCID: PMC5405162 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
High-dose chemotherapies to treat multiple myeloma (MM) can be life-threatening due to toxicities to normal cells and there is a need to target only tumor cells and/or lower standard drug dosage without losing efficacy. We show that pharmacologically-dosed ascorbic acid (PAA), in the presence of iron, leads to the formation of highly reactive oxygen species (ROS) resulting in cell death. PAA selectively kills CD138+ MM tumor cells derived from MM and smoldering MM (SMM) but not from monoclonal gammopathy undetermined significance (MGUS) patients. PAA alone or in combination with melphalan inhibits tumor formation in MM xenograft mice. This study shows PAA efficacy on primary cancer cells and cell lines in vitro and in vivo. Pharmacologically-dosed ascorbic acid kills Multiple Myeloma cells. Pharmacologically-dosed ascorbic leads to apoptosis-inducing factor 1 cleavage. Pharmacologically-dosed ascorbic lowers melphalan dosage.
Multiple myeloma (MM) remains a difficult to cure disease in the majority of cases. Several preclinical and clinical studies have shown that ascorbic acid in pharmacologic doses (PAA) selectively kills cancer cells, while sparing normal cells. This article reveals the biological mechanism by which PAA exerts its anti-cancer effects and should lead to the development of an innovative therapy in MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiliang Xia
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States; Institute of Cancer Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongwei Xu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States; East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Chantal Allamargot
- Central Microscopy Research Facility, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Kristen L Coleman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Randy Nessler
- Central Microscopy Research Facility, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Ivana Frech
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Guido Tricot
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States.
| | - Fenghuang Zhan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States.
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11
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Erudaitius D, Huang A, Kazmi S, Buettner GR, Rodgers VGJ. Peroxiporin Expression Is an Important Factor for Cancer Cell Susceptibility to Therapeutic H2O2: Implications for Pharmacological Ascorbate Therapy. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170442. [PMID: 28107421 PMCID: PMC5249139 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cell toxicity to therapeutic H2O2 varies widely depending on cell type. Interestingly, it has been observed that different cancer cell types have varying peroxiporin expression. We hypothesize that variation in peroxiporin expression can alter cell susceptibility to therapeutic H2O2 concentrations. Here, we silence peroxiporin aquaporin-3 (AQP3) on the pancreatic cancer cell line MIA PaCa-2 and compare clonogenic survival response to the wild-type. The results showed a significantly higher surviving fraction in the clonogenic response for siAQP3 MIA PaCa-2 cells at therapeutic H2O2 doses (P < 0.05). These results suggest that peroxiporin expression is significant in modulating the susceptibility of cancer cells to ascorbate therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieanira Erudaitius
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Andrew Huang
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Sarah Kazmi
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Garry R. Buettner
- Free Radical & Radiation Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
| | - Victor G. J. Rodgers
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
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12
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Doskey CM, Buranasudja V, Wagner BA, Wilkes JG, Du J, Cullen JJ, Buettner GR. Tumor cells have decreased ability to metabolize H 2O 2: Implications for pharmacological ascorbate in cancer therapy. Redox Biol 2016; 10:274-284. [PMID: 27833040 PMCID: PMC5106370 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2016.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ascorbate (AscH−) functions as a versatile reducing agent. At pharmacological doses (P-AscH−; [plasma AscH−] ≥≈20 mM), achievable through intravenous delivery, oxidation of P-AscH− can produce a high flux of H2O2 in tumors. Catalase is the major enzyme for detoxifying high concentrations of H2O2. We hypothesize that sensitivity of tumor cells to P-AscH− compared to normal cells is due to their lower capacity to metabolize H2O2. Rate constants for removal of H2O2 (kcell) and catalase activities were determined for 15 tumor and 10 normal cell lines of various tissue types. A differential in the capacity of cells to remove H2O2 was revealed, with the average kcell for normal cells being twice that of tumor cells. The ED50 (50% clonogenic survival) of P-AscH− correlated directly with kcell and catalase activity. Catalase activity could present a promising indicator of which tumors may respond to P-AscH−. Ascorbate oxidizes in cell culture medium to generate a flux of H2O2. The rate constants for removal of extracellular H2O2 are on average 2-fold higher in normal cells than in cancer cells. The ED50 of high-dose ascorbate correlated with the ability of tumor cells to remove extracellular H2O2. The response to pharmacological ascorbate in murine-models of pancreatic cancer paralleled the in vitro results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire M Doskey
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Visarut Buranasudja
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Brett A Wagner
- Free Radical & Radiation Biology Program in the Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Justin G Wilkes
- Department of Surgery, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Juan Du
- Department of Surgery, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Joseph J Cullen
- Free Radical & Radiation Biology Program in the Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Surgery, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - Garry R Buettner
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Free Radical & Radiation Biology Program in the Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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13
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Manfredi M, Martinotti S, Gosetti F, Ranzato E, Marengo E. The secretome signature of malignant mesothelioma cell lines. J Proteomics 2016; 145:3-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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14
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Ascorbic acid and colon cancer: an oxidative stimulus to cell death depending on cell profile. Eur J Cell Biol 2016; 95:208-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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15
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Benedetti S, Nuvoli B, Catalani S, Galati R. Reactive oxygen species a double-edged sword for mesothelioma. Oncotarget 2016; 6:16848-65. [PMID: 26078352 PMCID: PMC4627278 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that oxidative stress can lead to chronic inflammation which, in turn, could mediate most chronic diseases including cancer. Oxidants have been implicated in the activity of crocidolite and amosite, the most powerful types of asbestos associated to the occurrence of mesothelioma. Currently rates of mesothelioma are rising and estimates indicate that the incidence of mesothelioma will peak within the next 10-15 years in the western world, while in Japan the peak is predicted not to occur until 40 years from now. Although the use of asbestos has been banned in many countries around the world, production of and the potentially hazardous exposure to asbestos is still present with locally high incidences of mesothelioma. Today a new man-made material, carbon nanotubes, has arisen as a concern; carbon nanotubes may display 'asbestos-like' pathogenicity with mesothelioma induction potential. Carbon nanotubes resulted in the greatest reactive oxygen species generation. How oxidative stress activates inflammatory pathways leading to the transformation of a normal cell to a tumor cell, to tumor cell survival, proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis, chemoresistance, and radioresistance, is the aim of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Benedetti
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino "Carlo Bo", Urbino, Italy
| | - Barbara Nuvoli
- Molecular Medicine Area, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Catalani
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino "Carlo Bo", Urbino, Italy
| | - Rossella Galati
- Molecular Medicine Area, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
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16
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Frajese GV, Benvenuto M, Fantini M, Ambrosin E, Sacchetti P, Masuelli L, Giganti MG, Modesti A, Bei R. Potassium increases the antitumor effects of ascorbic acid in breast cancer cell lines in vitro. Oncol Lett 2016; 11:4224-4234. [PMID: 27313770 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ascorbic acid (A) has been demonstrated to exhibit anti-cancer activity in association with chemotherapeutic agents. Potassium (K) is a regulator of cellular proliferation. In the present study, the biological effects of A and K bicarbonate, alone or in combination (A+K), on breast cancer cell lines were evaluated. The survival of cancer cells was determined by sulforhodamine B cell proliferation assay, while analysis of the cell cycle distribution was conducted via fluorescence-activated cell sorting. In addition, the expression of signaling proteins was analyzed upon treatment. The results indicated that there was a heterogeneous response of the different cell lines to A and K, and the best effects were achieved by A+K and A treatment. The interaction between A+K indicated an additive or synergistic effect. In addition, A+K increased the percentage of cells in the sub-G1 phase of the cell cycle, and was the most effective treatment in activating the degradation of poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase-1. In the breast cancer cell line MCF-7, A+K induced the appearance of the 18 kDa isoform of B-cell lymphoma-2-associated X protein (Bax), which is a more potent inducer of apoptosis than the full-length Bax-p21. The effects of A and K on the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1 and ERK2 were heterogeneous. In addition, treatment with K, A and A+K inhibited the expression of nuclear factor-κB. Overall, the results of the present study indicated that K potentiated the anti-tumoral effects of A in breast cancer cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Vanni Frajese
- Department of Sports Science, Human and Health, University of Rome 'Foro Italico', Rome I-00135, Italy
| | - Monica Benvenuto
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome I-00133, Italy
| | - Massimo Fantini
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome I-00133, Italy
| | - Elena Ambrosin
- Department of Sports Science, Human and Health, University of Rome 'Foro Italico', Rome I-00135, Italy
| | - Pamela Sacchetti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome 'Sapienza', Rome I-00185, Italy
| | - Laura Masuelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome 'Sapienza', Rome I-00185, Italy
| | - Maria Gabriella Giganti
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome I-00133, Italy
| | - Andrea Modesti
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome I-00133, Italy
| | - Roberto Bei
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome I-00133, Italy
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17
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Martinotti S, Patrone M, Manfredi M, Gosetti F, Pedrazzi M, Marengo E, Ranzato E. HMGB1 Osteo-Modulatory Action on Osteosarcoma SaOS-2 Cell Line: An Integrated Study From Biochemical and -Omics Approaches. J Cell Biochem 2016; 117:2559-69. [PMID: 27012556 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
High mobility group box protein-1 (HMGB1) is released from cells under various pathological conditions and it plays a pivotal role as an alarmin signaling tissue damage. Little is known about the impact of HMGB1 in bone repair and remodeling. To this aim, we focused on HMGB1-induced effects on the in vitro osteoblast model SaOS-2. Cell proliferation was stimulated with a maximum at concentration of 2.5 nM, and such a dose also stimulated cell migration and scratch wound healing. We then characterized the modulatory effect of HMGB1 on bone biology, by using osteogenesis/mineralization assays, a PCR array, and the analysis of a series of osteogenic markers. We performed also a proteomic screening using SWATH-MS on SaOS-2 cell exposed to HMGB1 and we provide evidence for proteins modulated in HMGB1 exposed cells. Taken together, our data demonstrate that SaOS-2 cell proliferation, migration, and osteogenic differentiation were increased by HMGB1. We, therefore, propose that HMGB1 could be a potent bone-remodeling signal but the physiological meaning of this property remains to be more ascertained. J. Cell. Biochem. 117: 2559-2569, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Martinotti
- DiSIT-Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, University of Piemonte Orientale, Viale Teresa Michel 11, Alessandria 15121, Italy.
| | - Mauro Patrone
- DiSIT-Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, University of Piemonte Orientale, Viale Teresa Michel 11, Alessandria 15121, Italy
| | - Marcello Manfredi
- DiSIT-Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, University of Piemonte Orientale, Viale Teresa Michel 11, Alessandria 15121, Italy.,Isalit srl, sede legale-via Bovio, 6, Novara; sede operativa-Politecnico di Torino, sede di Alessandria, viale Teresa Michel 5, Alessandria 15121, Italy
| | - Fabio Gosetti
- DiSIT-Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, University of Piemonte Orientale, Viale Teresa Michel 11, Alessandria 15121, Italy
| | - Marco Pedrazzi
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES)-Biochemistry Section, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV 1, Genova 16132, Italy
| | - Emilio Marengo
- DiSIT-Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, University of Piemonte Orientale, Viale Teresa Michel 11, Alessandria 15121, Italy
| | - Elia Ranzato
- DiSIT-Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, University of Piemonte Orientale, Viale Teresa Michel 11, Alessandria 15121, Italy
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18
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Kumar A, Chelvam V, Sakkarapalayam M, Li G, Sanchez-Cruz P, Piñero NS, Low PS, Alegria AE. Synthesis and Evaluation of Folate-Conjugated Phenanthraquinones for Tumor-Targeted Oxidative Chemotherapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 6:1-17. [PMID: 27066312 PMCID: PMC4825697 DOI: 10.4236/ojmc.2016.61001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Almost all cells are easily killed by exposure to potent oxidants. Indeed, major pathogen defense mechanisms in both animal and plant kingdoms involve production of an oxidative burst, where host defense cells show an invading pathogen with reactive oxygen species (ROS). Although cancer cells can be similarly killed by ROS, development of oxidant-producing chemotherapies has been limited by their inherent nonspecificity and potential toxicity to healthy cells. In this paper, we describe the targeting of an ROS-generating molecule selectively to tumor cells using folate as the tumor-targeting ligand. For this purpose, we exploit the ability of 9,10-phenanthraquinone (PHQ) to enhance the continuous generation of H2O2 in the presence of ascorbic acid to establish a constitutive source of ROS within the tumor mass. We report here that incubation of folate receptor-expressing KB cells in culture with folate-PHQ plus ascorbate results in the death of the cancer cells with an IC50 of ~10 nM (folate-PHQ). We also demonstrate that a cleavable spacer linking folate to PHQ is significantly inferior to a noncleavable spacer, in contrast to most other folate-targeted therapeutic agents. Unfortunately, no evidence for folate-PHQ mediated tumor regression in murine tumor models is obtained, suggesting that unanticipated impediments to generation of cytotoxic quantities of ROS in vivo are encountered. Possible mechanisms and potential solutions to these unanticipated results are offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Kumar
- International Center for Trans-disciplinary Research, School of Environmental Affairs, Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, Puerto Rico ; Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Humacao, Puerto Rico
| | - Venkatesh Chelvam
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana ; Department of Chemistry, Centre for Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, Simrol Campus, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | | | - Guo Li
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Pedro Sanchez-Cruz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Humacao, Puerto Rico
| | - Natasha S Piñero
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Humacao, Puerto Rico
| | - Philip S Low
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Antonio E Alegria
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Humacao, Puerto Rico
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Marchetti C, Ribulla S, Magnelli V, Patrone M, Burlando B. Resveratrol induces intracellular Ca(2+) rise via T-type Ca(2+) channels in a mesothelioma cell line. Life Sci 2016; 148:125-31. [PMID: 26845536 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Intracellular calcium (Ca(2+)) is known to play an important role in cancer development and growth. Resveratrol (Res) is a stilbene polyphenol occurring in several plant species and known for various possible beneficial effects, including its ability to inhibit proliferation and to induce apoptosis in cancer cells. This study was designed to determine whether Res affects Ca(2+) signaling in cancer cells. MAIN METHODS We used the REN human mesothelioma cell line, as an in vitro cancer cell model, and the non-malignant human mesothelial MeT5A cell line, as normal cell model. Cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration was measured by the fluorescent indicator Fura-2. Immunofluorescence, Western blot, and siRNA technique were employed to assess the involvement of T-type Ca(2+) channels. Cell viability was determined by the calcein assay. KEY FINDINGS REN cells transiently exposed to 1-10μM Res showed increasing peaks of Ca(2+) that were absent in Ca(2+)-free medium and were reduced by non-selective (Ni(2+)), and highly selective (NNC 55-0396) T-type Ca(2+) channels antagonist, and by siRNA knockout of Cav3.2T-type Ca(2+) channel gene. Dose-dependent curve of Res-induced Ca(2+) peaks showed a rightward shift in normal MeT-5A mesothelial cells (EC50=4.9μM) with respect to REN cells (EC50=2.7μM). Moreover, incubation with 3 and 10μM Res for 7days resulted in cell growth inhibition for REN, but not for MeT-5A cells. SIGNIFICANCE Res induces Ca(2+) influx, possibly mediated through T-type Ca(2+) channels, with significant selectivity towards mesothelioma cells, suggesting a possible use as an adjuvant to chemotherapy drugs for mesothelioma clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Marchetti
- Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via De Marini 6, 16149 Genova, Italy.
| | - Stefania Ribulla
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica (DISIT), Università del Piemonte Orientale, viale T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Valeria Magnelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica (DISIT), Università del Piemonte Orientale, viale T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Mauro Patrone
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica (DISIT), Università del Piemonte Orientale, viale T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Bruno Burlando
- Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via De Marini 6, 16149 Genova, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica (DISIT), Università del Piemonte Orientale, viale T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
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20
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Roberts BM, Fullerton DR, Elliott SL. High concentrations of L-ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) induces apoptosis in a human cervical cancer cell line (HeLa) through the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1893/bios-d-14-00019.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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21
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Akcakaya H, Dal F, Tok S, Cinar SA, Nurten R. K562 cells display different vulnerability to H2O2induced oxidative stress in differing cell cycle phases. Cell Biol Int 2014; 39:201-9. [DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Handan Akcakaya
- Department of Biophysics; Istanbul Medical Faculty; Istanbul University; Istanbul Turkey
| | - Fulya Dal
- Department of Biophysics; Istanbul Medical Faculty; Istanbul University; Istanbul Turkey
| | - Sabiha Tok
- Department of Biophysics; Istanbul Medical Faculty; Istanbul University; Istanbul Turkey
| | - Suzan-Adin Cinar
- Department of Immunology; Institute of Experimental Medicine; Istanbul University; Istanbul Turkey
| | - Rustem Nurten
- Department of Biophysics; Istanbul Medical Faculty; Istanbul University; Istanbul Turkey
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22
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McCarty MF, Contreras F. Increasing Superoxide Production and the Labile Iron Pool in Tumor Cells may Sensitize Them to Extracellular Ascorbate. Front Oncol 2014; 4:249. [PMID: 25279352 PMCID: PMC4165285 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Low millimolar concentrations of ascorbate are capable of inflicting lethal damage on a high proportion of cancer cells lines, yet leave non-transformed cell lines unscathed. Extracellular generation of hydrogen peroxide, reflecting reduction of molecular oxygen by ascorbate, has been shown to mediate this effect. Although some cancer cell lines express low catalase activity, this cannot fully explain the selective sensitivity of cancer cells to hydrogen peroxide. Ranzato and colleagues have presented evidence for a plausible new explanation of this sensitivity - a high proportion of cancers, via NADPH oxidase complexes or dysfunctional mitochondria, produce elevated amounts of superoxide. This superoxide, via a transition metal-catalyzed transfer of an electron to the hydrogen peroxide produced by ascorbate, can generate deadly hydroxyl radical (Haber-Weiss reaction). It thus can be predicted that concurrent measures which somewhat selectively boost superoxide production in cancers will enhance their sensitivity to i.v. ascorbate therapy. One way to achieve this is to increase the provision of substrate to cancer mitochondria. Measures which inhibit the constitutive hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) activity in cancers (such as salsalate and mTORC1 inhibitors, or an improvement of tumor oxygenation), or that inhibit the HIF-1-inducible pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (such as dichloroacetate), can be expected to increase pyruvate oxidation. A ketogenic diet should provide more lipid substrate for tumor mitochondria. The cancer-killing activity of 42°C hyperthermia is to some degree contingent on an increase in oxidative stress, likely of mitochondrial origin; reports that hydrogen peroxide synergizes with hyperthermia in killing cancer cells suggest that hyperthermia and i.v. ascorbate could potentiate each other's efficacy. A concurrent enhancement of tumor oxygenation might improve results by decreasing HIF-1 activity while increasing the interaction of ascorbic acid with oxygen. An increased pool of labile iron in cancer cells may contribute to the selective susceptibility of many cancers to i.v. ascorbate; antagonism of NF-kappaB activity with salicylate, and intravenous iron administration, could be employed to further elevate free iron in cancers.
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23
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Fritz H, Flower G, Weeks L, Cooley K, Callachan M, McGowan J, Skidmore B, Kirchner L, Seely D. Intravenous Vitamin C and Cancer: A Systematic Review. Integr Cancer Ther 2014; 13:280-300. [PMID: 24867961 DOI: 10.1177/1534735414534463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intravenous vitamin C (IVC) is a contentious adjunctive cancer therapy, widely used in naturopathic and integrative oncology settings. We conducted a systematic review of human interventional and observational studies assessing IVC for use in cancer patients. METHODS We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, The Cochrane Library, CINAHL, and AMED from inception to April 2013 for human studies examining the safety, effectiveness, or pharmacokinetics of IVC use in cancer patients. RESULTS Of 897 records, a total of 39 reports of 37 studies were included: 2 randomized controlled trials (RCTs), 15 uncontrolled trials, 6 observational studies, and 14 case reports. IVC dosing ranged from 1 g to more than 200 g ascorbic acid per infusion, typically administered 2 to 3 times weekly. IVC does not appear to increase toxicity or interfere with antitumor effects of gemcitabine/erlotinib therapy or paclitaxel and carboplatin. Based on 1 RCT and data from uncontrolled human trials, IVC may improve time to relapse and possibly enhance reductions in tumor mass and improve survival in combination with chemotherapy. IVC may improve quality of life, physical function, and toxicities associated with chemotherapy, including fatigue, nausea, insomnia, constipation, and depression. Case reports document several instances of tumor regression and long-term disease-free survival associated with use of IVC. CONCLUSION There is limited high-quality clinical evidence on the safety and effectiveness of IVC. The existing evidence is preliminary and cannot be considered conclusive but is suggestive of a good safety profile and potentially important antitumor activity; however, more rigorous evidence is needed to conclusively demonstrate these effects. IVC may improve the quality of life and symptom severity of patients with cancer, and several cases of cancer remission have been reported. Well-designed, controlled studies of IVC therapy are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Fritz
- Canadian College of Naturopathic Medicine, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gillian Flower
- Ottawa Integrative Cancer Centre, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laura Weeks
- Ottawa Integrative Cancer Centre, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kieran Cooley
- Canadian College of Naturopathic Medicine, Toronto, Ontario, Canada University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Jessie McGowan
- Canadian College of Naturopathic Medicine, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Becky Skidmore
- Canadian College of Naturopathic Medicine, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Dugald Seely
- Canadian College of Naturopathic Medicine, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Ottawa Integrative Cancer Centre, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Evans MK, Tovmasyan A, Batinic-Haberle I, Devi GR. Mn porphyrin in combination with ascorbate acts as a pro-oxidant and mediates caspase-independent cancer cell death. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 68:302-14. [PMID: 24334253 PMCID: PMC4404036 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to therapy-mediated apoptosis in inflammatory breast cancer, an aggressive and distinct subtype of breast cancer, was recently attributed to increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) expression, glutathione (GSH) content, and decreased accumulation of reactive species. In this study, we demonstrate the unique ability of two Mn(III) N-substituted pyridylporphyrin (MnP)-based SOD mimics (MnTE-2-PyP(5+) and MnTnBuOE-2-PyP(5+)) to catalyze oxidation of ascorbate, leading to the production of excessive levels of peroxide, and in turn cell death. The accumulation of peroxide, as a consequence of MnP+ascorbate treatment, was fully reversed by the administration of exogenous catalase, showing that hydrogen peroxide is essential for cell death. Cell death as a consequence of the action of MnP+ascorbate corresponded to decreases in GSH levels, prosurvival signaling (p-NF-κB, p-ERK1/2), and in expression of X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein, the most potent caspase inhibitor. Although markers of classical apoptosis were observed, including PARP cleavage and annexin V staining, administration of a pan-caspase inhibitor, Q-VD-OPh, did not reverse the observed cytotoxicity. MnP+ascorbate-treated cells showed nuclear translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor, suggesting the possibility of a mechanism of caspase-independent cell death. Pharmacological ascorbate has already shown promise in recently completed phase I clinical trials, in which its oxidation and subsequent peroxide formation was catalyzed by endogenous metalloproteins. The catalysis of ascorbate oxidation by an optimized metal-based catalyst (such as MnP) carries a large therapeutic potential as an anticancer agent by itself or in combination with other modalities such as radio- and chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myron K Evans
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Artak Tovmasyan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Ines Batinic-Haberle
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Gayathri R Devi
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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25
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Ranzato E, Martinotti S, Magnelli V, Murer B, Biffo S, Mutti L, Burlando B. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate induces mesothelioma cell death via H2 O2 -dependent T-type Ca2+ channel opening. J Cell Mol Med 2014; 16:2667-78. [PMID: 22564432 PMCID: PMC4118235 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2012.01584.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant mesothelioma (MMe) is a highly aggressive, lethal tumour requiring the development of more effective therapies. The green tea polyphenol epigallocathechin-3-gallate (EGCG) inhibits the growth of many types of cancer cells. We found that EGCG is selectively cytotoxic to MMe cells with respect to normal mesothelial cells. MMe cell viability was inhibited by predominant induction of apoptosis at lower doses and necrosis at higher doses. EGCG elicited H2O2 release in cell cultures, and exogenous catalase (CAT) abrogated EGCG-induced cytotoxicity, apoptosis and necrosis. Confocal imaging of fluo 3-loaded, EGCG-exposed MMe cells showed significant [Ca2+]i rise, prevented by CAT, dithiothreitol or the T-type Ca2+ channel blockers mibefradil and NiCl2. Cell loading with dihydrorhodamine 123 revealed EGCG-induced ROS production, prevented by CAT, mibefradil or the Ca2+ chelator BAPTA-AM. Direct exposure of cells to H2O2 produced similar effects on Ca2+ and ROS, and these effects were prevented by the same inhibitors. Sensitivity of REN cells to EGCG was correlated with higher expression of Cav3.2 T-type Ca2+ channels in these cells, compared to normal mesothelium. Also, Cav3.2 siRNA on MMe cells reduced in vitro EGCG cytotoxicity and abated apoptosis and necrosis. Intriguingly, Cav3.2 expression was observed in malignant pleural mesothelioma biopsies from patients, but not in normal pleura. In conclusion, data showed the expression of T-type Ca2+ channels in MMe tissue and their role in EGCG selective cytotoxicity to MMe cells, suggesting the possible use of these channels as a novel MMe pharmacological target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elia Ranzato
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, DiSIT, University of Piemonte Orientale "Amedeo Avogadro", Alessandria, Italy.
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Parrow NL, Leshin JA, Levine M. Parenteral ascorbate as a cancer therapeutic: a reassessment based on pharmacokinetics. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 19:2141-56. [PMID: 23621620 PMCID: PMC3869468 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Ewan Cameron reported that ascorbate, given orally and intravenously at doses of up to 10 g/day, was effective in the treatment of cancer. Double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trials showed no survival advantage when the same doses of ascorbate were given orally, leading the medical and scientific communities to dismiss the use of ascorbate as a potential cancer treatment. However, the route of administration results in major differences in ascorbate bioavailability. Tissue and plasma concentrations are tightly controlled in response to oral administration, but this can be bypassed by intravenous administration. These data provide a plausible scientific rationale for the absence of a response to orally administered ascorbate in the Mayo clinic trials and indicate the need to reassess ascorbate as a cancer therapeutic. RECENT ADVANCES High dose ascorbate is selectively cytotoxic to cancer cell lines through the generation of extracellular hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Murine xenograft models confirm a growth inhibitory effect of pharmacological concentrations. The safety of intravenous ascorbate has been verified in encouraging pilot clinical studies. CRITICAL ISSUES Neither the selective toxicity of pharmacologic ascorbate against cancer cells nor the mechanism of H2O2-mediated cytotoxicity is fully understood. Despite promising preclinical data, the question of clinical efficacy remains. FUTURE DIRECTIONS A full delineation of mechanism is of interest because it may indicate susceptible cancer types. Effects of pharmacologic ascorbate used in combination with standard treatments need to be defined. Most importantly, the clinical efficacy of ascorbate needs to be reassessed using proper dosing, route of administration, and controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nermi L Parrow
- Molecular and Clinical Nutrition Section, Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Evidence is emerging that parenteral administration of high-dose vitamin C may warrant development as an adjuvant therapy for patients with sepsis. RECENT ADVANCES Sepsis increases risk of death and disability, but its treatment consists only of supportive therapies because no specific therapy is available. The characteristics of severe sepsis include ascorbate (reduced vitamin C) depletion, excessive protein nitration in microvascular endothelial cells, and microvascular dysfunction composed of refractive vasodilation, endothelial barrier dysfunction, and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Parenteral administration of ascorbate prevents or even reverses these pathological changes and thereby decreases hypotension, edema, multiorgan failure, and death in animal models of sepsis. CRITICAL ISSUES Dehydroascorbic acid appears to be as effective as ascorbate for protection against microvascular dysfunction, organ failure, and death when injected in sepsis models, but information about pharmacodynamics and safety in human subjects is only available for ascorbate. Although the plasma ascorbate concentration in critically ill and septic patients is normalized by repletion protocols that use high doses of parenteral ascorbate, and such doses are tolerated well by most healthy subjects, whether such large amounts of the vitamin trigger adverse effects in patients is uncertain. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Further study of sepsis models may determine if high concentrations of ascorbate in interstitial fluid have pro-oxidant and bacteriostatic actions that also modify disease progression. However, the ascorbate depletion observed in septic patients receiving standard care and the therapeutic mechanisms established in models are sufficient evidence to support clinical trials of parenteral ascorbate as an adjuvant therapy for sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John X Wilson
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo , Buffalo, New York
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Martinotti S, Ranzato E, Parodi M, Vitale M, Burlando B. Combination of ascorbate/epigallocatechin-3-gallate/gemcitabine synergistically induces cell cycle deregulation and apoptosis in mesothelioma cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 274:35-41. [PMID: 24200995 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Malignant mesothelioma (MMe) is a poor-prognosis tumor in need of innovative therapies. In a previous in vivo study, we showed synergistic anti-MMe properties of the ascorbate/epigallocatechin-3-gallate/gemcitabine combination. We have now focused on the mechanism of action, showing the induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest through measurements of caspase 3, intracellular Ca(2+), annexin V, and DNA content. StellArray™ PCR technology and Western immunoblotting revealed DAPK2-dependent apoptosis, upregulation of cell cycle promoters, downregulation of cell cycle checkpoints and repression of NFκB expression. The complex of data indicates that the mixture is synergistic in inducing cell cycle deregulation and non-inflammatory apoptosis, suggesting its possible use in MMe treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Martinotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale "Amedeo Avogadro", viale T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Elia Ranzato
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale "Amedeo Avogadro", viale T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy.
| | - Monica Parodi
- IRCCS A.O.U. S. Martino-IST, Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, 16132 Genova, Italy; DI.ME.S., Università degli Studi di Genova, Via L. Alberti 2, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Massimo Vitale
- IRCCS A.O.U. S. Martino-IST, Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Bruno Burlando
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale "Amedeo Avogadro", viale T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
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Vuyyuri SB, Rinkinen J, Worden E, Shim H, Lee S, Davis KR. Ascorbic acid and a cytostatic inhibitor of glycolysis synergistically induce apoptosis in non-small cell lung cancer cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67081. [PMID: 23776707 PMCID: PMC3679078 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ascorbic acid (AA) exhibits significant anticancer activity at pharmacologic doses achievable by parenteral administration that have minimal effects on normal cells. Thus, AA has potential uses as a chemotherapeutic agent alone or in combination with other therapeutics that specifically target cancer-cell metabolism. We compared the effects of AA and combinations of AA with the glycolysis inhibitor 3-(3-pyridinyl)-1-(4-pyridinyl)-2-propen-1-one (3-PO) on the viability of three non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines to the effects on an immortalized lung epithelial cell line. AA concentrations of 0.5 to 5 mM caused a complete loss of viability in all NSCLC lines compared to a <10% loss of viability in the lung epithelial cell line. Combinations of AA and 3-PO synergistically enhanced cell death in all NSCLC cell lines at concentrations well below the IC50 concentrations for each compound alone. A synergistic interaction was not observed in combination treatments of lung epithelial cells and combination treatments that caused a complete loss of viability in NSCLC cells had modest effects on normal lung cell viability and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Combination treatments induced dramatically higher ROS levels compared to treatment with AA and 3-PO alone in NSCLC cells and combination-induced cell death was inhibited by addition of catalase to the medium. Analyses of DNA fragmentation, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage, annexin V-binding, and caspase activity demonstrated that AA-induced cell death is caused via the activation of apoptosis and that the combination treatments caused a synergistic induction of apoptosis. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of AA against NSCLC cells and that combinations of AA with 3-PO synergistically induce apoptosis via a ROS-dependent mechanism. These results support further evaluation of pharmacologic concentrations of AA as an adjuvant treatment for NSCLC and that combination of AA with glycolysis inhibitors may be a promising therapy for the treatment of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleha B. Vuyyuri
- Owensboro Cancer Research Program, Owensboro, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Jacob Rinkinen
- Owensboro Cancer Research Program, Owensboro, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Erin Worden
- Owensboro Cancer Research Program, Owensboro, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Hyekyung Shim
- Owensboro Cancer Research Program, Owensboro, Kentucky, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Sukchan Lee
- Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Keith R. Davis
- Owensboro Cancer Research Program, Owensboro, Kentucky, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
- * E-mail:
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Emri S, Kilickap S, Kadilar C, Halil MG, Akay H, Besler T. Serum levels of alpha-tocopherol, vitamin C, beta-carotene, and retinol in malignant pleural mesothelioma. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013; 13:3025-9. [PMID: 22994705 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.7.3025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the possible relationship between antioxidant vitamin levels and malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM). For this purpose, we measured the serum levels of 4 antioxidant vitamins, β-carotene, α-tocopherol, retinol, and ascorbic acid, in patients with environmentally induced MPM and in healthy controls from one tremolite village (Kureysler), the biggest erionite village (Tuzkoy) and Ankara. A total of 160 subjects were enrolled in the study, 42 (26.3%) diagnosed with MPM and 118 (73.7%) healthy subjects. A comparison was made between the MPM group and three control groups of which two were exposed and one was unexposed to mineral fibers. The study population consisted of 82 males (51%) and 78 females (49%) with a mean of age of 44.8±14 years (range; 20-65 years). Lowest levels of β-carotene, ascorbic acid, and α-tocopherol were found in MPM patients (MPM vs control groups combined, p<0.0001 for each antioxidant vitamin), without any relation to age or sex. There was no significant difference between the antioxidant levels of healthy controls of Tuzkoy and Ankara. In conclusion; our findings suggested an increased risk of MPM being associated with low levels of α-tocopherol and ascorbic acid in patients with MPM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salih Emri
- Department of Chest Disease, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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Volta V, Ranzato E, Martinotti S, Gallo S, Russo MV, Mutti L, Biffo S, Burlando B. Preclinical demonstration of synergistic Active Nutrients/Drug (AND) combination as a potential treatment for malignant pleural mesothelioma. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58051. [PMID: 23526965 PMCID: PMC3590277 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a poor prognosis disease lacking adequate therapy. We have previously shown that ascorbic acid administration is toxic to MPM cells. Here we evaluated a new combined therapy consisting of ascorbate/epigallocatechin-3-gallate/gemcitabine mixture (called AND, for Active Nutrients/Drug). In vitro effects of AND therapy on various MPM cell lines revealed a synergistic cytotoxic mechanism. In vivo experiments on a xenograft mouse model for MPM, obtained by REN cells injection in immunocompromised mice, showed that AND strongly reduced the size of primary tumor as well as the number and size of metastases, and prevented abdominal hemorrhage. Kaplan Meier curves and the log-rank test indicated a marked increase in the survival of AND-treated animals. Histochemical analysis of dissected tumors showed that AND induced a shift from cell proliferation to apoptosis in cancer cells. Lysates of tumors from AND-treated mice, analyzed with an antibody array, revealed decreased TIMP-1 and -2 expressions and no effects on angiogenesis regulating factors. Multiplex analysis for signaling protein phosphorylation exhibited inactivation of cell proliferation pathways. The complex of data showed that the AND treatment is synergistic in vitro on MPM cells, and blocks in vivo tumor progression and metastasization in REN-based xenografts. Hence, the AND combination is proposed as a new treatment for MPM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Volta
- Molecular Histology and Cell Growth Laboratory, San Raffaele Science Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Elia Ranzato
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, University of Piemonte Orientale, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Simona Martinotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, University of Piemonte Orientale, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Simone Gallo
- Molecular Histology and Cell Growth Laboratory, San Raffaele Science Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Maria Veronica Russo
- Molecular Histology and Cell Growth Laboratory, San Raffaele Science Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Luciano Mutti
- Department of General Medicine, Vercelli National Health Trust, Vercelli, Italy
| | - Stefano Biffo
- Molecular Histology and Cell Growth Laboratory, San Raffaele Science Institute, Milano, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, University of Piemonte Orientale, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Bruno Burlando
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, University of Piemonte Orientale, Alessandria, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Han Y, Chen JZ. Oxidative stress induces mitochondrial DNA damage and cytotoxicity through independent mechanisms in human cancer cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2012; 2013:825065. [PMID: 23509785 PMCID: PMC3591153 DOI: 10.1155/2013/825065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2012] [Revised: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Intrinsic oxidative stress through increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is associated with carcinogenic transformation, cell toxicity, and DNA damage. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is a natural surrogate to oxidative DNA damage. MtDNA damage results in the loss of its supercoiled structure and is readily detectable using a novel, supercoiling-sensitive real-time PCR method. Our studies have demonstrated that mtDNA damage, as measured by DNA strand breaks and copy number depletion, is very sensitive to exogenous H2O2 but independent of endogenous ROS production in both prostate cancer and normal cells. In contrast, aggressive prostate cancer cells exhibit a more than 10-fold sensitivity to H2O2-induced cell toxicity than normal cells, and a cascade of secondary ROS production is a critical determinant to the differential response. We propose a new paradigm to account for different mechanisms governing cellular oxidative stress, cell toxicity, and DNA damage with important ramifications in devising new techniques and strategies in prostate cancer prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Han
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Research Institute of McGill University Health Center, Room R1-107, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, QC, Canada H3G 1A4
| | - Junjian Z. Chen
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Research Institute of McGill University Health Center, Room R1-107, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, QC, Canada H3G 1A4
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Zhu SP, Liu G, Wu XT, Chen FX, Liu JQ, Zhou ZH, Zhang JF, Fei SJ. The effect of phloretin on human γδ T cells killing colon cancer SW-1116 cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2012; 15:6-14. [PMID: 23174508 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2012.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Revised: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the effect and mechanism of Phloretin on human γδ T cells killing colon cancer SW-1116 cells. METHODS γδ T cells were amplified in vitro from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells through isopentenyl pyrophosphate method (IPP). After cocultured different concentrations of Phloretin with γδ T cells or SW-1116 cells for 48h respectively, MTT assay was used to test the growth curve of these two cells; Flow cytometry to test the expression of Granzyme B (GraB), perforin (PFP), CD107a and IFN-γ of γδ T cells; Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay to test the cytotoxic activity of the γδ T cells on SW-1116 cells; and Western blot to test the Wnt3a expression of the γδ T cells. RESULTS After cultured with IPP for ten days, the percentage of γδ T cells increased from 3.31±3.00% to 78.40±10.30%. Compared to the control group, when the concentration of Phloretin increased from 2.35μg/ml to 18.75μg/ml, it could significantly proliferate the γδ T cell growth (P<0.05) and inhibit the growth of SW-1116 cells in dose-response, and the expression of GraB, PFP, CD107a and Wnt3a significantly increased (P<0.05). Significant positive relationships were observed among CD107a and PFP, GraB, cytotoxicity (P<0.05). The percentage of IFN-γ producing γδ T cells treated with Phloretin was significantly higher than control group. CONCLUSION Phloretin can enhance the killing effect of γδ T cells on SW-1116 cells; the mechanism may be that Phloretin could proliferate the γδ T cell growth, increase the expression of PFP and GraB, activate the Wnt signaling pathway, and produce higher level of IFN-γ. Indeed CD107a expression probably correlates quite well with antitumor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Ping Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College 99 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
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Takahashi H, Mizuno H, Yanagisawa A. High-dose intravenous vitamin C improves quality of life in cancer patients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pmu.2012.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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35
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Ye X, Fels D, Tovmasyan A, Aird KM, Dedeugd C, Allensworth JL, Kos I, Park W, Spasojevic I, Devi GR, Dewhirst MW, Leong KW, Batinic-Haberle I. Cytotoxic effects of Mn(III) N-alkylpyridylporphyrins in the presence of cellular reductant, ascorbate. Free Radic Res 2011; 45:1289-306. [PMID: 21859376 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2011.616199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Due to the ability to easily accept and donate electrons Mn(III)N-alkylpyridylporphyrins (MnPs) can dismute O(2)(·-), reduce peroxynitrite, but also generate reactive species and behave as pro-oxidants if conditions favour such action. Herein two ortho isomers, MnTE-2-PyP(5+), MnTnHex-2-PyP(5+), and a meta isomer MnTnHex-3-PyP(5+), which differ greatly with regard to their metal-centered reduction potential, E(1/2) (Mn(III)P/Mn(II)P) and lipophilicity, were explored. Employing Mn(III)P/Mn(II)P redox system for coupling with ascorbate, these MnPs catalyze ascorbate oxidation and thus peroxide production. Consequently, cancer oxidative burden may be enhanced, which in turn would suppress its growth. Cytotoxic effects on Caco-2, Hela, 4T1, HCT116 and SUM149 were studied. When combined with ascorbate, MnPs killed cancer cells via peroxide produced outside of the cell. MnTE-2-PyP(5+) was the most efficacious catalyst for peroxide production, while MnTnHex-3-PyP(5+) is most prone to oxidative degradation with H(2) , and thus the least efficacious. A 4T1 breast cancer mouse study of limited scope and success was conducted. The tumour oxidative stress was enhanced and its microvessel density reduced when mice were treated either with ascorbate or MnP/ascorbate; the trend towards tumour growth suppression was detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Ye
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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In vitro screening of synergistic ascorbate-drug combinations for the treatment of malignant mesothelioma. Toxicol In Vitro 2011; 25:1568-74. [PMID: 21645609 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2011.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Revised: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Malignant mesothelioma (MMe) is a lethal tumor arising from the mesothelium of serous cavities as a result of exposure to asbestos. Current clinical standards consist of combined treatments, but an effective therapy has not been established yet and there is an urgent need for new curative approaches. Ascorbate is a nutrient that is also known as a remedy in the treatment of cancer. In the present study, we have tested the cytotoxicity of ascorbate to MMe cells in combination with drugs used in MMe therapy, such as cisplatin, etoposide, gemcitabine, imatinib, paclitaxel, and raltitrexed, as well as with promising antitumor compounds like taurolidine, α-tocopherol succinate, and epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG). Dose-response curves obtained for each compound by applying the neutral red uptake (NRU) assay to MMe cells growing in vitro, allowed to obtain IC50 values for each compound used singularly. Thereafter, NRU data obtained from each ascorbate/drug combination were analyzed through Tallarida's isobolograms at the IC50 level (Tallarida, 2000), revealing synergistic interactions for ascorbate/gemcitabine and ascorbate/EGCG. These results were further confirmed through comparisons between theoretical additivity IC50 and observed IC50 from fixed-ratio dose-response curves, and over a broad range of IC levels, by using Chou and Talalay's combination index (Chou and Talalay, 1984). Synergistic interactions were also shown by examining apoptosis and necrosis rates, using the caspase 3 and lactic dehydrogenase assays, respectively. Hence, data indicate that ascorbate/gemcitabine and ascorbate/EGCG affect synergistically the viability of MMe cells and suggest their possible use in the clinical treatment of this problematic cancer.
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